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Wikipedia

Georgism

January 01, 1970

"Georgist" redirects here. For the Romanian political group, see National Liberal Party-Brătianu.
For systems of taxation based on one tax, see single tax.

Georgism, also called in modern times Geoism,[3][4] and known historically as the single tax movement, is an economic ideology holding that people should own the value that they produce themselves, while the economic rent derived from land—including from all natural resources, the commons, and urban locations—should belong equally to all members of society.[5][6][7] Developed from the writings of American economist and social reformer Henry George, the Georgist paradigm seeks solutions to social and ecological problems, based on principles of land rights and public finance that attempt to integrate economic efficiency with social justice.[8][9]

Georgist campaign button from the 1890s in which the cat on the badge refers to a slogan "Do you see the cat?" to draw analogy to the land question[1]
Shoshinsha mark emoji used by Georgists online due to its resemblance to a yellow and green shield.[2]

Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by land ownership, natural monopolies, pollution rights, and control of the commons, including title of ownership for natural resources and other contrived privileges (e.g., intellectual property). Any natural resource which is inherently limited in supply can generate economic rent, but the classical and most significant example of land monopoly involves the extraction of common ground rent from valuable urban locations. Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is efficient, fair, and equitable. The main Georgist policy recommendation is a tax assessed on land value, arguing that revenues from a land value tax (LVT) can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes (such as on income, trade, or purchases) that are unfair and inefficient. Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a basic income or citizen's dividend.

The concept of gaining public revenues mainly from land and natural resource privileges was widely popularized by Henry George through his first book, Progress and Poverty (1879). The philosophical basis of Georgism draws on earlier thinkers such as John Locke,[10] Baruch Spinoza[11] and Thomas Paine.[12] Economists from Adam Smith and David Ricardo, to Milton Friedman and Joseph Stiglitz, have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency, unlike other taxes.[13][14] A land value tax also has progressive tax effects.[15][16] Advocates of land value taxes argue that they would reduce economic inequality, increase economic efficiency, remove incentives to under-utilize urban land and reduce property speculation.[17]

Georgist ideas were popular and influential during the late 19th and early 20th century.[18] Political parties, institutions and communities were founded based on Georgist principles during that time. Early devotees of Henry George's economic philosophy were often termed Single Taxers for their political goal of raising public revenue mainly or only from a land-value tax, although Georgists endorsed multiple forms of rent capture (e.g. seigniorage) as legitimate.[19] The term Georgism was invented later, and some prefer the term geoism as more generic.[20][21]

Main tenets edit

See also: Land value tax
 
A supply and demand diagram showing the effects of land-value taxation in which burden of the tax is entirely on the landowner when the tax is implemented. The rental price of land does not change and there is no deadweight loss.

Henry George is best known for popularizing the argument that government should be funded by a tax on land rent rather than taxes on labor. George believed that although scientific experiments could not be performed in political economy, theories could be tested by comparing different societies with different conditions and by thought experiments about the effects of various factors.[22] Applying this method, he concluded that many of the problems that beset society, such as poverty, inequality, and economic booms and busts, could be attributed to the private ownership of the necessary resource: land rent. In his most celebrated book, Progress and Poverty, George argues that the appropriation of land rent for private use contributes to persistent poverty in spite of technological progress, and causes economies to exhibit a tendency toward boom-and-bust cycles. According to George, people justly own what they create, but natural opportunities and land belong equally to all.[6]

The tax upon land values is, therefore, the most just and equal of all taxes. It falls only upon those who receive from society a peculiar and valuable benefit, and upon them in proportion to the benefit they receive. It is the taking by the community, for the use of the community, of that value which is the creation of the community. It is the application of the common property to common uses. When all rent is taken by taxation for the needs of the community, then will the equality ordained by Nature be attained. No citizen will have an advantage over any other citizen save as is given by his industry, skill, and intelligence; and each will obtain what he fairly earns. Then, but not till then, will labor get its full reward, and capital its natural return.

— Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Book VIII, Chapter 3

George believed there was an important distinction between common and collective property.[23] Although equal rights to land might be achieved by nationalizing land and then leasing it to private users, George preferred taxing unimproved land value and leaving the control of land mostly in private hands. George's reasoning for leaving land in private control and slowly shifting to land value tax was that it would not penalize existing owners who had improved land and would also be less disruptive and controversial in a country where land titles have already been granted.

Georgists have observed that privately created wealth is socialized via the tax system (e.g., through income and sales tax), while socially created wealth in land values are privatized in the price of land titles and bank mortgages. The opposite would be the case if land rents replaced taxes on labor as the main source of public revenue; socially created wealth would become available for use by the community, while the fruits of labor would remain private.[24] According to Georgists, a land value tax can be considered a user fee instead of a tax, since it is related to the market value of socially created locational advantage, the privilege to exclude others from locations. Assets consisting of commodified privilege can be considered as wealth since they have exchange value, similar to taxi medallions.[25][failed verification] A land value tax, charging fees for exclusive use of land, as a means of raising public revenue is also a progressive tax tending to reduce economic inequality,[15][16] since it applies entirely to ownership of valuable land, which is correlated with income,[26] and there is generally no means by which landlords can shift the tax burden onto tenants or laborers. Landlords are unable to pass the tax on to tenants because the supply and demand of rented land is unchanged. Because the supply of land is perfectly inelastic, land rents depend on what tenants are prepared to pay, rather than on the expenses of landlords, and so the tax cannot be passed on to tenants.[27]

Economic properties edit

See also: Optimal tax and Tax incidence

Standard economic theory suggests that a land value tax would be extremely efficient—unlike other taxes, it does not reduce economic productivity.[17] Milton Friedman described Henry George's tax on unimproved value of land as the "least bad tax", since unlike other taxes, it would not impose an excess burden on economic activity (leading to zero or even negative "deadweight loss"); hence, a replacement of other more "distortionary" taxes with a land value tax would improve economic welfare.[28] As land value tax can improve the use of land and redirect investment toward productive, non-rent-seeking activities, it could even have a negative dead-weight loss that boosts productivity.[29] Because land value tax would apply to foreign land speculators, the Australian Treasury estimated that land value tax was unique in having a negative marginal excess burden, meaning that it would increase long-run living standards.[30]

It was Adam Smith who first noted the efficiency and distributional properties of a land value tax in his book The Wealth of Nations.[13]

Ground-rents are a still more proper subject of taxation than the rent of houses. A tax upon ground-rents would not raise the rents of houses. It would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent, who acts always as a monopolist, and exacts the greatest rent which can be got for the use of his ground. More or less can be got for it according as the competitors happen to be richer or poorer, or can afford to gratify their fancy for a particular spot of ground at a greater or smaller expense. In every country the greatest number of rich competitors is in the capital, and it is there accordingly that the highest ground-rents are always to be found. As the wealth of those competitors would in no respect be increased by a tax upon ground-rents, they would not probably be disposed to pay more for the use of the ground. Whether the tax was to be advanced by the inhabitant, or by the owner of the ground, would be of little importance. The more the inhabitant was obliged to pay for the tax, the less he would incline to pay for the ground; so that the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent. Both ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own. Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the state, no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry. The annual produce of the land and labour of the society, the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people, might be the same after such a tax as before. Ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are, therefore, perhaps, the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them. ... Nothing can be more reasonable than that a fund which owes its existence to the good government of the state should be taxed peculiarly, or should contribute something more than the greater part of other funds, towards the support of that government.

— Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter 2

Benjamin Franklin and Winston Churchill made similar distributional and efficiency arguments for taxing land rents. They noted that the costs of taxes and the benefits of public spending always eventually apply to and enrich the owners of land. Therefore, they believed it would be best to defray public costs and recapture value of public spending by applying public charges directly to owners of land titles, rather than harming public welfare with taxes assessed against beneficial activities such as trade and labor.[31][32]

Henry George wrote that his plan for a high land value tax would cause people "to contribute to the public, not in proportion to what they produce ... but in proportion to the value of natural [common] opportunities that they hold [monopolize]". He went on to explain that "by taking for public use that value which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the community", it would, "make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profitable only to the user".

