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Koraga people

March 11, 2023

The Koraga are a tribal community found mainly in the Dakshina Kannada, Udupi districts of Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala, south India. These areas in Karnataka, are altogether often referred to as Tulunaad, which roughly corresponds to the boundaries of the erstwhile South Canara district.[2] They are also found in small numbers in adjoining districts of Uttara Kannada, Shimoga and Kodagu.[3] The Koraga are classified by the Government of India as a Scheduled Tribe.[4]

Koraga
A Koraga tribesman, ca. 1909.
Total population
16,376[1] (2011 census)
Regions with significant populations
 India
Karnataka14,794
Kerala1,582
Languages
Kannada, Tulu, Malayalam

The Koraga, who numbered 16,071 according to the 2001 census of India,[1] have their own language, classified as an independent Dravidian language,[5] which is strongly influenced by Tulu, Kannada, Malayalam, languages commonly found in their area.

Social status

The 1901 census report noted the Koraga as being a lowly tribe of basket-makers and labourers, some of whom were employed as scavengers. They remain today among the untouchables, being considered as ritually polluted by Hindus, but there have in the past been claims that they are of Chandala stock.[4] Their folklore claims Hubbashika to have been one of their chiefs but the Kadamba narrative asserts a Chandala origin, that they are the descendants of the offspring of a Brahman woman and a Shudra father.[6] Edgar Thurston quotes M. T. Walhouse, who wrote in 1875 that this narrative was recorded by Brahmans and that, together with the Kapata, the Koraga were the lowest of the fifteen Chandala groups. However, Thurston thinks it probable that they were in fact the aboriginals of the region who were dispersed, dispossessed and turned into slaves by the influx of Aryans from the north of India.[7]

The area in which they live comprises mostly agricultural land and forest[8] and the tribe continue to make use of the forest produce—principally, bamboo and creepers—for the manufacture of baskets today.[9] They traditionally lived in structures made of leaves, called koppus and also dressed in leaves.[10] Around the beginning of the 21st century, they started to live in simple free houses constructed and sanctioned by Government agencies,[11][12] but some of them are still either homeless or live on government-owned lands.[13]

Ajalu practice

Koraga people have been subjected to a practice known as ajalu, which the Government of Karnataka defined as "differentiating Koraga people and persons belonging to other communities, treating them as inferior human beings, mixing hair, nails and other inedible abnoxious substances in the food and asking them to eat that food. They were also made to run like buffaloes before the beginning of Kambala."[14] Ajalu has been considered to be inhuman and was prohibited in 2000 by the Karnataka Koragas (Prohibition of Ajalu Practice) Act, 2000. Contravention of the Act is punishable by a term of imprisonment of between six months and five years, as well as a cash penalty.[14] Nonetheless, ajalu has been occasionally witnessed during Nemotsava or temple fairs at places such as Inna (Karkala) and Saligrama, Udupi, leading to Koraga people demanding action against the culprits and the police who failed to prevent it.[15][16]

Religion

Although an untouchable community, the Koraga regard themselves as Hindus, albeit ones who follow a tribal religious system.[17][18] Despite being discriminated by other higher ranked groups, they exert a sense of superstitious fear because those groups consider the Koraga to be capable of influencing events through the use of magic and witchcraft.[19] They worship spirits known as Bhutas as well as some devas and a sun god. Although once they practiced a form of matrilineal inheritance known as Aliya Santana, the Koraga may now be patrilineal (Makkala Santana). They practice endogamy with regard to their three main subdivisions, the Sappina, Ande and Kappada Koraga.[17][18] Each of the three subdivisions are further divided into clans known as balis, and they do not marry within their own clan.[20]

Diet

The diet of the Koraga is generally of poor quality in part because they spend between 40 and 50 per cent of their income on alcohol, which is consumed by all ages, and they also indulge in beedi and betel. They subsist mainly on rice and meats such as pork and beef, although they are increasingly also using produce such as pulses and vegetables. Their meat is often sourced from animals that have died naturally rather than by slaughter.[9] Malnutrition is common among Koraga children due to poor diet and this is something of concern to the Government health authorities.[21] Despite Government schemes designed to improve the nutritional content of their food, the implementation has been poor and Koraga people have sometimes demanded improvements to it.[22]

