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Barry Goldwater

February 15, 2024

"Goldwater" redirects here. For other uses, see Goldwater (disambiguation).
This article is about the United States Senator and Presidential nominee. For his son, see Barry Goldwater Jr.

Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909[1] – May 29, 1998) was an American politician and major general in the Air Force Reserve who served as a United States senator from 1953 to 1965 and 1969 to 1987, and was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964.

Barry Goldwater
Senate portrait, 1960
United States Senator
from Arizona
In office
January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1987
Preceded byCarl Hayden
Succeeded byJohn McCain
In office
January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1965
Preceded byErnest McFarland
Succeeded byPaul Fannin
Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee
In office
January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987
Preceded byJohn Tower
Succeeded bySam Nunn
Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee
In office
January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1985
Preceded byBirch Bayh
Succeeded byDavid Durenberger
Member of the Phoenix City Council
from the at-large district
In office
1950–1952
Personal details
Born
Barry Morris Goldwater

(1909-01-02)January 2, 1909
Phoenix, Arizona Territory, U.S.
DiedMay 29, 1998(1998-05-29) (aged 89)
Paradise Valley, Arizona, U.S.
Resting placeChrist Church of the Ascension
Paradise Valley, Arizona
Political partyRepublican
Spouses
Margaret Johnson
​
​
(m. 1934; died 1985)​
Susan Shaffer Wechsler
​
​
(m. 1992)​
Children4, including Barry Jr.
EducationUniversity of Arizona (did not graduate)
Signature
Military service
Branch/service
Years of service1941–1967
RankMajor General
Battles/wars

Goldwater was born in Phoenix, Arizona, where he helped manage his family's department store. During World War II, he flew aircraft between the U.S. and India. After the war, Goldwater served in the Phoenix City Council. In 1952, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he rejected the legacy of the New Deal and, along with the conservative coalition, fought against the New Deal coalition. Goldwater also challenged his party's moderate to liberal wing on policy issues. He supported the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 and the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution but opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, disagreeing with Title II and Title VII. In the 1964 U.S. presidential election, Goldwater mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the Republican nomination, but then lost the general election to incumbent Democratic president Lyndon B. Johnson in a landslide.

Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969 and specialized in defense and foreign policy. He successfully urged president Richard Nixon to resign in 1974 when evidence of a cover-up in the Watergate scandal became overwhelming and impeachment was imminent. In 1986, he oversaw passage of the Goldwater–Nichols Act, which strengthened civilian authority in the U.S. Department of Defense. Near the end of his career, Goldwater's views on social and cultural issues grew increasingly libertarian.

After leaving the Senate, Goldwater became supportive of homosexuals serving openly in the military,[2] environmental protection,[3] gay rights,[4] abortion rights,[5] adoption rights for same-sex couples,[6] and the legalization of medicinal marijuana.[7] Many political pundits and historians believe he laid the foundation for the conservative revolution to follow as the grassroots organization and conservative takeover of the Republican Party began a long-term realignment in American politics, which helped to bring about the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the 1980s. He also had a substantial impact on the American libertarian movement.[8]

Early life and family background

Goldwater was born in Phoenix in what was then the Arizona Territory, the son of Baron M. Goldwater and his wife, Hattie Josephine "JoJo" Williams. His father's family founded Goldwater's Department Store, a leading upscale department store in Phoenix.[9] Goldwater's paternal grandfather, Michel Goldwasser, a Polish Jew, was born in 1821 in Konin, then part of Congress Poland. He emigrated to London following the Revolutions of 1848. Soon after arriving in London, Michel anglicized his name to Michael Goldwater. Michel married Sarah Nathan, a member of an English-Jewish family, in the Great Synagogue of London.[10][11]

The Goldwaters later emigrated to the United States, first arriving in San Francisco, California before finally settling in the Arizona Territory, where Michael Goldwater opened a small department store that was later taken over and expanded by his three sons, Henry, Baron and Morris.[12] Morris Goldwater (1852–1939) was an Arizona territorial and state legislator, mayor of Prescott, Arizona, delegate to the Arizona Constitutional Convention and later President of the Arizona State Senate.[13]

Goldwater's father was Jewish, but Goldwater was raised in his mother's Episcopalian faith. Hattie Williams came from an established New England family that included the theologian Roger Williams of Rhode Island.[14] Goldwater's parents were married in an Episcopal church in Phoenix; for his entire life, Goldwater was an Episcopalian, though on rare occasions he referred to himself as Jewish.[15] While he did not often attend church, he stated that "If a man acts in a religious way, an ethical way, then he's really a religious man—and it doesn't have a lot to do with how often he gets inside a church."[16][17][18] His first cousin was Julius Goldwater, a convert to Buddhism and Jodo Shinshu priest who assisted interned Japanese Americans during World War II.[19]

After he did poorly as a freshman in high school, Goldwater's parents sent him to Staunton Military Academy in Virginia where he played varsity football, basketball, track and swimming, was senior class treasurer and attained the rank of captain.[15][20] He graduated from the academy in 1928 and enrolled at the University of Arizona.[20][21] but dropped out after one year. Barry Goldwater is the most recent non-college graduate to be the nominee of a major political party in a presidential election. Goldwater entered the family's business around the time of his father's death in 1930. Six years later, he took over the department store, though he was not particularly enthused about running the business.[15]

Military career

 
Major General Barry M. Goldwater in his United States Air Force uniform

After America's entry into World War II, Goldwater received a reserve commission in the United States Army Air Force. Goldwater trained as a pilot and was assigned to the Ferry Command, a newly formed unit that flew aircraft and supplies to war zones worldwide. He spent most of the war flying between the U.S. and India, via the Azores and North Africa or South America, Nigeria, and Central Africa. Goldwater also flew "the hump", one of the most dangerous routes for supply planes during WWII. The route required aircraft to fly directly over the Himalayas in order to deliver desperately needed supplies to the Republic of China.[22]

Following World War II, Goldwater was a leading proponent of creating the United States Air Force Academy, and later served on the academy's Board of Visitors. The visitor center at the academy is now named in his honor. Goldwater remained in the Army Air Reserve after the war and in 1946, at the rank of Colonel, Goldwater founded the Arizona Air National Guard. Goldwater ordered the Arizona Air National Guard desegregated, two years before the rest of the U.S. military. In the early 1960s, while a senator, he commanded the 9999th Air Reserve Squadron as a major general. Goldwater was instrumental in pushing the Pentagon to support the desegregation of the armed services.[23]

Goldwater remained in the Arizona Air National Guard until 1967, retiring as a Command Pilot with the rank of major general.[24]

As a U.S. Senator, Goldwater had a sign in his office that referenced his military career and mindset: "There are old pilots and there are bold pilots, but there are no old, bold pilots."[25]

Early political career

In a heavily Democratic state, Goldwater became a conservative Republican and a friend of Herbert Hoover. He was outspoken against New Deal liberalism, especially its close ties to labor unions. A pilot, amateur radio operator, outdoorsman and photographer, he criss-crossed Arizona and developed a deep interest in both the natural and the human history of the state. He entered Phoenix politics in 1949, when he was elected to the City Council as part of a nonpartisan team of candidates pledged to clean up widespread prostitution and gambling. The team won every mayoral and council election for the next two decades. Goldwater rebuilt the weak Republican party and was instrumental in electing Howard Pyle as Governor in 1950.[26][27]

Local support for civil rights

Barry Goldwater was a moderate supporter of racial equality. Goldwater integrated his family's business upon taking over control in the 1930s. A lifetime member of the NAACP, Goldwater helped found the group's Arizona chapter. Goldwater saw to it that the Arizona Air National Guard was racially integrated from its inception in 1946, two years before President Truman ordered the military as a whole be integrated (a process that was not completed until 1954). Goldwater worked with Phoenix civil rights leaders to successfully integrate public schools a year prior to Brown v. Board of Education. Despite this support of Civil Rights, Goldwater remained in objection to some major federal Civil Rights legislation. Civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. remarked of him "while not himself a racist, Mr. Goldwater articulates a philosophy which gives aid and comfort to the racists."[28][29]

Goldwater was an early member and largely unrecognized supporter of the National Urban League Phoenix chapter, going so far as to cover the group's early operating deficits with his personal funds.[30][31] Though the NAACP denounced Goldwater in the harshest of terms when he ran for president, the Urban League conferred on Goldwater the 1991 Humanitarian Award "for 50 years of loyal service to the Phoenix Urban League." In response to League members who objected, citing Goldwater's vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the League president pointed out that Goldwater had saved the League more than once, saying he preferred to judge a person "on the basis of his daily actions rather than on his voting record."[31]

Senator

 
Goldwater's 1952 campaign portrait

Running as a Republican, Goldwater won a narrow upset victory seat in the 1952 Arizona Senate election against veteran Democrat and Senate Majority Leader Ernest McFarland. He won largely by defeating McFarland in his native Maricopa County by 12,600 votes, almost double the overall margin of 6,725 votes.

Goldwater defeated McFarland by a larger margin when he ran again in 1958. Following his strong re-election showing, he became the first Arizona Republican to win a second term in the U.S. Senate. Goldwater's victory was all the more remarkable since it came in a year Democrats gained 13 seats in the Senate.

During his Senate career, Goldwater was regarded as the "Grand Old Man of the Republican Party and one of the nation's most respected exponents of conservatism".[32]

Criticism of the Eisenhower administration

Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration, calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president. "Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party."[33] There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career and Goldwater felt that President Dwight Eisenhower was compromising too much with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8 billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating "Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8 billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith."[34] Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the United States. "The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings."[35] However, Goldwater was present in the United States Senate on March 1, 1954, when Warren was unanimously confirmed,[36] voted in favor of Eisenhower's nomination of John Marshall Harlan II on March 16, 1955,[37] was present for the unanimous nominations of William J. Brennan Jr. and Charles Evans Whittaker on March 19, 1957,[38] and voted in favor of the nomination of Potter Stewart on May 5, 1959.[39]

Stance on civil rights

In his first year in the Senate, Goldwater was responsible for the desegregation of the Senate cafeteria after he insisted that his black legislative assistant, Katherine Maxwell, be served along with every other Senate employee.[40]

Goldwater and the Eisenhower administration supported the integration of schools in the South, but Goldwater felt the states should choose how they wanted to integrate and should not be forced by the federal government. "Goldwater criticized the use of federal troops. He accused the Eisenhower administration of violating the Constitution by assuming powers reserved by the states. While he agreed that under the law, every state should have integrated its schools, each state should integrate in its own way."[41] There were high-ranking government officials following Goldwater's critical stance on the Eisenhower administration, even an Army General. "Fulbright's startling revelation that military personnel were being indoctrinated with the idea that the policies of the Commander in Chief were treasonous dovetailed with the return to the news of the strange case of General Edwin Walker."[42]

In his 1960 book The Conscience of a Conservative, Goldwater stated that he supported the stated objectives of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, but argued that the federal government had no role in ordering states to desegregate public schools. He wrote:

"I believe that it is both wise and just for negro children to attend the same schools as whites, and that to deny them this opportunity carries with it strong implications of inferiority. I am not prepared, however, to impose that judgement of mine on the people of Mississippi or South Carolina, or to tell them what methods should be adopted and what pace should be kept in striving toward that goal. That is their business, not mine. I believe that the problem of race relations, like all social and cultural problems, is best handled by the people directly concerned. Social and cultural change, however desirable, should not be effected by the engines of national power."[43]

Goldwater voted in favor of both the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, but did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1960 because he was absent from the chamber while Senate Minority Whip Thomas Kuchel (R–CA) announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present.[44][45][46][47] While he did vote in favor of it while in committee, Goldwater reluctantly voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 when it came to the floor.[48] Later, Goldwater would state that he was mostly in support of the bill, but he disagreed with Titles II and VII, which both dealt with employment, making him imply that the law would end in the government dictating hiring and firing policy for millions of Americans.[49] Congressional Republicans overwhelmingly supported the bill, with Goldwater being joined by only 5 other Republican senators in voting against it.[50][51] It is likely that Goldwater significantly underestimated the effect this would have, as his vote against the bill hurt him with voters across the country, including from his own party. In the 1990s, Goldwater would call his vote on the Civil Rights Act, "one of his greatest regrets."[31] Goldwater was absent from the Senate during President John F. Kennedy's nomination of Byron White to Supreme Court on April 11, 1962,[52] but was present when Arthur Goldberg was unanimously confirmed.[53]

1964 presidential election

See also: 1964 United States presidential election

Goldwater's maverick and direct style had made him extremely popular with the Republican Party's suburban conservative voters, based in the South and the senator's native West. Following the success of Conscience of a Conservative, Goldwater became the frontrunner for the GOP Presidential nomination to run against his close friend John F. Kennedy.[54] Despite their disagreements on politics, Goldwater and Kennedy had grown to become close friends during the eight years they served alongside each other in the Senate. With Goldwater the clear GOP frontrunner, he and Kennedy began planning to campaign together, holding Lincoln-Douglas style debates across the country and avoiding a race defined by the kind of negative attacks that were increasingly coming to define American politics.[55][56]

Republican primary

See also: Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign and 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries
 
Republican primaries results by state
In South Dakota and Florida, Goldwater finished second to "unpledged delegates", but he finished before all other candidates

Goldwater was grief-stricken[57] by the assassination of Kennedy and was greatly disappointed that his opponent in 1964 would not be Kennedy but instead his vice president, former Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas.[58] Goldwater disliked Johnson, later telling columnist John Kolbe that Johnson had "used every dirty trick in the bag."[59]

At the time of Goldwater's presidential candidacy, the Republican Party was split between its conservative wing (based in the West and South) and moderate/liberal wing, sometimes called Rockefeller Republicans (based in the Northeast and Midwest). Goldwater alarmed even some of his fellow partisans with his brand of staunch fiscal conservatism and militant anti-communism. He was viewed by many moderate and liberal Republicans as being too far on the right wing of the political spectrum to appeal to the mainstream majority necessary to win a national election. As a result, moderate and liberal Republicans recruited a series of opponents, including New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Governor William Scranton, to challenge him. Goldwater received solid backing from most of the few Southern Republicans then in politics. A young Birmingham lawyer, John Grenier, secured commitments from 271 of 279 Southern convention delegates to back Goldwater. Grenier would serve as executive director of the national GOP during the Goldwater campaign, the number two position to party chairman Dean Burch of Arizona. Goldwater fought and won a multi-candidate race for the Republican Party's presidential nomination.

1964 Republican National Convention

See also: 1964 Republican National Convention

Eisenhower gave his support to Goldwater when he told reporters, "I personally believe that Goldwater is not an extremist as some people have made him, but in any event we're all Republicans."[60] His nomination was staunchly opposed by the so-called Liberal Republicans, who thought Goldwater's demand for active measures to defeat the Soviet Union would foment a nuclear war. In addition to Rockefeller, prominent Republican office-holders refused to endorse Goldwater's candidacy, including both Republican Senators from New York Kenneth B. Keating and Jacob Javits, Pennsylvania governor William Scranton, Michigan governor George Romney and Congressman John V. Lindsay (NY-17).[61] Rockefeller Republican Jackie Robinson walked out of the convention in disgust over Goldwater's nomination. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., who was Richard Nixon's running mate in 1960, also opposed Goldwater, calling his proposal of realigning the Democrat and Republican parties into two Liberal and Conservative parties "totally abhorrent" and thought that no one in their right mind should oppose the federal government in having a role in the future of America.[62][63][64]

In the face of such opposition, Goldwater delivered a well-received acceptance speech. According to the author Lee Edwards: "[Goldwater] devoted more care [to it] than to any other speech in his political career. And with good reason: he would deliver it to the largest and most attentive audience of his life."[65] Journalist John Adams commented: "his acceptance speech was bold, reflecting his conservative views, but not irrational. Rather than shrinking from those critics who accuse him of extremism, Goldwater challenged them head-on" in his acceptance speech at the 1964 Republican Convention.[66] In his own words:

I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice (40 s of applause by the crowd.) And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue (10 s of applause.)[67][68][69]

His paraphrase of Cicero was included at the suggestion of Harry V. Jaffa, though the speech was primarily written by Karl Hess. Because of President Johnson's popularity, Goldwater refrained from attacking the president directly. He did not mention Johnson by name at all in his convention speech.[citation needed]

Although raised as an Episcopalian,[70] Goldwater was the first candidate of Jewish descent, through his father, to be nominated for president by a major American party.[71][72]

General election campaign

 
President Lyndon B. Johnson with Senator Goldwater, January 16, 1964

After securing the Republican presidential nomination, Goldwater chose his political ally, RNC Chairman William E. Miller to be his running mate. Goldwater joked he chose Miller because "he drives Johnson nuts".[73] In choosing Miller, Goldwater opted for a running mate who was ideologically aligned with his own conservative wing of the Republican party. Miller balanced the ticket in other ways, being a practicing Catholic from the East Coast.[73] Miller had low name recognition[73] but was popular in the Republican party and viewed as a skilled political strategist.[74]

Former U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, a moderate Republican from Connecticut, was a friend of Goldwater and supported him in the general election campaign.