A high land value tax would discourage speculators from holding valuable natural opportunities (like urban real estate) unused or only partially used. Henry George claimed this would have many benefits, including the reduction or elimination of tax burdens from poorer neighborhoods and agricultural districts; the elimination of a multiplicity of taxes and expensive obsolete government institutions; the elimination of corruption, fraud, and evasion with respect to the collection of taxes; the enablement of true free trade; the destruction of monopolies; the elevation of wages to the full value of labor; the transformation of labor-saving inventions into blessings for all; and the equitable distribution of comfort, leisure, and other advantages that are made possible by an advancing civilization.[33] In this way, the vulnerability that market economies have to credit bubbles and property manias would be reduced.[17]

Sources of economic rent and related policy interventions edit

See also: Pigovian tax and Severance tax

Income flow resulting from payments for restricted access to natural opportunities or for contrived privileges over geographic regions is termed economic rent. Georgists argue that economic rent of land, legal privileges, and natural monopolies should accrue to the community, rather than private owners. In economics, "land" is everything that exists in nature independent of human activity. George explicitly included climate, soil, waterways, mineral deposits, laws/forces of nature, public ways, forests, oceans, air, and solar energy in the category of land.[34][35] While the philosophy of Georgism does not say anything definitive about specific policy interventions needed to address problems posed by various sources of economic rent, the common goal among modern Georgists is to capture and share (or reduce) rent from all sources of natural monopoly and legal privilege.[36][37]

Henry George shared the goal of modern Georgists to socialize or dismantle rent from all forms of land monopoly and legal privilege. However, George emphasized mainly his preferred policy known as land value tax, which targeted a particular form of unearned income known as ground rent. George emphasized ground-rent because basic locations were more valuable than other monopolies and everybody needed locations to survive, which he contrasted with the less significant streetcar and telegraph monopolies, which George also criticized. George likened the problem to a laborer traveling home who is waylaid by a series of highway robbers along the way, each who demand a small portion of the traveler's wages, and finally at the very end of the road waits a robber who demands all that the traveler has left. George reasoned that it made little difference to challenge the series of small robbers when the final robber remained to demand all that the common laborer had left.[38] George predicted that over time technological advancements would increase the frequency and importance of lesser monopolies, yet he expected that ground rent would remain dominant.[39] George even predicted that ground-rents would rise faster than wages and income to capital, a prediction that modern analysis has shown to be plausible, since the supply of land is fixed.[40]

Spatial rent is still the primary emphasis of Georgists because of its large value and the known dis-economies of misused land. However, there are other sources of rent that are theoretically analogous to ground-rent and are debated topics of Georgists. The following are some sources of economic rent.[41][42][43]

Where free competition is impossible, such as telegraphs, water, gas, and transportation, George wrote, "[S]uch business becomes a proper social function, which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned." Georgists were divided by this question of natural monopolies and often favored public ownership only of the rents from common rights-of-way, rather than public ownership of utility companies themselves.[33]

Georgism and environmental economics edit

The early conservationism of the Progressive Era was inspired partly by Henry George, and his influence extended for decades afterward.[54] Some ecological economists still support the Georgist policy of land value tax as a means of freeing or rewilding unused land and conserving nature by reducing urban sprawl.[55][56][57]

Pollution degrades the value of what Georgists consider to be commons. Because pollution is a negative contribution, a taking from the commons or a cost imposed on others, its value is economic rent, even when the polluter is not receiving an explicit income. Therefore, to the extent that society determines pollution to be harmful, most Georgists propose to limit pollution with taxation or quotas that capture the resulting rents for public use, restoration, or a citizen's dividend.[36][58][59]

Georgism is related to the school of ecological economics, since both propose market-based restrictions for pollution.[55][60] The schools are compatible in that they advocate using similar tools as part of a conservation strategy, but they emphasize different aspects. Conservation is the central issue of ecology, whereas economic rent is the central issue of geoism. Ecological economists might price pollution fines more conservatively to prevent inherently unquantifiable damage to the environment, whereas Georgists might emphasize mediation between conflicting interests and human rights.[37][61] Geolibertarianism, a market-oriented branch of Geoism, tends to take a direct stance against what it perceives as burdensome regulation and would like to see auctioned pollution quotas or taxes replace most command and control regulation.[62]

Since ecologists are primarily concerned with conservation, they tend to emphasize less the issue of equitably distributing scarcity/pollution rents, whereas Georgists insist that unearned income not accrue to those who hold title to natural assets and pollution privilege. To the extent that geoists recognize the effect of pollution or share conservationist values, they will agree with ecological economists about the need to limit pollution, but geoists will also insist that pollution rents generated from those conservation efforts do not accrue to polluters and are instead used for public purposes or to compensate those who suffer the negative effects of pollution. Ecological economists advocate similar pollution restrictions but, emphasizing conservation first, might be willing to grant private polluters the privilege to capture pollution rents. To the extent that ecological economists share the geoist view of social justice, they would advocate auctioning pollution quotas instead of giving them away for free.[55] This distinction can be seen in the difference between basic cap and trade and the geoist variation, cap and share, a proposal to auction temporary pollution permits, with rents going to the public, instead of giving pollution privilege away for free to existing polluters or selling perpetual permits.[63][64]

Revenue uses edit

The revenue can allow the reduction or elimination of taxes, greater public investment/spending, or the direct distribution of funds to citizens as a pension or basic income/citizen's dividend.[37][65][66]

In practice, the elimination of all other taxes implies a high land value tax, greater than any currently existing land tax. Introducing or increasing a land value tax would cause the purchase price of land to decrease. George did not believe landowners should be compensated and described the issue as being analogous to compensation for former slave owners. Other geoists disagree on the question of compensation; some advocate complete compensation while others endorse only enough compensation required to achieve Georgist reforms. Some geoists advocate compensation only for a net loss due to a shift of taxation to land value; most taxpayers would gain from the replacement of other taxes with a tax on land value. Historically, those who advocated for taxes on rent tax only great enough to replace other taxes were known as endorsers of single tax limited.

Synonyms and variants edit

 
Georgist single tax poster published in The Public, a Chicago newspaper (c. 1910–1914)

Most early advocacy groups described themselves as single taxers and George reluctantly accepted the single tax as an accurate name for his main political goal—the repeal of all unjust or inefficient taxes, to be replaced with a land value tax (LVT).

Some modern proponents are dissatisfied with the name Georgist. While Henry George was well known throughout his life, he has been largely forgotten by the public and the idea of a single tax of land predates him. Some now prefer the term geoism,[21][67] with geo (from Greek γῆ gē "earth, land") being the first compound of the name George < (Gr.) Geōrgios < geōrgos "farmer" or geōrgia "agriculture, farming" < gē + ergon "work"[68][69] deliberately ambiguous. The terms Earth Sharing,[70] geonomics[71] and geolibertarianism[72] are also used by some Georgists. These terms represent a difference of emphasis and sometimes real differences about how land rent should be spent (citizen's dividend or just replacing other taxes), but they all agree that land rent should be recovered from its private recipients.

Compulsory fines and fees related to land rents are the most common Georgist policies, but some geoists prefer voluntary value capture systems that rely on methods such as non-compulsory or self-assessed location value fees, community land trusts[73] and purchasing land value covenants.[74][75][76][77][78] Some geoists believe that partially compensating landowners is a politically expedient compromise necessary for achieving reform.[79][80] For similar reasons, others propose capturing only future land value increases, instead of all land rent.[81]

Some libertarians and minarchists take the position that limited social spending should be financed using Georgist concepts of rent value capture, but that not all land rent should be captured. Today, this relatively conservative adaptation is usually considered incompatible with true geolibertarianism, which requires that excess rents be gathered and then distributed back to residents. During Henry George's time, this restrained Georgist philosophy was known as "single tax limited", as opposed to "single tax unlimited." George disagreed with the limited interpretation, but he accepted its adherents (e.g., Thomas Shearman) as legitimate "single-taxers."[82]

Influence edit

 
Henry George, whose writings and advocacy form the basis for Georgism

Georgist ideas heavily influenced the politics of the early 20th century. Political parties that were formed based on Georgist ideas include the Commonwealth Land Party in the United States, the Henry George Justice Party in Victoria, the Single Tax League in South Australia, and the Justice Party in Denmark.

In the United Kingdom, George's writings were praised by emerging socialist groups in 1890s such as the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society, which would each go on to help form the modern-day Labour Party.[83] The Liberal government included a land tax as part of several taxes in the 1909 People's Budget intended to redistribute wealth (including a progressively graded income tax and an increase of inheritance tax). This caused a political crisis that resulted indirectly in reform of the House of Lords. The budget was passed eventually—but without the land tax. In 1931, the minority Labour government passed a land value tax as part III of the 1931 Finance act. However, this was repealed in 1934 by the National Government before it could be implemented.

In Denmark, the Georgist Justice Party has previously been represented in Folketinget. It formed part of a centre-left government 1957–60 and was also represented in the European Parliament 1978–1979. The influence of Henry George has waned over time, but Georgist ideas still occasionally emerge in politics. For the United States 2004 presidential election, third-party presidential candidate Ralph Nader mentioned George in his policy statements.[84]

Economists still generally favor a land value tax.[85] Monetarist economist Milton Friedman publicly endorsed the Georgist land value tax as the "least bad tax".[14] Economist Joseph Stiglitz stated that: "Not only was Henry George correct that a tax on land is non-distortionary, but in an equilibrium society … tax on land raises just enough revenue to finance the (optimally chosen) level of government expenditure."[86] He dubbed this proposition the Henry George theorem.[87]

Communities edit

 
1914 billboard citing Henry George in Rockford, Illinois

Several communities were initiated with Georgist principles during the height of the philosophy's popularity. Two such communities that still exist are Arden, Delaware, which was founded in 1900 by Frank Stephens and William Lightfoot Price, and Fairhope, Alabama, which was founded in 1894 under the auspices of the Fairhope Single Tax Corporation.[88] Some established communities in the United States also adopted Georgist tax policies. A Georgist in Houston, Texas, Joseph Jay "J.J." Pastoriza, promoted a Georgist club in that city established in 1890. Years later, in his capacity as a city alderman, he was selected to serve as Houston Tax Commissioner, and promulgated a "Houston Plan of Taxation" in 1912. Improvements to land and merchants' inventories were taxed at 25 percent of the appraised value, unimproved land was taxed at 70 percent of appraisal, and personal property was exempt. This was calculated using the Somers System.[89] This Georgist tax continued until 1915, when two courts struck it down as violating the Texas Constitution in 1915.[90] This quashed efforts in several other Texas cities towards implementing the Houston Plan: Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Galveston, San Antonio, and Waco.[91]

The German protectorate of the Kiautschou Bay concession in Jiaozhou Bay, China, fully implemented Georgist policy. Its sole source of government revenue was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory. The German colonial empire had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by land speculation. One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy achieved.[92] The colony existed as a German protectorate from 1898 until 1914, when seized by Japanese and British troops in World War I. In 1922, the territory was returned to the Republic of China.

