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Great Replacement

July 25, 2023

This article is about the French far-right conspiracy theory. For the article about the broader concept, see White genocide conspiracy theory.

The Great Replacement (French: Grand Remplacement), also known as replacement theory or great replacement theory,[1][2][3] is a white nationalist[4] far-right conspiracy theory[3][5][6][7] disseminated by French author Renaud Camus. The original theory states that, with the complicity or cooperation of "replacist" elites,[a][5][8] the ethnic French and white European populations at large are being demographically and culturally replaced with non-white peoples—especially from Muslim-majority countries—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the birth rate of white Europeans.[5][9][10] Since then, similar claims have been advanced in other national contexts, notably in the United States.[11] Mainstream scholars have dismissed these claims as rooted in a misunderstanding of demographic statistics and premised upon an unscientific, racist worldview.[12][13][14] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Great Replacement "has been widely ridiculed for its blatant absurdity."[3]

While similar themes have characterized various far-right theories since the late 19th century, the particular term was popularized by Camus in his 2011 book Le Grand Remplacement. The book associates the presence of Muslims in France with danger and destruction of French culture and civilization. Camus and other conspiracy theorists attribute recent demographic changes in Europe to intentional policies advanced by global and liberal elites (the "replacists") from within the Government of France, the European Union, or the United Nations; they describe it as a "genocide by substitution".[5]

The conspiracy theory found support in Europe, and has also grown popular among anti-migrant and white nationalist movements from other parts of the West; many of their adherents maintain that "immigrants [are] flocking to predominantly white countries for the precise purpose of rendering the white population a minority within their own land or even causing the extinction of the native population".[10] It aligns with (and is a part of) the larger white genocide conspiracy theory[b][10] except in the strategic replacement of antisemitic canards with Islamophobia.[16][15][17] This replacement, along with a use of simple catch-all slogans, have been cited as reasons for its broader appeal in a pan-European context,[16][18][19] although the concept remains rooted in antisemitism in many white nationalist movements, especially (but not exclusively) in the United States.[20][21]

Although Camus has publicly condemned white nationalist violence,[22][23] scholars have argued that calls to violence are implicit in his depiction of non-white migrants as an existential threat to white populations.[19][24] Several far-right terrorists, including the perpetrators of the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings, the 2019 El Paso shooting and the 2022 Buffalo shooting, have made reference to the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory. American conservative media personalities, including Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham, have espoused ideas of a replacement.[3] Some Republican politicians have endorsed the theory in order to appeal to far-right members of the Republican Party and as a way of signalling their loyalty to Donald Trump.[3]

Background

Renaud Camus developed his conspiracy theory in two books published in 2010 and 2011, in the context of an increase in anti-immigrant rhetoric in public discourse during the previous decade.[25] Europe also experienced an escalation in Islamic terrorist attacks during the 2000s–2010s,[26] and a migrant crisis in the years 2015–2016,[27] which exacerbated tensions and prepared public opinion for the reception of Camus's conspiracy theory.[28][8] As the latter depicts a population replacement said to occur in a short time lapse of one or two generations, the migrant crisis was particularly conducive to the spread of Camus's ideas while the terrorist attacks accelerated the construction of immigrants as an existential threat among those who shared such a worldview.[8]

Camus's theme of a future demise of European culture and civilization also parallels a "cultural pessimistic" and anti-Islam trend among European intellectuals of the period, illustrated in several best-selling and straightforwardly titled books released during the 2010s: Thilo Sarrazin's Germany Abolishes Itself (2010), Éric Zemmour's The French Suicide (2014) or Michel Houellebecq's Submission (2015).[29]

Concept of Renaud Camus

 
Author Renaud Camus, progenitor of the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory, September 2013.

The "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory was developed by French author Renaud Camus, initially in a 2010 book titled L'Abécédaire de l'in-nocence ("Abecedarium of no-harm"),[c][32] and the following year in an eponymous book, Le Grand Remplacement (introduction au remplacisme global).[d] Camus has claimed that the name Grand Remplacement "came to [him], almost by chance, perhaps in a more or less unconscious reference to the Grand Dérangement of the Acadians in the 18th century."[33] As an epigraph to the later book, Camus chose Bertolt Brecht's quip from the satirical poem Die Lösung that the easiest thing to do for a government which had lost the confidence of its people would be to choose new people.[34]

According to Camus, the "Great Replacement" has been nourished by "industrialisation", "despiritualisation" and "deculturation";[e][35][36] the materialistic society and globalism having created a "replaceable human, without any national, ethnic, or cultural specificity",[37] what he labels "global replacism".[38] Camus claims that "the great replacement does not need a definition," as the term is not, in his views, a "concept" but rather a "phenomenon".[39][18]

In Camus's theory, the indigenous French people ("the replaced")[f] is described as being demographically replaced by non-white populations ("the replacing [peoples]")[g]—mainly coming from Africa or the Middle East—in a process of "peopling immigration" encouraged by a "replacist power".[a][5][40]

Camus frequently uses terms and concepts related to the period of Nazi-occupied France (1940–1945). He for instance labels "colonizers" or "Occupiers"[h] people of non-European descent who reside in Europe,[22][41] and dismisses what he calls the "replacist elites" as "collaborationist".[24] Camus founded in 2017 an organization named the National Council of European Resistance, in a self-evident reference to the World War II National Council of the Resistance (1943–1945).[42] This analogy to the French Resistance against Nazism has been described as an implicit call to hatred, direct action or even violence against what Camus labels the "Occupiers; i.e. the immigrants".[24] Camus has also compared the Great Replacement and the so-called "genocide by substitution" of the European peoples to the Holocaust.[42]

Claimed influences

See also: The Camp of the Saints and Rivers of Blood speech

Camus cites two influential figures in the epilogue of his 2011 book The Great Replacement: British politician Enoch Powell's apocalyptic vision of future race relations—expressed in his 1968 "Rivers of Blood" speech—and French author Jean Raspail's depiction of the collapse of the West from an overwhelming "tidal wave" of Third World immigration, featured in his 1973 novel The Camp of the Saints.[16][43]

Camus also declared to The Spectator magazine in 2016 that a key to understanding the "Great Replacement" can be found in his 2002 book Du Sens.[44] In the latter he wrote that the words "France" and "French" equal a natural and physical reality rather than a legal one, in a cratylism similar to Charles Maurras's distinction between the "legal" and the "real country".[i][45] During the same interview, Camus mentioned that he began to imagine his conspiracy theory back in 1996, during the redaction of a guidebook on the department of Hérault, in the South of France: "I suddenly realized that in very old villages [...] the population had totally changed too [...] this is when I began to write like that."[44]

Similar themes

Main article: White genocide conspiracy theory

Despite its own singularities and concepts, the "Great Replacement" is encompassed in a larger and older "white genocide" conspiracy theory,[46] popularized in the US by neo-Nazi David Lane in his 1995 White Genocide Manifesto, where he asserted that governments in Western countries were intending to turn white people into "extinct species".[47][48] Scholars generally agree that, although he did not father the theme, Camus indeed coined the term "Great Replacement" as a slogan and concept, and eventually led it to its fame in the 2010s.[49][50]

The idea of "replacement" under the guidance of a hostile elite can be further traced back to pre-WWII antisemitic conspiracy theories which posited the existence of a Jewish plot to destroy Europe through miscegenation, especially in Édouard Drumont's antisemitic bestseller La France juive (1886).[51] Commenting on this resemblance, historian Nicolas Lebourg and political scientist Jean-Yves Camus suggest that Camus's contribution was to replace the antisemitic elements with a clash of civilizations between Muslims and Europeans.[16] Also in the late 19th century, imperialist politicians invoked the Péril jaune (Yellow Peril) in their negative comparisons of France's low birth-rate and the high birth-rates of Asian countries. From that claim arose an artificial, cultural fear that immigrant-worker Asians soon would "flood" France. This danger supposedly could be successfully countered only by increased fecundity of French women. Then, France would possess enough soldiers to thwart the eventual flood of immigrants from Asia.[52] Maurice Barrès's nationalist writings of that period have also been noted in the ideological genealogy of the "Great Replacement", Barrès contending both in 1889 and in 1900 that a replacement of the native population under the combined effect of immigration and a decline in the birth rate was happening in France.[53][51]

Scholars also highlight a modern similarity to European neo-fascist and neo-Nazi thinkers from the immediate post-war, especially Maurice Bardèche, René Binet and Gaston-Armand Amaudruz,[54][55] and to concepts advanced from the 1960s onward by the French Nouvelle Droite.[34][56] The associated and more recent conspiracy theory of "Eurabia", published by British author Bat Ye'or in her 2005 eponymous book, is often cited as a probable inspiration for Camus's "Great Replacement".[57][58][59] Eurabia theory likewise involves globalist entities, that time led by both French and Arab powers, conspiring to Islamize Europe, with Muslims submerging the continent through immigration and higher birth rates.[60] The conspiracy theory also depicts immigrants as invaders or as a fifth column, invited to the continent by a corrupt political elite.[61][62]

Analysis

Demographic statistics

While the ethnic demography of France has shifted as a result of post-WWII immigration, scholars have generally dismissed the claims of a "great replacement" as being rooted in an exaggeration of immigration statistics and unscientific, racially prejudiced views.[12] Geographer Landis MacKellar criticized Camus's thesis for assuming "that third- and fourth- generation 'immigrants' are somehow not French."[63] Researchers have variously estimated the Muslim population of France at between 8.8% and 12.5% in 2017,[64][65] making a "replacement" unlikely according to MacKellar.[63]

Racial connotations

In the words of scholar Andrew Fergus Wilson, whereas the islamophobic Great Replacement theory can be distinguished from the parallel antisemitic white genocide conspiracy theory, "they share the same terms of reference and both are ideologically aligned with the so-called '14 words' of David Lane [We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children]."[17] In 2021, the Anti-Defamation League wrote that "since many white supremacists, particularly those in the United States, blame Jews for non-white immigration to the U.S.", the Great Replacement theory has been increasingly associated with antisemitism and conflated with the white genocide conspiracy theory.[20][66] Scholar Kathleen Belew has argued that the Great Replacement theory "allows an opportunism in selecting enemies", but "also follows the central motivating logic, which is to protect the thing on the inside [i.e. the preservation and birth rate of the white race], regardless of the enemy on the outside."[67]

According to Australian historian A. Dirk Moses, the great replacement theory is a form of psychological projection in which Europeans—who enacted settler-colonial projects entailing the elimination and replacement of native populations by settler societies—fear the reverse may happen to them.[68]

In German discourse, Austrian political scientist Rainer Bauböck questioned the conspiracy theorists' use of the terms "population replacement" or "exchange" ("Bevölkerungsaustausch"). Using Ruth Wodak's analysis that the slogan needs to be viewed in its historical context, Bauböck has concluded that the conspiracy theory is a reemergence of the Nazi ideology of Umvolkung ("ethnicity inversion").[69]

