fbpx
Wikipedia

Haplogroup K-M9

January 07, 2023

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup K (mtDNA).

Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica.

Haplogroup K
Possible time of origin55,000-50,000
Possible place of originWest Asia, Central Asia or Southeast Asia[1][2]
AncestorIJK
Descendantshaplogroup K2,[3] and LT
Defining mutationsM9, P128/PF5504, P131/PF5493, P132/PF5480

The direct descendants of K-M9 are Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526) and Haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT).[3][4]

Origins and distribution

Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000-50,000 years ago,[5] probably in South Asia

According to a study by geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1, which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2, which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.[6]

Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades.[3][7] Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia.[8][9][10]

Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b.[3][4]

The descendants of haplogroup K2 include:

  • K2a (detected in paleolithic specimens Oase1 and Ust'-Ishim),[11] the subclades of which include the major haplogroups N and O,[12] and;
  • K2b – the ancestor of haplogroups M, P, Q, R, S.[13]

Structure

Haplogroup K-M9 tree [3][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

LT (L298; a.k.a. K1) has never been found in basal form (LT*). Subclades are widely distributed at low concentrations. Haplogroup L is found at its highest frequency in India, Pakistan and among the Baloch of Afghanistan. T is most common among: Fulanis, Toubou, Tuareg, Somalis, Egyptians, some Middle East,[33] the Aegean Islands and among Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in India.

K2

K2* (M526) has been found in an estimated 27% of indigenous Australians (based on large scale surveys in which 56% of the samples were assumed to be non-indigenous.).[34] According to Mark Lipson et al.(2014), from MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States Of America, from his jurnal: "New  statistical  genetic methods for elucidating the history and evolution of human populations”, K2* (M526) has also been found in Toba-Batak and Mandar in an estimated 14%. Only Toba Batak and Mandar have K2* (M526) from indigenous Sunda land [35]

K2a (K-M2308)[11]

K2a* - found only in the remains of Ust'-Ishim man, dating from approximately 45,000 BP and found in
Omsk Oblast, Russia.[11] (These remains were initially classified, erroneously, as K2*.)

K-M2313*

K-M2313*[11] – so far found only in one Telugu male and one ethnic Malay, and ancient Oase-1.

NO (M214; a.k.a. K2a2) – The two primary branches of NO include the major
haplogroups:
• N, which is found mainly in populations across Northern Eurasia (and at lower frequencies in regions including East Asia, Central Asia,
Southeast Asia, Anatolia, and Southeast Europe) and;
• O, which is now numerically dominant among males from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands.

K2b (P331)
K2b1

S (B254) which is numerically dominant in the highlands of Papua New Guinea;[36] subclades of S1, such as S1a3 (P315) and S1a1a1 (P308),[37] have also been reported at levels of up to 27% among indigenous Australians, while[34] S1a (P405; previously K2b1a) has also been found at significant levels in other parts of Oceania. S2 (P336; previously K2b1b) has been found on Alor, Timor and Borneo and; S3 (P378; previously K2b1c) found among Aeta people of the Philippines.

M (P256, Page93/S322) a.k.a. K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is the most common haplogroup in both West Papua and Papua New Guinea; also found in Australia,[34] and neighbouring parts of Melanesia and Polynesia.

P (K2b2)
P* (K2b2*) 28% of Aeta (Philippines), 10% in Timor
 P1*(M45/PF5962)

P1* 22.2–35.4% in Tuvans, Kizhi, Todjins and also in Andamanese_peoples of India

Q (M242) Native Americans and Siberia/Central Asia (Kets, Selkups, Altai, Tuvans, Xirong, Mongolian Altai Kurgans)

R* found only in remains from 24,000 years BP at Mal'ta' in Siberia

R2 found in India, Sri Lanka, North Pakistan isolates

R1a found in Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Scandinavia. Ancient samples include 10 out of 11 samples from Xiaohe Tomb complex, Andronovo, Pazyryk, Mongolian Altai Kurgans (R1a/Z93 mixed with Q1a2a1/L54), The Tagar Culture, Karasuk culture, Tashtyk culture, some Corded ware folk

R1b West Europe, Chadic Languages, Banjara tribes of India, Armenian Highlands (Found in several Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique Basques of whom it is still common in as well as 13.3% (4):one P probably R1b2 (V88): of Guanches from the Canary Islands, (reports of King Tut belonging to R1b, by iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified.)