Future Chief Justice of the United States and fellow Arizonan William H. Rehnquist also first came to the attention of national Republicans through his work as a legal adviser to Goldwater's presidential campaign. Rehnquist had begun his law practice in 1953 in the firm of Denison Kitchel of Phoenix, Goldwater's national campaign manager and friend of nearly three decades.[75]

Goldwater's advocacy of active interventionism to prevent the spread of communism and defend American values and allies led to effective counterattacks from Lyndon B. Johnson and his supporters, who said that Goldwater's militancy would have dire consequences, possibly even nuclear war. In a May 1964 speech, Goldwater suggested that nuclear weapons should be treated more like conventional weapons and used in Vietnam, specifically that they should have been used at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 to defoliate trees.[76] Regarding Vietnam, Goldwater charged that Johnson's policy was devoid of "goal, course, or purpose," leaving "only sudden death in the jungles and the slow strangulation of freedom".[77] Goldwater's rhetoric on nuclear war was viewed by many as quite uncompromising, a view buttressed by off-hand comments such as, "Let's lob one into the men's room at the Kremlin."[78] He also advocated that field commanders in Vietnam and Europe should be given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons (which he called "small conventional nuclear weapons") without presidential confirmation.[79]

 
1964 presidential campaign bumper sticker representing the Goldwater surname as Au = gold and H2O = water

Goldwater countered the Johnson attacks by criticizing the administration for its perceived ethical lapses, and stating in a commercial that "we, as a nation, are not far from the kind of moral decay that has brought on the fall of other nations and people.... I say it is time to put conscience back in government. And by good example, put it back in all walks of American life." Goldwater campaign commercials included statements of support by actor Raymond Massey[80] and moderate Republican senator Margaret Chase Smith.[81]

Before the 1964 election, Fact magazine, published by Ralph Ginzburg, ran a special issue titled, "The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater". The two main articles contended that Goldwater was mentally unfit to be president. The magazine supported this claim with the results of a poll of board-certified psychiatrists. Fact had mailed questionnaires to 12,356 psychiatrists, receiving responses from 2,417, of whom 1,189 said Goldwater was mentally incapable of holding the office of president. Most of the other respondents declined to diagnose Goldwater because they had not clinically interviewed him but said that, although not psychologically unfit to preside, Goldwater would be negligent in the role.[82][83]

After the election, Goldwater sued the publisher, the editor and the magazine for libel in Goldwater v. Ginzburg. "Although the jury awarded Goldwater only $1.00 in compensatory damages against all three defendants, it went on to award him punitive damages of $25,000 against Ginzburg and $50,000 against Fact magazine, Inc."[84] According to Warren Boroson, then-managing editor of Fact and later a financial columnist, the main biography of Goldwater in the magazine was written by David Bar-Illan, the Israeli pianist.[85]

Political advertising

Main article: Daisy (advertisement)
"Daisy" advertisement

A Democratic campaign advertisement known as Daisy showed a young girl counting daisy petals, from one to ten. Immediately following this scene, a voiceover counted down from ten to one. The child's face was shown as a still photograph followed by images of nuclear explosions and mushroom clouds. The campaign advertisement ended with a plea to vote for Johnson, implying that Goldwater (though not mentioned by name) would provoke a nuclear war if elected. The advertisement, which featured only a few spoken words and relied on imagery for its emotional impact, was one of the most provocative in American political campaign history, and many analysts credit it as being the birth of the modern style of "negative political ads" on television. The ad aired only once and was immediately pulled, but it was then shown many times by local television stations covering the controversy.[86]

Goldwater did not have ties to the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), but he was publicly endorsed by members of the organization.[87][88] Lyndon B. Johnson exploited this association during the elections,[89][90][91] but Goldwater barred the KKK from supporting him and denounced them.[92]

Throughout the presidential campaign, Goldwater refused to appeal to racial tensions or backlash against civil rights. After the outbreak of the Harlem riot of 1964, Goldwater privately gathered news reporters on his campaign plane and said that if anyone attempted to sow racial violence on his political behalf, he would withdraw from the presidential race—even if it was the day before the election.[93]

Past comments came back to haunt Goldwater throughout the campaign. He had once called the Eisenhower administration "a dime-store New Deal", and the former president never fully forgave him. However, Eisenhower did film a television commercial with Goldwater.[94] Eisenhower qualified his voting for Goldwater in November by remarking that he had voted not specifically for Goldwater, but for the Republican Party.[95] In December 1961, Goldwater had told a news conference that "sometimes I think this country would be better off if we could just saw off the Eastern Seaboard and let it float out to sea." That comment boomeranged on him during the campaign in the form of a Johnson television commercial,[96] as did remarks about making Social Security voluntary,[97] and statements in Tennessee about selling the Tennessee Valley Authority, a large local New Deal employer.[98]

The Goldwater campaign spotlighted Ronald Reagan, who appeared in a campaign ad.[99] In turn, Reagan gave a stirring, nationally televised speech, "A Time for Choosing", in support of Goldwater.[100]

Results

 
Electoral College results by state

Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South. The Southern states, traditionally Democratic up to that time, voted Republican primarily as a statement of opposition to the Civil Rights Act,[101] which had been signed into law by Johnson earlier that year. Despite Johnson's support for the Civil Rights Act, the bill received split support from Congressional Democrats due to southerner opposition. In contrast, Congressional Republicans overwhelmingly supported the bill, with Goldwater being joined by only 5 other Republican senators in voting against it.[50][51]

In the end, Goldwater received 38% of the popular vote and carried just six states: Arizona (with 51% of the popular vote) and the core states of the Deep South: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. In carrying Georgia by a margin of 54–45%, Goldwater became the first Republican nominee to win the state.

Goldwater's poor showing pulled down many supporters. Of the 57 Republican Congressmen who endorsed Goldwater before the convention, 20 were defeated for reelection, along with many promising young Republicans. In contrast, Republican Congressman John Lindsay (NY-17), who refused to endorse Goldwater, was handily re-elected in a district where Democrats held a 10% overall advantage.[102] On the other hand, the defeat of so many older politicians created openings for young conservatives to move up the ladder. While the loss of moderate Republicans was temporary—they were back by 1966—Goldwater also permanently pulled many conservative Southerners and whites out of the New Deal Coalition.[103]

According to Steve Kornacki of Salon, "Goldwater broke through and won five [Southern] states—the best showing in the region for a GOP candidate since Reconstruction. In Mississippi—where Franklin D. Roosevelt had won nearly 100 percent of the vote 28 years earlier—Goldwater claimed a staggering 87 percent."[104] It has frequently been argued that Goldwater's strong performance in Southern states previously regarded as Democratic strongholds foreshadowed a larger shift in electoral trends in the coming decades that would make the South a Republican bastion (an end to the "Solid South")—first in presidential politics and eventually at the congressional and state levels, as well.[105] Also, Goldwater's uncompromising promotion of freedom was the start of a continuing shift in American politics from liberalism to a conservative economic philosophy.[106]

Return to the Senate

 
Goldwater meets with President Ronald Reagan in the oval office, 1984

Goldwater remained popular in Arizona, and in the 1968 Senate election he was elected to the seat of retiring Senator Carl Hayden. He was reelected in 1974 and 1980.

Throughout the late 1970s, as the conservative wing under Ronald Reagan gained control of the Republican Party, Goldwater concentrated on his Senate duties, especially in military affairs. Goldwater purportedly did not like Richard Nixon on either a political or personal level, later calling the California Republican "the most dishonest individual I have ever met in my life".[58] Accordingly, he played little part in Nixon's election or administration, but he helped force Nixon's resignation in 1974.[107] At the height of the Watergate scandal, Goldwater met with Nixon at the White House and urged him to resign. At the time, Nixon's impeachment by the House of Representatives was imminent and Goldwater warned him that fewer than 10 Republican senators would vote against conviction.[108]

Despite being a difficult year for Republicans candidates, the 1974 election saw Goldwater easily reelected over his Democratic opponent, Jonathan Marshall, the publisher of The Scottsdale Progress.[109]

At the 1976 Republican National Convention, Goldwater helped block Nelson Rockefeller's renomination as vice president. When Reagan challenged Gerald Ford for the presidential nomination in 1976, Goldwater endorsed the incumbent Ford, looking for consensus rather than conservative idealism. As one historian notes, "The Arizonan had lost much of his zest for battle."[110][111][112]

In 1979, when President Carter normalized relations with Communist China, Goldwater and some other Senators sued him in the Supreme Court, arguing that the President could not terminate the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty with the Republic of China (Taiwan) without the approval of Congress. The case, Goldwater v. Carter (444 U.S. 996), was dismissed by the court as a political question.

On June 9, 1969, Goldwater was absent during President Nixon's nomination of Warren E. Burger as Chief Justice of the United States while Senate Minority Whip Hugh Scott announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present.[113] Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon's failed Supreme Court nomination of Clement Haynsworth on November 21, 1969,[114] and a few months later, Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon's failed Supreme Court nomination of Harrold Carswell on April 8, 1970.[115] The following month, Goldwater was absent when Nixon nominee Harry Blackmun was confirmed on May 12, 1970, while Senate Minority Whip Robert P. Griffin announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present.[116] On December 6, 1971, Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon's nomination of Lewis F. Powell Jr.,[117] and on December 10, Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon's nomination of William Rehnquist as Associate Justice.[118] On December 17, 1975, Goldwater voted in favor of President Gerald Ford's nomination of John Paul Stevens to the Supreme Court.[119]

Final campaign and Senate term

With his fourth Senate term due to end in January 1981, Goldwater seriously considered retiring from the Senate in 1980 before deciding to run for one final term. It was a surprisingly tough campaign for re-election. Goldwater was viewed by some as out of touch and vulnerable for several reasons, chiefly because he had planned to retire in 1981 and he had not visited many areas of Arizona outside of Phoenix and Tucson. Additionally, his Democrat challenger, Bill Schulz, proved to be a formidable opponent. A former Republican and a wealthy real estate developer, Schulz's campaign slogan was "Energy for the Eighties." Arizona's changing population also hurt Goldwater. The state's population had greatly increased, and a large portion of the electorate had not lived in the state at the time Goldwater was previously elected, meaning unlike most incumbents, many voters were less familiar with Goldwater's actual beliefs. Goldwater spent most of the campaign on the defensive. Although he was eventually declared as the winning candidate in the general election by a very narrow margin, receiving 49.5% of the vote to Schulz's 48.4%,[120] early returns on election night indicated that Schulz would win. The counting of votes continued through the night and into the next morning. At around daybreak, Goldwater learned that he had been reelected thanks to absentee ballots, which were among the last to be counted.[121]

Goldwater's close victory in 1980 came despite Reagan's 61% landslide over Jimmy Carter in Arizona. Despite Goldwater's struggles, in 1980, Republicans were able to pick up 12 senate seats, regaining control of the chamber for the first time since 1955, when Goldwater was in his first term. Goldwater was now in the most powerful position he had ever been in the Senate. In October 1983, Goldwater voted against the legislation establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday.[122]

On September 21, 1981, Goldwater voted in favor of Reagan's Supreme Court nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor.[123] Goldwater was absent during the nominations of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice of the United States and Antonin Scalia as Associate Justice on September 17, 1986.[124][125]

After the new Senate convened in January 1981, Goldwater became chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. In this role he clashed with the Reagan administration in April 1984 when he discovered that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had been mining the waters of Nicaragua since February, something that he had first denied when the matter was raised.[126] In a note to the CIA director William Casey, Goldwater denounced what he called an "act of war", saying that "this is no way to run a railroad" as he stated crossly that only Congress had the power to declare war and accused the CIA of illegally mining Nicaraguan waters without the permission of Congress.[126] Goldwater concluded, "The President has asked us to back his foreign policy. Bill, how can we back his foreign policy when we don't know what the hell he is doing? Lebanon, yes, we all knew that he sent troops over there. But mine the harbors in Nicaragua? This is an act violating international law. It is an act of war. For the life of me, I don't see how we are going to explain it."[126] Goldwater felt compelled to issue an apology on the floor of the Senate because the Senate Intelligence Committee had failed in its duties to oversee the CIA as he stated, saying, "I am forced to apologize for the members of my committee because I did not know the facts on this case. And I apologize to all the members of the Senate for the same reason".[127] Goldwater subsequently voted for a Congressional resolution condemning the mining.[126]

In his 1980 Senate reelection campaign, Goldwater won support from religious conservatives but in his final term voted consistently to uphold legal abortion and in 1981 gave a speech on how he was angry about the bullying of American politicians by religious organizations and would "fight them every step of the way".[128][129]

He introduced the 1984 Cable Franchise Policy and Communications Act, which allowed local governments to require the transmission of public, educational, and government access (PEG) channels, barred cable operators from exercising editorial control over the content of programs carried on PEG channels and absolved them from liability for their content. On May 12, 1986, Goldwater was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan.

 
President Ronald Reagan and Senator Goldwater award retired General Jimmy Doolittle, USAFR, with a fourth star, April 10, 1985

In response to Moral Majority founder Jerry Falwell's opposition to the nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court, of which Falwell had said, "Every good Christian should be concerned", Goldwater retorted, "Every good Christian ought to kick Falwell right in the ass."[130][131] According to John Dean, Goldwater actually suggested that good Christians ought to kick Falwell in the "nuts", but the news media "changed the anatomical reference".[132][page needed] Goldwater also had harsh words for his one-time political protégé, President Reagan, particularly after the Iran–Contra Affair became public in 1986. Journalist Robert MacNeil, a friend of Goldwater's from the 1964 presidential campaign, recalled interviewing him in his office shortly afterward. "He was sitting in his office with his hands on his cane... and he said to me, 'Well, aren't you going to ask me about the Iran arms sales?' It had just been announced that the Reagan administration had sold arms to Iran. And I said, 'Well, if I asked you, what would you say?' He said, 'I'd say it's the god-damned stupidest foreign policy blunder this country's ever made!'"[133] Aside from the Iran–Contra scandal, Goldwater thought nonetheless that Reagan was a good president.[134]

Retirement

Goldwater said later that the close result in 1980 convinced him not to run again.[135] He retired in 1987, serving as Chair of the Senate Intelligence and Armed Services Committees in his final term. Despite his reputation as a firebrand in the 1960s, by the end of his career, he was considered a stabilizing influence in the Senate, one of the most respected members of either major party. Although Goldwater remained staunchly anti-communist and "hawkish" on military issues, he was a key supporter of the fight for ratification of the Panama Canal Treaty in the 1970s, which would give control of the canal zone to the Republic of Panama. His most important legislative achievement may have been the Goldwater–Nichols Act, which reorganized the U.S. military's senior-command structure.

Policies

Goldwater became most associated with anti-union work and anti-communism; he was a supporter of the conservative coalition in Congress. His work on labor issues led to Congress passing major anti-labor reforms in 1957, and subsequently a campaign by the AFL–CIO to challenge his 1958 reelection bid. He voted against the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy in 1954, who had been making unfound claims about communists infiltrating the U.S. State Department during the Red Scare, but never actually accused any individual of being a communist or Soviet agent. Goldwater emphasized his strong opposition to the worldwide spread of communism in his 1960 book The Conscience of a Conservative. The book became an important reference text in conservative political circles.