Popularity

 
Camus's tract for his 2014 "day of anger" demonstration against the "great replacement": "No to the change of people and of civilization, no to antisemitism"

The simplicity and use of catch-all slogans in Camus's formulations—"you have one people, and in the space of a generation you have a different people"[18]—as well as his removal of antisemitism from the original neo-Nazi "white genocide" conspiracy theory, have been cited as conducive to the popularity of the "Great Replacement" in Europe.[19][16]

In a survey led by Ifop in December 2018, 25% of the French subscribed to the conspiracy theory; as well as 46% of the responders who defined themselves as "Gilets Jaunes" (Yellow Vest protesters).[70] In another survey led by Harris Interactive in October 2021, 61% of the French believed that the "Great Replacement" will happen in France; 67% of the respondents were worried about it.[71]

The theory has also become influential in far-right and white nationalist circles outside of France.[72] The conspiracy theory has been cited by Canadian far-right political activist Lauren Southern in a YouTube video of the same name released in July 2017.[18] Southern's video had attracted in 2020 more than 686,000 viewers[73] and is credited with helping to popularize the conspiracy theory.[74] Counter-jihad Norwegian blogger Fjordman has also participated in spreading the theory.[75] It has also been promoted by the German edition of The Epoch Times, a far-right Falun Gong-associated newspaper.[76][77]

Prominent right-wing extremist websites such as Gates of Vienna, Politically Incorrect, and Fdesouche [fr] have provided a platform for bloggers to diffuse and popularize the theory of the "Great Replacement".[78] Among its main promoters are also a wide-ranging network of loosely connected white nationalist movements, especially the Identitarian movement in Europe,[79][80] and other groups like PEGIDA in Germany.[81]

Political influence

Europe

France

Much of the European spread of the Great Replacement (French: Grand Remplacement) conspiracy theory rhetoric is due to its prevalence in French national discourse and media. Nationalist right-wing groups in France have asserted that there is an ongoing "Islamo-substitution" of the indigenous French population, associating the presence of Muslims in France with potential danger and destruction of French culture and civilization.[82][9][83]

In 2011, Marine Le Pen evoked the theory, claiming that France's "adversaries" were waging a moral and economic war on the country, apparently "to deliver it to submersion by an organized replacement of our population".[84] In 2013, historian Dominique Venner's suicide in Notre-Dame de Paris, in which he left a note outlining the "crime of the replacement of our people" is reported to have inspired the far-right Iliade Institute's main ideological tenet of the Great Replacement.[85] Referring to the conspiracy theory, Marine Le Pen publicly praised Venner, claiming that his "last gesture, eminently political, was to try to awaken the French people".[84]

In 2015, Guillaume Faye gave a speech at the Swedish Army Museum in Stockholm, in which he claimed there were three societal things being used against Europeans to carry out a supposed Great Replacement: abortion, homosexuality and immigration. He asserted that Muslims were replacing white people by using birthrates as a demographic weapon.[86]

In June 2017, a BuzzFeed investigation revealed three National Front candidates subscribing to the conspiracy theory ahead of the legislative elections.[87] These included Senator Stéphane Ravier's personal assistant, who claimed the Great Replacement had already started in France.[88] Publishing an image of blonde girl next to the caption "Say no to white genocide", Ravier's aide politically charged the concept further, writing "the National Front or the invasion".[89]

 
Journalist and author Éric Zemmour, who ran for President of France in the 2022 election, promoted extensively the Great Replacement concept.

By September 2018, in a meeting at Fréjus, Marine Le Pen closely echoed Great Replacement rhetoric. Speaking of France, she declared that "never in the history of mankind, have we seen a society that organizes an irreversible submersion" that would eventually cause French society to "disappear by dilution or substitution, its culture and way of life".[84] Former National Assembly delegate Marion Maréchal, who is a junior member of the political Le Pen family, is also a proponent of the theory.[90] In March 2019, in a trip to the U.S., Maréchal evoked the theory, stating "I don't want France to become a land of Islam".[91] Insisting that the Great Replacement was "not absurd", she declared the "indigenous French" people, apparently in danger of being a minority by 2040, now wanted their "country back".[92]

National Rally's serving president Marine Le Pen, who is the aunt of Maréchal, has been heavily influenced by the Great Replacement. The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung has described the conspiracy theory creator Renaud Camus as Le Pen's "whisperer".[93] In May 2019, National Rally spokesman Jordan Bardella was reported to use the conspiracy theory during a televised debate with Nathalie Loiseau, after he argued that France must "turn off the tap" from the demographic bomb of African immigration into the country.[94]

In June 2019, journalist and author Éric Zemmour pushed the concept in comparison to the Kosovo War, claiming "In 1900, there were 90% Serbs and 10% Muslims in Kosovo, in 1990 there were 90% Muslims and 10% Serbs, then there was war and the independence of Kosovo".[95] Zemmour, author of The French Suicide, has repeatedly described "the progressive replacement, over a few decades, of the historic population of our country by immigrants, the vast majority of them non-European".[96] Later that month, Marion Maréchal joined Zemmour in invoking the Great Replacement in relation to the Balkan region, stating "I do not want my France to become Kosovo" and declared that the changing demographics of France "threatens us" ("nous menace") and that this was increasingly clear.[95] Zemmour ran for president in 2022 and continued to extensively promote the theory during his campaign.[97] He finished in fourth place in the first round of the election, taking 7,07% of the vote.[98]

Austria

See also: Kalergi plan

Identitäre Bewegung Österreich (IBÖ), the Austrian branch of the Identitarian movement, promotes this theory, citing a "great exchange"[j] or replacement of the population that supposedly needs to be reversed.[99] In April 2019, Heinz-Christian Strache campaigning for his FPÖ party ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election endorsed the conspiracy theory.[100] Claiming that "population replacement" in Austria was a real threat, he stated that "We don't want to become a minority in our own country".[101] Compatriot Martin Sellner, who also supports the theory, celebrated Strache's political use of the Great Replacement.[102][103]

Belgium

In September 2018, Schild & Vrienden [nl], an extremist Flemish youth organization, were reported to be endorsing the conspiracy theory. The group, claiming that native populations of Europe were being replaced by migrants; they proposed an end to all immigration, forced deportation of non-whites, and the founding of ethnostates.[104] The following month, VRT detailed how the organization was discussing the Great Replacement on secretive chat channels, and using the conspiracy theory to promote Flemish ethnic identity.[105]

In March 2019, Flemish nationalist Dries Van Langenhove of the Vlaams Belang party repeatedly stated that the Flemish people were "being replaced" in Belgium, posting claims on social media which endorsed the Great Replacement theory.[106][107]

Denmark

Use of the Great Replacement (Danish: Store Udskiftning) conspiracy theory has become common in right-wing Danish political rhetoric. In April 2019, Rasmus Paludan, leader of the Hard Line party, which is widely associated with the Great Replacement,[108] claimed that by the year 2040 ethnic Danish people would be approaching to be a minority in Denmark, having been outnumbered by Muslims and their descendants.[109] During a debate for the 2019 European Parliament elections, Paludan used the concept to justify a proposal to ban Muslim immigration and deport all Islamic residents from the country, in what Le Monde described as Paludan "preaching the 'great replacement theory'".[110]

In June 2019, Pia Kjærsgaard (Danish People's Party) invoked the conspiracy theory while serving as Speaker of the Danish Parliament. After the alleged encouragement of Muslim communities to "vote red", for the Social Democrats; Kjærsgaard asked "What will happen? A replacement of the Danish people?".[109]

Germany

Ex-SPD politician Thilo Sarrazin is reported to be one of the most influential promoters of the Great Replacement, having published several books on the subject, some of which, such as Germany Abolishes Itself, are in high circulation.[108] Sarrazin has proposed that there are too many immigrants in Germany, and that they supposedly have lower IQs than Germans. Regarding the demographics of Germany, he has claimed that in a century ethnic Germans will drop in number to 25 million, in 200 years to eight million and in 300 years: three million.[108]

In May 2016, Alternative for Germany (German: Alternative für Deutschland, AfD) deputy leader Beatrix von Storch used a language reminiscent of the theory when she claimed that plans for a mass exchange of populations ("Massenaustausch der Bevölkerung") had long been made.[111]

In April 2017, a few months before he assumed the leadership of the AfD, Alexander Gauland released a press statement regarding the issue of family reunification for refugees, in which he claimed that "Population exchange in Germany is running at full speed".[93][111] In October 2018, following Beatrix von Storch's lead, Bundestag member Petr Bystron said the Global Compact for Migration was part of the conspiracy to bring about systemic population change in Germany.[111]

In March 2019, Vice Germany reported how AfD MP Harald Laatsch [de] attempted to justify and assign blame for the Christchurch mosque shootings, in relation to his "The Great Exchange"[j] theory, by asserting that the shooter's actions were driven by "overpopulation" from immigrants and "climate protection" against them. Laatsch also claimed that the climate movement, who he labelled "climate panic propagators", had a "shared responsibility" for the massacre, and singled out child activist Greta Thunberg.[112]

Similarly, right-wing publicist Martin Lichtmesz [de] denied that either Anders Behring Breivik's 2011 manifesto, which referred to the Eurabia variant of the "white genocide" narrative, or Brenton Tarrant's 2019 The Great Replacement manifesto, had any connection to the theory. Claiming that it was, in fact, not a conspiracy theory at all, Lichtmesz said both Breivik and Tarrant were reacting to a real phenomenon; a "historically unique experiment" of a "Great Exchange"[j] of people.[112]

Hungary

Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and his political party Fidesz in Hungary have been associated with the conspiracy theory over the course of several years.[113][114] The Sydney Morning Herald detailed Orbán's belief in and promotion of the Great Replacement as being central to the modern right-wing politics of Europe. In December 2018, he claimed the "Christian identity of Europe" needed saving, and labelled refugees traveling to Europe as "Muslim invaders".[92] In a speech, Orbán asserted: "If in the future Europe is to be populated by people other than Europeans, and we accept this as a fact and see it as natural, then we will effectively be consenting to population replacement: to a process in which the European population is replaced".[115]

He has also stated: "In all of Europe there are fewer and fewer children, and the answer of the West is migration," concluding that "We Hungarians have a different way of thinking. Instead of just numbers, we want Hungarian children." ThinkProgress described the comments as pushing a version of the theory.[116] In April 2019, Radio New Zealand published insight that Orban's plans to cut taxes for large Hungarian families could be linked with fears of the Great Replacement.[117]

Ireland

A 2019 Lidl advertisement that featured a white Irish woman, her Afro-Brazilian partner and their mixed race son was targeted by former journalist Gemma O'Doherty as part of an attempt at a "Great Replacement." After facing online harassment the family decided to leave Ireland.[118][119][120] The "Great Replacement" has also been used in Ireland in opposition to direct provision centres, used to house asylum seekers.[121]