K2c (P261). Minor lineage of Bali.

K2d (P402). Minor lineage of Java

K2e (M147). Highly rare lineage; two cases in South Asia.[3]

References

  1. ^ Hallast, Pille; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Balanovsky, Oleg; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020-07-14). "A West Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. 140 (2): 299–307. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. ISSN 1432-1203. PMC 7864842. PMID 32666166.
  2. ^ http://www.pnas.org/content/103/4/843.full.pdf+html
  3. ^ a b c d e f International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2020, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019-2020 (8 May 2020).
  4. ^ a b Chiaroni, J.; Underhill, P. A.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (48): 20174–9. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620174C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. JSTOR 25593348. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
  5. ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
  6. ^ Wells, Spencer (20 November 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
  7. ^ Rowold, Daine J.; et al. (2016). "On the Bantu expansion". Gene. 593 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.044. PMID 27451076. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  8. ^ Frederick Delfin et al.,2011, "The Y-chromosome landscape of the Philippines: extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non-Negrito groups", European Journal of Human Genetics vol. 19, pp. 224–230.
  9. ^ [Karafet TM et al. 2005, "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders.", Human Biology, vol. 77, no. 1 (Feb), pp. 93-114.
  10. ^ Cox, Murray P. & Lahr, Marta Mirazon, 2006, "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands", American Journal of Human Biology, vol. 18, iss. 1 (January/February), pp. 35–50.
  11. ^ a b c d G. David Poznik et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", Nature Genetics, no. 48, pp. 593–599. (24 March 2017)
  12. ^ Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; Fedorova, Sardana A; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Voevoda, Mikhail I; Osipova, Ludmila P; Stoneking, Mark; Lin, Alice A; Ferak, Vladimir; Parik, Jüri; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A; Villems, Richard; et al. (2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–211. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. PMID 17149388.
  13. ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
  14. ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
  15. ^ Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, et al. (January 2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans". Nature. 505 (7481): 87–91. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...87R. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729.
  16. ^ Rasmussen M, Anzick SL, Waters MR, et al. (February 2014). "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana". Nature. 506 (7487): 225–9. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..225R. doi:10.1038/nature13025. PMC 4878442. PMID 24522598.
  17. ^ Hollard C, Keyser C, Giscard PH, et al. (September 2014). "Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 12: 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012. PMID 25016250.
  18. ^ Fregel R, Gomes V, Gusmão L, et al. (2009). "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMC 2728732. PMID 19650893.
  19. ^ Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, et al. (2012). "Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.
  20. ^ Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
  21. ^ Bekada A, Fregel R, Cabrera VM, et al. (2013). "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.
  22. ^ Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, et al. (December 2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–43. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
  23. ^ Pichler I, Mueller JC, Stefanov SA, et al. (August 2006). "Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms". Human Biology. 78 (4): 441–64. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0057. PMID 17278620. S2CID 20205296.
  24. ^ Robino C, Varacalli S, Gino S, et al. (October 2004). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios". Forensic Science International. 145 (1): 61–4. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026. PMID 15374596.
  25. ^ Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali; Rajkumar, Revathi; Sitalaximi, T; Ashma, Richa; Chainy, G. B. N.; Kashyap, V. K. (2007). "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations" (PDF). Anthropology Today.
  26. ^ Hirbo, Jibril Boru (2011). Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations (PhD Thesis). hdl:1903/11443.[page needed]
  27. ^ Sanchez, J.J. (2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis". International Congress Series. 1261: 347–349. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2.
  28. ^ Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Sellitto D, et al. (July 2010). "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (7): 800–7. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231. PMC 2987365. PMID 20051990.
  29. ^ yhrd.org[full citation needed]
  30. ^ Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Duan, Zi-Yuan; Tan, Ping-Ping; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Ma, Runlin Z. (2010). "Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 717–27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606.
  31. ^ "PhyloTree y - Minimal y tree".
  32. ^ Magoon, Gregory R; Banks, Raymond H; Rottensteiner, Christian; Schrack, Bonnie E; Tilroe, Vincent O; Robb, Terry; Grierson, Andrew J (2013). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using 'next-generation' sequencing data". bioRxiv 10.1101/000802.
  33. ^ "FamilyTreeDNA - Arab T Haplogroup".
  34. ^ a b c Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
  35. ^ caption caption="Mark Lipson et al. (2014):http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140819/ncomms5689/fig_tab/ncomms5689_F2.html"]
  36. ^ "ISOGG 2018 Y-DNA Haplogroup S".
  37. ^ As of 2017, S1a1a1 (P308) – formerly K2b1a1 – included an unnamed subclade, identified by the SNP P60 (and previously by P304, which has been removed by ISOGG as unreliable). S1a1a1 and any sublades have only been found among indigenous Australians.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup K of Y-DNA.