 
Informal press conference August 7, 1974 (one day before Nixon announced his resignation) following a meeting between Goldwater, Senate Minority Leader Scott, House Minority Leader Rhodes and the President to discuss the Watergate scandal and impeachment process

In 1964, Goldwater ran a conservative campaign that emphasized states' rights.[136] Goldwater's 1964 campaign was a magnet for conservatives since he opposed interference by the federal government in state affairs. Goldwater voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,[44][45][47] but did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1960 because he was absent from the chamber, with Senate Minority Whip Thomas Kuchel (R–CA) announcing that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present.[46] Though Goldwater had supported the original Senate version of the bill, Goldwater voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[48] His public stance was based on his view that Article II and Article VII of the Act interfered with the rights of private persons to do or not to do business with whomever they chose and believed that the private employment provisions of the Act would lead to racial quotas.[137] In the segregated city of Phoenix in the 1950s, he had quietly supported civil rights for blacks, but would not let his name be used.[138]

All this appealed to white Southern Democrats, and Goldwater was the first Republican to win the electoral votes of all of the Deep South states (South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana) since Reconstruction.[50] However, Goldwater's vote on the Civil Rights Act proved devastating to his campaign everywhere outside the South (besides Dixie, Goldwater won only in Arizona, his home state), contributing to his landslide defeat in 1964.

While Goldwater had been depicted by his opponents in the Republican primaries as a representative of a conservative philosophy that was extreme and alien, his voting records show that his positions were in generally aligned with those of other Republicans in the Congress.

Goldwater fought in 1971 to stop U.S. funding of the United Nations after the People's Republic of China was admitted to the organization. He said:

I suggested on the floor of the Senate today that we stop all funds for the United Nations. Now, what that'll do to the United Nations, I don't know. I have a hunch it would cause them to fold up, which would make me very happy at this particular point. I think if this happens, they can well move their headquarters to Peking or Moscow and get 'em out of this country.[139]

Goldwater and the revival of American conservatism

Although Goldwater was not as important in the American conservative movement as Ronald Reagan after 1965, he shaped and redefined the movement from the late 1950s to 1964. Arizona Senator John McCain, who succeeded Goldwater in the Senate in 1987, said of Goldwater's legacy, "He transformed the Republican Party from an Eastern elitist organization to the breeding ground for the election of Ronald Reagan."[140] Columnist George Will remarked that Reagan's victory in the 1980 presidential election was the metaphoric culmination of 16 years of counting the votes for Goldwater from the 1964 presidential race.[141]

The Republican Party recovered from the 1964 election debacle, acquiring 47 seats in the House of Representatives in the 1966 mid-term election. In January 1969, after Goldwater had been re-elected to the Senate, he wrote an article in the National Review "affirming that he [was] not against liberals, that liberals are needed as a counterweight to conservatism, and that he had in mind a fine liberal like Max Lerner."[142]

Goldwater was a strong supporter of environmental protection. He explained his position in 1969:

I feel very definitely that the [Nixon] administration is absolutely correct in cracking down on companies and corporations and municipalities that continue to pollute the nation's air and water. While I am a great believer in the free competitive enterprise system and all that it entails, I am an even stronger believer in the right of our people to live in a clean and pollution-free environment. To this end, it is my belief that when pollution is found, it should be halted at the source, even if this requires stringent government action against important segments of our national economy.[143]

Later life

 
Signing autographs at the Fiesta Bowl parade in 1983

By the 1980s, with Ronald Reagan as president and the growing involvement of the religious right in conservative politics, Goldwater's libertarian views on personal issues were revealed; he believed that they were an integral part of true conservatism. Goldwater viewed abortion as a matter of personal choice and as such supported abortion rights.[144] As a passionate defender of personal liberty, he saw the religious right's views as an encroachment on personal privacy and individual liberties.[145] Although he voted against making Martin Luther King's birthday a national holiday in his last term as senator, Goldwater later expressed support for it.[146]

In 1987, he received the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution. In 1988, Princeton University's American Whig-Cliosophic Society awarded Goldwater the James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service in recognition of his career.[147]

After his retirement in 1987, Goldwater described Arizona Governor Evan Mecham as "hardheaded" and called on him to resign, and two years later stated that the Republican party had been taken over by a "bunch of kooks".[148]

During the 1988 presidential campaign, he told vice-presidential nominee Dan Quayle at a campaign event in Arizona, "I want you to go back and tell George Bush to start talking about the issues."[149]

Some of Goldwater's statements in the 1990s alienated many social conservatives. He endorsed Democrat Karan English in an Arizona congressional race, urged Republicans to lay off Bill Clinton over the Whitewater scandal, and criticized the military's ban on homosexuals,[150] saying, "Everyone knows that gays have served honorably in the military since at least the time of Julius Caesar",[151] and, "You don't need to be 'straight' to fight and die for your country. You just need to shoot straight."[152] A few years before his death, he addressed establishment Republicans by saying, "Do not associate my name with anything you do. You are extremists, and you've hurt the Republican party much more than the Democrats have."[153]

In a 1994 interview with The Washington Post, Goldwater said:

When you say "radical right" today, I think of these moneymaking ventures by fellows like Pat Robertson and others who are trying to take the Republican party and make a religious organization out of it. If that ever happens, kiss politics goodbye.[150]

Also in 1994, he repeated his concerns about religious groups attempting to gain control of the Republican party, saying,

Mark my word, if and when these preachers get control of the party, and they're sure trying to do so, it's going to be a terrible damn problem. Frankly, these people frighten me. Politics and governing demand compromise. But these Christians believe they are acting in the name of God, so they can't and won't compromise. I know, I've tried to deal with them.[154]

In 1996, he told Bob Dole, whose own presidential campaign received lukewarm support from conservative Republicans, "We're the new liberals of the Republican party. Can you imagine that?"[155] In that same year, with Senator Dennis DeConcini, Goldwater endorsed an Arizona initiative to legalize medical marijuana against the countervailing opinion of social conservatives.[156]

Personal life

In 1934, Goldwater married Margaret "Peggy" Johnson, daughter of a prominent industrialist from Muncie, Indiana. The couple had four children: Joanne (born January 18, 1936), Barry (born July 15, 1938), Michael (born March 15, 1940), and Peggy (born July 27, 1944). Goldwater became a widower in 1985 and, in 1992, he married Susan Wechsler, a nurse 32 years his junior.[157] Goldwater's son Barry Goldwater Jr. served as a Republican Congressman, representing California from 1969 to 1983.

Goldwater's grandson, Ty Ross, is an interior designer and former Zoli model. Ross, who is openly gay and HIV positive, has been credited as inspiring the elder Goldwater "to become an octogenarian proponent of gay civil rights".[158][159]

Goldwater ran track and cross country in high school, where he specialized in the 880 yard run. His parents strongly encouraged him to compete in these sports, to his dismay. In 1940, he became one of the first people to run the Colorado River recreationally through the Grand Canyon, participating as an oarsman on Norman Nevills' second commercial river trip. Goldwater joined them in Green River, Utah, and rowed his own boat down to Lake Mead.[160] In 1970, the Arizona Historical Foundation published the daily journal Goldwater had maintained on the Grand Canyon journey, including his photographs, in a 209-page volume titled Delightful Journey.

In 1963, he joined the Arizona Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. He was also a lifetime member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the American Legion, and Sigma Chi fraternity. He belonged to both the York Rite and Scottish Rite of Freemasonry and was awarded the 33rd degree in the Scottish Rite.

Hobbies and interests

Amateur radio

Goldwater was an avid amateur radio operator from the early 1920s onwards, with the call signs 6BPI, K3UIG and K7UGA.[161][162] The last is now used by an Arizona club honoring him as a commemorative call. During the Vietnam War he was a Military Affiliate Radio System (MARS) operator.[163]

Goldwater was a spokesman for amateur radio and its enthusiasts. Beginning in 1969, and for the rest of his life, he appeared in many educational and promotional films (and later videos) about the hobby that were produced for the American Radio Relay League (the United States national society representing the interests of radio amateurs) by such producers as Dave Bell (W6AQ), ARRL Southwest Director John R. Griggs (W6KW), Alan Kaul (W6RCL), Forrest Oden (N6ENV), and Roy Neal (K6DUE). His first appearance was in Dave Bell's The World of Amateur Radio where Goldwater discussed the history of the hobby and demonstrated a live contact with Antarctica. His last on-screen appearance dealing with "ham radio" was in 1994, explaining a then-upcoming, Earth-orbiting ham radio relay satellite.[citation needed]

Electronics was a hobby for Goldwater beyond amateur radio. He enjoyed assembling Heathkits,[164] completing more than 100 and often visiting their maker in Benton Harbor, Michigan, to buy more, before the company exited the kit business in 1992.[165]

Kachina dolls

 
Most of the kachina dolls at the Heard Museum were donated by Goldwater

In 1916, Goldwater visited the Hopi reservation with Phoenix architect John Rinker Kibby and obtained his first kachina doll. Eventually his doll collection included 437 items and was presented in 1969 to the Heard Museum in Phoenix.[166]

Photography

Goldwater was an amateur photographer and, in his estate, left some 15,000 of his images to three Arizona institutions. He was keen on candid photography. He became interested in the hobby after receiving a camera as a gift from his wife on their first Christmas together. He was known to use a 4×5 Graflex, Rolleiflex, 16 mm Bell and Howell motion picture camera, and 35 mm Nikkormat FT. He was a member of the Royal Photographic Society from 1941, becoming a Life Member in 1948.[167]

For decades, he contributed photographs of his home state to Arizona Highways and was known for his Western landscapes and pictures of native Americans in the United States. Three books with his photographs are People and Places, from 1967; Barry Goldwater and the Southwest, from 1976; and Delightful Journey, first published in 1940 and reprinted in 1970. Ansel Adams wrote a foreword to the 1976 book.[168]

Goldwater's photography interests occasionally crossed over with his political career. John F. Kennedy, as president, was known to invite former congressional colleagues to the White House for a drink. On one occasion, Goldwater brought his camera and photographed President Kennedy. When Kennedy received the photo, he returned it to Goldwater, with the inscription: "For Barry Goldwater—Whom I urge to follow the career for which he has shown such talent—photography!—from his friend—John Kennedy." This quip became a classic of American political humor after it was relayed by humorist Bennett Cerf. The photo itself was prized by Goldwater for the rest of his life and sold for $17,925 in a 2010 Heritage auction.[169]

Son Michael Prescott Goldwater formed the Goldwater Family Foundation with the goal of making his father's photography available via the internet. (Barry Goldwater Photographs) was launched in September 2006 to coincide with the HBO documentary Mr. Conservative, produced by granddaughter CC Goldwater.

UFOs

On March 28, 1975, Goldwater wrote to Shlomo Arnon: "The subject of UFOs has interested me for some long time. About ten or twelve years ago I made an effort to find out what was in the building at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base where the information has been stored that has been collected by the Air Force, and I was understandably denied this request. It is still classified above Top Secret."[170] Goldwater further wrote that there were rumors the evidence would be released, and that he was "just as anxious to see this material as you are, and I hope we will not have to wait much longer".[170][171][172] The April 25, 1988, issue of The New Yorker carried an interview with Goldwater in which he recounted efforts to gain access to the room.[173] He did so again in a 1994 Larry King Live interview, saying:[171][172]

I think the government does know. I can't back that up, but I think that at Wright-Patterson field, if you could get into certain places, you'd find out what the Air Force and the government knows about UFOs ... I called Curtis LeMay and I said, 'General, I know we have a room at Wright-Patterson where you put all this secret stuff. Could I go in there?' I've never heard him get mad, but he got madder than hell at me, cussed me out, and said, 'Don't ever ask me that question again!'[174]

Death

 
The Goldwater Crypt#64

Goldwater's public appearances ended in late 1996 after he had a massive stroke. Family members disclosed he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. He died on May 29, 1998, at the age of 89, at his long-time home in Paradise Valley, Arizona, of complications from the stroke.[175] His funeral was co-officiated by both a Christian minister and a rabbi.[176][177] His ashes were buried at the Episcopal Christ Church of the Ascension in Paradise Valley, Arizona.[178] A memorial statue set in a small park has been erected to honor the memory of Goldwater in that town, near his former home and current resting place.

Legacy

Buildings and monuments

 
Barry Goldwater statue in National Statuary Hall in Washington, D.C.

Among the buildings and monuments named after Barry Goldwater are the Barry M. Goldwater Terminal at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, Goldwater Memorial Park[179] in Paradise Valley, Arizona, the Barry Goldwater Air Force Academy Visitor Center at the United States Air Force Academy, and Barry Goldwater High School in northern Phoenix. In 2010, former Arizona Attorney General Grant Woods, himself a Goldwater scholar and supporter, founded the Goldwater Women's Tennis Classic Tournament to be held annually at the Phoenix Country Club in Phoenix.[180] On February 11, 2015, a statue of Goldwater by Deborah Copenhaver Fellows was unveiled by U.S. House and Senate leaders at a dedication ceremony in National Statuary Hall of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C.[181] Barry Goldwater Peak is the highest peak in the White Tank Mountains.[182]

Goldwater Scholarship

The Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Program was established by Congress in 1986.[183] Its goal is to provide a continuing source of highly qualified scientists, mathematicians, and engineers by awarding scholarships to college students who intend to pursue careers in these fields.

The Scholarship is widely considered the most prestigious award in the U.S. conferred upon undergraduates studying the sciences. It is awarded to about 300 students (college sophomores and juniors) nationwide in the amount of $7,500 per academic year (for their senior year, or junior and senior years).[184] It honors Goldwater's keen interest in science and technology.

Documentary

Goldwater's granddaughter, CC Goldwater, has co-produced with longtime friend and independent film producer Tani L. Cohen a documentary on Goldwater's life, Mr. Conservative: Goldwater on Goldwater, first shown on HBO on September 18, 2006.[185]

In popular culture

In his song "I Shall Be Free No. 10", Bob Dylan refers to Goldwater: "I'm liberal to a degree, I want everybody to be free. But if you think I'll let Barry Goldwater move in next door and marry my daughter, you must think I'm crazy."[186] In the 1965 film The Bedford Incident, the actor Richard Widmark playing the film's antagonist, Captain Eric Finlander of the fictional destroyer USS Bedford, modelled his character's mannerisms and rhetorical style after Goldwater.[187]