 
Henry George School of Social Science in New York City

Georgist ideas were also adopted to some degree in Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, and Taiwan. In these countries, governments still levy some type of land value tax, albeit with exemptions.[93] Many municipal governments of the United States depend on real-property tax as their main source of revenue, although such taxes are not Georgist as they generally include the value of buildings and other improvements. One exception is the town of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which for a time in the 21st century only taxed land value, phasing in the tax in 2002, relying on it entirely for tax revenue from 2011, and ending it 2017; the Financial Times noted that "Altoona is using LVT in a city where neither land nor buildings have much value".[94][95]

In 2023, Detroit mayor Mike Duggan and Michigan State Representative Stephanie Young proposed replacing existing property taxes with a land-value tax.[96] Following the 2008 Recession and city's 2013 bankruptcy, speculators bought cheap property, expecting to profit from the city's recovery. This plan to shift the cost of municipal services to owners of empty land, while exempting community gardens and parks, will require approval from the Michigan Legislature and Detroit City Council before being added as a ballot measure for Detroit residents.[2][97]

Institutes and organizations edit

Various organizations still exist that continue to promote the ideas of Henry George. According to The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, the periodical Land&Liberty, established in 1894, is "the longest-lived Georgist project in history".[98] Founded during the Great Depression in 1932, the Henry George School of Social Science in New York offers courses, sponsors seminars, and publishes research in the Georgist paradigm.[99] Also in the US, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy was established in 1974 based on the writings of Henry George. It "seeks to improve the dialogue about urban development, the built environment, and tax policy in the United States and abroad".[100]

The Henry George Foundation continues to promote the ideas of Henry George in the United Kingdom.[101] The IU is an international umbrella organisation that brings together organizations worldwide that seek land-value tax reform.[102]

Reception edit

The economist Alfred Marshall believed that George's views in Progress and Poverty were dangerous, even predicting wars, terror, and economic destruction from the immediate implementation of its recommendations. Specifically, Marshall was upset about the idea of rapid change and the unfairness of not compensating existing landowners. In his lectures on Progress and Poverty, Marshall opposed George's position on compensation while fully endorsing his ultimate remedy. So far as land value tax moderately replaced other taxes and did not cause the price of land to fall, Marshall supported land value taxation on economic and moral grounds, suggesting that a three or four percent tax on land values would fit this condition. After implementing land taxes, governments would purchase future land values at discounted prices and take ownership after 100 years. Marshall asserted that this plan, which he strongly supported, would end the need for a tax collection department of government. For newly formed countries where land was not already private, Marshall advocated implementing George's economic proposal immediately.[103][104]

Karl Marx considered the single-tax platform as a regression from the transition to communism and referred to Georgism as "capitalism's last ditch".[105] Marx argued that, "The whole thing is ... simply an attempt, decked out with socialism, to save capitalist domination and indeed to establish it afresh on an even wider basis than its present one."[106] Marx also criticized the way land value tax theory emphasizes the value of land, arguing that George's "fundamental dogma is that everything would be all right if ground rent were paid to the state."[106]

Richard T. Ely agreed with the economic arguments for Georgism but believed that correcting the problem the way Henry George wanted, without compensation, was unjust to existing landowners. In explaining his position, Ely wrote, "If we have all made a mistake, should one party to the transaction alone bear the cost of the common blunder?"[107]

John R. Commons supported Georgist economics but opposed what he perceived as an environmentally and politically reckless tendency for advocates to rely on a one-size-fits-all approach to tax reform, specifically, the "single tax" framing. Commons concluded The Distribution of Wealth, with an estimate that "perhaps 95% of the total values represented by these millionaire [sic] fortunes is due to those investments classed as land values and natural monopolies and to competitive industries aided by such monopolies", and that "tax reform should seek to remove all burdens from capital and labour and impose them on monopolies." However, he criticized Georgists for failing to see that Henry George's anti-monopoly ideas must be implemented with a variety of policy tools. Commons wrote, "Trees do not grow into the sky—they would perish in a high wind; and a single truth, like a single tax, ends in its own destruction." Commons uses the natural soil fertility and value of forests as an example of this destruction, arguing that a tax on the in-situ value of those depletable natural resources can result in overuse or over-extraction. Instead, Commons recommends an income tax-based approach to forests similar to a modern Georgist severance tax.[108][109]

Other contemporaries such as Austrian economist Frank Fetter and neoclassical economist John Bates Clark argued that it was impractical to maintain the traditional distinction between land and capital and used this as a basis to attack Georgism. Mark Blaug, a specialist in the history of economic thought, credits Fetter and Clark with influencing mainstream economists to abandon the idea "that land is a unique factor of production and hence that there is any special need for a special theory of ground rent" claiming that "this is in fact the basis of all the attacks on Henry George by contemporary economists and certainly the fundamental reason why professional economists increasingly ignored him".[110]

Robert Solow endorsed the theory of Georgism, while being wary of the perceived injustice of expropriation. Solow stated that taxing away expected land rents "would have no semblance of fairness"; however, Georgism would be good to introduce where location values were not already privatized or if the transition could be phased in slowly.[111]

George has also been accused of exaggerating the importance of his "all-devouring rent thesis" in claiming that it is the primary cause of poverty and injustice in society.[112] George argued that the rent of land increased faster than wages for labor because the supply of land is fixed. Modern economists, including Ottmar Edenhofer have demonstrated that George's assertion is plausible but was more likely to be true during George's time than now.[40]

An early criticism of Georgism was that it would generate too much public revenue and result in unwanted growth of government, but later critics argued that it would not generate enough income to cover government spending. Joseph Schumpeter concluded his analysis of Georgism by stating that, "It is not economically unsound, except that it involves an unwarranted optimism concerning the yield of such a tax." Economists who study land conclude that Schumpeter's criticism is unwarranted because the rental yield from land is likely much greater than what modern critics such as Paul Krugman suppose.[113] Krugman agrees that land value taxation is the best means of raising public revenue but asserts that increased spending has rendered land rent insufficient to fully fund government.[114] Georgists have responded by citing studies and analyses implying that land values of nations like the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are more than sufficient to fund all levels of government.[115][116][117][118][119][120][121]

Anarcho-capitalist political philosopher and economist Murray Rothbard criticized Georgism in Man, Economy, and State as being philosophically incongruent with subjective value theory, and further stating that land is irrelevant in the factors of production, trade, and price systems,[122] but this critique is seen by some, including other opponents of Georgism, as relying on false assumptions and flawed reasoning.[123]

Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek credited early enthusiasm for Henry George with developing his interest in economics. Later, Hayek said that the theory of Georgism would be very strong if assessment challenges did not result in unfair outcomes, but he believed that they would.[124]

Lists of Georgists edit

Economists edit

Heads of government edit

Other political figures edit

Activists edit

Authors edit

Journalists edit

Artists edit

Philosophers edit

Others edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Seeing the Cat". Henry George Institute. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  2. ^ a b Dougherty, Conor (November 12, 2023). "The 'Georgists' Are Out There, and They Want to Tax Your Land". The New York Times.
  3. ^ Foldvary, Fred. . The Progress Report. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  4. ^ "Geoism Explained on Public Access TV by... Me (VIDEO)". HuffPost. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023. We talked about Geoism/Georgism
  5. ^ . Council of Georgist Organizations. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  6. ^ a b Heavey, Jerome F. (July 2003). "Comments on Warren Samuels' "Why the Georgist movement has not succeeded"". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 62 (3): 593–599. doi:10.1111/1536-7150.00230. JSTOR 3487813. human beings have an inalienable right to the product of their own labor
  7. ^ McNab, Jane. (PDF). Business School, The University of Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  8. ^ Gaffney, Mason; Harrison, Fred (1994). The Corruption of Economics. London: Shepheard-Walwyn. ISBN 978-0-85683-244-4.
  9. ^ Hudson, Michael; Feder, Kris; and Miller, George James (1994). A Philosophy for a Fair Society 2018-11-05 at the Wayback Machine. Shepheard-Walwyn, London. ISBN 978-0-85683-159-1.
  10. ^ Locke, John (1691). . Archived from the original on 8 February 2016.
  11. ^ Gaffney, Mason. "Logos Abused: The Decadence and Tyranny of Abstract Reasoning in Economics" (PDF). Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  12. ^ Agrarian Justice, Wikisource edition, paragraph 12
  13. ^ a b Smith, Adam (1776). "Chapter 2, Article 1: Taxes upon the Rent of Houses". The Wealth of Nations, Book V.
  14. ^ a b Tideman, Nicolaus; Gaffney, Mason (1994). Land and Taxation. Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation. ISBN 978-0-85683-162-1.
  15. ^ a b Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P; Bourguignon, Camille; Brink, Rogier van den (2009). Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans P.; Bourguignon, Camille; Van Den Brink, Rogier (eds.). Agricultural Land Redistribution : Toward Greater Consensus. World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-7627-0. ISBN 978-0-8213-7627-0. A land tax is considered a progressive tax in that wealthy landowners normally should be paying relatively more than poorer landowners and tenants. Conversely, a tax on buildings can be said to be regressive, falling heavily on tenants who generally are poorer than the landlords
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  346. ^ "Offers $250,000 For a Single Tax Campaign: Joseph Fels Pledges That Sum for Five Years Here and in England. If There Is An Equal Fund Commission of Single Taxers Formed to Raise the Fund – Roosevelt, Taft, and Hughes Said to be Friendly". The New York Times. New York Times. May 8, 1909. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  347. ^ Post, Louis F. (2002). The Prophet of San Francisco: Personal Memories & Interpretations of Henry George. The Minerva Group. ISBN 9780898758337 – via Google Books.
  348. ^ Buell, Thomas B. (1974). The Quiet Warrior. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 9780870215629 – via Google Books.
  349. ^ "American Single Taxers Invade Tiny Andorra; Fiske Warren Carries Their Gospel to the Republic Hidden for Twelve Centuries in the Pyrenees Between France and Spain". The New York Times. April 16, 1916. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  350. ^ Sinclair, Upton. "The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities". Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  351. ^ Stanley, Buder (1990). Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195362886 – via Google Books. Wallace described Progress and Poverty as "Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century."
  352. ^ Dudden, Arthur (1971). Joseph Fels and the single tax movement. Temple University Press. ISBN 9780877220107.
  353. ^ Altman, Sam (25 April 2024). "Moore's Law for Everything". Moore's law for everything. from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024. The concept is widely supported by economists. The value of land appreciates because of the work society does around it: the network effects of the companies operating around a piece of land, the public transportation that makes it accessible, and the nearby restaurants, coffeeshops, and access to nature that makes it desirable. Because the landowner didn't do all that work, it's fair for that value to be shared with the larger society that did.