Writing in 2020, Richard Downes said that "Rather than seeing the increase in non-Irish people living and making their lives here as being a normal part of a modern European country, some of the new nationalists see it as a conspiracy to overwhelm Ireland with foreigners. For many of them the conspirators include the Irish government, NGOs, the EU and the UN. They believe that these organisations want to replace Irish people with brown and black people from abroad."[122]

The term "great replacement" was also used when the RTÉ News featured the three first babies born in 2020, born to Polish, Black and Indian mothers; journalist Fergus Finlay saying "I don't care about the vulgar abuse, but I really do believe that these hatemongers should be prosecuted when they incite others to hatred and violence against people whose only crime is their skin colour or religion. I find it hard to understand why the State hasn't acted already against these cruel ideologues who think they can say whatever they like under the banner of free speech. They may be small in number now, and on the surface they may just seem bonkers, but we've been here before. Political movements have been built on hatred of the other, and we know the damage they have caused."[123]

Garda Commissioner (national chief of police) Drew Harris spoke about far right groups in 2020, saying that "Irish groups [believing] in the great replacement theory" had plans "to disrupt key State institutions and infrastructure. This included Dublin Port, high profile shopping areas such as Grafton Street in Dublin, Dáil Éireann and Government departments."[124][125][126]

Some participants in the 2022–2023 Irish anti-immigration protests such as Hermann Kelly and Derek Blighe support a Great Replacement theory, as well as referring to the influx of immigrants as an "invasion" and a "plantation"[127][128]

Italy

 
Meloni accepting the task of forming a new government

The current Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni has endorsed the Great Replacement ideology.[129] Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini of Italy (2018–2019) has repeatedly adopted the theme of the Great Replacement.[113] In May 2016, two years before his election to office, he claimed "ethnic replacement is underway" in Italy in an interview with Sky TG24. Accusing nameless, well-funded organizations for importing workers that he named "farm slaves", he stated that there was a "lucrative attempt at genocide" of Italians.[130][131]

In April 2023, the Minister of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forests Francesco Lollobrigida remarked to a trade union conference that "Italians are having fewer children, so we're replacing them with someone else. [We say] yes to helping births, no to ethnic replacement. That’s not the way forward".[132]

The Netherlands

In April 2015, writing on the publishing website GeenStijl, scholar of Islam Hans Jansen used Great Replacement rhetoric, suggesting that it was an "undisputed" fact that among the European Union's governing elite there was a common consensus that Europeans were "no good and can be better replaced".[133] In May 2015, Martin Bosma, a Dutch parliament Representative for the Party for Freedom (PVV), released his book Minority in their own land [nl]. Invoking the conspiracy theory, Bosma wrote about a growing 'a new population' of immigrants which lent itself to an apparently 'post-racial Multicultural State of Salvation'.[133]

In March 2017, Thierry Baudet, leader of the right wing Forum for Democracy (FvD) party, promoted the theory after he claimed that the country's so-called elite were deliberately "homeopathically diluting" the Dutch population, in a speech about "national self-hatred". He said there was a plot to racially mix the ethnic Dutch with "all the people of the world", so that there would "never be a Dutchman again".[133]

In January 2018, PVV Representative Martin Bosma endorsed the Great Replacement theory, and one of its key propagators, after meeting with Renaud Camus at a PVV demonstration in Rotterdam and tweeting his support. Filip Dewinter, a leading member of the Flemish secessionist Vlaams Belang party, who had traveled to the Netherlands on the day of the protest to meet with Camus, named him as a "visionary man" to the media.[134]

Party for Freedom politician Geert Wilders of the Netherlands supports the notion of a Great Replacement occurring in Europe.[135][136] In October 2018, Wilders invoked the conspiracy theory, claiming the Netherlands was "being replaced with mass immigration from non-western Islamic countries" and Rotterdam being "the port of Eurabia". He claimed 77 million, mainly Islamic immigrants would attempt to enter Europe over the course of half a century, and that white Europeans would cease to exist unless they were stopped.[92] In 2019, The New York Times reported how Camus's demographic-based alarmist theories help fuel Wilders and his Party for Freedom's nativist campaigning.[2]

In September 2018, Dutch author Paul Scheffer analyzed the Great Replacement and its political developments, suggesting that Forum for Democracy and Party for Freedom were forming policy regarding the demography of the Netherlands through the lens of the conspiracy theory.[137]

Spain

The far-right party Vox has been described as circulating the theory for its discourse about low natality rates in Spaniards compared to migrants.[138] According to journalist Antonio Maestre of El Diario, such an ideology is shared between Vox and some extreme strains of Catalan nationalism who fear replacement by Spanish-speakers.[139]

United Kingdom

According to November 2018 research from the University of Cambridge, 31% of Brexit voters believe in the conspiracy theory compared to 6% of British people who oppose Brexit.[140]

In July 2019, left-wing English musician and activist Billy Bragg released a public statement which accused fellow singer-songwriter Morrissey of endorsing the theory. Bragg suggested "that Morrissey is helping to spread this idea—which inspired the Christchurch mosque murderer—is beyond doubt".[141][142]

North America

Canada

YouTuber Lauren Southern of Canada has helped amplify the conspiracy theory.[92][143] In 2017, Southern dedicated a video to the Great Replacement, gaining over half a million views on her channel, before it was deleted.[18][144][145] 2018 mayoral candidate for Toronto Faith Goldy has publicly embraced the replacement theory.[146][147] In 2019, in the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings in Christchurch, New Zealand, Vice accused Goldy of routinely pushing the same ideas of birthrate declines and the population replacement of whites, found in the gunman's The Great Replacement manifesto.[148] When white nationalist Paul Fromm co-opted the pre-1967 Canadian national flag, the Canadian Red Ensign, he referred to it as "the flag of the true Canada, the European Canada before the treasonous European replacement schemes brought in by the 1965 immigration policies".[149]

In June 2019, columnist Lindsay Shepherd claimed that "whites are becoming a minority" in the West, describing her assertion as "population replacement".[150] She was criticized by Canadian MP Colin Fraser at a House of Commons justice committee for not denouncing the concept,[151] while Nathaniel Erskine-Smith accused Shepherd of openly embracing the conspiracy theory.[152]

United States

Main article: Great replacement in the United States

The Great replacement in the United States is the American version of a white nationalist far-right conspiracy theory that racial minorities are displacing the traditional white American population and taking control of the nation. Versions of the theory "have become commonplace" in the Republican Party of the United States, and have become a major issue of political debate. It also has stimulated violent responses including mass murders.[153] It resembles the Great Replacement theory promoted in Europe,[154] but has its origins in American nativism around 1900. According to Erika Lee, in 1894 the old stock Yankee upper-class founders of the Immigration Restriction League were, “convinced that Anglo-Saxon traditions, peoples, and culture were being drowned in a flood of racially inferior foreigners from Southern and Eastern Europe.”[155]

Oceania

Australia

The media in Australia have covered former Senator Fraser Anning of Queensland and his endorsement of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory.[156] In April 2019, Reuters reported how Anning was amplifying replacement theory by suggesting that Muslims would "out-breed us very quickly".[157] In May 2019, Anning alleged that white Australians would "fast become a minority" if they did not defend their "ethno-cultural identity".[158]

New Zealand

The far right neo-Nazi youth group Action Zealandia has endorsed the Great Replacement theory, alleging that European identity in New Zealand is being threatened by economically driven non-white migration.[159] In addition, the group has promoted the pseudohistorical notion that white people settled in New Zealand before the arrival of the indigenous Māori people.[160] According to the journalist Marc Daalder, Action Zealandia is the successor to the Dominion Movement, a far right group that ceased its activities following the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings.[161]

Africa

Tunisia

In February 2023 the President of Tunisia Kais Saied made comments about African immigration into Tunisia, saying that they were changing the demographic makeup of the country in order to make it a “purely African” nation.[162][163][164][165][166] This was widely interpreted as a Tunisian (or Arabic) version of the great replacement conspiracy theory allegedly in an attempt to distract voters from the policy failures of his government.[167][168]

Influence on white nationalist terrorism

Implicit call to violence

Camus's use of strong terms like "colonization" and "Occupiers"[h] to label non-European immigrants and their children[22][41] have been described as implicit calls to violence.[24] Scholars like Jean-Yves Camus have argued that the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory closely parallels the concept of "remigration", an euphemistic term for the forced deportation of non-white immigrants.[19][32] "We shall not leave Europe, we shall make Africa leave Europe," Camus wrote in 2019 to define his political agenda for the European parliament elections.[41] He has also used another euphemism, the "Great Repatriation", to refer to remigration.[k][169]

According to historians Nicolas Bancel and Pascal Blanchard, along with sociologist Ahmed Boubeker, "the announcement of a civil war is implicit in the theory of the 'great replacement' [...] This thesis is extreme—and so simplistic that it can be understood by anyone—because it validates a racial definition of the nation."[19] Sceptical of Camus's description of second or third generation immigrants as being itself a contradiction in terms—"they do not migrate anymore, they are French"—demographer Hervé Le Bras is also critical of their designation as a fifth column in France or an "internal enemy".[170]

Inspired attacks

Fears of the white race's extinction, and replacement theory in particular, have been cited by several accused perpetrators of mass shootings between 2018, 2019 and 2022. While Camus has stated his own philosophy is a nonviolent one, analysts including Heidi Beirich of the Southern Poverty Law Center say the idea of white genocide has "undoubtedly influenced" American white supremacists, potentially leading to violence.[171][172]

In October 2018, a gunman killed 11 people and injured 6 in an attack on the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The gunman believed Jews were deliberately importing non-white immigrants into the United States as part of a conspiracy against the white race.[173][174]

Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian terrorist responsible for the mass shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch, New Zealand, on 15 March 2019, that killed 51 people and injured 49, named his manifesto The Great Replacement, a reference to Camus's book.[22][175] In response, Camus condemned violence while reaffirming his desire for a "counter-revolt" against an increase in nonwhite populations.[22]

In 2019, research by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue showed over 24,000 social media mentions of the Great Replacement in the month before the Christchurch shootings, in comparison to just 3,431 mentions in April 2012. The use of the term spiked in April 2019 after the Christchurch mosque shootings.[176]

Patrick Crusius, the suspect in the 2019 El Paso shooting, posted an online manifesto titled The Inconvenient Truth alluding to the "great replacement"[171] and expressing support for "the Christchurch shooter" minutes before the attack.[177] It spoke of a "Hispanic invasion of Texas" leading to "cultural and ethnic replacement" (alluding to the Reconquista) as justifications for the shooting.[171][175][177]

The suspect accused in the 2022 Buffalo shooting listed the Great Replacement in a manifesto he had published prior to the attack.[178][179][180] The suspect described himself as a fascist, white supremacist, and antisemite.[181]