Military awards

Other awards

Books

Relatives

Goldwater's son Barry Goldwater Jr. served as a Congressman from California from 1969 to 1983. He was the first Congressman to serve while having a father in the Senate. Goldwater's uncle Morris Goldwater served in the Arizona territorial and state legislatures and as mayor of Prescott, Arizona. Goldwater's nephew Don Goldwater sought the Republican nomination for governor of Arizona in 2006, but he was defeated by Len Munsil.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Internet Accuracy Project, Senator Barry Goldwater November 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
  2. ^
    • Linkins, Jason (July 13, 2009). "John McCain: 'Don't Ask Don't Tell' Not A 'Civil Rights Issue'". Huffington Post. from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
    • The Associated Press (June 11, 1993). "Goldwater Backs Gay Troops". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
    • "Barry Goldwater on the Military Ban". www.cs.cmu.edu. from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
    • "Goldwater Calls Opposition to Gays in Military 'Dumb'". Deseret News. August 22, 1993. from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
    • "Goldwater blasts GOP on military gays". Tampa Bay Times. from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  3. ^
    • Marc Lallanilla (April 21, 2013). "6 Surprising Environmentalists". livescience.com. from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
    • Farber, Daniel A. (2017). "The Conservative as Environmentalist: From Goldwater and the Early Reagan to the 21st Century". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2919633. ISSN 1556-5068. from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  4. ^
    • Grove, Lloyd (July 28, 1994). "Barry Goldwater's Left Turn". The Washington Post. from the original on September 14, 2000. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
    • "Who's better on gay rights, Mitt Romney or Barry Goldwater?". Baltimore Sun. May 8, 2012. from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
    • "Goldwater on Gay Rights". www.latimes.com. July 28, 1994. from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
    • "Goldater Backs Lifting Gay Ban". Los Angeles Times. June 11, 1993. from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  5. ^
    • "Goldwater Opposes GOP on Abortion". Los Angeles Times. August 7, 1992. from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
    • Roth, Bennett (April 13, 2011). "Planned Parenthood Once Had GOP Pals". Roll Call. from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  6. ^
    • "Sexuality and Family in the Political Spotlight". Los Angeles Times. August 4, 2000. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
    • "Column One : Pariahs in Their Own Party : Gay and lesbian Republicans are dismayed to find the GOP becoming increasingly hostile as '96 nears. Some struggle for acceptance, but others feel betrayed and are ending a lifetime allegiance". Los Angeles Times. October 6, 1995. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
    • Eckholm, Erik (March 4, 2014). "Republicans From the West Give Support for Gay Marriage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
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    • "History of Medical Marijuana In Arizona". Nature's Medicines. from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
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  8. ^ Poole, Robert (August–September 1998), "In memoriam: Barry Goldwater", Reason (Obituary), archived from the original on June 28, 2009
  9. ^ Kathleen Garcia (2008). Early Phoenix. Arcadia Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 978-0738548395.
  10. ^ Zornik, George. . Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
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  12. ^ apps.azlibrary.gov/officials/Legislators/person/527
  13. ^ 'State Mourns Death of Morris Goldwater,' The Arizona Republic, April 12, 1939, p. 1
  14. ^ Goldberg 1995, p. 21.
  15. ^ a b c Clymer, Adam (May 29, 1998). "Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89". The New York Times. from the original on March 7, 2013.
  16. ^ . Time. August 28, 1964. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  17. ^ Goldberg 1995, pp. 22–27 [27].
  18. ^ A Jewish essayist famously remarked of Goldwater: Golden, Harry Golden (November 22, 1963), , Time, archived from the original on August 17, 2013, I have always thought that if a Jew ever became President, he would turn out to be an Episcopalian.
  19. ^ Woo, Elaine (June 24, 2001). "J.A. Goldwater Dies". The Washington Post. from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  20. ^ a b Malakoff, L.E. (1928). Blue & Gold Yearbook (PDF). Staunton Military Academy. (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  21. ^ United States Congress. "Barry Goldwater (id: G000267)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  22. ^ Shiner, Linda, "Flying the Hump: A Veteran Remembers One of many stories in the Library of Congress searchable archive of war reminiscences" (August 26, 2020). www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/voices-veterans-library-congress-180975664/, Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  23. ^ "Life". Books. September 18, 1964. from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  24. ^ . U.S. Air Force. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013.
  25. ^ Harris, Don (March 12, 2012). "The Gold Standard: Barry Goldwater's 30-year U.S. Senate career made him an icon in Arizona politics". Arizona Capital Times.
  26. ^ Robert Alan Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (1995) pp. 67–98
  27. ^ . The Washington Post. June 5, 1998. Archived from the original on September 14, 2000. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
  28. ^ Gearson, Michael "Goldwater's Warning to the GOP", The Washington Post www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/michael-gerson-barry-goldwaters-warning-to-the-gop/2014/04/17/9e8993ec-c651-11e3-bf7a-be01a9b69cf1_story.html Published April 17, 2014, Retrieved December 13, 2020
  29. ^ Edwards, Lee "In Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative", The Miami Herald, www.miamiherald.com/article1973798.html Published July 2, 2014, Retrieved December 13, 2020
  30. ^ Jonathan Bean, Race and Liberty in America (Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2009), p. 226.
  31. ^ a b c Edwards
  32. ^ Barnes, Bart (May 30, 1998). "Barry Goldwater, GOP Hero, Dies". The Washington Post. from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  33. ^ Edwards, Lee (1995). Goldwater: the man who made a revolution. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 0895264714.
  34. ^ Perlstein, Rick (2009). Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. Nation Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-1568584126. OCLC 938852638.
  35. ^ Edwards, p. 57
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  40. ^ Edwards, Lee (1995) Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution p. 231
  41. ^ Edwards, p. 233
  42. ^ Perlstein, p. 147
  43. ^ Goldwater, Barry M. (1960). The conscience of a conservative. Shepherdsville, Kentucky: Victor Publishing Company Inc. pp. 31–37.
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  45. ^ a b "Senate – August 29, 1957" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 103 (12): 16478. (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
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  47. ^ a b "Senate – March 27, 1962" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 108 (4): 5105. (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  48. ^ a b "Senate – June 19, 1964" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 110 (11): 14511. (PDF) from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  49. ^ "Goldwater's vote against Civil Rights Act of 1964 unfairly branded him a racist". July 19, 2014. from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  50. ^ a b c Cosman, Bernard (1966), Five States for Goldwater: Continuity and change in Southern presidential voting patterns
  51. ^ a b Charles S Bullock III, and Mark J. Rozell, The Oxford Handbook of Southern Politics (2012) p. 303
  52. ^ "Senate – April 11, 1962" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 108 (5): 6332. (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2022.
  53. ^ "Senate – September 25, 1962" (PDF). Congressional Record. U.S. Government Printing Office. 108 (15): 20667. (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2022.
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  55. ^ id.
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References

Primary

  • Gallup, George H, ed. (1972), The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971, vol. 3
  • Goldwater, Barry M. with Jack Casserly. Goldwater (Doubleday, 1988), autobiography.
  • Goldwater, Barry Morris (1980). With No Apologies: The Personal and Political Memoirs of United States Senator Barry M. Goldwater. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0425046630.
  • Hess, Karl (1967), In A Cause That Will Triumph: The Goldwater Campaign and the Future of Conservatism (memoir), OCLC 639505 by Goldwater's speechwriter
  • Shadegg, Stephen. What Happened to Goldwater? The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965).
  • White, F. Clifton. Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement (Arlington House, 1967).

Secondary

  • Annunziata, Frank. "The Revolt Against the Welfare State: Goldwater Conservatism and the Election of 1964." Presidential Studies Quarterly 10.2 (1980): 254–265. online
  • Brennan, Mary C (1995), Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP, U of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-0807858646
  • Brogan, Patrick (1989). The Fighting Never Stopped: A Comprehensive Guide to World Conflicts Since 1945. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0679720332.
  • Conley, Brian M. The Rise of the Republican Right: From Goldwater to Reagan (Routledge, 2019).[ISBN missing]
  • Conley, Brian M. "The Politics of Party Renewal: The 'Service Party' and the Origins of the Post-Goldwater Republican Right." Studies in American Political Development 27.1 (2013): 51+ online.
  • Crespi, Irving. "The Structural Basis for Right-Wing Conservatism: The Goldwater Case," Public Opinion Quarterly 29#4 (Winter, 1965–66): 523–543.
  • Cunningham, Sean P. "Man of the West: Goldwater's Reflection in the Oasis of Frontier Conservatism." Journal of Arizona History 61.1 (2020): 79–88.
  • Donaldson, Gary (2003), Liberalism's last hurrah: the presidential campaign of 1964, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0765611192
  • Edwards, Lee (1997), Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution (biography), Regnery Publishing, Inc., ISBN 978-0895264305
  • Hodgson, Godfrey (1996), The World Turned Right Side Up: A History of the Conservative Ascendancy in America, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0395822944
  • Goldberg, Robert Alan (1995), Barry Goldwater, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300072570, the standard scholarly biography
  • Grande, William M. Leo (2000). Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992. Chapel Hill: Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807848573.
  • Jurdem, Laurence R. "'The Media Were Not Completely Fair to You': Foreign Policy, the Press and the 1964 Goldwater Campaign." Journal of Arizona History 61.1 (2020): 161–180.
  • Mann, Robert. Daisy Petals and Mushroom Clouds: LBJ, Barry Goldwater and the Ad That Changed American Politics (Louisiana State UP, 2011).[ISBN missing]
  • Matthews, Jeffrey J (1997), "To Defeat a Maverick: The Goldwater Candidacy Revisited, 1963–1964", Presidential Studies Quarterly, 27 (1): 662–
  • Middendorf, J. William. A Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign and the Origins of the Conservative Movement (Basic Books, 2006).[ISBN missing]
  • Perlstein, Rick (2001), Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus, New York: Hill & Wang, ISBN 978-0809028597
  • Schuparra, Kurt. "Barry Goldwater and Southern California Conservatism: Ideology, Image and Myth in the 1964 California Republican Presidential Primary." Southern California Quarterly 74.3 (1992): 277–298. online
  • Shepard, Christopher. "A True Jeffersonian: The Western Conservative Principles of Barry Goldwater and His Vote Against the Civil Rights Act of 1964." Journal of the West. 49, no. 1, (2010): 34–40
  • Shermer, Elizabeth Tandy (ed.) (2013). Barry Goldwater and the Remaking of the American Political Landscape. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0816521098
  • Smith, Dean (1986). The Goldwaters of Arizona, includes brief coverage of the parents. ISBN 978-0873583954
  • Taylor, Andrew. "Barry Goldwater: insurgent conservatism as constitutive rhetoric." Journal of Political Ideologies 21, no. 3 (2016): 242–260. online
  • Taylor, Andrew (2018). "The Oratory of Barry Goldwater." in Republican Orators from Eisenhower to Trump. Palgrave Macmillan. 41–66.[ISBN missing]
  • Thorburn, Wayne. "Barry's Boys and Goldwater Girls: Barry Goldwater and the Mobilization of Young Conservatives in the Early 1960s." Journal of Arizona History 61.1 (2020): 89–107. excerpt
  • Tønnessen, Alf Tomas. "Goldwater, Bush, Ryan and the Failed Attempts by Conservative Republicans to Reform Federal Entitlement Programs." American Studies in Scandinavia 47.2 (2015): 47–62 online.
  • Whitfield, Stephen (1996). The Culture of the Cold War. Baltimore: JHU Press. ISBN 0801851955.
  • Young, Nancy Beck (2019). Two Suns of the Southwest: Lyndon Johnson, Barry Goldwater, and the 1964 Battle between Liberalism and Conservatism. UP of Kansas. online

Further reading

External links

Party political offices
Preceded by
Ward Powers
 Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Arizona
(Class 1)
1952, 1958 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee
1955–1957 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee
1961–1963 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Republican nominee for President of the United States
1964 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Arizona
(Class 3)
1968, 1974, 1980 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Arizona
1953–1965
Served alongside: Carl Hayden 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ranking Member of the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee
1959–1965 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Arizona
1969–1987
Served alongside: Paul Fannin, Dennis DeConcini 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ranking Member of the Senate Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee
1973–1977 		Succeeded by
Office abolished
Preceded by Ranking Member of the Senate Intelligence Committee
1979–1981 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee
1981–1985 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee
1985–1987 		Succeeded by