January 07, 2023
haplogroup, this, article, about, human, haplogroup, human, mtdna, haplogroup, haplogroup, mtdna, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable. This article is about the human Y DNA haplogroup For the human mtDNA haplogroup see Haplogroup K mtDNA This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as Reflinks documentation reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Haplogroup K or K M9 is a human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup A sublineage of haplogroup IJK K M9 and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica Haplogroup KPossible time of origin55 000 50 000Possible place of originWest Asia Central Asia or Southeast Asia 1 2 AncestorIJKDescendantshaplogroup K2 3 and LTDefining mutationsM9 P128 PF5504 P131 PF5493 P132 PF5480The direct descendants of K M9 are Haplogroup K2 formerly KxLT K M526 and Haplogroup K1 L298 P326 also known as LT 3 4 Contents 1 Origins and distribution 2 Structure 3 References 4 External linksOrigins and distribution EditY DNA haplogroup K M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47 000 50 000 years ago 5 probably in South AsiaAccording to a study by geneticist Spencer Wells haplogroup K from which haplogroup P descend originated in the Middle East or Central Asia It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1 which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia and into P2 which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia 6 Basal K is exceptionally rare and under researched while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades 3 7 Confirmed examples of K M9 now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia 8 9 10 Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are L M20 also known as K1a and T M184 also known as K1b 3 4 The descendants of haplogroup K2 include K2a detected in paleolithic specimens Oase1 and Ust Ishim 11 the subclades of which include the major haplogroups N and O 12 and K2b the ancestor of haplogroups M P Q R S 13 Structure EditHaplogroup K M9 tree 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 LT L298 a k a K1 has never been found in basal form LT Subclades are widely distributed at low concentrations Haplogroup L is found at its highest frequency in India Pakistan and among the Baloch of Afghanistan T is most common among Fulanis Toubou Tuareg Somalis Egyptians some Middle East 33 the Aegean Islands and among Kurru Bauris and Lodha in India K2 K2 M526 has been found in an estimated 27 of indigenous Australians based on large scale surveys in which 56 of the samples were assumed to be non indigenous 34 According to Mark Lipson et al 2014 from MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States Of America from his jurnal New statistical genetic methods for elucidating the history and evolution of human populations K2 M526 has also been found in Toba Batak and Mandar in an estimated 14 Only Toba Batak and Mandar have K2 M526 from indigenous Sunda land 35 K2a K M2308 11 K2a found only in the remains of Ust Ishim man dating from approximately 45 000 BP and found in Omsk Oblast Russia 11 These remains were initially classified erroneously as K2 K M2313 K M2313 11 so far found only in one Telugu male and one ethnic Malay and ancient Oase 1 NO M214 a k a K2a2 The two primary branches of NO include the major haplogroups N which is found mainly in populations across Northern Eurasia and at lower frequencies in regions including East Asia Central Asia Southeast Asia Anatolia and Southeast Europe and O which is now numerically dominant among males from East Asia Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands K2b P331 K2b1 S B254 which is numerically dominant in the highlands of Papua New Guinea 36 subclades of S1 such as S1a3 P315 and S1a1a1 P308 37 have also been reported at levels of up to 27 among indigenous Australians while 34 S1a P405 previously K2b1a has also been found at significant levels in other parts of Oceania S2 P336 previously K2b1b has been found on Alor Timor and Borneo and S3 P378 previously K2b1c found among Aeta people of the Philippines M P256 Page93 S322 a k a K2b1b previously K2b1d is the most common haplogroup in both West Papua and Papua New Guinea also found in Australia 34 and neighbouring parts of Melanesia and Polynesia P K2b2 P K2b2 28 of Aeta Philippines 10 in Timor P1 M45 PF5962 P1 22 2 35 4 in Tuvans Kizhi Todjins and also in Andamanese peoples