External links edit

  •   Quotations related to Georgism at Wikiquote

January 01, 1970
georgism, georgist, redirects, here, romanian, political, group, national, liberal, party, brătianu, systems, taxation, based, single, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable,. Georgist redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party Brătianu For systems of taxation based on one tax see single tax This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Georgism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Georgism also called in modern times Geoism 3 4 and known historically as the single tax movement is an economic ideology holding that people should own the value that they produce themselves while the economic rent derived from land including from all natural resources the commons and urban locations should belong equally to all members of society 5 6 7 Developed from the writings of American economist and social reformer Henry George the Georgist paradigm seeks solutions to social and ecological problems based on principles of land rights and public finance that attempt to integrate economic efficiency with social justice 8 9 Georgist campaign button from the 1890s in which the cat on the badge refers to a slogan Do you see the cat to draw analogy to the land question 1 Shoshinsha mark emoji used by Georgists online due to its resemblance to a yellow and green shield 2 Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by land ownership natural monopolies pollution rights and control of the commons including title of ownership for natural resources and other contrived privileges e g intellectual property Any natural resource which is inherently limited in supply can generate economic rent but the classical and most significant example of land monopoly involves the extraction of common ground rent from valuable urban locations Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is efficient fair and equitable The main Georgist policy recommendation is a tax assessed on land value arguing that revenues from a land value tax LVT can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes such as on income trade or purchases that are unfair and inefficient Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a basic income or citizen s dividend The concept of gaining public revenues mainly from land and natural resource privileges was widely popularized by Henry George through his first book Progress and Poverty 1879 The philosophical basis of Georgism draws on earlier thinkers such as John Locke 10 Baruch Spinoza 11 and Thomas Paine 12 Economists from Adam Smith and David Ricardo to Milton Friedman and Joseph Stiglitz have observed that a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency unlike other taxes 13 14 A land value tax also has progressive tax effects 15 16 Advocates of land value taxes argue that they would reduce economic inequality increase economic efficiency remove incentives to under utilize urban land and reduce property speculation 17 Georgist ideas were popular and influential during the late 19th and early 20th century 18 Political parties institutions and communities were founded based on Georgist principles during that time Early devotees of Henry George s economic philosophy were often termed Single Taxers for their political goal of raising public revenue mainly or only from a land value tax although Georgists endorsed multiple forms of rent capture e g seigniorage as legitimate 19 The term Georgism was invented later and some prefer the term geoism as more generic 20 21 Contents 1 Main tenets 1 1 Economic properties 1 2 Sources of economic rent and related policy interventions 1 3 Georgism and environmental economics 1 4 Revenue uses 2 Synonyms and variants 3 Influence 3 1 Communities 3 2 Institutes and organizations 4 Reception 5 Lists of Georgists 5 1 Economists 5 2 Heads of government 5 3 Other political figures 5 4 Activists 5 5 Authors 5 6 Journalists 5 7 Artists 5 8 Philosophers 5 9 Others 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksMain tenets editSee also Land value tax nbsp A supply and demand diagram showing the effects of land value taxation in which burden of the tax is entirely on the landowner when the tax is implemented The rental price of land does not change and there is no deadweight loss Henry George is best known for popularizing the argument that government should be funded by a tax on land rent rather than taxes on labor George believed that although scientific experiments could not be performed in political economy theories could be tested by comparing different societies with different conditions and by thought experiments about the effects of various factors 22 Applying this method he concluded that many of the problems that beset society such as poverty inequality and economic booms and busts could be attributed to the private ownership of the necessary resource land rent In his most celebrated book Progress and Poverty George argues that the appropriation of land rent for private use contributes to persistent poverty in spite of technological progress and causes economies to exhibit a tendency toward boom and bust cycles According to George people justly own what they create but natural opportunities and land belong equally to all 6 The tax upon land values is therefore the most just and equal of all taxes It falls only upon those who receive from society a peculiar and valuable benefit and upon them in proportion to the benefit they receive It is the taking by the community for the use of the community of that value which is the creation of the community It is the application of the common property to common uses When all rent is taken by taxation for the needs of the community then will the equality ordained by Nature be attained No citizen will have an advantage over any other citizen save as is given by his industry skill and intelligence and each will obtain what he fairly earns Then but not till then will labor get its full reward and capital its natural return Henry George Progress and Poverty Book VIII Chapter 3 George believed there was an important distinction between common and collective property 23 Although equal rights to land might be achieved by nationalizing land and then leasing it to private users George preferred taxing unimproved land value and leaving the control of land mostly in private hands George s reasoning for leaving land in private control and slowly shifting to land value tax was that it would not penalize existing owners who had improved land and would also be less disruptive and controversial in a country where land titles have already been granted Georgists have observed that privately created wealth is socialized via the tax system e g through income and sales tax while socially created wealth in land values are privatized in the price of land titles and bank mortgages The opposite would be the case if land rents replaced taxes on labor as the main source of public revenue socially created wealth would become available for use by the community while the fruits of labor would remain private 24 According to Georgists a land value tax can be considered a user fee instead of a tax since it is related to the market value of socially created locational advantage the privilege to exclude others from locations Assets consisting of commodified privilege can be considered as wealth since they have exchange value similar to taxi medallions 25 failed verification A land value tax charging fees for exclusive use of land as a means of raising public revenue is also a progressive tax tending to reduce economic inequality 15 16 since it applies entirely to ownership of valuable land which is correlated with income 26 and there is generally no means by which landlords can shift the tax burden onto tenants or laborers Landlords are unable to pass the tax on to tenants because the supply and demand of rented land is unchanged Because the supply of land is perfectly inelastic land rents depend on what tenants are prepared to pay rather than on the expenses of landlords and so the tax cannot be passed on to tenants 27 Economic properties edit See also Optimal tax and Tax incidence Standard economic theory suggests that a land value tax would be extremely efficient unlike other taxes it does not reduce economic productivity 17 Milton Friedman described Henry George s tax on unimproved value of land as the least bad tax since unlike other taxes it would not impose an excess burden on economic activity leading to zero or even negative deadweight loss hence a replacement of other more distortionary taxes with a land value tax would improve economic welfare 28 As land value tax can improve the use of land and redirect investment toward productive non rent seeking activities it could even have a negative dead weight loss that boosts productivity 29 Because land value tax would apply to foreign land speculators the Australian Treasury estimated that land value tax was unique in having a negative marginal excess burden meaning that it would increase long run living standards 30 It was Adam Smith who first noted the efficiency and distributional properties of a land value tax in his book The Wealth of Nations 13 Ground rents are a still more proper subject of taxation than the rent of houses A tax upon ground rents would not raise the rents of houses It would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground rent who acts always as a monopolist and exacts the greatest rent which can be got for the use of his ground More or less can be got for it according as the competitors happen to be richer or poorer or can afford to gratify their fancy for a particular spot of ground at a greater or smaller expense In every country the greatest number of rich competitors is in the capital and it is there accordingly that the highest ground rents are always to be found As the wealth of those competitors would in no respect be increased by a tax upon ground rents they would not probably be disposed to pay more for the use of the ground Whether the tax was to be advanced by the inhabitant or by the owner of the ground would be of little importance The more the inhabitant was obliged to pay for the tax the less he would incline to pay for the ground so that the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground rent Both ground rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner in many cases enjoys without any care or attention of his own Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the state no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry The annual produce of the land and labour of the society the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people might be the same after such a tax as before Ground rents and the ordinary rent of land are therefore perhaps the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them Nothing can be more reasonable than that a fund which owes its existence to the good government of the state should be taxed peculiarly or should contribute something more than the greater part of other funds towards