February 15, 2024
barry, goldwater, goldwater, redirects, here, other, uses, goldwater, disambiguation, this, article, about, united, states, senator, presidential, nominee, barry, morris, goldwater, january, 1909, 1998, american, politician, major, general, force, reserve, ser. Goldwater redirects here For other uses see Goldwater disambiguation This article is about the United States Senator and Presidential nominee For his son see Barry Goldwater Jr Barry Morris Goldwater January 2 1909 1 May 29 1998 was an American politician and major general in the Air Force Reserve who served as a United States senator from 1953 to 1965 and 1969 to 1987 and was the Republican Party s nominee for president in 1964 Barry GoldwaterSenate portrait 1960United States Senatorfrom ArizonaIn office January 3 1969 January 3 1987Preceded byCarl HaydenSucceeded byJohn McCainIn office January 3 1953 January 3 1965Preceded byErnest McFarlandSucceeded byPaul FanninChair of the Senate Armed Services CommitteeIn office January 3 1985 January 3 1987Preceded byJohn TowerSucceeded bySam NunnChair of the Senate Intelligence CommitteeIn office January 3 1981 January 3 1985Preceded byBirch BayhSucceeded byDavid DurenbergerMember of the Phoenix City Councilfrom the at large districtIn office 1950 1952Personal detailsBornBarry Morris Goldwater 1909 01 02 January 2 1909Phoenix Arizona Territory U S DiedMay 29 1998 1998 05 29 aged 89 Paradise Valley Arizona U S Resting placeChrist Church of the Ascension Paradise Valley ArizonaPolitical partyRepublicanSpousesMargaret Johnson m 1934 died 1985 wbr Susan Shaffer Wechsler m 1992 wbr Children4 including Barry Jr EducationUniversity of Arizona did not graduate SignatureMilitary serviceBranch serviceUnited States Army United States Air Forces Arizona Air National Guard United States Air Force United States Air Force ReserveYears of service1941 1967RankMajor GeneralBattles warsWorld War II Korean WarGoldwater was born in Phoenix Arizona where he helped manage his family s department store During World War II he flew aircraft between the U S and India After the war Goldwater served in the Phoenix City Council In 1952 he was elected to the U S Senate where he rejected the legacy of the New Deal and along with the conservative coalition fought against the New Deal coalition Goldwater also challenged his party s moderate to liberal wing on policy issues He supported the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 and the 24th Amendment to the U S Constitution but opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 disagreeing with Title II and Title VII In the 1964 U S presidential election Goldwater mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the Republican nomination but then lost the general election to incumbent Democratic president Lyndon B Johnson in a landslide Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969 and specialized in defense and foreign policy He successfully urged president Richard Nixon to resign in 1974 when evidence of a cover up in the Watergate scandal became overwhelming and impeachment was imminent In 1986 he oversaw passage of the Goldwater Nichols Act which strengthened civilian authority in the U S Department of Defense Near the end of his career Goldwater s views on social and cultural issues grew increasingly libertarian After leaving the Senate Goldwater became supportive of homosexuals serving openly in the military 2 environmental protection 3 gay rights 4 abortion rights 5 adoption rights for same sex couples 6 and the legalization of medicinal marijuana 7 Many political pundits and historians believe he laid the foundation for the conservative revolution to follow as the grassroots organization and conservative takeover of the Republican Party began a long term realignment in American politics which helped to bring about the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the 1980s He also had a substantial impact on the American libertarian movement 8 Contents 1 Early life and family background 2 Military career 3 Early political career 4 Local support for civil rights 5 Senator 5 1 Criticism of the Eisenhower administration 5 2 Stance on civil rights 6 1964 presidential election 6 1 Republican primary 6 2 1964 Republican National Convention 6 3 General election campaign 6 3 1 Political advertising 6 4 Results 7 Return to the Senate 7 1 Final campaign and Senate term 7 2 Retirement 8 Policies 8 1 Goldwater and the revival of American conservatism 9 Later life 10 Personal life 10 1 Hobbies and interests 10 1 1 Amateur radio 10 1 2 Kachina dolls 10 1 3 Photography 10 1 4 UFOs 10 2 Death 11 Legacy 11 1 Buildings and monuments 11 2 Goldwater Scholarship 11 3 Documentary 11 4 In popular culture 12 Military awards 13 Other awards 14 Books 15 Relatives 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 18 1 Primary 18 2 Secondary 19 Further reading 20 External linksEarly life and family backgroundGoldwater was born in Phoenix in what was then the Arizona Territory the son of Baron M Goldwater and his wife Hattie Josephine JoJo Williams His father s family founded Goldwater s Department Store a leading upscale department store in Phoenix 9 Goldwater s paternal grandfather Michel Goldwasser a Polish Jew was born in 1821 in Konin then part of Congress Poland He emigrated to London following the Revolutions of 1848 Soon after arriving in London Michel anglicized his name to Michael Goldwater Michel married Sarah Nathan a member of an English Jewish family in the Great Synagogue of London 10 11 The Goldwaters later emigrated to the United States first arriving in San Francisco California before finally settling in the Arizona Territory where Michael Goldwater opened a small department store that was later taken over and expanded by his three sons Henry Baron and Morris 12 Morris Goldwater 1852 1939 was an Arizona territorial and state legislator mayor of Prescott Arizona delegate to the Arizona Constitutional Convention and later President of the Arizona State Senate 13 Goldwater s father was Jewish but Goldwater was raised in his mother s Episcopalian faith Hattie Williams came from an established New England family that included the theologian Roger Williams of Rhode Island 14 Goldwater s parents were married in an Episcopal church in Phoenix for his entire life Goldwater was an Episcopalian though on rare occasions he referred to himself as Jewish 15 While he did not often attend church he stated that If a man acts in a religious way an ethical way then he s really a religious man and it doesn t have a lot to do with how often he gets inside a church 16 17 18 His first cousin was Julius Goldwater a convert to Buddhism and Jodo Shinshu priest who assisted interned Japanese Americans during World War II 19 After he did poorly as a freshman in high school Goldwater s parents sent him to Staunton Military Academy in Virginia where he played varsity football basketball track and swimming was senior class treasurer and attained the rank of captain 15 20 He graduated from the academy in 1928 and enrolled at the University of Arizona 20 21 but dropped out after one year Barry Goldwater is the most recent non college graduate to be the nominee of a major political party in a presidential election Goldwater entered the family s business around the time of his father s death in 1930 Six years later he took over the department store though he was not particularly enthused about running the business 15 Military career nbsp Major General Barry M Goldwater in his United States Air Force uniformAfter America s entry into World War II Goldwater received a reserve commission in the United States Army Air Force Goldwater trained as a pilot and was assigned to the Ferry Command a newly formed unit that flew aircraft and supplies to war zones worldwide He spent most of the war flying between the U S and India via the Azores and North Africa or South America Nigeria and Central Africa Goldwater also flew the hump one of the most dangerous routes for supply planes during WWII The route required aircraft to fly directly over the Himalayas in order to deliver desperately needed supplies to the Republic of China 22 Following World War II Goldwater was a leading proponent of creating the United States Air Force Academy and later served on the academy s Board of Visitors The visitor center at the academy is now named in his honor Goldwater remained in the Army Air Reserve after the war and in 1946 at the rank of Colonel Goldwater founded the Arizona Air National Guard Goldwater ordered the Arizona Air National Guard desegregated two years before the rest of the U S military In the early 1960s while a senator he commanded the 9999th Air Reserve Squadron as a major general Goldwater was instrumental in pushing the Pentagon to support the desegregation of the armed services 23 Goldwater remained in the Arizona Air National Guard until 1967 retiring as a Command Pilot with the rank of major general 24 As a U S Senator Goldwater had a sign in his office that referenced his military career and mindset There are old pilots and there are bold pilots but there are no old bold pilots 25 Early political careerIn a heavily Democratic state Goldwater became a conservative Republican and a friend of Herbert Hoover He was outspoken against New Deal liberalism especially its close ties to labor unions A pilot amateur radio operator outdoorsman and photographer he criss crossed Arizona and developed a deep interest in both the natural and the human history of the state He entered Phoenix politics in 1949 when he was elected to the City Council as part of a nonpartisan team of candidates pledged to clean up widespread prostitution and gambling The team won every mayoral and council election for the next two decades Goldwater rebuilt the weak Republican party and was instrumental in electing Howard Pyle as Governor in 1950 26 27 Local support for civil rightsBarry Goldwater was a moderate supporter of racial equality Goldwater integrated his family s business upon taking over control in the 1930s A lifetime member of the NAACP Goldwater helped found the group s Arizona chapter Goldwater saw to it that the Arizona Air National Guard was racially integrated from its inception in 1946 two years before President Truman ordered the military as a whole be integrated a process that was not completed until 1954 Goldwater worked with Phoenix civil rights leaders to successfully integrate public schools a year prior to Brown v Board of Education Despite this support of Civil Rights Goldwater remained in objection to some major federal Civil Rights legislation Civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr remarked of him while not himself a racist Mr Goldwater articulates a philosophy which gives aid and comfort to the racists 28 29 Goldwater was an early member and largely unrecognized supporter of the National Urban League Phoenix chapter going so far as to cover the group s early operating deficits with his personal funds 30 31 Though the NAACP denounced Goldwater in the harshest of terms when he ran for president the Urban League conferred on Goldwater the 1991 Humanitarian Award for 50 years of loyal service to the Phoenix Urban League In response to League members who objected citing Goldwater s vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the League president pointed out that Goldwater had saved the League more than once saying he preferred to judge a person on the basis of his daily actions rather than on his voting record 31 Senator nbsp Goldwater s 1952 campaign portraitRunning as a Republican Goldwater won a narrow upset victory seat in the 1952 Arizona Senate election against veteran Democrat and Senate Majority Leader Ernest McFarland He won largely by defeating McFarland in his native Maricopa County by 12 600 votes almost double the overall margin of 6 725 votes Goldwater defeated McFarland by a larger margin when he ran again in 1958 Following his strong re election showing he became the first Arizona Republican to win a second term in the U S Senate Goldwater s victory was all the more remarkable since it came in a year Democrats gained 13 seats in the Senate During his Senate career Goldwater was regarded as the Grand Old Man of the Republican Party and one of the nation s most respected exponents of conservatism 32 Criticism of the Eisenhower administration Goldwater was outspoken about the Eisenhower administration calling some of the policies of the Eisenhower administration too liberal for a Republican president Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party 33 There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower s career and Goldwater felt that President Dwight Eisenhower was compromising too much with Democrats in order to get legislation passed Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona he criticized the 71 8 billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress stating Now however I am not so sure A 71 8 billion budget not only shocks me but it weakens my faith 34 Goldwater opposed Eisenhower s pick of Earl Warren for Chief Justice of the United States The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings 35 However Goldwater was present in the United States Senate on March 1 1954 when Warren was unanimously confirmed 36 voted in favor of Eisenhower s nomination of John Marshall Harlan II on March 16 1955 37 was present for the unanimous nominations of William J Brennan Jr and Charles Evans Whittaker on March 19 1957 38 and voted in favor of the nomination of Potter Stewart on May 5 1959 39 Stance on civil rights In his first year in the Senate Goldwater was responsible for the desegregation of the Senate cafeteria after he insisted that his black legislative assistant Katherine Maxwell be served along with every other Senate employee 40 Goldwater and the Eisenhower administration supported the integration of schools in the South but Goldwater felt the states should choose how they wanted to integrate and should not be forced by the federal government Goldwater criticized the use of federal troops He accused the Eisenhower administration of violating the Constitution by assuming powers reserved by the states While he agreed that under the law every state should have integrated its schools each state should integrate in its own way 41 There were high ranking government officials following Goldwater s critical stance on the Eisenhower administration even an Army General Fulbright s startling revelation that military personnel were being indoctrinated with the idea that the policies of the Commander in Chief were treasonous dovetailed with the return to the news of the strange case of General Edwin Walker 42 In his 1960 book The Conscience of a Conservative Goldwater stated that he supported the stated objectives of the Supreme Court s decision in Brown v Board of Education but argued that the federal government had no role in ordering states to desegregate public schools He wrote I believe that it is both wise and just for negro children to attend the same schools as whites and that to deny them this opportunity carries with it strong implications of inferiority I am not prepared however to impose that judgement of mine on the people of Mississippi or South Carolina or to tell them what methods should be adopted and what pace should be kept in striving toward that goal That is their business not mine I believe that the problem of race relations like all social and cultural problems is best handled by the people directly concerned Social and cultural change however desirable should not be effected by the engines of national power 43 Goldwater voted in favor of both the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and the 24th Amendment to the U S Constitution but did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1960 because he was absent from the chamber while Senate Minority Whip Thomas Kuchel R CA announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present 44 45 46 47 While he did vote in favor of it while in committee Goldwater reluctantly voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 when it came to the floor 48 Later Goldwater would state that he was mostly in support of the bill but he disagreed with Titles II and VII which both dealt with employment making him imply that the law would end in the government dictating hiring and firing policy for millions of Americans 49 Congressional Republicans overwhelmingly supported the bill with Goldwater being joined by only 5 other Republican senators in voting against it 50 51 It is likely that Goldwater significantly underestimated the effect this would have as his vote against the bill hurt him with voters across the country including from his own party In the 1990s Goldwater would call his vote on the Civil Rights Act one of his greatest regrets 31 Goldwater was absent from the Senate during President John F Kennedy s nomination of Byron White to Supreme Court on April 11 1962 52 but was present when Arthur Goldberg was unanimously confirmed 53 1964 presidential electionSee also 1964 United States presidential election Goldwater s maverick and direct style had made him extremely popular with the Republican Party s suburban conservative voters based in the South and the senator s native West Following the success of Conscience of a Conservative Goldwater became the frontrunner for the GOP Presidential nomination to run against his close friend John F Kennedy 54 Despite their disagreements on politics Goldwater and Kennedy had grown to become close friends during the eight years they served alongside each other in the Senate With Goldwater the clear GOP frontrunner he and Kennedy began planning to campaign together holding Lincoln Douglas style debates across the country and avoiding a race defined by the kind of negative attacks that were increasingly coming to define American politics 55 56 Republican primary See also Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign and 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries nbsp Republican primaries results by state No primary held John W Byrnes Barry Goldwater Henry Cabot Lodge Jr James A Rhodes Nelson Rockefeller William W Scranton In South Dakota and Florida Goldwater finished second to unpledged delegates but he finished before all other candidatesGoldwater was grief stricken 57 by the assassination of Kennedy and was greatly disappointed that his opponent in 1964 would not be Kennedy but instead his vice president former Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B Johnson of Texas 58 Goldwater disliked Johnson later telling columnist John Kolbe that Johnson had used every dirty trick in the bag 59 At the time of Goldwater s presidential candidacy the Republican Party was split between its conservative wing based in the West and South and moderate liberal wing sometimes called Rockefeller Republicans based in the Northeast and Midwest Goldwater alarmed even some of his fellow partisans with his brand of staunch fiscal conservatism and militant anti communism He was viewed by many moderate and liberal Republicans as being too far on the right wing of the political spectrum to appeal to the mainstream majority necessary to win a national election As a result moderate and liberal Republicans recruited a series of opponents including New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller Henry Cabot Lodge Jr of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Governor William Scranton to challenge him Goldwater received solid backing from most of the few Southern Republicans then in politics A young Birmingham lawyer John Grenier secured commitments from 271 of 279 Southern convention delegates to back Goldwater Grenier would serve as executive director of the national GOP during the Goldwater campaign the number two position to party chairman Dean Burch of Arizona Goldwater fought and won a multi candidate race for the Republican Party s presidential nomination 1964 Republican National Convention See also 1964 Republican National Convention Eisenhower gave his support to Goldwater when he told reporters I personally believe that Goldwater is not an extremist as some people have made him but in any event we re all Republicans 60 His nomination was staunchly opposed by the so called Liberal Republicans who thought Goldwater s demand for active measures to defeat the Soviet Union would foment a nuclear war In addition to Rockefeller prominent Republican office holders refused to endorse Goldwater s candidacy including both Republican Senators from New York Kenneth B Keating and Jacob Javits Pennsylvania governor William Scranton Michigan governor George Romney and Congressman John V Lindsay NY 17 61 Rockefeller Republican Jackie Robinson walked out of the convention in disgust over Goldwater s nomination Henry Cabot Lodge Jr who was Richard Nixon s running mate in 1960 also opposed Goldwater calling his proposal of realigning the Democrat and Republican parties into two Liberal and Conservative parties totally abhorrent and thought that no one in their right mind should oppose the federal government in having a role in the future of America 62 63 64 In the face of such opposition Goldwater delivered a well received acceptance speech According to the author