List of proponents

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b French: pouvoir/élite remplaciste
  2. ^ Rife in Western far-right movements since the late 20th century, notably through the efforts of American neo-Nazi activist David Lane.[15]
  3. ^ In-nocence is a wordplay built on the archaic term nocence,[30] originally meaning 'harm, nuisance, malice, guilt', and from which the modern French and English innocence derive.[31]
  4. ^ English: The Great Replacement (introduction to global replacism)
  5. ^ The French term déculturation can be translated as 'loss', 'disappearance' or 'erasure' of one's culture or national feeling.
  6. ^ French: les remplacés
  7. ^ French: les remplaçants
  8. ^ a b French: colonisateurs/colonisation and Occupants
  9. ^ French: pays légal and pays réel
  10. ^ a b c German: (Der) Große Austausch
  11. ^ French: Grand Rapatriement

References

Citations

  1. ^ Bracke, Sarah; Aguilar, Luis Manuel Hernández (2020). "'They love death as we love life': The 'Muslim Question' and the biopolitics of replacement". The British Journal of Sociology. 71 (4): 680–701. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12742. ISSN 1468-4446. PMC 7540673. PMID 32100887.
  2. ^ a b Bowles, Nellie (18 March 2019). "'Replacement Theory,' a Racist, Sexist Doctrine, Spreads in Far-Right Circles". The New York Times. from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019. Behind the idea is a racist conspiracy theory known as 'the replacement theory,' which was popularized by a right-wing French philosopher.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Replacement theory". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  4. ^ Feola, Michael (2020). "'You Will Not Replace Us': The Melancholic Nationalism of Whiteness". Political Theory. 49 (4): 528–553. doi:10.1177/0090591720972745. ISSN 0090-5917. This article addresses recent strains of white nationalism rooted within anxieties over demographic replacement (e.g., "the Great Replacement").
  5. ^ a b c d e Taguieff (2015), PT71.
  6. ^ Baldauf, Johannes (2017). Toxische Narrative : Monitoring rechts-alternativer Akteure (PDF) (in Dutch). Berlin: Amadeu Antonio Stiftung. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-940878-29-8. OCLC 1042949000. (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018. ...this narrative is highly compatible with concrete conspiracy narratives about how this replacement is desired and planned, either by 'the politicians' or 'the elite,' which-ever connotes Jewishness more effectively.
  7. ^ Korte, Barbara; Wendt, Simon; Falkenhayner, Nicole (2019). Heroism as a Global Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture. Routledge. PT176. ISBN 978-0429557842. This conspiracy theory, which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus, has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015.
  8. ^ a b c Fourquet (2016), PT29.
  9. ^ a b Froio, Caterina (21 August 2018). "Race, Religion, or Culture? Framing Islam between Racism and Neo-Racism in the Online Network of the French Far Right". Perspectives on Politics. 16 (3): 696–709. doi:10.1017/S1537592718001573. S2CID 149865406. ...the conspiracy theory of the Grand remplacement (Great replacement) positing the 'Islamo-substitution' of biologically autochthonous populations in the French metropolitan territory, by Muslim minorities mostly coming from sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb
  10. ^ a b c Bergmann (2021), pp. 37–38: "The term ‘The Great Replacement’ rose to new prominence when a deeply controversial French philosopher, Renaud Camus, used it for the title of his book published in 2011. Camus mainly focused on France, but he argued that European civilisation and identity was at risk of being subsumed by mass migration, especially from Muslim countries, and because of low birth rates among the native French people. (...) It found support widely in Europe and was, for instance, entangled in the more general White Genocide conspiracy theory, which nationalist far-right activists have upheld on both sides of the Atlantic.
  11. ^ Richard Alba, The Great Demographic Illusion: Majority, Minority, and the Expanding American Mainstream (Princeton UP, 2020) https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691202112
  12. ^ a b Jenkins, Cecil (2017). A Brief History of France. Little, Brown Book Group. PT342. ISBN 978-1-4721-4027-2. As for the grand replacement, this has been widely seen as a paranoid fantasy, which plays fast and loose with the statistics, is racist in that it classes as immigrants people actually born in France, glosses over the fact that around half of immigrants are from other European countries, and suggests that declining indigenous France will be outbred by Muslim newcomers when in fact it has the highest fertility rate in Western Europe, and not because of immigration.
  13. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (17 May 2022). "Inside the data that debunks the 'Great Replacement' theory". The Independent.
  14. ^ Rogers, Kaleigh (26 May 2022). "The Twisted Logic Behind The Right's 'Great Replacement' Arguments". FiveThirtyEight.
  15. ^ a b Cosentino, Gabriele (2020). "From Pizzagate to the Great Replacement: The Globalization of Conspiracy Theories". Social Media and the Post-Truth World Order: The Global Dynamics of Disinformation. Springer. p. 75. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43005-4_3. ISBN 978-3-030-43005-4. S2CID 216239634. While the Great Replacement is at its core an Islamophobic belief, Lane's ideology is anti-Semitic.
  16. ^ a b c d e Camus & Lebourg (2017), pp. 206–207: "The success of that umpteenth incarnation of a theme launched immediately after World War II (Camus has personally declared his indebtedness to Enoch Powell) can be explained by the fact that he subtracted anti-Semitism from the argument."
  17. ^ a b Wilson, Andrew (2019). "Fear-Filled Apocalypses: The Far-Right's Use of Conspiracy Theories". Oxford Research Group. from the original on 4 April 2019. Where the great replacement is an identifiably Islamaphobic screed, Lane's written works reveal an underlying fear-fantasy of a Jewish conspiracy that seeks the eradication of Lane's chosen people.
  18. ^ a b c d e Chatterton Williams (2017).
  19. ^ a b c d e Boubeker, Bancel & Blanchard (2015), pp. 141–152.
  20. ^ a b ""The Great Replacement:" An Explainer". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
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  22. ^ a b c d e Heim, Joe; McAuley, James (15 March 2019). "New Zealand attacks offer the latest evidence of a web of supremacist extremism". The Washington Post. from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019. Camus, now 72, told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence. [...] Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a 'counterrevolt' against 'colonization in Europe today' will grow, a reference to increases in nonwhite populations.
  23. ^ Byman, Daniel (16 May 2022). "The Global Roots of the Buffalo Shooting". Foreign Policy. In fact, although white supremacists in the United States and elsewhere have long claimed the white race is under attack, the Great Replacement theory itself originated in France with philosopher Renaud Camus (though Camus himself rejects violence).
  24. ^ a b c d Finkielkraut (2017), 23m05s.
  25. ^ Croucher, Stephen M. (2013). "Integrated Threat Theory and Acceptance of Immigrant Assimilation: An Analysis of Muslim Immigration in Western Europe". Communication Monographs. 80 (1): 46–62. doi:10.1080/03637751.2012.739704. ISSN 0363-7751. S2CID 145389928. Such political rhetoric has been effective in the past decade, as more and more individuals in the US and Europe are less accepting of Muslims, particularly Muslim immigrants (Abbas, 2007; Croucher, 2008; Gonzalez et al., 2008).
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  28. ^ Bergmann (2018), pp. 126–27.
  29. ^ Polakow-Suransky (2017), pp. 2–3.
  30. ^ Kennelly, Brian Gordon (2004). "Au-delà de leurs doléances, Au nom de l’In-nocence: Renaud Camus and the Political", California Polytechnic State University.
  31. ^ "D. Godefroy".
  32. ^ a b Camus, Jean-Yves; Mathieu, Annie (19 August 2017). "D'où vient l'expression 'remigration'?". Le Soleil. from the original on 24 May 2019.
  33. ^ Finkielkraut (2017), 4m25s.
  34. ^ a b Leconte, Cécile (2019). "La carrière militante du " grand remplacement " au sein du milieu partisan de l'Alternative pour l'Allemagne (AfD)". Politix. 126 (2): 111–134. doi:10.3917/pox.126.0111. S2CID 210566278.
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  40. ^ "Le "Grand Remplacement", cauchemar de l'extrême droite". Le Temps. 9 July 2020. ISSN 1423-3967. L'écrivain distingue alors les remplacés (la civilisation européenne et sa culture), les remplaçants (les immigrés venus majoritairement d'Afrique du Nord et d'Afrique subsaharienne) et les remplacistes (le pouvoir qui ne cherche pas à inverser les flux migratoires afin de servir des intérêts politiques, de gauche notamment).
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  42. ^ a b Sapiro, Gisèle (2018). Les écrivains et la politique en France – De l'affaire Dreyfus à la guerre d'Algérie (in French). Le Seuil. PT377. ISBN 978-2-02-140215-5.
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Further reading

  • Finnsiö, Morgan (15 March 2019). "Myten om det stora utbytet" [The myth of the great exchange]. Expo.. in Swedish