the support of that government Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Book V Chapter 2 Benjamin Franklin and Winston Churchill made similar distributional and efficiency arguments for taxing land rents They noted that the costs of taxes and the benefits of public spending always eventually apply to and enrich the owners of land Therefore they believed it would be best to defray public costs and recapture value of public spending by applying public charges directly to owners of land titles rather than harming public welfare with taxes assessed against beneficial activities such as trade and labor 31 32 Henry George wrote that his plan for a high land value tax would cause people to contribute to the public not in proportion to what they produce but in proportion to the value of natural common opportunities that they hold monopolize He went on to explain that by taking for public use that value which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the community it would make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner and profitable only to the user A high land value tax would discourage speculators from holding valuable natural opportunities like urban real estate unused or only partially used Henry George claimed this would have many benefits including the reduction or elimination of tax burdens from poorer neighborhoods and agricultural districts the elimination of a multiplicity of taxes and expensive obsolete government institutions the elimination of corruption fraud and evasion with respect to the collection of taxes the enablement of true free trade the destruction of monopolies the elevation of wages to the full value of labor the transformation of labor saving inventions into blessings for all and the equitable distribution of comfort leisure and other advantages that are made possible by an advancing civilization 33 In this way the vulnerability that market economies have to credit bubbles and property manias would be reduced 17 Sources of economic rent and related policy interventions edit See also Pigovian tax and Severance tax Income flow resulting from payments for restricted access to natural opportunities or for contrived privileges over geographic regions is termed economic rent Georgists argue that economic rent of land legal privileges and natural monopolies should accrue to the community rather than private owners In economics land is everything that exists in nature independent of human activity George explicitly included climate soil waterways mineral deposits laws forces of nature public ways forests oceans air and solar energy in the category of land 34 35 While the philosophy of Georgism does not say anything definitive about specific policy interventions needed to address problems posed by various sources of economic rent the common goal among modern Georgists is to capture and share or reduce rent from all sources of natural monopoly and legal privilege 36 37 Henry George shared the goal of modern Georgists to socialize or dismantle rent from all forms of land monopoly and legal privilege However George emphasized mainly his preferred policy known as land value tax which targeted a particular form of unearned income known as ground rent George emphasized ground rent because basic locations were more valuable than other monopolies and everybody needed locations to survive which he contrasted with the less significant streetcar and telegraph monopolies which George also criticized George likened the problem to a laborer traveling home who is waylaid by a series of highway robbers along the way each who demand a small portion of the traveler s wages and finally at the very end of the road waits a robber who demands all that the traveler has left George reasoned that it made little difference to challenge the series of small robbers when the final robber remained to demand all that the common laborer had left 38 George predicted that over time technological advancements would increase the frequency and importance of lesser monopolies yet he expected that ground rent would remain dominant 39 George even predicted that ground rents would rise faster than wages and income to capital a prediction that modern analysis has shown to be plausible since the supply of land is fixed 40 Spatial rent is still the primary emphasis of Georgists because of its large value and the known dis economies of misused land However there are other sources of rent that are theoretically analogous to ground rent and are debated topics of Georgists The following are some sources of economic rent 41 42 43 Extractable resources minerals and hydrocarbons 44 45 Severables forests and stocks of fish 37 46 47 Extraterrestrial domains geosynchronous orbits and airway corridor use 42 43 Legal privileges that apply to specific location taxi medallions billboard and development permits or the monopoly of electromagnetic frequencies 42 43 Restrictions taxes of pollution or severance tradable emission permits and fishing quotas 36 42 43 Right of way transportation used by railroads utilities and internet service providers 48 49 50 Issuance of legal tender see seigniorage 36 51 Privileges that are less location dependent but that still exclude others from natural opportunities patents 52 53 Where free competition is impossible such as telegraphs water gas and transportation George wrote S uch business becomes a proper social function which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned Georgists were divided by this question of natural monopolies and often favored public ownership only of the rents from common rights of way rather than public ownership of utility companies themselves 33 Georgism and environmental economics edit The early conservationism of the Progressive Era was inspired partly by Henry George and his influence extended for decades afterward 54 Some ecological economists still support the Georgist policy of land value tax as a means of freeing or rewilding unused land and conserving nature by reducing urban sprawl 55 56 57 Pollution degrades the value of what Georgists consider to be commons Because pollution is a negative contribution a taking from the commons or a cost imposed on others its value is economic rent even when the polluter is not receiving an explicit income Therefore to the extent that society determines pollution to be harmful most Georgists propose to limit pollution with taxation or quotas that capture the resulting rents for public use restoration or a citizen s dividend 36 58 59 Georgism is related to the school of ecological economics since both propose market based restrictions for pollution 55 60 The schools are compatible in that they advocate using similar tools as part of a conservation strategy but they emphasize different aspects Conservation is the central issue of ecology whereas economic rent is the central issue of geoism Ecological economists might price pollution fines more conservatively to prevent inherently unquantifiable damage to the environment whereas Georgists might emphasize mediation between conflicting interests and human rights 37 61 Geolibertarianism a market oriented branch of Geoism tends to take a direct stance against what it perceives as burdensome regulation and would like to see auctioned pollution quotas or taxes replace most command and control regulation 62 Since ecologists are primarily concerned with conservation they tend to emphasize less the issue of equitably distributing scarcity pollution rents whereas Georgists insist that unearned income not accrue to those who hold title to natural assets and pollution privilege To the extent that geoists recognize the effect of pollution or share conservationist values they will agree with ecological economists about the need to limit pollution but geoists will also insist that pollution rents generated from those conservation efforts do not accrue to polluters and are instead used for public purposes or to compensate those who suffer the negative effects of pollution Ecological economists advocate similar pollution restrictions but emphasizing conservation first might be willing to grant private polluters the privilege to capture pollution rents To the extent that ecological economists share the geoist view of social justice they would advocate auctioning pollution quotas instead of giving them away for free 55 This distinction can be seen in the difference between basic cap and trade and the geoist variation cap and share a proposal to auction temporary pollution permits with rents going to the public instead of giving pollution privilege away for free to existing polluters or selling perpetual permits 63 64 Revenue uses edit The revenue can allow the reduction or elimination of taxes greater public investment spending or the direct distribution of funds to citizens as a pension or basic income citizen s dividend 37 65 66 In practice the elimination of all other taxes implies a high land value tax greater than any currently existing land tax Introducing or increasing a land value tax would cause the purchase price of land to decrease George did not believe landowners should be compensated and described the issue as being analogous to compensation for former slave owners Other geoists disagree on the question of compensation some advocate complete compensation while others endorse only enough compensation required to achieve Georgist reforms Some geoists advocate compensation only for a net loss due to a shift of taxation to land value most taxpayers would gain from the replacement of other taxes with a tax on land value Historically those who advocated for taxes on rent tax only great enough to replace other taxes were known as endorsers of single tax limited Synonyms and variants edit nbsp Georgist single tax poster published in The Public a Chicago newspaper c 1910 1914 Most early advocacy groups described themselves as single taxers and George reluctantly accepted the single tax as an accurate name for his main political goal the repeal of all unjust or inefficient taxes to be replaced with a land value tax LVT Some modern proponents are dissatisfied with the name Georgist While Henry George was well known throughout his life he has been largely forgotten by the public and the idea of a single tax of land predates him Some now prefer the term geoism 21 67 with geo from Greek gῆ ge earth land being the first compound of the name George lt Gr Geōrgios lt geōrgos farmer or geōrgia agriculture farming lt ge ergon work 68 69 deliberately ambiguous The terms Earth Sharing 70 geonomics 71 and geolibertarianism 72 are also used by some Georgists These terms represent a difference of emphasis and sometimes real differences about how land rent should be spent citizen s dividend or just replacing other taxes but they all agree that land rent should be recovered from its private recipients Compulsory fines and fees related to land rents are the most common Georgist policies but some geoists prefer voluntary value capture systems that rely on methods such as non compulsory or self assessed location value fees community land trusts 73 