Lee Edwards Goldwater devoted more care to it than to any other speech in his political career And with good reason he would deliver it to the largest and most attentive audience of his life 65 Journalist John Adams commented his acceptance speech was bold reflecting his conservative views but not irrational Rather than shrinking from those critics who accuse him of extremism Goldwater challenged them head on in his acceptance speech at the 1964 Republican Convention 66 In his own words I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice 40 s of applause by the crowd And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue 10 s of applause 67 68 69 His paraphrase of Cicero was included at the suggestion of Harry V Jaffa though the speech was primarily written by Karl Hess Because of President Johnson s popularity Goldwater refrained from attacking the president directly He did not mention Johnson by name at all in his convention speech citation needed Although raised as an Episcopalian 70 Goldwater was the first candidate of Jewish descent through his father to be nominated for president by a major American party 71 72 General election campaign nbsp President Lyndon B Johnson with Senator Goldwater January 16 1964After securing the Republican presidential nomination Goldwater chose his political ally RNC Chairman William E Miller to be his running mate Goldwater joked he chose Miller because he drives Johnson nuts 73 In choosing Miller Goldwater opted for a running mate who was ideologically aligned with his own conservative wing of the Republican party Miller balanced the ticket in other ways being a practicing Catholic from the East Coast 73 Miller had low name recognition 73 but was popular in the Republican party and viewed as a skilled political strategist 74 Former U S Senator Prescott Bush a moderate Republican from Connecticut was a friend of Goldwater and supported him in the general election campaign Future Chief Justice of the United States and fellow Arizonan William H Rehnquist also first came to the attention of national Republicans through his work as a legal adviser to Goldwater s presidential campaign Rehnquist had begun his law practice in 1953 in the firm of Denison Kitchel of Phoenix Goldwater s national campaign manager and friend of nearly three decades 75 Goldwater s advocacy of active interventionism to prevent the spread of communism and defend American values and allies led to effective counterattacks from Lyndon B Johnson and his supporters who said that Goldwater s militancy would have dire consequences possibly even nuclear war In a May 1964 speech Goldwater suggested that nuclear weapons should be treated more like conventional weapons and used in Vietnam specifically that they should have been used at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 to defoliate trees 76 Regarding Vietnam Goldwater charged that Johnson s policy was devoid of goal course or purpose leaving only sudden death in the jungles and the slow strangulation of freedom 77 Goldwater s rhetoric on nuclear war was viewed by many as quite uncompromising a view buttressed by off hand comments such as Let s lob one into the men s room at the Kremlin 78 He also advocated that field commanders in Vietnam and Europe should be given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons which he called small conventional nuclear weapons without presidential confirmation 79 nbsp 1964 presidential campaign bumper sticker representing the Goldwater surname as Au gold and H2O waterGoldwater countered the Johnson attacks by criticizing the administration for its perceived ethical lapses and stating in a commercial that we as a nation are not far from the kind of moral decay that has brought on the fall of other nations and people I say it is time to put conscience back in government And by good example put it back in all walks of American life Goldwater campaign commercials included statements of support by actor Raymond Massey 80 and moderate Republican senator Margaret Chase Smith 81 Before the 1964 election Fact magazine published by Ralph Ginzburg ran a special issue titled The Unconscious of a Conservative A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater The two main articles contended that Goldwater was mentally unfit to be president The magazine supported this claim with the results of a poll of board certified psychiatrists Fact had mailed questionnaires to 12 356 psychiatrists receiving responses from 2 417 of whom 1 189 said Goldwater was mentally incapable of holding the office of president Most of the other respondents declined to diagnose Goldwater because they had not clinically interviewed him but said that although not psychologically unfit to preside Goldwater would be negligent in the role 82 83 After the election Goldwater sued the publisher the editor and the magazine for libel in Goldwater v Ginzburg Although the jury awarded Goldwater only 1 00 in compensatory damages against all three defendants it went on to award him punitive damages of 25 000 against Ginzburg and 50 000 against Fact magazine Inc 84 According to Warren Boroson then managing editor of Fact and later a financial columnist the main biography of Goldwater in the magazine was written by David Bar Illan the Israeli pianist 85 Political advertising Main article Daisy advertisement source source source source source source source source track track track track track track track track Daisy advertisementA Democratic campaign advertisement known as Daisy showed a young girl counting daisy petals from one to ten Immediately following this scene a voiceover counted down from ten to one The child s face was shown as a still photograph followed by images of nuclear explosions and mushroom clouds The campaign advertisement ended with a plea to vote for Johnson implying that Goldwater though not mentioned by name would provoke a nuclear war if elected The advertisement which featured only a few spoken words and relied on imagery for its emotional impact was one of the most provocative in American political campaign history and many analysts credit it as being the birth of the modern style of negative political ads on television The ad aired only once and was immediately pulled but it was then shown many times by local television stations covering the controversy 86 Goldwater did not have ties to the Ku Klux Klan KKK but he was publicly endorsed by members of the organization 87 88 Lyndon B Johnson exploited this association during the elections 89 90 91 but Goldwater barred the KKK from supporting him and denounced them 92 Throughout the presidential campaign Goldwater refused to appeal to racial tensions or backlash against civil rights After the outbreak of the Harlem riot of 1964 Goldwater privately gathered news reporters on his campaign plane and said that if anyone attempted to sow racial violence on his political behalf he would withdraw from the presidential race even if it was the day before the election 93 Past comments came back to haunt Goldwater throughout the campaign He had once called the Eisenhower administration a dime store New Deal and the former president never fully forgave him However Eisenhower did film a television commercial with Goldwater 94 Eisenhower qualified his voting for Goldwater in November by remarking that he had voted not specifically for Goldwater but for the Republican Party 95 In December 1961 Goldwater had told a news conference that sometimes I think this country would be better off if we could just saw off the Eastern Seaboard and let it float out to sea That comment boomeranged on him during the campaign in the form of a Johnson television commercial 96 as did remarks about making Social Security voluntary 97 and statements in Tennessee about selling the Tennessee Valley Authority a large local New Deal employer 98 The Goldwater campaign spotlighted Ronald Reagan who appeared in a campaign ad 99 In turn Reagan gave a stirring nationally televised speech A Time for Choosing in support of Goldwater 100 Results nbsp Electoral College results by stateGoldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South The Southern states traditionally Democratic up to that time voted Republican primarily as a statement of opposition to the Civil Rights Act 101 which had been signed into law by Johnson earlier that year Despite Johnson s support for the Civil Rights Act the bill received split support from Congressional Democrats due to southerner opposition In contrast Congressional Republicans overwhelmingly supported the bill with Goldwater being joined by only 5 other Republican senators in voting against it 50 51 In the end Goldwater received 38 of the popular vote and carried just six states Arizona with 51 of the popular vote and the core states of the Deep South Alabama Georgia Louisiana Mississippi and South Carolina In carrying Georgia by a margin of 54 45 Goldwater became the first Republican nominee to win the state Goldwater s poor showing pulled down many supporters Of the 57 Republican Congressmen who endorsed Goldwater before the convention 20 were defeated for reelection along with many promising young Republicans In contrast Republican Congressman John Lindsay NY 17 who refused to endorse Goldwater was handily re elected in a district where Democrats held a 10 overall advantage 102 On the other hand the defeat of so many older politicians created openings for young conservatives to move up the ladder While the loss of moderate Republicans was temporary they were back by 1966 Goldwater also permanently pulled many conservative Southerners and whites out of the New Deal Coalition 103 According to Steve Kornacki of Salon Goldwater broke through and won five Southern states the best showing in the region for a GOP candidate since Reconstruction In Mississippi where Franklin D Roosevelt had won nearly 100 percent of the vote 28 years earlier Goldwater claimed a staggering 87 percent 104 It has frequently been argued that Goldwater s strong performance in Southern states previously regarded as Democratic strongholds foreshadowed a larger shift in electoral trends in the coming decades that would make the South a Republican bastion an end to the Solid South first in presidential politics and eventually at the congressional and state levels as well 105 Also Goldwater s uncompromising promotion of freedom was the start of a continuing shift in American politics from liberalism to a conservative economic philosophy 106 Return to the Senate nbsp Goldwater meets with President Ronald Reagan in the oval office 1984Goldwater remained popular in Arizona and in the 1968 Senate election he was elected to the seat of retiring Senator Carl Hayden He was reelected in 1974 and 1980 Throughout the late 1970s as the conservative wing under Ronald Reagan gained control of the Republican Party Goldwater concentrated on his Senate duties especially in military affairs Goldwater purportedly did not like Richard Nixon on either a political or personal level later calling the California Republican the most dishonest individual I have ever met in my life 58 Accordingly he played little part in Nixon s election or administration but he helped force Nixon s resignation in 1974 107 At the height of the Watergate scandal Goldwater met with Nixon at the White House and urged him to resign At the time Nixon s impeachment by the House of Representatives was imminent and Goldwater warned him that fewer than 10 Republican senators would vote against conviction 108 Despite being a difficult year for Republicans candidates the 1974 election saw Goldwater easily reelected over his Democratic opponent Jonathan Marshall the publisher of The Scottsdale Progress 109 At the 1976 Republican National Convention Goldwater helped block Nelson Rockefeller s renomination as vice president When Reagan challenged Gerald Ford for the presidential nomination in 1976 Goldwater endorsed the incumbent Ford looking for consensus rather than conservative idealism As one historian notes The Arizonan had lost much of his zest for battle 110 111 112 In 1979 when President Carter normalized relations with Communist China Goldwater and some other Senators sued him in the Supreme Court arguing that the President could not terminate the Sino American Mutual Defense Treaty with the Republic of China Taiwan without the approval of Congress The case Goldwater v Carter 444 U S 996 was dismissed by the court as a political question On June 9 1969 Goldwater was absent during President Nixon s nomination of Warren E Burger as Chief Justice of the United States while Senate Minority Whip Hugh Scott announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present 113 Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon s failed Supreme Court nomination of Clement Haynsworth on November 21 1969 114 and a few months later Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon s failed Supreme Court nomination of Harrold Carswell on April 8 1970 115 The following month Goldwater was absent when Nixon nominee Harry Blackmun was confirmed on May 12 1970 while Senate Minority Whip Robert P Griffin announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present 116 On December 6 1971 Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon s nomination of Lewis F Powell Jr 117 and on December 10 Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon s nomination of William Rehnquist as Associate Justice 118 On December 17 1975 Goldwater voted in favor of President Gerald Ford s nomination of John Paul Stevens to the Supreme Court 119 Final campaign and Senate term With his fourth Senate term due to end in January 1981 Goldwater seriously considered retiring from the Senate in 1980 before deciding to run for one final term It was a surprisingly tough campaign for re election Goldwater was viewed by some as out of touch and vulnerable for several reasons chiefly because he had planned to retire in 1981 and he had not visited many areas of Arizona outside of Phoenix and Tucson Additionally his Democrat challenger Bill Schulz proved to be a formidable opponent A former Republican and a wealthy real estate developer Schulz s campaign slogan was Energy for the Eighties Arizona s changing population also hurt Goldwater The state s population had greatly increased and a large portion of the electorate had not lived in the state at the time Goldwater was previously elected meaning unlike most incumbents many voters were less familiar with Goldwater s actual beliefs Goldwater spent most of the campaign on the defensive Although he was eventually declared as the winning candidate in the general election by a very narrow margin receiving 49 5 of the vote to Schulz s 48 4 120 early returns on election night indicated that Schulz would win The counting of votes continued through the night and into the next morning At around daybreak Goldwater learned that he had been reelected thanks to absentee ballots which were among the last to be counted 121 Goldwater s close victory in 1980 came despite Reagan s 61 landslide over Jimmy Carter in Arizona Despite Goldwater s struggles in 1980 Republicans were able to pick up 12 senate seats regaining control of the chamber for the first time since 1955 when Goldwater was in his first term Goldwater was now in the most powerful position he had ever been in the Senate In October 1983 Goldwater voted against the legislation establishing Martin Luther King Jr Day as a federal holiday 122 On September 21 1981 Goldwater voted in favor of Reagan s Supreme Court nomination of Sandra Day O Connor 123 Goldwater was absent during the nominations of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice of the United States and Antonin Scalia as Associate Justice on September 17 1986 124 125 After the new Senate convened in January 1981 Goldwater became chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee In this role he clashed with the Reagan administration in April 1984 when he discovered that the Central Intelligence Agency CIA had been mining the waters of Nicaragua since February something that he had first denied when the matter was raised 126 In a note to the CIA director William Casey Goldwater denounced what he called an act of war saying that this is no way to run a railroad as he stated crossly that only Congress had the power to declare war and accused the CIA of illegally mining Nicaraguan waters without the permission of Congress 126 Goldwater concluded The President has asked us to back his foreign policy Bill how can we back his foreign policy when we don t know what the hell he is doing Lebanon yes we all knew that he sent troops over there But mine the harbors in Nicaragua This is an act violating international law It is an act of war For the life of me I don t see how we are going to explain it 126 Goldwater felt compelled to issue an apology on the floor of the Senate because the Senate Intelligence Committee had failed in its duties to oversee the CIA as he stated saying I am forced to apologize for the members of my committee because I did not know the facts on this case And I apologize to all the members of the Senate for the same reason 127 Goldwater subsequently voted for a Congressional resolution condemning the mining 126 In his 1980 Senate reelection campaign Goldwater won support from religious conservatives but in his final term voted consistently to uphold legal abortion and in 1981 gave a speech on how he was angry about the bullying of American politicians by religious organizations and would fight them every step of the way 128 129 He introduced the 1984 Cable Franchise Policy and Communications Act which allowed local governments to require the transmission of public educational and government access PEG channels barred cable operators from exercising editorial control over the content of programs carried on PEG channels and absolved them from liability for their content On May 12 1986 Goldwater was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan nbsp President Ronald Reagan and Senator Goldwater award retired General Jimmy Doolittle USAFR with a fourth star April 10 1985In response to Moral Majority founder Jerry Falwell s opposition to the nomination of Sandra Day O Connor to the Supreme Court of which Falwell had said Every good Christian should be concerned Goldwater retorted Every good Christian ought to kick Falwell right in the ass 130 131 According to John Dean Goldwater actually suggested that good Christians ought to kick Falwell in the nuts but the news media changed the anatomical reference 132 page needed Goldwater also had harsh words for his one time political protege President Reagan particularly after the Iran Contra Affair became public in 1986 Journalist Robert MacNeil a friend of Goldwater s from the 1964 presidential campaign recalled interviewing him in his office shortly afterward He was sitting in his office with his hands on his cane and he said to me Well aren t you going to ask me about the Iran arms sales It had just been announced that the Reagan administration had sold arms to Iran And I said Well if I asked you what would you say He said I d say it s the god damned stupidest foreign policy blunder this country s ever made 133 Aside from the Iran Contra scandal Goldwater thought nonetheless that Reagan was a good president 134 Retirement Goldwater said later that the close result in 1980 convinced him not to run again 135 He retired in 1987 serving as Chair of the Senate Intelligence and Armed Services Committees in his final term Despite his reputation as a firebrand in the 1960s by the end of his career he was considered a stabilizing influence in the Senate one of the most respected members of either major party Although Goldwater remained staunchly anti communist and hawkish on military issues he was a key supporter of the fight for ratification of the Panama Canal Treaty in the 1970s which would give control of the canal zone to the Republic of Panama His most important legislative achievement may have been the Goldwater Nichols Act which reorganized the U S military s senior command structure PoliciesGoldwater became most associated with anti union work and anti communism he was a supporter of the conservative coalition in Congress His work on labor issues led to Congress passing major anti labor reforms in 1957 and subsequently a campaign by the AFL CIO to challenge his 1958 reelection bid He voted against the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy in 1954 who had been making unfound claims about communists infiltrating the U S State Department during the Red Scare but never actually accused any individual of being a communist or Soviet agent Goldwater emphasized his strong opposition to the worldwide spread of communism in his 1960 book The Conscience of a Conservative The book became an important reference text in conservative political circles nbsp Informal press conference August 7 1974 one day before Nixon announced his resignation following a meeting between Goldwater Senate Minority Leader Scott House Minority Leader Rhodes and the President to discuss the Watergate scandal and impeachment processIn 1964 Goldwater ran a conservative campaign that emphasized states rights 136 Goldwater s 1964 campaign was a magnet for conservatives