July 25, 2023
great, replacement, this, article, about, french, right, conspiracy, theory, article, about, broader, concept, white, genocide, conspiracy, theory, french, grand, remplacement, also, known, replacement, theory, great, replacement, theory, white, nationalist, r. This article is about the French far right conspiracy theory For the article about the broader concept see White genocide conspiracy theory The Great Replacement French Grand Remplacement also known as replacement theory or great replacement theory 1 2 3 is a white nationalist 4 far right conspiracy theory 3 5 6 7 disseminated by French author Renaud Camus The original theory states that with the complicity or cooperation of replacist elites a 5 8 the ethnic French and white European populations at large are being demographically and culturally replaced with non white peoples especially from Muslim majority countries through mass migration demographic growth and a drop in the birth rate of white Europeans 5 9 10 Since then similar claims have been advanced in other national contexts notably in the United States 11 Mainstream scholars have dismissed these claims as rooted in a misunderstanding of demographic statistics and premised upon an unscientific racist worldview 12 13 14 According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica the Great Replacement has been widely ridiculed for its blatant absurdity 3 While similar themes have characterized various far right theories since the late 19th century the particular term was popularized by Camus in his 2011 book Le Grand Remplacement The book associates the presence of Muslims in France with danger and destruction of French culture and civilization Camus and other conspiracy theorists attribute recent demographic changes in Europe to intentional policies advanced by global and liberal elites the replacists from within the Government of France the European Union or the United Nations they describe it as a genocide by substitution 5 The conspiracy theory found support in Europe and has also grown popular among anti migrant and white nationalist movements from other parts of the West many of their adherents maintain that immigrants are flocking to predominantly white countries for the precise purpose of rendering the white population a minority within their own land or even causing the extinction of the native population 10 It aligns with and is a part of the larger white genocide conspiracy theory b 10 except in the strategic replacement of antisemitic canards with Islamophobia 16 15 17 This replacement along with a use of simple catch all slogans have been cited as reasons for its broader appeal in a pan European context 16 18 19 although the concept remains rooted in antisemitism in many white nationalist movements especially but not exclusively in the United States 20 21 Although Camus has publicly condemned white nationalist violence 22 23 scholars have argued that calls to violence are implicit in his depiction of non white migrants as an existential threat to white populations 19 24 Several far right terrorists including the perpetrators of the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings the 2019 El Paso shooting and the 2022 Buffalo shooting have made reference to the Great Replacement conspiracy theory American conservative media personalities including Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham have espoused ideas of a replacement 3 Some Republican politicians have endorsed the theory in order to appeal to far right members of the Republican Party and as a way of signalling their loyalty to Donald Trump 3 Contents 1 Background 2 Concept of Renaud Camus 2 1 Claimed influences 3 Similar themes 4 Analysis 4 1 Demographic statistics 4 2 Racial connotations 4 3 Popularity 5 Political influence 5 1 Europe 5 1 1 France 5 1 2 Austria 5 1 3 Belgium 5 1 4 Denmark 5 1 5 Germany 5 1 6 Hungary 5 1 7 Ireland 5 1 8 Italy 5 1 9 The Netherlands 5 1 10 Spain 5 1 11 United Kingdom 5 2 North America 5 2 1 Canada 5 2 2 United States 5 3 Oceania 5 3 1 Australia 5 3 2 New Zealand 5 4 Africa 5 4 1 Tunisia 6 Influence on white nationalist terrorism 6 1 Implicit call to violence 6 2 Inspired attacks 7 List of proponents 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10 1 Citations 10 2 Sources 11 Further readingBackgroundRenaud Camus developed his conspiracy theory in two books published in 2010 and 2011 in the context of an increase in anti immigrant rhetoric in public discourse during the previous decade 25 Europe also experienced an escalation in Islamic terrorist attacks during the 2000s 2010s 26 and a migrant crisis in the years 2015 2016 27 which exacerbated tensions and prepared public opinion for the reception of Camus s conspiracy theory 28 8 As the latter depicts a population replacement said to occur in a short time lapse of one or two generations the migrant crisis was particularly conducive to the spread of Camus s ideas while the terrorist attacks accelerated the construction of immigrants as an existential threat among those who shared such a worldview 8 Camus s theme of a future demise of European culture and civilization also parallels a cultural pessimistic and anti Islam trend among European intellectuals of the period illustrated in several best selling and straightforwardly titled books released during the 2010s Thilo Sarrazin s Germany Abolishes Itself 2010 Eric Zemmour s The French Suicide 2014 or Michel Houellebecq s Submission 2015 29 Concept of Renaud Camus Author Renaud Camus progenitor of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory September 2013 The Great Replacement conspiracy theory was developed by French author Renaud Camus initially in a 2010 book titled L Abecedaire de l in nocence Abecedarium of no harm c 32 and the following year in an eponymous book Le Grand Remplacement introduction au remplacisme global d Camus has claimed that the name Grand Remplacement came to him almost by chance perhaps in a more or less unconscious reference to the Grand Derangement of the Acadians in the 18th century 33 As an epigraph to the later book Camus chose Bertolt Brecht s quip from the satirical poem Die Losung that the easiest thing to do for a government which had lost the confidence of its people would be to choose new people 34 According to Camus the Great Replacement has been nourished by industrialisation despiritualisation and deculturation e 35 36 the materialistic society and globalism having created a replaceable human without any national ethnic or cultural specificity 37 what he labels global replacism 38 Camus claims that the great replacement does not need a definition as the term is not in his views a concept but rather a phenomenon 39 18 In Camus s theory the indigenous French people the replaced f is described as being demographically replaced by non white populations the replacing peoples g mainly coming from Africa or the Middle East in a process of peopling immigration encouraged by a replacist power a 5 40 Camus frequently uses terms and concepts related to the period of Nazi occupied France 1940 1945 He for instance labels colonizers or Occupiers h people of non European descent who reside in Europe 22 41 and dismisses what he calls the replacist elites as collaborationist 24 Camus founded in 2017 an organization named the National Council of European Resistance in a self evident reference to the World War II National Council of the Resistance 1943 1945 42 This analogy to the French Resistance against Nazism has been described as an implicit call to hatred direct action or even violence against what Camus labels the Occupiers i e the immigrants 24 Camus has also compared the Great Replacement and the so called genocide by substitution of the European peoples to the Holocaust 42 Claimed influences See also The Camp of the Saints and Rivers of Blood speech Camus cites two influential figures in the epilogue of his 2011 book The Great Replacement British politician Enoch Powell s apocalyptic vision of future race relations expressed in his 1968 Rivers of Blood speech and French author Jean Raspail s depiction of the collapse of the West from an overwhelming tidal wave of Third World immigration featured in his 1973 novel The Camp of the Saints 16 43 Camus also declared to The Spectator magazine in 2016 that a key to understanding the Great Replacement can be found in his 2002 book Du Sens 44 In the latter he wrote that the words France and French equal a natural and physical reality rather than a legal one in a cratylism similar to Charles Maurras s distinction between the legal and the real country i 45 During the same interview Camus mentioned that he began to imagine his conspiracy theory back in 1996 during the redaction of a guidebook on the department of Herault in the South of France I suddenly realized that in very old villages the population had totally changed too this is when I began to write like that 44 Similar themesMain article White genocide conspiracy theory Despite its own singularities and concepts the Great Replacement is encompassed in a larger and older white genocide conspiracy theory 46 popularized in the US by neo Nazi David Lane in his 1995 White Genocide Manifesto where he asserted that governments in Western countries were intending to turn white people into extinct species 47 48 Scholars generally agree that although he did not father the theme Camus indeed coined the term Great Replacement as a slogan and concept and eventually led it to its fame in the 2010s 49 50 The idea of replacement under the guidance of a hostile elite can be further traced back to pre WWII antisemitic conspiracy theories which posited the existence of a Jewish plot to destroy Europe through miscegenation especially in Edouard Drumont s antisemitic bestseller La France juive 1886 51 Commenting on this resemblance historian Nicolas Lebourg and political scientist Jean Yves Camus suggest that Camus s contribution was to replace the antisemitic elements with a clash of civilizations between Muslims and Europeans 16 Also in the late 19th century imperialist politicians invoked the Peril jaune Yellow Peril in their negative comparisons of France s low birth rate and the high birth rates of Asian countries From that claim arose an artificial cultural fear that immigrant worker Asians soon would flood France This danger supposedly could be successfully countered only by increased fecundity of French women Then France would possess enough soldiers to thwart the eventual flood of immigrants from Asia 52 Maurice Barres s nationalist writings of that period have also been noted in the ideological genealogy of the Great Replacement Barres contending both in 1889 and in 1900 that a replacement of the native population under the combined effect of immigration and a decline in the birth rate was happening in France 53 51 Scholars also highlight a modern similarity to European neo fascist and neo Nazi thinkers from the immediate post war especially Maurice Bardeche Rene Binet and Gaston Armand Amaudruz 54 55 and to concepts advanced from the 1960s onward by the French Nouvelle Droite 34 56 The associated and more recent conspiracy theory of Eurabia published by British author Bat Ye or in her 2005 eponymous book is often cited as a probable inspiration for Camus s Great Replacement 57 58 59 Eurabia theory likewise involves globalist entities that time led by both French and Arab powers conspiring to Islamize Europe with Muslims submerging the continent through immigration and higher birth rates 60 The conspiracy theory also depicts immigrants as invaders or as a fifth column invited to the continent by a corrupt political elite 61 62 AnalysisDemographic statistics While the ethnic demography of France has shifted as a result of post WWII immigration scholars have generally dismissed the claims of a great replacement as being rooted in an exaggeration of immigration statistics and unscientific racially prejudiced views 12 Geographer Landis MacKellar criticized Camus s thesis for assuming that third and fourth generation immigrants are somehow not French 63 Researchers have variously estimated the Muslim population of France at between 8 8 and 12 5 in 2017 64 65 making a replacement unlikely according to MacKellar 63 Racial connotations In the words of scholar Andrew Fergus Wilson whereas the islamophobic Great Replacement theory can be distinguished from the parallel antisemitic white genocide conspiracy theory they share the same terms of reference and both are ideologically aligned with the so called 14 words of David Lane We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children 17 In 2021 the Anti Defamation League wrote that since many white supremacists particularly those in the United States blame Jews for non white immigration to the U S the Great Replacement theory has been increasingly associated with antisemitism and conflated with the white genocide conspiracy theory 20 66 Scholar Kathleen Belew has argued that the Great Replacement theory allows an opportunism in selecting enemies but also follows the central motivating logic which is to protect the thing on the inside i e the preservation and birth rate of the white race regardless of the enemy on the outside 67 According to Australian historian A Dirk Moses the great replacement theory is a form of psychological projection in which Europeans who enacted settler colonial projects entailing the elimination and replacement of native populations by settler societies fear the reverse may happen to them 68 In German discourse Austrian political scientist Rainer Baubock questioned the conspiracy theorists use of the terms population replacement or exchange Bevolkerungsaustausch Using Ruth Wodak s analysis that the slogan needs to be viewed in its historical context Baubock