and purchasing land value covenants 74 75 76 77 78 Some geoists believe that partially compensating landowners is a politically expedient compromise necessary for achieving reform 79 80 For similar reasons others propose capturing only future land value increases instead of all land rent 81 Some libertarians and minarchists take the position that limited social spending should be financed using Georgist concepts of rent value capture but that not all land rent should be captured Today this relatively conservative adaptation is usually considered incompatible with true geolibertarianism which requires that excess rents be gathered and then distributed back to residents During Henry George s time this restrained Georgist philosophy was known as single tax limited as opposed to single tax unlimited George disagreed with the limited interpretation but he accepted its adherents e g Thomas Shearman as legitimate single taxers 82 Influence edit nbsp Henry George whose writings and advocacy form the basis for Georgism Georgist ideas heavily influenced the politics of the early 20th century Political parties that were formed based on Georgist ideas include the Commonwealth Land Party in the United States the Henry George Justice Party in Victoria the Single Tax League in South Australia and the Justice Party in Denmark In the United Kingdom George s writings were praised by emerging socialist groups in 1890s such as the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society which would each go on to help form the modern day Labour Party 83 The Liberal government included a land tax as part of several taxes in the 1909 People s Budget intended to redistribute wealth including a progressively graded income tax and an increase of inheritance tax This caused a political crisis that resulted indirectly in reform of the House of Lords The budget was passed eventually but without the land tax In 1931 the minority Labour government passed a land value tax as part III of the 1931 Finance act However this was repealed in 1934 by the National Government before it could be implemented In Denmark the Georgist Justice Party has previously been represented in Folketinget It formed part of a centre left government 1957 60 and was also represented in the European Parliament 1978 1979 The influence of Henry George has waned over time but Georgist ideas still occasionally emerge in politics For the United States 2004 presidential election third party presidential candidate Ralph Nader mentioned George in his policy statements 84 Economists still generally favor a land value tax 85 Monetarist economist Milton Friedman publicly endorsed the Georgist land value tax as the least bad tax 14 Economist Joseph Stiglitz stated that Not only was Henry George correct that a tax on land is non distortionary but in an equilibrium society tax on land raises just enough revenue to finance the optimally chosen level of government expenditure 86 He dubbed this proposition the Henry George theorem 87 Communities edit nbsp 1914 billboard citing Henry George in Rockford Illinois Several communities were initiated with Georgist principles during the height of the philosophy s popularity Two such communities that still exist are Arden Delaware which was founded in 1900 by Frank Stephens and William Lightfoot Price and Fairhope Alabama which was founded in 1894 under the auspices of the Fairhope Single Tax Corporation 88 Some established communities in the United States also adopted Georgist tax policies A Georgist in Houston Texas Joseph Jay J J Pastoriza promoted a Georgist club in that city established in 1890 Years later in his capacity as a city alderman he was selected to serve as Houston Tax Commissioner and promulgated a Houston Plan of Taxation in 1912 Improvements to land and merchants inventories were taxed at 25 percent of the appraised value unimproved land was taxed at 70 percent of appraisal and personal property was exempt This was calculated using the Somers System 89 This Georgist tax continued until 1915 when two courts struck it down as violating the Texas Constitution in 1915 90 This quashed efforts in several other Texas cities towards implementing the Houston Plan Beaumont Corpus Christi Galveston San Antonio and Waco 91 The German protectorate of the Kiautschou Bay concession in Jiaozhou Bay China fully implemented Georgist policy Its sole source of government revenue was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory The German colonial empire had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by land speculation One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation which the policy achieved 92 The colony existed as a German protectorate from 1898 until 1914 when seized by Japanese and British troops in World War I In 1922 the territory was returned to the Republic of China nbsp Henry George School of Social Science in New York City Georgist ideas were also adopted to some degree in Australia Hong Kong Singapore South Africa South Korea and Taiwan In these countries governments still levy some type of land value tax albeit with exemptions 93 Many municipal governments of the United States depend on real property tax as their main source of revenue although such taxes are not Georgist as they generally include the value of buildings and other improvements One exception is the town of Altoona Pennsylvania which for a time in the 21st century only taxed land value phasing in the tax in 2002 relying on it entirely for tax revenue from 2011 and ending it 2017 the Financial Times noted that Altoona is using LVT in a city where neither land nor buildings have much value 94 95 In 2023 Detroit mayor Mike Duggan and Michigan State Representative Stephanie Young proposed replacing existing property taxes with a land value tax 96 Following the 2008 Recession and city s 2013 bankruptcy speculators bought cheap property expecting to profit from the city s recovery This plan to shift the cost of municipal services to owners of empty land while exempting community gardens and parks will require approval from the Michigan Legislature and Detroit City Council before being added as a ballot measure for Detroit residents 2 97 Institutes and organizations edit Various organizations still exist that continue to promote the ideas of Henry George According to The American Journal of Economics and Sociology the periodical Land amp Liberty established in 1894 is the longest lived Georgist project in history 98 Founded during the Great Depression in 1932 the Henry George School of Social Science in New York offers courses sponsors seminars and publishes research in the Georgist paradigm 99 Also in the US the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy was established in 1974 based on the writings of Henry George It seeks to improve the dialogue about urban development the built environment and tax policy in the United States and abroad 100 The Henry George Foundation continues to promote the ideas of Henry George in the United Kingdom 101 The IU is an international umbrella organisation that brings together organizations worldwide that seek land value tax reform 102 Reception editThe economist Alfred Marshall believed that George s views in Progress and Poverty were dangerous even predicting wars terror and economic destruction from the immediate implementation of its recommendations Specifically Marshall was upset about the idea of rapid change and the unfairness of not compensating existing landowners In his lectures on Progress and Poverty Marshall opposed George s position on compensation while fully endorsing his ultimate remedy So far as land value tax moderately replaced other taxes and did not cause the price of land to fall Marshall supported land value taxation on economic and moral grounds suggesting that a three or four percent tax on land values would fit this condition After implementing land taxes governments would purchase future land values at discounted prices and take ownership after 100 years Marshall asserted that this plan which he strongly supported would end the need for a tax collection department of government For newly formed countries where land was not already private Marshall advocated implementing George s economic proposal immediately 103 104 Karl Marx considered the single tax platform as a regression from the transition to communism and referred to Georgism as capitalism s last ditch 105 Marx argued that The whole thing is simply an attempt decked out with socialism to save capitalist domination and indeed to establish it afresh on an even wider basis than its present one 106 Marx also criticized the way land value tax theory emphasizes the value of land arguing that George s fundamental dogma is that everything would be all right if ground rent were paid to the state 106 Richard T Ely agreed with the economic arguments for Georgism but believed that correcting the problem the way Henry George wanted without compensation was unjust to existing landowners In explaining his position Ely wrote If we have all made a mistake should one party to the transaction alone bear the cost of the common blunder 107 John R Commons supported Georgist economics but opposed what he perceived as an environmentally and politically reckless tendency for advocates to rely on a one size fits all approach to tax reform specifically the single tax framing Commons concluded The Distribution of Wealth with an estimate that perhaps 95 of the total values represented by these millionaire sic fortunes is due to those investments classed as land values and natural monopolies and to competitive industries aided by such monopolies and that tax reform should seek to remove all burdens from capital and labour and impose them on monopolies However he criticized Georgists for failing to see that Henry George s anti monopoly ideas must be implemented with a variety of policy tools Commons wrote Trees do not grow into the sky they would perish in a high wind and a single truth like a single tax ends in its own destruction Commons uses the natural soil fertility and value of forests as an example of this destruction arguing that a tax on the in situ value of those depletable natural resources can result in overuse or over extraction Instead Commons recommends an income tax based approach to forests similar to a modern Georgist severance tax 108 109 Other contemporaries such as Austrian economist Frank Fetter and neoclassical economist John Bates Clark argued that it was impractical to maintain the traditional distinction between land and capital and used this as a basis to attack Georgism Mark Blaug a specialist in the history of economic thought credits Fetter and Clark with influencing mainstream economists to abandon the idea that land is a unique factor of production and hence that there is any special need for a special theory of ground rent claiming that this is in fact the basis of all the attacks on Henry George by contemporary economists and certainly the fundamental reason why professional economists increasingly ignored him 110 Robert Solow endorsed the theory of Georgism