Drum beating

Koraga people are known for drum beating (dollu or dolu beating) and it is one of their important cultural contributions.[23] They used to beat dolu during events such as Kambala,[24] village fairs or just for fun in their living places. Traditional belief was that Koraga drum-beating had special powers[25] and that the sound of drum-beating drives away evil spirits. However, the practice declined as the drum beaters were looked down upon by society.[26] Attempts are being made to revive the art by forming drum-beating troupes such as Gajamela in Dakshina Kannada, with support from the Government.[23] Such troupes also give performances on occasions like tribal gatherings in coastal Karnataka.[27] Flute music and dance involving both men and women are also important parts of Koraga culture[23] and are apparent at celebrations such as Bhoomi Habba (worshipping earth).[28]

Education

The Koraga people are an educationally disadvantaged tribe but progress is being made. The first PhD to be awarded to a member of the community was reported in 2010[29] and two other Koragas made headlines in 2012 when they passed the National Eligibility Test (NET) for lectureship conducted by the University Grants Commission.[3]

Government agencies are encouraging improvements in education for Koraga children by opening schools exclusively for their community in villages like Madhya Padavu.[30]

Support by Government agencies

There have been lacklustre attempts, certainly since the 1980s, to alleviate the conditions of the tribe. A Tribal Sub-Plan instigated by the government of Karnataka failed to have any impact, at least in part because the affected tribes were not aware of its existence, and attempts by the Koragas themselves to exert pressure for change from around 1994 met with little success because their very organisation was sponsored by the government whom they were trying to hold to account. C. B. Damle has said that "They still live in the thatched huts in the outskirts of the village and depend on agricultural labour for their livelihood. Most of them are landless labourers though a few continue their traditional skill of basket making. In townships and in cities, they are engaged in scavenging and sweeping jobs."[31]

Government authorities are helping the progress of Koraga people by activities such as granting cultivable lands,[32] cross bred cows etc. Some of the Koraga colonies are developed with concrete lanes, tiled houses, electricity with financial support from District authorities, Taluk and village panchayats.[12]

Government authorities promised low cost concrete houses to all the 1126 Koraga families living in Dakshina Kannada.[33] Residential summer camps are held exclusively for Koraga children by Government agencies, to impart non-curricular and vocational skills.[34]