has concluded that the conspiracy theory is a reemergence of the Nazi ideology of Umvolkung ethnicity inversion 69 Popularity Camus s tract for his 2014 day of anger demonstration against the great replacement No to the change of people and of civilization no to antisemitism The simplicity and use of catch all slogans in Camus s formulations you have one people and in the space of a generation you have a different people 18 as well as his removal of antisemitism from the original neo Nazi white genocide conspiracy theory have been cited as conducive to the popularity of the Great Replacement in Europe 19 16 In a survey led by Ifop in December 2018 25 of the French subscribed to the conspiracy theory as well as 46 of the responders who defined themselves as Gilets Jaunes Yellow Vest protesters 70 In another survey led by Harris Interactive in October 2021 61 of the French believed that the Great Replacement will happen in France 67 of the respondents were worried about it 71 The theory has also become influential in far right and white nationalist circles outside of France 72 The conspiracy theory has been cited by Canadian far right political activist Lauren Southern in a YouTube video of the same name released in July 2017 18 Southern s video had attracted in 2020 more than 686 000 viewers 73 and is credited with helping to popularize the conspiracy theory 74 Counter jihad Norwegian blogger Fjordman has also participated in spreading the theory 75 It has also been promoted by the German edition of The Epoch Times a far right Falun Gong associated newspaper 76 77 Prominent right wing extremist websites such as Gates of Vienna Politically Incorrect and Fdesouche fr have provided a platform for bloggers to diffuse and popularize the theory of the Great Replacement 78 Among its main promoters are also a wide ranging network of loosely connected white nationalist movements especially the Identitarian movement in Europe 79 80 and other groups like PEGIDA in Germany 81 Political influenceEurope France Much of the European spread of the Great Replacement French Grand Remplacement conspiracy theory rhetoric is due to its prevalence in French national discourse and media Nationalist right wing groups in France have asserted that there is an ongoing Islamo substitution of the indigenous French population associating the presence of Muslims in France with potential danger and destruction of French culture and civilization 82 9 83 In 2011 Marine Le Pen evoked the theory claiming that France s adversaries were waging a moral and economic war on the country apparently to deliver it to submersion by an organized replacement of our population 84 In 2013 historian Dominique Venner s suicide in Notre Dame de Paris in which he left a note outlining the crime of the replacement of our people is reported to have inspired the far right Iliade Institute s main ideological tenet of the Great Replacement 85 Referring to the conspiracy theory Marine Le Pen publicly praised Venner claiming that his last gesture eminently political was to try to awaken the French people 84 In 2015 Guillaume Faye gave a speech at the Swedish Army Museum in Stockholm in which he claimed there were three societal things being used against Europeans to carry out a supposed Great Replacement abortion homosexuality and immigration He asserted that Muslims were replacing white people by using birthrates as a demographic weapon 86 In June 2017 a BuzzFeed investigation revealed three National Front candidates subscribing to the conspiracy theory ahead of the legislative elections 87 These included Senator Stephane Ravier s personal assistant who claimed the Great Replacement had already started in France 88 Publishing an image of blonde girl next to the caption Say no to white genocide Ravier s aide politically charged the concept further writing the National Front or the invasion 89 Journalist and author Eric Zemmour who ran for President of France in the 2022 election promoted extensively the Great Replacement concept By September 2018 in a meeting at Frejus Marine Le Pen closely echoed Great Replacement rhetoric Speaking of France she declared that never in the history of mankind have we seen a society that organizes an irreversible submersion that would eventually cause French society to disappear by dilution or substitution its culture and way of life 84 Former National Assembly delegate Marion Marechal who is a junior member of the political Le Pen family is also a proponent of the theory 90 In March 2019 in a trip to the U S Marechal evoked the theory stating I don t want France to become a land of Islam 91 Insisting that the Great Replacement was not absurd she declared the indigenous French people apparently in danger of being a minority by 2040 now wanted their country back 92 National Rally s serving president Marine Le Pen who is the aunt of Marechal has been heavily influenced by the Great Replacement The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung has described the conspiracy theory creator Renaud Camus as Le Pen s whisperer 93 In May 2019 National Rally spokesman Jordan Bardella was reported to use the conspiracy theory during a televised debate with Nathalie Loiseau after he argued that France must turn off the tap from the demographic bomb of African immigration into the country 94 In June 2019 journalist and author Eric Zemmour pushed the concept in comparison to the Kosovo War claiming In 1900 there were 90 Serbs and 10 Muslims in Kosovo in 1990 there were 90 Muslims and 10 Serbs then there was war and the independence of Kosovo 95 Zemmour author of The French Suicide has repeatedly described the progressive replacement over a few decades of the historic population of our country by immigrants the vast majority of them non European 96 Later that month Marion Marechal joined Zemmour in invoking the Great Replacement in relation to the Balkan region stating I do not want my France to become Kosovo and declared that the changing demographics of France threatens us nous menace and that this was increasingly clear 95 Zemmour ran for president in 2022 and continued to extensively promote the theory during his campaign 97 He finished in fourth place in the first round of the election taking 7 07 of the vote 98 Austria See also Kalergi plan Identitare Bewegung Osterreich IBO the Austrian branch of the Identitarian movement promotes this theory citing a great exchange j or replacement of the population that supposedly needs to be reversed 99 In April 2019 Heinz Christian Strache campaigning for his FPO party ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election endorsed the conspiracy theory 100 Claiming that population replacement in Austria was a real threat he stated that We don t want to become a minority in our own country 101 Compatriot Martin Sellner who also supports the theory celebrated Strache s political use of the Great Replacement 102 103 Belgium In September 2018 Schild amp Vrienden nl an extremist Flemish youth organization were reported to be endorsing the conspiracy theory The group claiming that native populations of Europe were being replaced by migrants they proposed an end to all immigration forced deportation of non whites and the founding of ethnostates 104 The following month VRT detailed how the organization was discussing the Great Replacement on secretive chat channels and using the conspiracy theory to promote Flemish ethnic identity 105 In March 2019 Flemish nationalist Dries Van Langenhove of the Vlaams Belang party repeatedly stated that the Flemish people were being replaced in Belgium posting claims on social media which endorsed the Great Replacement theory 106 107 Denmark Use of the Great Replacement Danish Store Udskiftning conspiracy theory has become common in right wing Danish political rhetoric In April 2019 Rasmus Paludan leader of the Hard Line party which is widely associated with the Great Replacement 108 claimed that by the year 2040 ethnic Danish people would be approaching to be a minority in Denmark having been outnumbered by Muslims and their descendants 109 During a debate for the 2019 European Parliament elections Paludan used the concept to justify a proposal to ban Muslim immigration and deport all Islamic residents from the country in what Le Monde described as Paludan preaching the great replacement theory 110 In June 2019 Pia Kjaersgaard Danish People s Party invoked the conspiracy theory while serving as Speaker of the Danish Parliament After the alleged encouragement of Muslim communities to vote red for the Social Democrats Kjaersgaard asked What will happen A replacement of the Danish people 109 Germany Ex SPD politician Thilo Sarrazin is reported to be one of the most influential promoters of the Great Replacement having published several books on the subject some of which such as Germany Abolishes Itself are in high circulation 108 Sarrazin has proposed that there are too many immigrants in Germany and that they supposedly have lower IQs than Germans Regarding the demographics of Germany he has claimed that in a century ethnic Germans will drop in number to 25 million in 200 years to eight million and in 300 years three million 108 In May 2016 Alternative for Germany German Alternative fur Deutschland AfD deputy leader Beatrix von Storch used a language reminiscent of the theory when she claimed that plans for a mass exchange of populations Massenaustausch der Bevolkerung had long been made 111 In April 2017 a few months before he assumed the leadership of the AfD Alexander Gauland released a press statement regarding the issue of family reunification for refugees in which he claimed that Population exchange in Germany is running at full speed 93 111 In October 2018 following Beatrix von Storch s lead Bundestag member Petr Bystron said the Global Compact for Migration was part of the conspiracy to bring about systemic population change in Germany 111 In March 2019 Vice Germany reported how AfD MP Harald Laatsch de attempted to justify and assign blame for the Christchurch mosque shootings in relation to his The Great Exchange j theory by asserting that the shooter s actions were driven by overpopulation from immigrants and climate protection against them Laatsch also claimed that the climate movement who he labelled climate panic propagators had a shared responsibility for the massacre and singled out child activist Greta Thunberg 112 Similarly right wing publicist Martin Lichtmesz de denied that either Anders Behring Breivik s 2011 manifesto which referred to the Eurabia variant of the white genocide narrative or Brenton Tarrant s 2019 The Great Replacement manifesto had any connection to the theory Claiming that it was in fact not a conspiracy theory at all Lichtmesz said both Breivik and Tarrant were reacting to a real phenomenon a historically unique experiment of a Great Exchange j of people 112 Hungary Prime Minister Viktor Orban and his political party Fidesz in Hungary have been associated with the conspiracy theory over the course of several years 113 114 The Sydney Morning Herald detailed Orban s belief in and promotion of the Great Replacement as being central to the modern right wing politics of Europe In December 2018 he claimed the Christian identity of Europe needed saving and labelled refugees traveling to Europe as Muslim invaders 92 In a speech Orban asserted If in the future Europe is to be populated by people other than Europeans and we accept this as a fact and see it as natural then we will effectively be consenting to population replacement to a process in which the European population is replaced 115 He has also stated In all of Europe there are fewer and fewer children and the answer of the West is migration concluding that We Hungarians have a different way of thinking Instead of just numbers we want Hungarian children ThinkProgress described the comments as pushing a version of the theory 116 In April 2019 Radio New Zealand published insight that Orban s plans to cut taxes for large Hungarian families could be linked with fears of the Great Replacement 117 Ireland A 2019 Lidl advertisement that featured a white Irish woman her Afro Brazilian partner and their mixed race son was targeted by former journalist Gemma O Doherty as part of an attempt at a Great Replacement After facing online harassment the family decided to leave Ireland 118 119 120 The Great Replacement has also been used in Ireland in opposition to direct provision centres used to house asylum seekers 121 Writing in 2020 Richard Downes said that Rather than seeing the increase in non Irish people living and making their lives here as being a normal part of a modern European country some of the new nationalists see it as a conspiracy to overwhelm Ireland with foreigners For many of them the conspirators include the Irish government NGOs the EU and the UN They believe that these organisations want to replace Irish people with brown and black people from abroad 122 The term great replacement was also used when the RTE News featured the three first babies born in 2020 born to Polish Black and Indian mothers journalist Fergus Finlay saying I don t care about the vulgar abuse but I really do believe that these hatemongers should be prosecuted when they incite others to hatred and violence against people whose only crime is their skin colour or religion I find it hard to understand why the State hasn t acted already against these cruel ideologues who think they can say whatever they like under the banner of free speech They may be small in number now and on the surface they may just seem bonkers but we ve been here before Political movements have been built on hatred of the other and we know the damage they have caused 123 Garda Commissioner national chief of police Drew Harris spoke about