while being wary of the perceived injustice of expropriation Solow stated that taxing away expected land rents would have no semblance of fairness however Georgism would be good to introduce where location values were not already privatized or if the transition could be phased in slowly 111 George has also been accused of exaggerating the importance of his all devouring rent thesis in claiming that it is the primary cause of poverty and injustice in society 112 George argued that the rent of land increased faster than wages for labor because the supply of land is fixed Modern economists including Ottmar Edenhofer have demonstrated that George s assertion is plausible but was more likely to be true during George s time than now 40 An early criticism of Georgism was that it would generate too much public revenue and result in unwanted growth of government but later critics argued that it would not generate enough income to cover government spending Joseph Schumpeter concluded his analysis of Georgism by stating that It is not economically unsound except that it involves an unwarranted optimism concerning the yield of such a tax Economists who study land conclude that Schumpeter s criticism is unwarranted because the rental yield from land is likely much greater than what modern critics such as Paul Krugman suppose 113 Krugman agrees that land value taxation is the best means of raising public revenue but asserts that increased spending has rendered land rent insufficient to fully fund government 114 Georgists have responded by citing studies and analyses implying that land values of nations like the United States the United Kingdom and Australia are more than sufficient to fund all levels of government 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 Anarcho capitalist political philosopher and economist Murray Rothbard criticized Georgism in Man Economy and State as being philosophically incongruent with subjective value theory and further stating that land is irrelevant in the factors of production trade and price systems 122 but this critique is seen by some including other opponents of Georgism as relying on false assumptions and flawed reasoning 123 Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek credited early enthusiasm for Henry George with developing his interest in economics Later Hayek said that the theory of Georgism would be very strong if assessment challenges did not result in unfair outcomes but he believed that they would 124 Lists of Georgists editEconomists edit Harry Gunnison Brown 125 John R Commons 126 127 128 Raymond Crotty 129 130 Herman Daly 131 Paul Douglas 132 133 Ottmar Edenhofer 134 135 136 Fred Foldvary 137 Milton Friedman 138 Mason Gaffney 139 140 Max Hirsch 141 Harold Hotelling 142 143 144 145 Wolf Ladejinsky 146 Donald Shoup 147 148 149 Herbert A Simon 150 Robert Solow 111 Joseph Stiglitz 151 Nicolaus Tideman 152 William Vickrey 153 154 155 Leon Walras 156 Philip Wicksteed 157 Michael Hudson 158 159 Heads of government edit John Ballance 160 161 Winston Churchill 162 163 164 165 Alfred Deakin 166 Andrew Fisher 167 George Grey 168 Rutherford B Hayes 169 William Morris Hughes 170 Robert Stout 171 Sun Yat sen 172 173 174 Other political figures edit John Peter Altgeld 175 176 Newton D Baker 177 178 Willie Brown 179 Clyde Cameron 180 George F Cotterill 181 182 183 William Jay Gaynor 184 Frederic C Howe 185 Blas Infante 186 Tom L Johnson 187 Samuel M Jones 188 Frank de Jong 189 Franklin Knight Lane 177 Hazen S Pingree 190 191 192 Philip Snowden 193 194 Josiah C Wedgwood William Bauchop Wilson 177 Jackson Stitt Wilson 195 196 Andrew MacLaren MP 197 Joshua Nkomo 198 Baldomero Argente 199 Activists edit Jane Addams 200 201 Peter Barnes 202 Sara Bard Field 203 Michael Davitt 204 Samuel Gompers 205 206 Bolton Hall 207 Hubert Harrison 208 209 John Haynes Holmes 210 211 Stewart Headlam 212 213 Mary Elizabeth Lease 214 Benjamin C Marsh 215 216 James Ferdinand Morton 217 218 Thomas Mott Osborne 219 220 221 Amos Pinchot 222 223 Terence V Powderly 224 Samuel Seabury 225 Catherine Helen Spence 226 Helen Taylor 227 William Simon U Ren 228 Ida B Wells 229 Frances Willard 230 Authors edit Ernest Howard Crosby 201 Charles Eisenstein 231 Hamlin Garland 232 233 Fred Harrison 234 James A Herne 235 Ebenezer Howard 236 237 238 Elbert Hubbard 239 Aldous Huxley 240 Monteiro Lobato 241 James Howard Kunstler 242 Jose Marti 243 244 William D McCrackan 232 Albert Jay Nock 245 Kathleen Norris 246 Upton Sinclair 247 248 George Bernard Shaw 249 Leo Tolstoy 250 251 Charles Erskine Scott Wood 252 253 Frank McEachran 254 255 Arthur Desmond 256 257 Journalists edit William F Buckley Jr 258 Timothy Thomas Fortune 259 Theodor Herzl 260 Michael Kinsley 261 262 263 Suzanne La Follette 264 265 Dylan Matthews 266 267 Raymond Moley 268 Charles Edward Russell 269 Jacob Riis 270 271 Reihan Salam 272 Horace Traubel 273 Martin Wolf 274 Merryn Somerset Webb 275 276 Brand Whitlock 277 278 279 Tim Worstall 280 Matthew Yglesias 281 282 Artists edit David Bachrach 283 John Wilson Bengough 284 Daniel Carter Beard 285 286 287 Matthew Bellamy 288 George de Forest Brush 289 Walter Burley Griffin 290 291 John Hutchinson 232 292 George Inness 293 Emma Lazarus 294 295 Agnes de Mille 296 Henry Churchill de Mille 297 298 William C deMille 299 300 Francis Neilson 301 302 Eddie Palmieri 303 Banjo Paterson 304 Louis Prang 305 William Lightfoot Price 306 Frank Stephens 307 Frank Lloyd Wright 308 Philosophers edit Ralph Borsodi 309 Ludwig Buchner 310 Nicholas Murray Butler 311 312 Frank Chodorov 313 314 John B Cobb 315 John Dewey 316 Silvio Gesell 317 Leon MacLaren 318 319 197 Franz Oppenheimer 260 Philippe Van Parijs 320 321 Bertrand Russell 322 323 324 Hillel Steiner 325 Curtis Yarvin 326 327 Others edit Martin Luther King Jr 328 Roger Babson 329 Louis Brandeis 330 331 Clarence Darrow 332 333 334 Albert Einstein 335 336 Henry Ford 337 Spencer Heath 338 339 Mumia Abu Jamal 340 Margrit Kennedy 341 John C Lincoln 342 Elizabeth Magie 343 344 Edward McGlynn 345 Buckey O Neill 346 George Foster Peabody 220 221 Louis Freeland Post 347 Walter Rauschenbusch Raymond A Spruance 348 Silvanus P Thompson 284 Fiske Warren 349 350 Alfred Russel Wallace 351 Joseph Fels 352 Sam Altman 353 See also editAgrarian Justice Arden Delaware Basic income Cap and Share Causes of poverty Citizen s dividend Classical economics Classical liberalism Community land trust Communism Deadweight loss Diggers Economic rent Enclosure Excess burden of taxation Externality Feudalism Free market environmentalism Freiwirtschaft Geolibertarianism Green economy Labor economics Laissez faire Land economics Landed property Land law Land monopoly Land registration Land tenure Land value tax Law of rent Lockean proviso Manorialism Natural and legal rights Neoclassical liberalism Optimal tax Physiocracy Pigovian tax Poverty reduction Progress and Poverty Progressive Era Prosper Australia Radical centrism Rent seeking Tax reform Tax shift Three Principles of the People Tragedy of the anticommons Value capture Wealth concentration YIMBYReferences edit Seeing the Cat Henry George Institute Retrieved 19 August 2018 a b Dougherty Conor November 12 2023 The Georgists Are Out There and They Want to Tax Your Land The New York Times Foldvary Fred Geoism Explained The Progress Report Archived from the original on March 17 2015 Retrieved 12 January 2014 Geoism Explained on Public Access TV by Me VIDEO HuffPost 14 June 2012 Retrieved 15 May 2023 We talked about Geoism Georgism An Introduction to Georgist Philosophy amp Activity Council of Georgist Organizations Archived from the original on 29 April 2019 Retrieved 28 June 2014 a b Heavey Jerome F July 2003 Comments on Warren Samuels Why the Georgist movement has not succeeded American Journal of Economics and Sociology 62 3 593 599 doi 10 1111 1536 7150 00230 JSTOR 3487813 human beings have an inalienable right to the product of their own labor McNab Jane How the reputation of Georgists turned minds against the idea of a land rent tax PDF Business School The University of Western Australia Archived from the original PDF on 12 August 2014 Retrieved 18 June 2014 Gaffney Mason Harrison Fred 1994 The Corruption of Economics London Shepheard Walwyn ISBN 978 0 85683 244 4 Hudson Michael Feder Kris and Miller George James 1994 A Philosophy for a Fair Society Archived 2018 11 05 at the Wayback Machine Shepheard Walwyn London ISBN 978 0 85683 159 1 Locke John 1691 Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising the Value of Money Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 Gaffney Mason Logos Abused The Decadence and Tyranny of Abstract Reasoning in Economics PDF Retrieved 22 December 2013 Agrarian Justice Wikisource edition paragraph 12 a b Smith Adam 1776 Chapter 2 Article 1 Taxes upon the Rent of Houses The Wealth of Nations Book V a b Tideman Nicolaus Gaffney Mason 1994 Land and Taxation Shepheard Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation ISBN 978 0 85683 162 1 a b Binswanger Mkhize Hans P Bourguignon Camille Brink Rogier van den 2009 Binswanger Mkhize Hans P Bourguignon Camille Van Den Brink Rogier eds Agricultural Land Redistribution Toward Greater Consensus World Bank doi 10 1596 978 0 8213 7627 0 ISBN 978 0 8213 7627 0 A land tax is considered a progressive tax in that wealthy landowners normally should be paying relatively more than poorer landowners and tenants Conversely a tax on buildings can be said to be regressive falling heavily on tenants who generally are poorer than the landlords a b Plummer Elizabeth March 2010 Evidence on the Distributional Effects of a Land Value Tax on Residential Households PDF National Tax Journal 63 63 92 doi 10 17310 ntj 2010 1 03 S2CID 53585974 Archived from the original PDF on 10 January 2015 Retrieved 7 January 2015 a b c McCluskey William J Franzsen Riel C D 2017 Land Value Taxation An Applied Analysis Ashgate Publishing ISBN 9780754614906 Retrieved 9 October 2017 via Google Books The Forgotten Idea That Shaped Great U S Cities by Mason Gaffney amp Rich Nymoen Commons magazine October 17 2013 Economics and Political Economy Understanding Economics Retrieved 27 March 2015 Tideman Nic Basic Principles of Geonomics Retrieved 15 January 2015 a b Casal Paula 2011 Global Taxes on Natural 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to open debate with the single tax unlimited the real issue was no less than whether or not Progress and Poverty s central proposition that the land belongs to all the people and that economic rent should return to the community the book s whole claim in the name of justice would stand or fall Thorpe Andrew 1997 Creation and Early Years 1900 14 A History of the British Labour Party London Macmillan Education UK pp 5 31 doi 10 1007 978 1 349 25305 0 2 ISBN 978 1 349 25305 0 LCCN 96031879 OCLC 1285556329 retrieved 20 June 2022 Fair Tax Where the Wealthiest and Corporations Pay their Share Tax Wealth More than Work Tax Activities We Dislike More than Necessities votenader org 28 August 2004 Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 26 July 2012 Why Henry George had a point The Economist 