Campaign for equality

Koraga people have campaigned for equality in the 21st century with the support of organisations like the Koraga Abhivridhi Sanghagala Okkoota (Federation of Koraga Development Associations).[24] Government measures such as those prohibiting ajalu[24] and the affirmative action afforded by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.[24] and the Bonded Labour System (Abolish) Act, 1976[3] are also significant. In places such as Kokkarne, Koraga people have stopped their practice of drum beating during Kambala fairs on the grounds that they were forced to keep a watch on slush paddy fields for the entire night. They have also complained of forced consumption of alcohol and smoking.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Nanjunda, D. C. (2010). Contemporary Studies in Anthropology: a Reading. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 101. ISBN 978-81-8324-332-2. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  2. ^ Patel, H. M. Maralusiddaiah; Srinivas, B. M.; Vijayendra, B. R. (2005). "Koraga". In Chaudhuri, Sarit Kumar; Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen (eds.). Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-81-8324-026-0. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  3. ^ a b c Prabhu, Ganesh (27 September 2012). "Marking a new high for the backward Koraga community". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  4. ^ a b Patel, H. M. Maralusiddaiah; Srinivas, B. M.; Vijayendra, B. R. (2005). "Koraga". In Chaudhuri, Sarit Kumar; Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen (eds.). Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 123. ISBN 978-81-8324-026-0.
  5. ^ Schmidt, Karl J. (1995). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. New York: M.E.Sharpe. p. 8. ISBN 9781563243349. Retrieved 8 December 2012. koraga language.
  6. ^ Ratnagar, Shereen (2010). Being tribal. Delhi: Primus Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-93-8060-702-3. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  7. ^ Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. Vol. III (K). Madras: Government Press. p. 425. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  8. ^ Patel, H. M. Maralusiddaiah; Srinivas, B. M.; Vijayendra, B. R. (2005). "Koraga". In Chaudhuri, Sarit Kumar; Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen (eds.). Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 118. ISBN 978-81-8324-026-0. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  9. ^ a b Patel, H. M. Maralusiddaiah; Srinivas, B. M.; Vijayendra, B. R. (2005). "Koraga". In Chaudhuri, Sarit Kumar; Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen (eds.). Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-81-8324-026-0. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  10. ^ Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. Vol. III (K). Madras: Government Press. pp. 424–425. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  11. ^ "Taluk-level meetings to be held for tackling drinking water problem". The Hindu. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  12. ^ a b Akshatha, M (14 April 2011). "Life's good for Badekottu Koraga colony now". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  13. ^ "Survey: 406 houses of Koragas not fit for living". The Hindu. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  14. ^ a b "The Karnataka Koragas (Prohibition of Ajalu Practice) Act, 2000" (PDF). Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  15. ^ DHNS (19 January 2012). "Koragas stage stir against Ajalu". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  16. ^ "Federation seeks ban on 'ajalu'". The Hindu. 14 January 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  17. ^ a b Patel, H. M. Maralusiddaiah; Srinivas, B. M.; Vijayendra, B. R. (2005). "Koraga". In Chaudhuri, Sarit Kumar; Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen (eds.). Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 127. ISBN 978-81-8324-026-0. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  18. ^ a b Ratnagar, Shereen (2010). Being tribal. Delhi: Primus Books. p. 5. ISBN 978-93-8060-702-3. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  19. ^ Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. Vol. III (K). Madras: Government Press. p. 426. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  20. ^ Patel, H. M. Maralusiddaiah; Srinivas, B. M.; Vijayendra, B. R. (2005). "Koraga". In Chaudhuri, Sarit Kumar; Chaudhuri, Sucheta Sen (eds.). Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India: Concept, Ethnography and Demography. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 126. ISBN 978-81-8324-026-0. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  21. ^ "Malnutrition high among Koraga children". The Hindu. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  22. ^ "Koragas stage protest seeking nutritious food". The Hindu. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  23. ^ a b c Vishwakarma, Mounesh (4 November 2011). "Bantwal: Koraga Community's 'Gajamela' Attempts to Uphold Their Distinct Culture". Dijiworld. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  24. ^ a b c d e "Federation says Koraga people made to beat drums during kambala". The Hindu. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  25. ^ "Alva's group accused of ill-treating Koraga drummers at Nudisiri". The Hindu. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  26. ^ "Koragas highlight 'failure' of district administrations". The Hindu. 3 January 2002. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  27. ^ "Stop harassing tribal people, officials told". The Hindu. 18 April 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  28. ^ "The Koragas celebrate". The Hindu. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  29. ^ Shenoy, Jaideep (8 May 2010). "Koraga candidate feat". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  30. ^ . The Hindu. 6 June 2008. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  31. ^ Damle, C. B. (2002). "Tribal Transition in Karnataka: A Case of Yeravas in Kodagu". In Pfeffer, Georg; Behera, Deepak Kumar (eds.). Contemporary Society: Tribal Studies – Development Issues, Transition and Change. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-7022-642-0. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  32. ^ "24 Koraga families will be given title deeds, says DC". Deccan Herald. 22 November 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  33. ^ Hegde, Bhakthi V (16 August 2011). "All Koraga families in DK may get houses". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  34. ^ "10-day 'Chinnara Mela' for Koraga students begins". The Hindu. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2012.

Further reading

  • Koppad, K. B.; Nag, N. G.; Roy Burman, B. K. (1975). "Koraga: a scheduled tribe in Karnataka". Office of the Registrar General, India, Ministry of Home Affairs. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help).