since he opposed interference by the federal government in state affairs Goldwater voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and the 24th Amendment to the U S Constitution 44 45 47 but did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1960 because he was absent from the chamber with Senate Minority Whip Thomas Kuchel R CA announcing that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present 46 Though Goldwater had supported the original Senate version of the bill Goldwater voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 48 His public stance was based on his view that Article II and Article VII of the Act interfered with the rights of private persons to do or not to do business with whomever they chose and believed that the private employment provisions of the Act would lead to racial quotas 137 In the segregated city of Phoenix in the 1950s he had quietly supported civil rights for blacks but would not let his name be used 138 All this appealed to white Southern Democrats and Goldwater was the first Republican to win the electoral votes of all of the Deep South states South Carolina Georgia Alabama Mississippi and Louisiana since Reconstruction 50 However Goldwater s vote on the Civil Rights Act proved devastating to his campaign everywhere outside the South besides Dixie Goldwater won only in Arizona his home state contributing to his landslide defeat in 1964 While Goldwater had been depicted by his opponents in the Republican primaries as a representative of a conservative philosophy that was extreme and alien his voting records show that his positions were in generally aligned with those of other Republicans in the Congress Goldwater fought in 1971 to stop U S funding of the United Nations after the People s Republic of China was admitted to the organization He said I suggested on the floor of the Senate today that we stop all funds for the United Nations Now what that ll do to the United Nations I don t know I have a hunch it would cause them to fold up which would make me very happy at this particular point I think if this happens they can well move their headquarters to Peking or Moscow and get em out of this country 139 Goldwater and the revival of American conservatism Although Goldwater was not as important in the American conservative movement as Ronald Reagan after 1965 he shaped and redefined the movement from the late 1950s to 1964 Arizona Senator John McCain who succeeded Goldwater in the Senate in 1987 said of Goldwater s legacy He transformed the Republican Party from an Eastern elitist organization to the breeding ground for the election of Ronald Reagan 140 Columnist George Will remarked that Reagan s victory in the 1980 presidential election was the metaphoric culmination of 16 years of counting the votes for Goldwater from the 1964 presidential race 141 The Republican Party recovered from the 1964 election debacle acquiring 47 seats in the House of Representatives in the 1966 mid term election In January 1969 after Goldwater had been re elected to the Senate he wrote an article in the National Review affirming that he was not against liberals that liberals are needed as a counterweight to conservatism and that he had in mind a fine liberal like Max Lerner 142 Goldwater was a strong supporter of environmental protection He explained his position in 1969 I feel very definitely that the Nixon administration is absolutely correct in cracking down on companies and corporations and municipalities that continue to pollute the nation s air and water While I am a great believer in the free competitive enterprise system and all that it entails I am an even stronger believer in the right of our people to live in a clean and pollution free environment To this end it is my belief that when pollution is found it should be halted at the source even if this requires stringent government action against important segments of our national economy 143 Later life nbsp Signing autographs at the Fiesta Bowl parade in 1983By the 1980s with Ronald Reagan as president and the growing involvement of the religious right in conservative politics Goldwater s libertarian views on personal issues were revealed he believed that they were an integral part of true conservatism Goldwater viewed abortion as a matter of personal choice and as such supported abortion rights 144 As a passionate defender of personal liberty he saw the religious right s views as an encroachment on personal privacy and individual liberties 145 Although he voted against making Martin Luther King s birthday a national holiday in his last term as senator Goldwater later expressed support for it 146 In 1987 he received the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution In 1988 Princeton University s American Whig Cliosophic Society awarded Goldwater the James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service in recognition of his career 147 After his retirement in 1987 Goldwater described Arizona Governor Evan Mecham as hardheaded and called on him to resign and two years later stated that the Republican party had been taken over by a bunch of kooks 148 During the 1988 presidential campaign he told vice presidential nominee Dan Quayle at a campaign event in Arizona I want you to go back and tell George Bush to start talking about the issues 149 Some of Goldwater s statements in the 1990s alienated many social conservatives He endorsed Democrat Karan English in an Arizona congressional race urged Republicans to lay off Bill Clinton over the Whitewater scandal and criticized the military s ban on homosexuals 150 saying Everyone knows that gays have served honorably in the military since at least the time of Julius Caesar 151 and You don t need to be straight to fight and die for your country You just need to shoot straight 152 A few years before his death he addressed establishment Republicans by saying Do not associate my name with anything you do You are extremists and you ve hurt the Republican party much more than the Democrats have 153 In a 1994 interview with The Washington Post Goldwater said When you say radical right today I think of these moneymaking ventures by fellows like Pat Robertson and others who are trying to take the Republican party and make a religious organization out of it If that ever happens kiss politics goodbye 150 Also in 1994 he repeated his concerns about religious groups attempting to gain control of the Republican party saying Mark my word if and when these preachers get control of the party and they re sure trying to do so it s going to be a terrible damn problem Frankly these people frighten me Politics and governing demand compromise But these Christians believe they are acting in the name of God so they can t and won t compromise I know I ve tried to deal with them 154 In 1996 he told Bob Dole whose own presidential campaign received lukewarm support from conservative Republicans We re the new liberals of the Republican party Can you imagine that 155 In that same year with Senator Dennis DeConcini Goldwater endorsed an Arizona initiative to legalize medical marijuana against the countervailing opinion of social conservatives 156 Personal lifeIn 1934 Goldwater married Margaret Peggy Johnson daughter of a prominent industrialist from Muncie Indiana The couple had four children Joanne born January 18 1936 Barry born July 15 1938 Michael born March 15 1940 and Peggy born July 27 1944 Goldwater became a widower in 1985 and in 1992 he married Susan Wechsler a nurse 32 years his junior 157 Goldwater s son Barry Goldwater Jr served as a Republican Congressman representing California from 1969 to 1983 Goldwater s grandson Ty Ross is an interior designer and former Zoli model Ross who is openly gay and HIV positive has been credited as inspiring the elder Goldwater to become an octogenarian proponent of gay civil rights 158 159 Goldwater ran track and cross country in high school where he specialized in the 880 yard run His parents strongly encouraged him to compete in these sports to his dismay In 1940 he became one of the first people to run the Colorado River recreationally through the Grand Canyon participating as an oarsman on Norman Nevills second commercial river trip Goldwater joined them in Green River Utah and rowed his own boat down to Lake Mead 160 In 1970 the Arizona Historical Foundation published the daily journal Goldwater had maintained on the Grand Canyon journey including his photographs in a 209 page volume titled Delightful Journey In 1963 he joined the Arizona Society of the Sons of the American Revolution He was also a lifetime member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars the American Legion and Sigma Chi fraternity He belonged to both the York Rite and Scottish Rite of Freemasonry and was awarded the 33rd degree in the Scottish Rite Hobbies and interests Amateur radio Goldwater was an avid amateur radio operator from the early 1920s onwards with the call signs 6BPI K3UIG and K7UGA 161 162 The last is now used by an Arizona club honoring him as a commemorative call During the Vietnam War he was a Military Affiliate Radio System MARS operator 163 Goldwater was a spokesman for amateur radio and its enthusiasts Beginning in 1969 and for the rest of his life he appeared in many educational and promotional films and later videos about the hobby that were produced for the American Radio Relay League the United States national society representing the interests of radio amateurs by such producers as Dave Bell W6AQ ARRL Southwest Director John R Griggs W6KW Alan Kaul W6RCL Forrest Oden N6ENV and Roy Neal K6DUE His first appearance was in Dave Bell s The World of Amateur Radio where Goldwater discussed the history of the hobby and demonstrated a live contact with Antarctica His last on screen appearance dealing with ham radio was in 1994 explaining a then upcoming Earth orbiting ham radio relay satellite citation needed Electronics was a hobby for Goldwater beyond amateur radio He enjoyed assembling Heathkits 164 completing more than 100 and often visiting their maker in Benton Harbor Michigan to buy more before the company exited the kit business in 1992 165 Kachina dolls nbsp Most of the kachina dolls at the Heard Museum were donated by GoldwaterIn 1916 Goldwater visited the Hopi reservation with Phoenix architect John Rinker Kibby and obtained his first kachina doll Eventually his doll collection included 437 items and was presented in 1969 to the Heard Museum in Phoenix 166 Photography Goldwater was an amateur photographer and in his estate left some 15 000 of his images to three Arizona institutions He was keen on candid photography He became interested in the hobby after receiving a camera as a gift from his wife on their first Christmas together He was known to use a 4 5 Graflex Rolleiflex 16 mm Bell and Howell motion picture camera and 35 mm Nikkormat FT He was a member of the Royal Photographic Society from 1941 becoming a Life Member in 1948 167 For decades he contributed photographs of his home state to Arizona Highways and was known for his Western landscapes and pictures of native Americans in the United States Three books with his photographs are People and Places from 1967 Barry Goldwater and the Southwest from 1976 and Delightful Journey first published in 1940 and reprinted in 1970 Ansel Adams wrote a foreword to the 1976 book 168 Goldwater s photography interests occasionally crossed over with his political career John F Kennedy as president was known to invite former congressional colleagues to the White House for a drink On one occasion Goldwater brought his camera and photographed President Kennedy When Kennedy received the photo he returned it to Goldwater with the inscription For Barry Goldwater Whom I urge to follow the career for which he has shown such talent photography from his friend John Kennedy This quip became a classic of American political humor after it was relayed by humorist Bennett Cerf The photo itself was prized by Goldwater for the rest of his life and sold for 17 925 in a 2010 Heritage auction 169 Son Michael Prescott Goldwater formed the Goldwater Family Foundation with the goal of making his father s photography available via the internet Barry Goldwater Photographs was launched in September 2006 to coincide with the HBO documentary Mr Conservative produced by granddaughter CC Goldwater UFOs On March 28 1975 Goldwater wrote to Shlomo Arnon The subject of UFOs has interested me for some long time About ten or twelve years ago I made an effort to find out what was in the building at Wright Patterson Air Force Base where the information has been stored that has been collected by the Air Force and I was understandably denied this request It is still classified above Top Secret 170 Goldwater further wrote that there were rumors the evidence would be released and that he was just as anxious to see this material as you are and I hope we will not have to wait much longer 170 171 172 The April 25 1988 issue of The New Yorker carried an interview with Goldwater in which he recounted efforts to gain access to the room 173 He did so again in a 1994 Larry King Live interview saying 171 172 I think the government does know I can t back that up but I think that at Wright Patterson field if you could get into certain places you d find out what the Air Force and the government knows about UFOs I called Curtis LeMay and I said General I know we have a room at Wright Patterson where you put all this secret stuff Could I go in there I ve never heard him get mad but he got madder than hell at me cussed me out and said Don t ever ask me that question again 174 Death nbsp The Goldwater Crypt 64Goldwater s public appearances ended in late 1996 after he had a massive stroke Family members disclosed he was in the early stages of Alzheimer s disease He died on May 29 1998 at the age of 89 at his long time home in Paradise Valley Arizona of complications from the stroke 175 His funeral was co officiated by both a Christian minister and a rabbi 176 177 His ashes were buried at the Episcopal Christ Church of the Ascension in Paradise Valley Arizona 178 A memorial statue set in a small park has been erected to honor the memory of Goldwater in that town near his former home and current resting place LegacyBuildings and monuments nbsp Barry Goldwater statue in National Statuary Hall in Washington D C Among the buildings and monuments named after Barry Goldwater are the Barry M Goldwater Terminal at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Goldwater Memorial Park 179 in Paradise Valley Arizona the Barry Goldwater Air Force Academy Visitor Center at the United States Air Force Academy and Barry Goldwater High School in northern Phoenix In 2010 former Arizona Attorney General Grant Woods himself a Goldwater scholar and supporter founded the Goldwater Women s Tennis Classic Tournament to be held annually at the Phoenix Country Club in Phoenix 180 On February 11 2015 a statue of Goldwater by Deborah Copenhaver Fellows was unveiled by U S House and Senate leaders at a dedication ceremony in National Statuary Hall of the U S Capitol building in Washington D C 181 Barry Goldwater Peak is the highest peak in the White Tank Mountains 182 Goldwater Scholarship The Barry M Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Program was established by Congress in 1986 183 Its goal is to provide a continuing source of highly qualified scientists mathematicians and engineers by awarding scholarships to college students who intend to pursue careers in these fields The Scholarship is widely considered the most prestigious award in the U S conferred upon undergraduates studying the sciences It is awarded to about 300 students college sophomores and juniors nationwide in the amount of 7 500 per academic year for their senior year or junior and senior years 184 It honors Goldwater s keen interest in science and technology Documentary Goldwater s granddaughter CC Goldwater has co produced with longtime friend and independent film producer Tani L Cohen a documentary on Goldwater s life Mr Conservative Goldwater on Goldwater first shown on HBO on September 18 2006 185 In popular culture In his song I Shall Be Free No 10 Bob Dylan refers to Goldwater I m liberal to a degree I want everybody to be free But if you think I ll let Barry Goldwater move in next door and marry my daughter you must think I m crazy 186 In the 1965 film The Bedford Incident the actor Richard Widmark playing the film s antagonist Captain Eric Finlander of the fictional destroyer USS Bedford modelled his character s mannerisms and rhetorical style after Goldwater 187 Military awardsCommand Pilot Badge Service Pilot Badge former U S Army Air Forces rating Legion of Merit Air Medal Army Commendation Medal American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal European African Middle Eastern Campaign Medal Asiatic Pacific Campaign Medal with campaign star World War II Victory Medal Armed Forces Reserve Medal with three bronze hourglassesOther awardsPresidential Medal of Freedom 1986 American Legion Distinguished Service Medal Marconi Gold Medal Veteran Wireless Operators Association 1968 Marconi Medal of Achievement 1968 Bob Hope Five Star Civilian Award 1976 Good Citizenship Award Daughters of the American Revolution 33rd Degree Mason The Douglas MacArthur Memorial Award Top Gun Award Luke Air Force Base Order of Fifinella Award Champion of the Women Air Force Service Pilots WASP 1978 Thomas D White National Defense Award 1978 Conservative Digest Award 1980 Senator John Warner Award for Public Service in the field of Nuclear Disarmament 1983 Alexander M Haig Jr Memorial Award 1983 National Congress of American Indians Congressional Award 1985 Space Pioneer Award Sixth Space Development Conference 1987 James Madison Award American Whig Cliosophic Society 1988 National Aviation Hall of Fame 1982 188 BooksThe Conscience of a Conservative 1960 Why Not Victory A Fresh Look at American Policy 1963 Where I Stand 1964 Conscience of a Majority 1971 The Coming Breakpoint 1976 Arizona 1977 With No Apologies The Personal and Political Memoirs of Senator Barry M Goldwater 1980 Goldwater 1988 RelativesGoldwater s son Barry Goldwater Jr served as a Congressman from California from 1969 to 1983 He was the first Congressman to serve while having a father in the Senate Goldwater s uncle Morris Goldwater served in the Arizona territorial and state legislatures and as mayor of Prescott Arizona Goldwater s nephew Don Goldwater sought the Republican nomination for governor of Arizona in 2006 but he was defeated by Len Munsil See alsoElectoral history of Barry Goldwater Goldwater Institute Goldwater ruleNotes Internet Accuracy Project Senator Barry Goldwater Archived November 15 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 23 2010 Linkins Jason July 13 2009 John McCain Don t Ask Don t Tell Not A Civil Rights Issue Huffington Post Archived from the original on October 28 2020 Retrieved January 16 2021 The Associated Press June 11 1993 Goldwater Backs Gay Troops The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 26 2021 Retrieved January 16 2021 Barry Goldwater on the Military Ban www cs cmu edu Archived from the original on April 11 2022 Retrieved April 11 2022 Goldwater Calls Opposition to Gays in Military Dumb Deseret News August 22 1993 Archived from the original on December 8 2020 Retrieved April 11 2022 Goldwater blasts GOP on military gays Tampa Bay Times Archived from the original on April 11 2022 Retrieved April 11 2022 Marc Lallanilla April 21 2013 6 Surprising Environmentalists livescience com Archived from the original on April 18 2021 Retrieved April 11 2022 Farber Daniel A 2017 The Conservative as Environmentalist From Goldwater and the Early Reagan to the 21st Century SSRN Electronic Journal doi 10 2139 ssrn 2919633 ISSN 1556 5068 Archived from the original on June 19 2022 Retrieved April 11 2022 Grove Lloyd July 28 1994 Barry Goldwater s Left Turn The Washington Post Archived from the original on September 14 2000 Retrieved August 24 2017 Who s better on gay rights Mitt Romney or Barry Goldwater Baltimore Sun May 8 2012 Archived from the original on April 11 2022 Retrieved April 11 2022 Goldwater on Gay Rights www latimes com July 28 1994 Archived from the original on April 11 2022 Retrieved April 11 2022 Goldater Backs Lifting Gay Ban Los Angeles Times June 11 1993 Archived from the original on April 11 2022 Retrieved April 11 2022 Goldwater Opposes GOP on Abortion Los Angeles Times August 7 1992 Archived from the original on August 6 2019 Retrieved January 16 2021 Roth Bennett April 13 2011 Planned Parenthood Once Had GOP Pals Roll Call Archived from the original on January 6 2021 Retrieved January 16 2021 Sexuality and Family in the Political Spotlight Los Angeles Times August 4 2000 Retrieved June 22 2022 Column One Pariahs in Their Own Party Gay and lesbian Republicans are dismayed to find the GOP becoming increasingly hostile as 96 nears Some struggle for acceptance but others feel betrayed and are ending a lifetime allegiance Los Angeles Times October 6 1995 Retrieved June 22 2022 Eckholm Erik March 4 2014 Republicans From the West Give Support for Gay Marriage The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved June 22 2022 History of Medical Marijuana