far right groups in 2020 saying that Irish groups believing in the great replacement theory had plans to disrupt key State institutions and infrastructure This included Dublin Port high profile shopping areas such as Grafton Street in Dublin Dail Eireann and Government departments 124 125 126 Some participants in the 2022 2023 Irish anti immigration protests such as Hermann Kelly and Derek Blighe support a Great Replacement theory as well as referring to the influx of immigrants as an invasion and a plantation 127 128 Italy Meloni accepting the task of forming a new governmentThe current Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni has endorsed the Great Replacement ideology 129 Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini of Italy 2018 2019 has repeatedly adopted the theme of the Great Replacement 113 In May 2016 two years before his election to office he claimed ethnic replacement is underway in Italy in an interview with Sky TG24 Accusing nameless well funded organizations for importing workers that he named farm slaves he stated that there was a lucrative attempt at genocide of Italians 130 131 In April 2023 the Minister of Agriculture Food Sovereignty and Forests Francesco Lollobrigida remarked to a trade union conference that Italians are having fewer children so we re replacing them with someone else We say yes to helping births no to ethnic replacement That s not the way forward 132 The Netherlands In April 2015 writing on the publishing website GeenStijl scholar of Islam Hans Jansen used Great Replacement rhetoric suggesting that it was an undisputed fact that among the European Union s governing elite there was a common consensus that Europeans were no good and can be better replaced 133 In May 2015 Martin Bosma a Dutch parliament Representative for the Party for Freedom PVV released his book Minority in their own land nl Invoking the conspiracy theory Bosma wrote about a growing a new population of immigrants which lent itself to an apparently post racial Multicultural State of Salvation 133 In March 2017 Thierry Baudet leader of the right wing Forum for Democracy FvD party promoted the theory after he claimed that the country s so called elite were deliberately homeopathically diluting the Dutch population in a speech about national self hatred He said there was a plot to racially mix the ethnic Dutch with all the people of the world so that there would never be a Dutchman again 133 In January 2018 PVV Representative Martin Bosma endorsed the Great Replacement theory and one of its key propagators after meeting with Renaud Camus at a PVV demonstration in Rotterdam and tweeting his support Filip Dewinter a leading member of the Flemish secessionist Vlaams Belang party who had traveled to the Netherlands on the day of the protest to meet with Camus named him as a visionary man to the media 134 Party for Freedom politician Geert Wilders of the Netherlands supports the notion of a Great Replacement occurring in Europe 135 136 In October 2018 Wilders invoked the conspiracy theory claiming the Netherlands was being replaced with mass immigration from non western Islamic countries and Rotterdam being the port of Eurabia He claimed 77 million mainly Islamic immigrants would attempt to enter Europe over the course of half a century and that white Europeans would cease to exist unless they were stopped 92 In 2019 The New York Times reported how Camus s demographic based alarmist theories help fuel Wilders and his Party for Freedom s nativist campaigning 2 In September 2018 Dutch author Paul Scheffer analyzed the Great Replacement and its political developments suggesting that Forum for Democracy and Party for Freedom were forming policy regarding the demography of the Netherlands through the lens of the conspiracy theory 137 Spain The far right party Vox has been described as circulating the theory for its discourse about low natality rates in Spaniards compared to migrants 138 According to journalist Antonio Maestre of El Diario such an ideology is shared between Vox and some extreme strains of Catalan nationalism who fear replacement by Spanish speakers 139 United Kingdom According to November 2018 research from the University of Cambridge 31 of Brexit voters believe in the conspiracy theory compared to 6 of British people who oppose Brexit 140 In July 2019 left wing English musician and activist Billy Bragg released a public statement which accused fellow singer songwriter Morrissey of endorsing the theory Bragg suggested that Morrissey is helping to spread this idea which inspired the Christchurch mosque murderer is beyond doubt 141 142 North America Canada YouTuber Lauren Southern of Canada has helped amplify the conspiracy theory 92 143 In 2017 Southern dedicated a video to the Great Replacement gaining over half a million views on her channel before it was deleted 18 144 145 2018 mayoral candidate for Toronto Faith Goldy has publicly embraced the replacement theory 146 147 In 2019 in the aftermath of the Christchurch mosque shootings in Christchurch New Zealand Vice accused Goldy of routinely pushing the same ideas of birthrate declines and the population replacement of whites found in the gunman s The Great Replacement manifesto 148 When white nationalist Paul Fromm co opted the pre 1967 Canadian national flag the Canadian Red Ensign he referred to it as the flag of the true Canada the European Canada before the treasonous European replacement schemes brought in by the 1965 immigration policies 149 In June 2019 columnist Lindsay Shepherd claimed that whites are becoming a minority in the West describing her assertion as population replacement 150 She was criticized by Canadian MP Colin Fraser at a House of Commons justice committee for not denouncing the concept 151 while Nathaniel Erskine Smith accused Shepherd of openly embracing the conspiracy theory 152 United States Main article Great replacement in the United States The Great replacement in the United States is the American version of a white nationalist far right conspiracy theory that racial minorities are displacing the traditional white American population and taking control of the nation Versions of the theory have become commonplace in the Republican Party of the United States and have become a major issue of political debate It also has stimulated violent responses including mass murders 153 It resembles the Great Replacement theory promoted in Europe 154 but has its origins in American nativism around 1900 According to Erika Lee in 1894 the old stock Yankee upper class founders of the Immigration Restriction League were convinced that Anglo Saxon traditions peoples and culture were being drowned in a flood of racially inferior foreigners from Southern and Eastern Europe 155 Oceania Australia The media in Australia have covered former Senator Fraser Anning of Queensland and his endorsement of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory 156 In April 2019 Reuters reported how Anning was amplifying replacement theory by suggesting that Muslims would out breed us very quickly 157 In May 2019 Anning alleged that white Australians would fast become a minority if they did not defend their ethno cultural identity 158 New Zealand The far right neo Nazi youth group Action Zealandia has endorsed the Great Replacement theory alleging that European identity in New Zealand is being threatened by economically driven non white migration 159 In addition the group has promoted the pseudohistorical notion that white people settled in New Zealand before the arrival of the indigenous Maori people 160 According to the journalist Marc Daalder Action Zealandia is the successor to the Dominion Movement a far right group that ceased its activities following the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings 161 Africa Tunisia In February 2023 the President of Tunisia Kais Saied made comments about African immigration into Tunisia saying that they were changing the demographic makeup of the country in order to make it a purely African nation 162 163 164 165 166 This was widely interpreted as a Tunisian or Arabic version of the great replacement conspiracy theory allegedly in an attempt to distract voters from the policy failures of his government 167 168 Influence on white nationalist terrorismImplicit call to violence Camus s use of strong terms like colonization and Occupiers h to label non European immigrants and their children 22 41 have been described as implicit calls to violence 24 Scholars like Jean Yves Camus have argued that the Great Replacement conspiracy theory closely parallels the concept of remigration an euphemistic term for the forced deportation of non white immigrants 19 32 We shall not leave Europe we shall make Africa leave Europe Camus wrote in 2019 to define his political agenda for the European parliament elections 41 He has also used another euphemism the Great Repatriation to refer to remigration k 169 According to historians Nicolas Bancel and Pascal Blanchard along with sociologist Ahmed Boubeker the announcement of a civil war is implicit in the theory of the great replacement This thesis is extreme and so simplistic that it can be understood by anyone because it validates a racial definition of the nation 19 Sceptical of Camus s description of second or third generation immigrants as being itself a contradiction in terms they do not migrate anymore they are French demographer Herve Le Bras is also critical of their designation as a fifth column in France or an internal enemy 170 Inspired attacks Fears of the white race s extinction and replacement theory in particular have been cited by several accused perpetrators of mass shootings between 2018 2019 and 2022 While Camus has stated his own philosophy is a nonviolent one analysts including Heidi Beirich of the Southern Poverty Law Center say the idea of white genocide has undoubtedly influenced American white supremacists potentially leading to violence 171 172 In October 2018 a gunman killed 11 people and injured 6 in an attack on the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania The gunman believed Jews were deliberately importing non white immigrants into the United States as part of a conspiracy against the white race 173 174 Brenton Harrison Tarrant the Australian terrorist responsible for the mass shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch New Zealand on 15 March 2019 that killed 51 people and injured 49 named his manifesto The Great Replacement a reference to Camus s book 22 175 In response Camus condemned violence while reaffirming his desire for a counter revolt against an increase in nonwhite populations 22 In 2019 research by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue showed over 24 000 social media mentions of the Great Replacement in the month before the Christchurch shootings in comparison to just 3 431 mentions in April 2012 The use of the term spiked in April 2019 after the Christchurch mosque shootings 176 Patrick Crusius the suspect in the 2019 El Paso shooting posted an online manifesto titled The Inconvenient Truth alluding to the great replacement 171 and expressing support for the Christchurch shooter minutes before the attack 177 It spoke of a Hispanic invasion of Texas leading to cultural and ethnic replacement alluding to the Reconquista as justifications for the shooting 171 175 177 The suspect accused in the 2022 Buffalo shooting listed the Great Replacement in a manifesto he had published prior to the attack 178 179 180 The suspect described himself as a fascist white supremacist and antisemite 181 List of proponentsTucker Carlson 182 183 184 185 Davor Domazet Loso 186 Mark Finchem 187 Matt Gaetz 188 189 Laura Ingraham 190 Ron Johnson 191 Hermann Kelly 192 Steve King 193 194 Giorgia Meloni 129 Robert Menard 195 Jean Messiha 196 Viktor Orban 197 Wendy Rogers politician 198 Lauren Southern 199 200 201 John Waters columnist 202 Eric Zemmour 203 Kais Saied President of Tunisia 204 205 Michel Houellebecq 206 See alsoWhite demographic decline Counter jihad Eurabia The Kalergi Plan conspiracy theory another variant of the white genocide conspiracy theory that heavily revolves around a supposed plan to replace and racially mix white Europeans with non whites through immigration by Richard Coudenhove Kalergi an Austrian Japanese politician and founder of the Paneuropean Union Race suicide theory of early 20th century eugenicists Reconquista Southwest United States The Protocols of the Elders of Zion The Rising Tide of Color Against White World Supremacy Yellow Peril Declinism Love Jihad conspiracy theoryNotes a b French pouvoir elite remplaciste Rife in Western far right movements since the late 20th century notably through the efforts of American neo Nazi activist David Lane 15 In nocence is a wordplay built on the archaic term nocence 30 originally meaning harm nuisance malice guilt and from which the modern French and English innocence derive 31 English The Great Replacement introduction to global replacism The French term deculturation can be translated as loss disappearance or erasure of one s culture or national feeling French les remplaces French les remplacants a b French colonisateurs colonisation and Occupants French pays legal and pays reel a b c German Der Grosse Austausch French Grand RapatriementReferencesCitations Bracke Sarah Aguilar Luis Manuel Hernandez 2020 They love death as we love life The Muslim Question and the biopolitics of replacement The British Journal of Sociology 71 4 680 701 doi 10 1111 1468 4446 12742 ISSN 1468 4446 PMC 7540673 PMID 32100887 a b Bowles Nellie 18 March 2019 Replacement Theory a Racist Sexist Doctrine Spreads in Far Right Circles The New York Times Archived from the original on 17 May 2019 Retrieved 17 May 2019 Behind the idea is a racist