External links

  • Koraga drum dance troupe photos

March 11, 2023
koraga, people, koraga, tribal, community, found, mainly, dakshina, kannada, udupi, districts, karnataka, kasaragod, district, kerala, south, india, these, areas, karnataka, altogether, often, referred, tulunaad, which, roughly, corresponds, boundaries, erstwh. The Koraga are a tribal community found mainly in the Dakshina Kannada Udupi districts of Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala south India These areas in Karnataka are altogether often referred to as Tulunaad which roughly corresponds to the boundaries of the erstwhile South Canara district 2 They are also found in small numbers in adjoining districts of Uttara Kannada Shimoga and Kodagu 3 The Koraga are classified by the Government of India as a Scheduled Tribe 4 KoragaA Koraga tribesman ca 1909 Total population16 376 1 2011 census Regions with significant populations IndiaKarnataka14 794Kerala1 582LanguagesKannada Tulu MalayalamThe Koraga who numbered 16 071 according to the 2001 census of India 1 have their own language classified as an independent Dravidian language 5 which is strongly influenced by Tulu Kannada Malayalam languages commonly found in their area Contents 1 Social status 1 1 Ajalu practice 2 Religion 3 Diet 4 Drum beating 5 Education 6 Support by Government agencies 7 Campaign for equality 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksSocial status EditThe 1901 census report noted the Koraga as being a lowly tribe of basket makers and labourers some of whom were employed as scavengers They remain today among the untouchables being considered as ritually polluted by Hindus but there have in the past been claims that they are of Chandala stock 4 Their folklore claims Hubbashika to have been one of their chiefs but the Kadamba narrative asserts a Chandala origin that they are the descendants of the offspring of a Brahman woman and a Shudra father 6 Edgar Thurston quotes M T Walhouse who wrote in 1875 that this narrative was recorded by Brahmans and that together with the Kapata the Koraga were the lowest of the fifteen Chandala groups However Thurston thinks it probable that they were in fact the aboriginals of the region who were dispersed dispossessed and turned into slaves by the influx of Aryans from the north of India 7 The area in which they live comprises mostly agricultural land and forest 8 and the tribe continue to make use of the forest produce principally bamboo and creepers for the manufacture of baskets today 9 They traditionally lived in structures made of leaves called koppus and also dressed in leaves 10 Around the beginning of the 21st century they started to live in simple free houses constructed and sanctioned by Government agencies 11 12 but some of them are still either homeless or live on government owned lands 13 Ajalu practice Edit Koraga people have been subjected to a practice known as ajalu which the Government of Karnataka defined as differentiating Koraga people and persons belonging to other communities treating them as inferior human beings mixing hair nails and other inedible abnoxious substances in the food and asking them to eat that food They were also made to run like buffaloes before the beginning of Kambala 14 Ajalu has been considered to be inhuman and was prohibited in 2000 by the Karnataka Koragas Prohibition of Ajalu Practice Act 2000 Contravention of the Act is punishable by a term of imprisonment of between six months and five years as well as a cash penalty 14 Nonetheless ajalu has been occasionally witnessed during Nemotsava or temple fairs at places such as Inna Karkala and Saligrama Udupi leading to Koraga people demanding action against the culprits and the police who failed to prevent it 15 16 Religion EditAlthough an untouchable community the Koraga regard themselves as Hindus albeit ones who follow a tribal religious system 17 18 Despite being discriminated by other higher ranked groups they exert a sense of superstitious fear because those groups consider the Koraga to be capable of influencing events through the use of magic and witchcraft 19 They worship spirits known as Bhutas as well as some devas and a sun god Although once they practiced a form of matrilineal inheritance known as Aliya Santana the Koraga may now be patrilineal Makkala Santana They practice endogamy with regard to their three main subdivisions the Sappina Ande and Kappada Koraga 17 18 Each of the three subdivisions are further divided into clans known as balis and they do not marry within their own clan 20 Diet EditThe diet of the Koraga is generally of poor quality in part because they spend between 40 and 50 per cent of their income on alcohol which is consumed by all ages and they also indulge in beedi and betel They subsist mainly on rice and meats such as pork and beef although they are increasingly also using produce such as pulses and vegetables Their meat is often sourced