In Arizona Nature s Medicines Archived from the original on September 29 2020 Retrieved January 16 2021 Scheer Robert November 19 1996 Reefer Madness Feds Go Ballistic on Pot Measures Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on April 11 2022 Retrieved April 11 2022 Dish The Daily September 20 2006 Goldwater The Atlantic Archived from the original on April 11 2022 Retrieved April 11 2022 Poole Robert August September 1998 In memoriam Barry Goldwater Reason Obituary archived from the original on June 28 2009 Kathleen Garcia 2008 Early Phoenix Arcadia Publishing p 62 ISBN 978 0738548395 Zornik George Thoroughly modern grandmothers Archived from the original on April 30 2013 Retrieved March 3 2012 Barry Goldwater The Washington Post May 13 1997 Archived from the original on February 1 2021 Retrieved March 30 2010 apps azlibrary gov officials Legislators person 527 State Mourns Death of Morris Goldwater The Arizona Republic April 12 1939 p 1 Goldberg 1995 p 21 a b c Clymer Adam May 29 1998 Barry Goldwater Conservative and Individualist Dies at 89 The New York Times Archived from the original on March 7 2013 Worship Goldwater s Faith Time August 28 1964 Archived from the original on August 23 2013 Retrieved March 3 2012 Goldberg 1995 pp 22 27 27 A Jewish essayist famously remarked of Goldwater Golden Harry Golden November 22 1963 The Taboo Time archived from the original on August 17 2013 I have always thought that if a Jew ever became President he would turn out to be an Episcopalian Woo Elaine June 24 2001 J A Goldwater Dies The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 27 2017 Retrieved February 20 2022 a b Malakoff L E 1928 Blue amp Gold Yearbook PDF Staunton Military Academy Archived PDF from the original on March 8 2021 Retrieved April 19 2019 United States Congress Barry Goldwater id G000267 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Shiner Linda Flying the Hump A Veteran Remembers One of many stories in the Library of Congress searchable archive of war reminiscences August 26 2020 www airspacemag com military aviation voices veterans library congress 180975664 Retrieved February 1 2021 Life Books September 18 1964 Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved March 3 2012 Major General Barry M Goldwater U S Air Force Archived from the original on March 31 2013 Harris Don March 12 2012 The Gold Standard Barry Goldwater s 30 year U S Senate career made him an icon in Arizona politics Arizona Capital Times Robert Alan Goldberg Barry Goldwater 1995 pp 67 98 A Look at the Life of Barry Goldwater The Washington Post June 5 1998 Archived from the original on September 14 2000 Retrieved March 30 2010 Gearson Michael Goldwater s Warning to the GOP The Washington Post www washingtonpost com opinions michael gerson barry goldwaters warning to the gop 2014 04 17 9e8993ec c651 11e3 bf7a be01a9b69cf1 story html Published April 17 2014 Retrieved December 13 2020 Edwards Lee In Barry Goldwater The Conscience of a Conservative The Miami Herald www miamiherald com article1973798 html Published July 2 2014 Retrieved December 13 2020 Jonathan Bean Race and Liberty in America Kentucky The University Press of Kentucky 2009 p 226 a b c Edwards Barnes Bart May 30 1998 Barry Goldwater GOP Hero Dies The Washington Post Archived from the original on August 3 2018 Retrieved October 4 2014 Edwards Lee 1995 Goldwater the man who made a revolution Washington D C Regnery Publishing p 89 ISBN 0895264714 Perlstein Rick 2009 Before the Storm Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus Nation Books p 33 ISBN 978 1568584126 OCLC 938852638 Edwards p 57 Senate March 1 1954 PDF Congressional Record U S Government Printing Office 100 2 2381 Archived PDF from the original on February 19 2022 Retrieved February 18 2022 Senate March 16 1955 PDF Congressional Record U S Government Printing Office 101 3 3036 Archived PDF from the original on February 19 2022 Retrieved February 18 2022 Senate March 19 1957 PDF Congressional Record U S Government Printing Office 103 3 3946 Archived PDF from the original on February 19 2022 Retrieved February 18 2022 Senate May 5 1959 PDF Congressional Record U S Government 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a b Senate June 19 1964 PDF Congressional Record U S Government Printing Office 110 11 14511 Archived PDF from the original on January 31 2022 Retrieved February 18 2022 Goldwater s vote against Civil Rights Act of 1964 unfairly branded him a racist July 19 2014 Archived from the original on September 24 2021 Retrieved September 24 2021 a b c Cosman Bernard 1966 Five States for Goldwater Continuity and change in Southern presidential voting patterns a b Charles S Bullock III and Mark J Rozell The Oxford Handbook of Southern Politics 2012 p 303 Senate April 11 1962 PDF Congressional Record U S Government Printing Office 108 5 6332 Archived PDF from the original on February 19 2022 Retrieved February 19 2022 Senate September 25 1962 PDF Congressional Record U S Government Printing Office 108 15 20667 Archived PDF from the original on February 19 2022 Retrieved February 19 2022 Aranha Gerard V JFK and Goldwater The Chicago Tribune www chicagotribune com news ct xpm 1998 06 14 9806140015 story html June 14 1998 Retrieved December 13 2020 id Goldwater told the New York paper Newsday about the agreement in 1973 saying We talked about it We both thought it was a great idea Goldwater Tells Plan to Stump With Kennedy Los Angeles Times June 8 1973 p I 17 Goldwater 1980 p 161 When that assassin s bullet ended the life of John Fitzgerald Kennedy in Dallas on November 22 1963 it was for me a great personal loss a b Mr Conservative Goldwater on Goldwater documentary film HBO archived from the original on April 7 2014 Iverson Peter 1997 Barry Goldwater Native Arizonan Norman University of Oklahoma Press p 118 ISBN 0806129581 Perlstein Rick 2009 Before the storm Barry Goldwater and the unmaking of the American consensus Nation p 344 ISBN 978 1568584126 OCLC 938852638 Lindsay Rejects National Ticket To Run on His Own He Attacks Positions Taken by G O P Convention in Nominating Goldwater The New York Times August 4 1964 Retrieved December 13 2020 www nytimes com 1964 08 04 archives lindsay rejegts national ticket to run on his own he attacks html Jackie Robinson fought for a racially inclusive GOP Chicago Tribune January 30 2019 Archived from the original on January 20 2021 Retrieved December 23 2020 Before the Storm Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus Rick Perlstein 2009 Lodge Denounces Party Realigning Totally abhorrent he says of Goldwater s proposal New York Times November 16 1964 Lee Edwards 1995 Goldwater the man who made a revolution Washington D C Regnery Publishing p 267 ISBN 0895264714 Adams John 2012 In the Trenches Adventures in Journalism and Public Affairs iUniverse pp 73 ISBN 978 1462067831 Archived from the original on November 21 2016 Retrieved July 11 2016 Andrews Robert ed 1997 Famous Lines A Columbia Dictionary of Familiar Quotations Columbia University Press p 159 ISBN 978 0231102186 Archived from the original on November 21 2016 Retrieved July 11 2016 1964 Barry Goldwater GOP Convention Acceptance Speech at 43m55s on YouTube Hess Karl November 4 2001 Barry Goldwater s 1964 Acceptance Speech Republican Presidential Nomination 1964 Republican National Convention Cow Palace San Francisco nationalcenter org National Center for Public Policy Research Retrieved June 27 2022 Kurt F Stone 2010 The Jews of Capitol Hill A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members Scarecrow Press p 191 ISBN 978 0810877382 Evans Harold Buckland Gail Baker Kevin 1998 The American Century Knopf p 515 ISBN 0679410708 The first major candidate known to be of ethnic Jewish origin Goldwater used to joke that only half of him could join an exclusive country club Murray Friedman 2006 The Neoconservative Revolution Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy Cambridge University Press pp 96 97 Goldwater did not run as a Jew and did not seek the support of other Jews He did not go out of his way to support Israel either On the other hand he never disavowed his Jewish antecedents Whether Goldwater should be seen as Jewish is 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Archived from the original on May 3 2009 Retrieved March 3 2012 Grove Lloyd July 28 1994 Barry Goldwater s Left Turn The Washington Post Archived from the original on September 14 2000 Retrieved October 25 2008 Will George May 31 1998 The Cheerful Malcontent The Washington Post Archived from the original on May 7 2019 Retrieved May 7 2019 Rothbard Murray N Confessions of a Right Wing Liberal Ludwig von Mises Institute Archived April 30 2009 at the Wayback Machine Barry Goldwater The Conscience of a Majority 1969 in Brian Allen Drake The Skeptical Environmentalist Senator Barry Goldwater and the Environmental Management State Environmental History 2010 15 4 pp 587 611 589 Goldberg 1995 p 331 Goldberg 1995 p 315 Goldwater Defending Clinton Conservatives Feeling Faint The New York Times Timothy Egan March 24 1994 Item in KAA PDF UN archived from the original PDF on December 26 2012 Goldberg 1995 p 329 Dowd Maureen June 13 1988 Campaign Trail Outspoken Advice From a G O P Hero The New York Times Archived from the original on November 11 2012 Retrieved June 13 2008 a b Grove Lloyd July 28 1994 Barry Goldwater s Left Turn The Washington Post p C01 archived from the original on February 13 2018 retrieved February 12 2018 Ban on Gays Is Senseless Attempt To Stall The Inevitable Los Angeles Times archived from the original on October 21 2012 Goldberg Barry Goldwater p 332 Bugliosi Vincent 2001 The Betrayal of America PublicAffairs p 19 ISBN 978 1560253556 Said in November 1994 as quoted in John Dean Conservatives Without Conscience 2006 Conservative pioneer became an outcast The Arizona republic May 31 1998 Archived from the original on June 19 2022 Retrieved March 3 2012 Prescription Drugs Reason February 1997 archived from the original on September 3 2009 Goldberg 1995 pp 41 42 48 49 326 332 Rich Frank 1998 Journal The Right Stuff The New York Times Archived from the original on August 30 2017 Retrieved April 27 2017 Survival by Design May 9 2014 Archived from the original on February 24 2021 Retrieved December 20 2020 Lavender David 1985 River Runners of the Grand Canyon Grand Canyon Natural History Association ISBN 978 0816509409 An Afternoon with Senator Goldwater Smecc org Archived from the original on January 4 2014 Retrieved March 3 2012 FCC K7UGA record Wireless2 fcc gov May 29 1998 Archived from the original on January 4 2014 Retrieved March 3 2012 Major General Barry M Goldwater af mil U S Air Force Archived from the original on November 23 2016 Retrieved November 22 2016 Shea Tom September 13 1982 Buckley finds word processing on Z 89 liberating InfoWorld p 26 Archived from the original on February 4 2021 Retrieved January 9 2015 Fisher Lawrence M Plug Is Pulled on Heathkits Ending a Do It Yourself Era Archived March 19 2017 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times March 30 1992 Goldwater Kachinas a public treasure The Arizona Republic December 3 1986 Archived from the original on June 19 2022 Retrieved March 3 2012 Information provided by The Royal Photographic Society United Kingdom dated October 6 2011 Royal Photographic Society Archived April 2 2014 at the Wayback Machine Arizona Republic May 31 1998 Heritage Auctions description of signed Kennedy photo Historical ha com November 17 2010 Archived from the original on February 21 2011 Retrieved March 3 2012 a b FOIA documents Anomalies Archived from the original on March 7 2012 Retrieved March 3 2012 a b Birnes William J 2004 The UFO Magazine UFO Encyclopedia The Most Compreshensive Single Volume UFO Reference in Print Simon and Schuster Pocket Books p 145 ISBN 978 0743466745 Archived from the original on June 19 2022 Retrieved May 30 2021 a b Kean Leslie 2010 UFOs Generals Pilots and Government Officials Go on the Record Crown Publishing Group p 243 ISBN 978 0307717085 Archived from the original on June 19 2022 Retrieved May 30 2021 Bernstein Burton April 25 1988 AuH2O The New Yorker 43 71 Youtube clips Larry King 1994 Barry Goldwater UFO room at Wright Patterson AFB YouTube Archived from the original on October 30 2021 Larry King 1994 Barry Goldwater UFO room at Wright Patterson AFB YouTube Archived from the original on October 30 2021 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Goldwater Barry Morris 1909 1988 Retrieved January 1 2007 Archived June 25 2013 at the Wayback Machine Stone Kurt F 2010 The Jews of Capitol Hill Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0810877382 Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved January 3 2017 Arizona Jews recall Goldwater s ties to community The Jewish News Weekly of Northern California June 12 1998 Archived from the original on April 6 2016 Retrieved February 13 2016 Who s buried in Scottsdale azcentral October 27 2017 Archived from the original on June 19 2022 Retrieved November 22 2020 Barry Goldwater Memorial in PV Phoenixmarkettrends com March 4 2008 Archived from the original on March 30 2009 Retrieved March 3 2012 Goldwater Women s Classic Phoenix Country Club Archived from the original on April 25 2012 Retrieved July 16 2012 Statue of Arizona s Barry M Goldwater Dedicated at the U S Capitol February 11 2015 Archived from the original on June 26 2015 Retrieved June 25 2015 Barry Goldwater Peak Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Program ACT Inc Archived from the original on October 22 2013 Retrieved August 21 2013 Bulletin of Information for the 2013 2014 Competition Goldwater Scholarship Program Archived from the original on September 16 2008 Retrieved August 21 2013 Solomon Deborah August 27 2006 Goldwater Girl The New York Times interview with CC Goldwater archived from the original on April 25 2009 retrieved January 1 2007 Beckwith Francis J 2015 Taking Rites Seriously Law Politics and the Reasonableness of Faith New York Cambridge University Press p 172 ISBN 978 1107112728 Whitfield The Culture of the Cold War 1996 pp 217 218 Hall of Famer Beatrice Daily Sun Beatrice Nebraska Associated Press July 26 1982 p 3 Archived from the original on September 3 2019 Retrieved September 3 2019 via Newspapers com ReferencesPrimary Gallup George H ed 1972 The Gallup Poll Public Opinion 1935 1971 vol 3 Goldwater Barry M with Jack Casserly Goldwater Doubleday 1988 autobiography Goldwater Barry Morris 1980 With No Apologies The Personal and Political Memoirs of United States Senator Barry M Goldwater Berkley Books ISBN 978 0425046630 Hess Karl 1967 In A Cause That Will Triumph The Goldwater Campaign and the Future of Conservatism memoir OCLC 639505 by Goldwater s speechwriter Shadegg Stephen What Happened to Goldwater The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign Holt Rinehart and Winston 1965 White F Clifton Suite 3505 The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement Arlington House 1967 Secondary Annunziata Frank The Revolt Against the Welfare State Goldwater Conservatism and the Election of 1964 Presidential Studies Quarterly 10 2 1980 254 265 online Brennan Mary C 1995 Turning Right in the Sixties The Conservative Capture of the GOP U of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0807858646 Brogan Patrick 1989 The Fighting Never Stopped A Comprehensive Guide to World Conflicts Since 1945 New York Vintage Books ISBN 0679720332 Conley Brian M The Rise of the Republican Right From Goldwater to Reagan Routledge 2019 ISBN missing Conley Brian M The Politics of Party Renewal The Service Party and the Origins of the Post Goldwater Republican Right Studies in American Political Development 27 1 2013 51 online Crespi Irving The Structural Basis for Right Wing Conservatism The Goldwater Case Public Opinion Quarterly 29 4 Winter 1965 66 523 543 Cunningham Sean P Man of the West Goldwater s Reflection in the Oasis of Frontier Conservatism Journal of Arizona History 61 1 2020 79 88 Donaldson Gary 2003 Liberalism s last hurrah the presidential campaign of 1964 M E Sharpe ISBN 978 0765611192 Edwards Lee 1997 Goldwater The Man Who Made a Revolution biography Regnery Publishing Inc ISBN 978 0895264305 Hodgson Godfrey 1996 The World Turned Right Side Up A History of the Conservative Ascendancy in America Houghton Mifflin ISBN 978 0395822944 Goldberg Robert Alan 1995 Barry Goldwater Yale University Press ISBN 978 0300072570 the standard scholarly biography Grande William M Leo 2000 Our Own Backyard The United States in Central America 1977 1992 Chapel Hill Univ of North Carolina Press ISBN 0807848573 Jurdem Laurence R The Media Were Not Completely Fair to You Foreign Policy the Press and the 1964 Goldwater Campaign Journal of Arizona History 61 1 2020 161 180 Mann Robert Daisy Petals and Mushroom Clouds LBJ Barry Goldwater and the Ad That Changed American Politics Louisiana State UP 2011 ISBN missing Matthews Jeffrey J 1997 To Defeat a Maverick The Goldwater Candidacy Revisited 1963 1964 Presidential Studies Quarterly 27 1 662 Middendorf J William A Glorious Disaster Barry Goldwater s Presidential Campaign and the Origins of the Conservative Movement Basic Books 2006 ISBN missing Perlstein Rick 2001 Before the Storm Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus New York Hill amp Wang ISBN 978 0809028597 Schuparra Kurt Barry Goldwater and Southern California Conservatism Ideology Image and Myth in the 1964 California Republican Presidential Primary Southern California Quarterly 74 3 1992 277 298 online Shepard Christopher A True Jeffersonian The Western Conservative Principles of Barry Goldwater and His Vote Against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Journal of the West 49 no 1 2010 34 40 Shermer Elizabeth Tandy ed 2013 Barry Goldwater and the Remaking of the American Political Landscape Tucson University of Arizona Press 2013 ISBN 978 0816521098 Smith Dean 1986 The Goldwaters of Arizona includes brief coverage of the parents ISBN 978 0873583954 Taylor Andrew Barry Goldwater insurgent conservatism as constitutive rhetoric Journal of Political Ideologies 21 no 3 2016 242 260 online Taylor Andrew 2018 The Oratory of Barry Goldwater in Republican Orators from Eisenhower to Trump Palgrave Macmillan 41 66 ISBN missing Thorburn Wayne Barry s Boys and Goldwater Girls Barry Goldwater and the Mobilization of Young Conservatives in the Early 1960s Journal of Arizona History 61 1 2020 89 107 excerpt Tonnessen Alf Tomas Goldwater Bush Ryan and the Failed Attempts by Conservative Republicans to Reform Federal Entitlement Programs American Studies in Scandinavia 47 2 2015 47 62 online Whitfield Stephen 1996 The Culture of the Cold War Baltimore JHU Press ISBN 0801851955 Young Nancy Beck 2019 Two Suns of the Southwest Lyndon Johnson Barry Goldwater and the 1964 Battle between Liberalism and Conservatism UP of Kansas onlineFurther readingFlynn John T Goldwater Either or A Self portrait Based Upon His Own Words Public Affairs Press 1949 White Theodore 1965 The Making of the President 1964 HarperCollins ISBN 978 0061900617 onlineExternal linksBarry Goldwater at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Data from Wikidata United States Congress Barry Goldwater id G000267 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Appearances on C SPAN Barry Goldwater Presidential Contender from C SPAN s The Contenders The Goldwater Institute Speech delivered by Barry Goldwater to the Comstock Club of Sacramento California on June 22 1966Party political officesPreceded byWard Powers Republican nominee for U S Senator from Arizona Class 1 1952 1958 Succeeded byPaul FanninPreceded byStyles Bridges Chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee1955 1957 Succeeded byEverett DirksenPreceded byAndrew Schoeppel Chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee1961 1963 Succeeded byThruston MortonPreceded byRichard Nixon Republican nominee for President of the United States1964 Succeeded byRichard NixonPreceded byEvan Mecham Republican nominee for U S Senator from Arizona Class 3 1968 1974 1980 Succeeded byJohn McCainU S SenatePreceded byErnest McFarland U S Senator Class 1 from Arizona1953 1965 Served alongside Carl Hayden Succeeded byPaul FanninPreceded byH Alexander Smith Ranking Member of the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee1959 1965 Succeeded byJacob JavitsPreceded byCarl Hayden U S Senator Class 3 from Arizona1969 1987 Served alongside Paul Fannin Dennis DeConcini Succeeded byJohn McCainPreceded byCarl Curtis Ranking Member of the Senate Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee1973 1977 Succeeded byOffice abolishedPreceded byMark Hatfield Ranking Member of the Senate Intelligence Committee1979 1981 Succeeded byDaniel Patrick MoynihanPreceded byBirch Bayh Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee1981 1985 Succeeded byDavid DurenbergerPreceded byJohn Tower Chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee1985 1987 Succeeded bySam Nunn Portals nbsp Arizona nbsp Conservatism nbsp Economics nbsp Libertarianism nbsp Politics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barry Goldwater amp oldid 1204259713, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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