conspiracy theory known as the replacement theory which was popularized by a right wing French philosopher a b c d e Replacement theory Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 14 June 2022 Feola Michael 2020 You Will Not Replace Us The Melancholic Nationalism of Whiteness Political Theory 49 4 528 553 doi 10 1177 0090591720972745 ISSN 0090 5917 This article addresses recent strains of white nationalism rooted within anxieties over demographic replacement e g the Great Replacement a b c d e Taguieff 2015 PT71 Baldauf Johannes 2017 Toxische Narrative Monitoring rechts alternativer Akteure PDF in Dutch Berlin Amadeu Antonio Stiftung p 11 ISBN 978 3 940878 29 8 OCLC 1042949000 Archived PDF from the original on 24 September 2018 Retrieved 24 September 2018 this narrative is highly compatible with concrete conspiracy narratives about how this replacement is desired and planned either by the politicians or the elite which ever connotes Jewishness more effectively Korte Barbara Wendt Simon Falkenhayner Nicole 2019 Heroism as a Global Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture Routledge PT176 ISBN 978 0429557842 This conspiracy theory which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015 a b c Fourquet 2016 PT29 a b Froio Caterina 21 August 2018 Race Religion or Culture Framing Islam between Racism and Neo Racism in the Online Network of the French Far Right Perspectives on Politics 16 3 696 709 doi 10 1017 S1537592718001573 S2CID 149865406 the conspiracy theory of the Grand remplacement Great replacement positing the Islamo substitution of biologically autochthonous populations in the French metropolitan territory by Muslim minorities mostly coming from sub Saharan Africa and the Maghreb a b c Bergmann 2021 pp 37 38 The term The Great Replacement rose to new prominence when a deeply controversial French philosopher Renaud Camus used it for the title of his book published in 2011 Camus mainly focused on France but he argued that European civilisation and identity was at risk of being subsumed by mass migration especially from Muslim countries and because of low birth rates among the native French people It found support widely in Europe and was for instance entangled in the more general White Genocide conspiracy theory which nationalist far right activists have upheld on both sides of the Atlantic Richard Alba The Great Demographic Illusion Majority Minority and the Expanding American Mainstream Princeton UP 2020 https doi org 10 1515 9780691202112 a b Jenkins Cecil 2017 A Brief History of France Little Brown Book Group PT342 ISBN 978 1 4721 4027 2 As for the grand replacement this has been widely seen as a paranoid fantasy which plays fast and loose with the statistics is racist in that it classes as immigrants people actually born in France glosses over the fact that around half of immigrants are from other European countries and suggests that declining indigenous France will be outbred by Muslim newcomers when in fact it has the highest fertility rate in Western Europe and not because of immigration Buncombe Andrew 17 May 2022 Inside the data that debunks the Great Replacement theory The Independent Rogers Kaleigh 26 May 2022 The Twisted Logic Behind The Right s Great Replacement Arguments FiveThirtyEight a b Cosentino Gabriele 2020 From Pizzagate to the Great Replacement The Globalization of Conspiracy Theories Social Media and the Post Truth World Order The Global Dynamics of Disinformation Springer p 75 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 43005 4 3 ISBN 978 3 030 43005 4 S2CID 216239634 While the Great Replacement is at its core an Islamophobic belief Lane s ideology is anti Semitic a b c d e Camus amp Lebourg 2017 pp 206 207 The success of that umpteenth incarnation of a theme launched immediately after World War II Camus has personally declared his indebtedness to Enoch Powell can be explained by the fact that he subtracted anti Semitism from the argument a b Wilson Andrew 2019 Fear Filled Apocalypses The Far Right s Use of Conspiracy Theories Oxford Research Group Archived from the original on 4 April 2019 Where the great replacement is an identifiably Islamaphobic screed Lane s written works reveal an underlying fear fantasy of a Jewish conspiracy that seeks the eradication of Lane s chosen people a b c d e Chatterton Williams 2017 a b c d e Boubeker Bancel amp Blanchard 2015 pp 141 152 a b The Great Replacement An Explainer Anti Defamation League Retrieved 25 May 2022 Ekman Mattias 6 May 2022 The great replacement Strategic mainstreaming of far right conspiracy claims Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 28 4 1127 1143 doi 10 1177 13548565221091983 ISSN 1354 8565 S2CID 248603387 a b c d e Heim Joe McAuley James 15 March 2019 New Zealand attacks offer the latest evidence of a web of supremacist extremism The Washington Post Archived from the original on 18 March 2019 Retrieved 16 March 2019 Camus now 72 told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a counterrevolt against colonization in Europe today will grow a reference to increases in nonwhite populations Byman Daniel 16 May 2022 The Global Roots of the Buffalo Shooting Foreign Policy In fact although white supremacists in the United States and elsewhere have long claimed the white race is under attack the Great Replacement theory itself originated in France with philosopher Renaud Camus though Camus himself rejects violence a b c d Finkielkraut 2017 23m05s Croucher Stephen M 2013 Integrated Threat Theory and Acceptance of Immigrant Assimilation An Analysis of Muslim Immigration in Western Europe Communication Monographs 80 1 46 62 doi 10 1080 03637751 2012 739704 ISSN 0363 7751 S2CID 145389928 Such political rhetoric has been effective in the past decade as more and more individuals in the US and Europe are less accepting of Muslims particularly Muslim immigrants Abbas 2007 Croucher 2008 Gonzalez et al 2008 EU Terrorism Situation amp Trend Report Te Sat Europol Archived from the original on 17 July 2019 Retrieved 6 August 2019 EU migration Crisis in seven charts BBC 4 March 2016 Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 Retrieved 6 August 2019 Bergmann 2018 pp 126 27 Polakow Suransky 2017 pp 2 3 Kennelly Brian Gordon 2004 Au dela de leurs doleances Au nom de l In nocence Renaud Camus and the Political California Polytechnic State University D Godefroy a b Camus Jean Yves Mathieu Annie 19 August 2017 D ou vient l expression remigration Le Soleil Archived from the original on 24 May 2019 Finkielkraut 2017 4m25s a b Leconte Cecile 2019 La carriere militante du 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Lane terrorist white supremacist and author of an execrable little essay called White Genocide Manifesto Soullier Lucie Lebourg Nicolas 15 March 2019 Attentat en Nouvelle Zelande L auteur de l attaque se reconnait comme fasciste Le Monde in French Archived from the original on 6 August 2019 Retrieved 6 August 2019 Condomines Anais 19 March 2019 Attentat de Christchurch et grand remplacement itineraire d une theorie proteiforme LCI in French Archived from the original on 23 July 2019 Retrieved 6 August 2019 Valerie Igounet certaines personnes ont cite cette theorie avant Camus mais c est bien lui qui l a popularisee L association de ces deux mots a fait mouche dans un contexte francais particulier et ce de maniere tres recente a b Weil amp Truong 2015 Margaret Cook Anderson Regeneration Through Empire French Pronatalists and Colonial Settlement in the Third Republic University of Nebraska Press 2014 p 25 Kauffmann Gregoire 2016 Le Nouveau FN Les vieux habits du populisme Les vieux habits du populisme in French Le Seuil PT78 ISBN 978 2021300307 Francois Stephane 6 September 2018 En Europe une partie de l extreme droite revient a l action violente Le Monde in French Archived from the original on 22 August 2019 Retrieved 3 August 2019 Debono Emmanuel 3 November 2014 Le Grand Remplacement et le polypier geant Le Monde in French Archived from the original on 16 August 2019 Retrieved 16 August 2019 Francois Stephane 2021 La nouvelle droite et ses dissidences identite ecologie et paganisme Le Bord de l eau p 41 ISBN 978 2 35687 760 4 See also Antoine Dubiau s book review Stephane Francois thus shows that Europe is seen in Nouvelle Droite s writings as besieged by immigration which is presented as an invasion or even a colonization prefiguring the fantasy of the great replacement that has now taken hold in the media The author also reminds us that these theories are based on an idea of Europe as a coherent cultural entity anchored in a supposed racial continuity for 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the great replacement and how is it tied to the Buffalo shooting suspect NPR Retrieved 25 May 2022 Chotiner Isaac 15 May 2022 Making Sense of the Racist Mass Shooting in Buffalo The New Yorker Retrieved 25 May 2022 Moses A Dirk 2019 White Genocide and the Ethics of Public Analysis Journal of Genocide Research 21 2 201 213 doi 10 1080 14623528 2019 1599493 S2CID 132394485 In its fixation on demographic substitution the fear in Great Replacement theory mimics settler colonial theory which highlights how this form of colonialism is marked not primarily exploitation of native labour but through its elimination and replacement by immigrant settlers one society displaces another Camus and Tarrant who likely takes the French site of his enlightenment story from him fear they are native victims of reverse settler colonialism Not for nothing does he talk about the colonization of Europe today Baubock Rainer 7 May 2019 Bevolkerungsaustausch oder Umvolkung Erklaren Sie den Unterschied Herr 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Times The New York Times 10 January 2019 Archived from the original on 10 January 2019 Retrieved 11 May 2022 Robert Menard far right French mayor to be tried on hate charges BBC News 22 December 2016 Messiha un haut fonctionnaire en charge du projet de Marine Le Pen Le Point 4 February 2017 Retrieved 26 April 2017 Garamvolgyi Flora Borget Julian 18 May 2022 Orban and US right to bond at Cpac in Hungary over great replacement ideology The Guardian Aleshire Peter 23 July 2021 Sen Rogers tweets we are being replaced White Mountain Independent Williams Thomas Chatterton 4 December 2017 The French Origins of You Will Not Replace Us The New Yorker Archived from the original on 14 August 2019 Retrieved 7 August 2019 Wilson Jason 9 August 2020 Lauren Southern is on the comeback trail and Australian conservatives are all too happy to help The Guardian Archived from the original on 25 December 2020 Retrieved 22 December 2020 Robison Greene Rachel Greene Richard 2020 Conspiracy Theories Philosophers Connect the Dots Open Court p 88 ISBN 978 0812694833 Camus s notion of the Great Replacement has been spread by right wing and white nationalist figures across the world In July 2018 Lauren Southern a Canadian alt right figure posted a video titled The Great Replacement on YouTube that got over 250 000 views Punctuation error in the original Fanning Bryan 1 May 2021 According to John Dublin Review of Books Retrieved 13 May 2021 Norimitsu Onishi 21 September 2021 From TV to the French Presidency A Right Wing Star Is Inspired by Trump The New York Times Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 21 September 2021 The African Country That s Embracing the Racist Great Replacement Theory www vice com Retrieved 4 April 2023 Tunisia s autocratic ruler adopts the Great Replacement theory The Economist ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 4 April 2023 Michel Houellebecq says Great Replacement is fact I was very shocked that it was called a theory It s not a theory it s a fact Remix News 1 December 2022 Retrieved 12 July 2023 Sources Alba Richard The Great Demographic Illusion Majority Minority and the Expanding American Mainstream Princeton UP 2020 https doi org 10 1515 9780691202112 Bergmann Eirikur 2018 The Eurabia Doctrine Conspiracy amp Populism The Politics of Misinformation Palgrave Macmillan pp 123 149 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 90359 0 6 ISBN 978 3 319 90358 3 LCCN 2018939717 Bergmann Eirikur 2021 The Eurabia Conspiracy Theory Europe Continent of Conspiracies Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe Routledge pp 36 53 ISBN 978 1 000 37339 4 Boubeker Ahmed Bancel Nicolas Blanchard Pascal 2015 Le Grand Repli in French La Decouverte ISBN 978 2707188229 Camus Jean Yves Lebourg Nicolas 2017 Far Right Politics in Europe Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0674971530 Chatterton Williams Thomas 27 November 2017 The French Origins of You Will Not Replace Us The New Yorker ISSN 0028 792X Archived from the original on 27 September 2018 Retrieved 6 August 2019 Finkielkraut Alain 24 June 2017 Le grand demenagement du monde France Culture Audio in French Archived from the original on 2 September 2019 Fourquet Jerome 2016 Accueil ou submersion Regards europeens sur la crise des migrants in French Editions de l Aube ISBN 978 2 8159 2026 1 Polakow Suransky Sasha 2017 Go Back to Where You Came From The Backlash Against Immigration and the Fate of Western Democracy Oxford University Press ISBN 978 1849049092 Taguieff Pierre Andre 2015 La revanche du nationalisme Neopopulistes et xenophobes a l assaut de l Europe in French Presses Universitaires de France ISBN 978 2 13 072950 1 Weil Patrick Truong Nicolas 2015 Le sens de la Republique essai in French Grasset ISBN 978 2246858232 Further readingFinnsio Morgan 15 March 2019 Myten om det stora utbytet The myth of the great exchange Expo in Swedish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Great Replacement amp oldid 1164955672, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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