from animals that have died naturally rather than by slaughter 9 Malnutrition is common among Koraga children due to poor diet and this is something of concern to the Government health authorities 21 Despite Government schemes designed to improve the nutritional content of their food the implementation has been poor and Koraga people have sometimes demanded improvements to it 22 Drum beating EditKoraga people are known for drum beating dollu or dolu beating and it is one of their important cultural contributions 23 They used to beat dolu during events such as Kambala 24 village fairs or just for fun in their living places Traditional belief was that Koraga drum beating had special powers 25 and that the sound of drum beating drives away evil spirits However the practice declined as the drum beaters were looked down upon by society 26 Attempts are being made to revive the art by forming drum beating troupes such as Gajamela in Dakshina Kannada with support from the Government 23 Such troupes also give performances on occasions like tribal gatherings in coastal Karnataka 27 Flute music and dance involving both men and women are also important parts of Koraga culture 23 and are apparent at celebrations such as Bhoomi Habba worshipping earth 28 Education EditThe Koraga people are an educationally disadvantaged tribe but progress is being made The first PhD to be awarded to a member of the community was reported in 2010 29 and two other Koragas made headlines in 2012 when they passed the National Eligibility Test NET for lectureship conducted by the University Grants Commission 3 Government agencies are encouraging improvements in education for Koraga children by opening schools exclusively for their community in villages like Madhya Padavu 30 Support by Government agencies EditThere have been lacklustre attempts certainly since the 1980s to alleviate the conditions of the tribe A Tribal Sub Plan instigated by the government of Karnataka failed to have any impact at least in part because the affected tribes were not aware of its existence and attempts by the Koragas themselves to exert pressure for change from around 1994 met with little success because their very organisation was sponsored by the government whom they were trying to hold to account C B Damle has said that They still live in the thatched huts in the outskirts of the village and depend on agricultural labour for their livelihood Most of them are landless labourers though a few continue their traditional skill of basket making In townships and in cities they are engaged in scavenging and sweeping jobs 31 Government authorities are helping the progress of Koraga people by activities such as granting cultivable lands 32 cross bred cows etc Some of the Koraga colonies are developed with concrete lanes tiled houses electricity with financial support from District authorities Taluk and village panchayats 12 Government authorities promised low cost concrete houses to all the 1126 Koraga families living in Dakshina Kannada 33 Residential summer camps are held exclusively for Koraga children by Government agencies to impart non curricular and vocational skills 34 Campaign for equality EditKoraga people have campaigned for equality in the 21st century with the support of organisations like the Koraga Abhivridhi Sanghagala Okkoota Federation of Koraga Development Associations 24 Government measures such as those prohibiting ajalu 24 and the affirmative action afforded by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act 1989 24 and the Bonded Labour System Abolish Act 1976 3 are also significant In places such as Kokkarne Koraga people have stopped their practice of drum beating during Kambala fairs on the grounds that they were forced to keep a watch on slush paddy fields for the entire night They have also complained of forced consumption of alcohol and smoking 24 See also EditJenu Kuruba Soliga tribeReferences Edit a b Nanjunda D C 2010 Contemporary Studies in Anthropology a Reading New Delhi Mittal Publications p 101 ISBN 978 81 8324 332 2 Retrieved 30 December 2011 Patel H M Maralusiddaiah Srinivas B M Vijayendra B R 2005 Koraga In Chaudhuri Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri Sucheta Sen eds Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India Concept Ethnography and Demography Vol 1 New Delhi Mittal Publications pp 120 121 ISBN 978 81 8324 026 0 Retrieved 30 December 2011 a b c Prabhu Ganesh 27 September 2012 Marking a new high for the backward Koraga community The Hindu Retrieved 9 December 2012 a b Patel H M Maralusiddaiah Srinivas B M Vijayendra B R 2005 Koraga In Chaudhuri Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri Sucheta Sen eds Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India Concept Ethnography and Demography Vol 1 New Delhi Mittal Publications p 123 ISBN 978 81 8324 026 0 Schmidt Karl J 1995 An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History