of IndiaQ M242 Native Americans and Siberia Central Asia Kets Selkups Altai Tuvans Xirong Mongolian Altai Kurgans R found only in remains from 24 000 years BP at Mal ta in SiberiaR2 found in India Sri Lanka North Pakistan isolatesR1a found in Eastern Europe South Asia Central Asia and Scandinavia Ancient samples include 10 out of 11 samples from Xiaohe Tomb complex Andronovo Pazyryk Mongolian Altai Kurgans R1a Z93 mixed with Q1a2a1 L54 The Tagar Culture Karasuk culture Tashtyk culture some Corded ware folkR1b West Europe Chadic Languages Banjara tribes of India Armenian Highlands Found in several Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique Basques of whom it is still common in as well as 13 3 4 one P probably R1b2 V88 of Guanches from the Canary Islands reports of King Tut belonging to R1b by iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified K2c P261 Minor lineage of Bali K2d P402 Minor lineage of JavaK2e M147 Highly rare lineage two cases in South Asia 3 References Edit Hallast Pille Agdzhoyan Anastasia Balanovsky Oleg Xue Yali Tyler Smith Chris 2020 07 14 A West Asian origin for present day non African human Y chromosomes Human Genetics 140 2 299 307 doi 10 1007 s00439 020 02204 9 ISSN 1432 1203 PMC 7864842 PMID 32666166 http www pnas org content 103 4 843 full pdf html a b c d e f International Society of Genetic Genealogy 2020 Y DNA Haplogroup Tree 2019 2020 8 May 2020 a b Chiaroni J Underhill P A Cavalli Sforza L L December 2009 Y chromosome diversity human expansion drift and cultural evolution Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 48 20174 9 Bibcode 2009PNAS 10620174C doi 10 1073 pnas 0910803106 JSTOR 25593348 PMC 2787129 PMID 19920170 Karafet TM Mendez FL Meilerman MB Underhill PA Zegura SL Hammer MF May 2008 New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Genome Res 18 5 830 8 doi 10 1101 gr 7172008 PMC 2336805 PMID 18385274 Wells Spencer 20 November 2007 Deep Ancestry The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past National Geographic Books p 79 ISBN 978 1 4262 0211 7 Given the widespread distribution of K it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan Rowold Daine J et al 2016 On the Bantu expansion Gene 593 1 48 57 doi 10 1016 j gene 2016 07 044 PMID 27451076 Retrieved 13 October 2016 Frederick Delfin et al 2011 The Y chromosome landscape of the Philippines extensive heterogeneity and varying genetic affinities of Negrito and non Negrito groups European Journal of Human Genetics vol 19 pp 224 230 Karafet TM et al 2005 Balinese Y chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia genetic contributions from pre neolithic hunter gatherers Austronesian farmers and Indian traders Human Biology vol 77 no 1 Feb pp 93 114 Cox Murray P amp Lahr Marta Mirazon 2006 Y chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian and Papuan speaking communities from Solomon Islands American Journal of Human Biology vol 18 iss 1 January February pp 35 50 a b c d G David Poznik et al 2016 Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1 244 worldwide Y chromosome sequences Nature Genetics no 48 pp 593 599 24 March 2017 Rootsi Siiri Zhivotovsky Lev A Baldovic Marian Kayser Manfred Kutuev Ildus A Khusainova Rita Bermisheva Marina A Gubina Marina Fedorova Sardana A Ilumae Anne Mai Khusnutdinova Elza K Voevoda Mikhail I Osipova Ludmila P Stoneking Mark Lin Alice A Ferak Vladimir Parik Juri Kivisild Toomas Underhill Peter A Villems Richard et al 2007 A counter clockwise northern route of the Y chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe European Journal of Human Genetics 15 2 204 211 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201748 PMID 17149388 Karafet TM Mendez FL Meilerman MB Underhill PA Zegura SL Hammer MF May 2008 New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Genome Research 18 5 830 8 doi 10 1101 gr 7172008 PMC 2336805 PMID 18385274 Karafet TM Mendez FL Sudoyo H Lansing JS Hammer MF June 2014 Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y chromosome haplogroup K M526 in Southeast Asia European Journal of Human Genetics 23 3 369 373 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2014 106 PMC 4326703 PMID 24896152 Raghavan M Skoglund P Graf KE et al January 2014 Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans Nature 505 7481 87 91 Bibcode 2014Natur 505 87R doi 10 1038 nature12736 PMC 4105016 PMID 24256729 Rasmussen M Anzick SL Waters MR et