New York M E Sharpe p 8 ISBN 9781563243349 Retrieved 8 December 2012 koraga language Ratnagar Shereen 2010 Being tribal Delhi Primus Books p 19 ISBN 978 93 8060 702 3 Retrieved 30 December 2011 Thurston Edgar Rangachari K 1909 Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol III K Madras Government Press p 425 Retrieved 30 December 2011 Patel H M Maralusiddaiah Srinivas B M Vijayendra B R 2005 Koraga In Chaudhuri Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri Sucheta Sen eds Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India Concept Ethnography and Demography Vol 1 New Delhi Mittal Publications p 118 ISBN 978 81 8324 026 0 Retrieved 30 December 2011 a b Patel H M Maralusiddaiah Srinivas B M Vijayendra B R 2005 Koraga In Chaudhuri Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri Sucheta Sen eds Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India Concept Ethnography and Demography Vol 1 New Delhi Mittal Publications pp 124 125 ISBN 978 81 8324 026 0 Retrieved 30 December 2011 Thurston Edgar Rangachari K 1909 Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol III K Madras Government Press pp 424 425 Retrieved 30 December 2011 Taluk level meetings to be held for tackling drinking water problem The Hindu 6 May 2012 Retrieved 9 December 2012 a b Akshatha M 14 April 2011 Life s good for Badekottu Koraga colony now Deccan Herald Retrieved 8 December 2012 Survey 406 houses of Koragas not fit for living The Hindu 3 March 2012 Retrieved 9 December 2012 a b The Karnataka Koragas Prohibition of Ajalu Practice Act 2000 PDF Government of Karnataka Retrieved 10 December 2012 DHNS 19 January 2012 Koragas stage stir against Ajalu Deccan Herald Retrieved 10 December 2012 Federation seeks ban on ajalu The Hindu 14 January 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2012 a b Patel H M Maralusiddaiah Srinivas B M Vijayendra B R 2005 Koraga In Chaudhuri Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri Sucheta Sen eds Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India Concept Ethnography and Demography Vol 1 New Delhi Mittal Publications p 127 ISBN 978 81 8324 026 0 Retrieved 30 December 2011 a b Ratnagar Shereen 2010 Being tribal Delhi Primus Books p 5 ISBN 978 93 8060 702 3 Retrieved 30 December 2011 Thurston Edgar Rangachari K 1909 Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol III K Madras Government Press p 426 Retrieved 30 December 2011 Patel H M Maralusiddaiah Srinivas B M Vijayendra B R 2005 Koraga In Chaudhuri Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri Sucheta Sen eds Primitive Tribes in Contemporary India Concept Ethnography and Demography Vol 1 New Delhi Mittal Publications p 126 ISBN 978 81 8324 026 0 Retrieved 30 December 2011 Malnutrition high among Koraga children The Hindu 11 February 2012 Retrieved 9 December 2012 Koragas stage protest seeking nutritious food The Hindu 9 September 2011 Retrieved 9 December 2012 a b c Vishwakarma Mounesh 4 November 2011 Bantwal Koraga Community s Gajamela Attempts to Uphold Their Distinct Culture Dijiworld Retrieved 8 December 2012 a b c d e Federation says Koraga people made to beat drums during kambala The Hindu 15 December 2011 Retrieved 8 December 2012 Alva s group accused of ill treating Koraga drummers at Nudisiri The Hindu 1 November 2010 Retrieved 9 December 2012 Koragas highlight failure of district administrations The Hindu 3 January 2002 Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2012 Stop harassing tribal people officials told The Hindu 18 April 2010 Retrieved 10 December 2012 The Koragas celebrate The Hindu 20 August 2010 Retrieved 9 December 2012 Shenoy Jaideep 8 May 2010 Koraga candidate feat The Times of India Retrieved 8 December 2012 Koraga leaders score a victory of sorts move the bureaucracy The Hindu 6 June 2008 Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 Retrieved 9 December 2012 Damle C B 2002 Tribal Transition in Karnataka A Case of Yeravas in Kodagu In Pfeffer Georg Behera Deepak Kumar eds Contemporary Society Tribal Studies Development Issues Transition and Change Vol 2 New Delhi Concept Publishing p 129 ISBN 978 81 7022 642 0 Retrieved 30 December 2011 24 Koraga families will be given title deeds says DC Deccan Herald 22 November 2011 Retrieved 8 December 2012 Hegde Bhakthi V 16 August 2011 All Koraga families in DK may get houses Deccan Herald Retrieved 8 December 2012 10 day Chinnara Mela for Koraga students begins The Hindu 15 May 2010 Retrieved 9 December 2012 Further reading EditKoppad K B Nag N G Roy Burman B K 1975 Koraga a scheduled tribe in Karnataka Office of the Registrar General India Ministry of Home Affairs a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help External links EditKoraga drum dance troupe photos Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Koraga people amp oldid 1143569512, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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