al February 2014 The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana Nature 506 7487 225 9 Bibcode 2014Natur 506 225R doi 10 1038 nature13025 PMC 4878442 PMID 24522598 Hollard C Keyser C Giscard PH et al September 2014 Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers Forensic Science International Genetics 12 199 207 doi 10 1016 j fsigen 2014 05 012 PMID 25016250 Fregel R Gomes V Gusmao L et al 2009 Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene pool replacement of native lineages by European BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 181 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 9 181 PMC 2728732 PMID 19650893 Grugni V Battaglia V Hooshiar Kashani B et al 2012 Ancient migratory events in the Middle East new clues from the Y chromosome variation of modern Iranians PLOS ONE 7 7 e41252 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 741252G doi 10 1371 journal pone 0041252 PMC 3399854 PMID 22815981 Haber M Platt DE Ashrafian Bonab M et al 2012 Afghanistan s ethnic groups share a Y chromosomal heritage structured by historical events PLOS ONE 7 3 e34288 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 734288H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0034288 PMC 3314501 PMID 22470552 Bekada A Fregel R Cabrera VM et al 2013 Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome profiles into the North African landscape PLOS ONE 8 2 e56775 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 856775B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0056775 PMC 3576335 PMID 23431392 Rosser ZH Zerjal T Hurles ME et al December 2000 Y chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography rather than by language American Journal of Human Genetics 67 6 1526 43 doi 10 1086 316890 PMC 1287948 PMID 11078479 Pichler I Mueller JC Stefanov SA et al August 2006 Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y chromosome mtDNA and Alu polymorphisms Human Biology 78 4 441 64 doi 10 1353 hub 2006 0057 PMID 17278620 S2CID 20205296 Robino C Varacalli S Gino S et al October 2004 Y chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece and the islands of Crete and Chios Forensic Science International 145 1 61 4 doi 10 1016 j forsciint 2004 02 026 PMID 15374596 Trivedi R Sahoo Sanghamitra Singh Anamika Bindu G Hima Banerjee Jheelam Tandon Manuj Gaikwad Sonali Rajkumar Revathi Sitalaximi T Ashma Richa Chainy G B N Kashyap V K 2007 High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations PDF Anthropology Today Hirbo Jibril Boru 2011 Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations PhD Thesis hdl 1903 11443 page needed Sanchez J J 2004 Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes Greenlanders and Somalis International Congress Series 1261 347 349 doi 10 1016 S0531 5131 03 01635 2 Cruciani F Trombetta B Sellitto D et al July 2010 Human Y chromosome haplogroup R V88 a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages European Journal of Human Genetics 18 7 800 7 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2009 231 PMC 2987365 PMID 20051990 yhrd org full citation needed Zhong Hua Shi Hong Qi Xue Bin Duan Zi Yuan Tan Ping Ping Jin Li Su Bing Ma Runlin Z 2010 Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 1 717 27 doi 10 1093 molbev msq247 PMID 20837606 PhyloTree y Minimal y tree Magoon Gregory R Banks Raymond H Rottensteiner Christian Schrack Bonnie E Tilroe Vincent O Robb Terry Grierson Andrew J 2013 Generation of high resolution a priori Y chromosome phylogenies using next generation sequencing data bioRxiv 10 1101 000802 FamilyTreeDNA Arab T Haplogroup a b c Nagle N et al 2015 Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y chromosomes American Journal of Physical Anthropology epub ahead of print version abstract caption caption Mark Lipson et al 2014 http www nature com ncomms 2014 140819 ncomms5689 fig tab ncomms5689 F2 html ISOGG 2018 Y DNA Haplogroup S As of 2017 S1a1a1 P308 formerly K2b1a1 included an unnamed subclade identified by the SNP P60 and previously by P304 which has been removed by ISOGG as unreliable S1a1a1 and any sublades have only been found among indigenous Australians External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup K of Y DNA Spread of Haplogroup K from National Geographic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haplogroup K M9 amp oldid 1120544845, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.