1 April 2015 Retrieved 29 June 2017 Stiglitz Joseph 1977 The theory of local public goods In Feldstein Martin Inman Robert eds The Economics of Public Services London Macmillan Publishers 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American Academy of Political and Social Science 183 1 63 69 doi 10 1177 000271623618300109 S2CID 144711642 The truth is that I recognize the fundamental justice and common sense of the single tax idea But that any other tax than a tax on land values is always and everywhere wrong regardless of public needs or the nature of this other tax I do not maintain Harter Lafayette G Commons John R 1962 His Assault on Laissez faire Corvallis Oregon State University Press pp 21 32 36 38 Lindholm Richard Lynn Jr Arthur eds 1982 Two Centuries of Economic Thought on Taxation of Land Rents Land Value Taxation in Thought and Practice Madison University of Wisconsin Press pp 151 196 Brue Stanley Randy Grant 2012 The Evolution of Economic Thought Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1 285 40175 1 After reading Henry George s Progress and Poverty Commons became a single taxer Supplemental Biography of John Rogers Commons Chapter 19 of the online edition Crotty Raymond D 1988 A Radical s Response Poolbeg ISBN 9780905169989 Retrieved 29 August 2014 Sheppard Barry 24 August 2014 Progress and Poverty Henry George and Land Reform in modern Ireland The Irish Story Retrieved 29 August 2014 Daly Herman Smart Talk Herman Daly on what s beyond GNP Growth Henry George School of Social Science Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 Retrieved 24 October 2015 I am really sort of a Georgist Gaffney Mason Stimulus The False and the True Mason Gaffney Retrieved 13 August 2015 Douglas Paul 1972 In the fullness of time the memoirs of Paul H Douglas New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ISBN 978 0151443765 Edenhofer Ottmar 2013 Hypergeorgism When is Rent Taxation as a Remedy for Insufficient Capital Accumulation Socially Optimal Report SSRN 2232659 Extending and modifying the tenet of georgism we propose that this insight be called hypergeorgism From a historical perspective our result may be closer to Henry George s original thinking than georgism or the neoclassical Henry George Theorems Edenhofer Ottmar 25 June 2013 Financing Public Capital Through Land Rent Taxation A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem CESifo Working Paper Series SSRN 2284745 Edenhofer Ottmar The Triple Dividend Climate Change Mitigation Justice and Investing in Capabilities PDF Retrieved 11 November 2013 Foldvary policy reforms www foldvary net Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 Retrieved 9 October 2017 Collected Works of Milton Friedman Hoover Institution Is Tax Reform Possible February 06 1978 Hoover Institution Retrieved 30 November 2019 Excerpt Prof Friedman In my opinion and this may come as a shock to some of you the least bad tax is the property tax on the unimproved value of land the Henry George argument of many many years ago Mason Gaffney s Website masongaffney org Retrieved 9 October 2017 Gaffney Mason Henry George 100 Years Later The Great Reconciler PDF Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2012 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Airlie Worrall The New Crusade the Origins Activities and 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Reduction PDF Next New Deal The Blog of the Roosevelt Institute The Roosevelt Institute p 5 Archived from the original PDF on 6 December 2010 Retrieved 22 February 2017 One of the general principles of taxation is that one should tax factors that are inelastic in supply since there are no adverse supply side effects Land does not disappear when it is taxed Henry George a great progressive of the late nineteenth century argued partly on this basis for a land tax Tideman Nicolaus Global Economic Justice Schalkenbach Foundation Archived from the original on June 29 2013 Retrieved 8 October 2013 Bill Vickrey This paper would benefit from an application of Henry George s idea of taxing land values www wealthandwant com Retrieved 9 October 2017 Netzer Dick November 1996 Remembering William Vickrey Land Lines 8 6 Retrieved 2 September 2016 Vickrey William The Corporate Income Tax in the U S Tax System 73 TAX NOTES 597 603 1996 Quote Removing almost all business taxes including property taxes on improvements excepting only taxes reflecting the marginal social cost of public services rendered to specific activities and replacing them with taxes on site values would substantially improve the economic efficiency of the jurisdiction Cirillo Renato Jan 1984 Leon Walras and Social Justice The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 43 1 53 60 doi 10 1111 j 1536 7150 1984 tb02222 x JSTOR 3486394 Barker Charles A 1955 Henry George New York Oxford University Press Hudson Michael 1994 A philosophy for a fair society Georgist Paradigm Series paperback ed Shepheard Walwyn Has Georgism been hijacked by special interests PDF Boast Richard 2008 Buying the land selling the land governments and Maori land in the North Island 1865 1921 Wellington N Z Victoria University Press Victoria University of Wellington ISBN 9780864735614 Daunton M J State and market in Victorian Britain war welfare and capitalism Woodbridge UK Rochester NY Boydell Press 2008 Quote In the election of 1890 he campaigned for radical land reform arguing for a tax on the unearned increment and advocated the programme of Henry George as a means of bursting up the great estates Winston S Churchill The Mother of all Monopolies 1909 MacLaren Andrew Autumn 2001 The People s Rights Opportunity Lost Finest Hour 112 Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 Retrieved 15 August 2015 Dugan Ianthe Jeanne March 17 2013 It s a Lonely Quest for Land Tax Fans But by George They Press On Wall Street Journal Retrieved 25 August 2014 Stevens Elizabeth Lesly A Tax Policy With San Francisco Roots July 30 2011 https www nytimes com 2011 07 31 us 31bcstevens html Quote But Mr Brown was certainly in good company as a Georgist Devotees over the years have included Leo Tolstoy Winston Churchill Sun Yat Sen and the inventor of the board game that would become Monopoly Murdoch Walter Alfred Deakin a sketch Melbourne Vic Bookman 1999 1923 Bastian Peter 2009 Andrew Fisher An Underestimated Man Sydney N S W UNSW Press 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Henry George will be the basis of our program of reform Post Louis Freeland April 12 1912 Sun Yat Sen s Economic Program for China The Public 15 349 Retrieved 8 November 2016 land tax as the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just reasonable and equitably distributed tax and on it we will found our new system Altgeld John 1899 Live Questions PDF Geo S Bowen amp Son pp 776 781 Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2014 Chicago Single Tax Club collection Special Collections and University Archives University of Illinois at Chicago http findingaids library uic edu ead rjd1 ChiSingleTaxf html a b c Gaffney Mason Henry George 100 Years Later The Great Reconciler Robert Schalkenbach Foundation Retrieved 3 September 2014 Finegold Kenneth 1995 Experts and politicians reform challenges to machine politics in New York Cleveland and Chicago Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691037349 Stevens Elizabeth Lesly July August 2012 The Power Broker 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economy and the Labour Party The economics of democratic socialism 1884 2005 Routlegde Ed 2006 pp 54 55 Haggard Robert 2001 The persistence of Victorian liberalism the politics of social reform in Britain 1870 1900 Westport Conn Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0313313059 Orr B S 2006 2007 Mary Elizabeth Lease Gendered discourse and Populist Party politics in Gilded Age America Kansas History A Journal of the Central Plains 29 246 265 Caves Roger W Encyclopedia of the City Abingdon Oxon OX Routledge 2005 Marsh Benjamin Clarke Lobbyist for the People a Record of Fifty Years Washington Public Affairs 1953 Single Taxers again laud Henry George PDF Daily Standard Union Brooklyn NY Sep 8 1912 p 12 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 British MP guest at George dinner PDF Daily Standard Union Brooklyn NY Sep 6 1912 p 9 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Community Club PDF Silver Creek News Silver Creek NY Jan 4 1916 p 1 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 James F Morton at Eagle Temple PDF Jamestown Evening Journal Jamestown NY Jan 23 1917 p 10 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Meetings this evening Labor Forum PDF Jamestown Evening Journal Jamestown NY Mar 30 1918 p 12 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 F P Morgan sic gives instructive talk on the single tax PDF The Saratogian Saratoga Springs NY Apr 10 1929 p 9 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Morton James F Jr July August 1918 Report of James F Morton Jr s Lecture Work The Single Tax Review 18 4 116 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Single taxer to speak PDF Buffalo Courier Buffalo NY Apr 7 1916 p 9 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Plans single tax talk PDF Buffalo Courier Buffalo NY Apr 14 1916 p 10 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Single tax advocate lectures in church PDF Buffalo Courier Buffalo NY Apr 17 1916 p 6 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Meetings this evening Meeting of the Men s club PDF Jamestown Evening Journal Jamestown NY Apr 25 1916 p 14 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Philosophy of the Single Tax PDF Jamestown Evening Journal Jamestown NY Apr 26 1916 p 7 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Season s close at Chautauqua The Single Tax PDF Jamestown Evening Journal Jamestown NY Aug 28 1916 p 9 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Exclusive tax on land values PDF Jamestown Evening Journal Jamestown NY Jan 15 1917 p 3 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Saturday Night Club PDF Jamestown Evening Journal Jamestown NY Jan 12 1917 p 9 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Lewiston PDF Buffalo Evening News Buffalo NY Apr 30 1917 p 10 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Greenfield Center PDF The Saratogian Saratoga Springs NY Nov 13 1917 p 7 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Church Services Tomorrow First Congregational Church PDF Daily Argus Mount Vernon NY Dec 3 1917 p 12 Retrieved Nov 7 2014 Jorgensen Emil Oliver The next Step toward Real Democracy One Hundred Reasons Why America Should Abolish as Speedily as Possible All Taxation upon the Fruits of Industry and Raise the Public Revenue by a Single Tax on Land Values Only Chicago IL Chicago Singletax Club 1920 a b Gorgas William Crawford and Lewis Jerome Johnson Two Papers on Public Sanitation and the Single Tax New York Single Tax Information Bureau 1914 https books google com books id v3NHAAAAYAAJ a b Ware Louise George Foster Peabody Banker Philanthropist Publicist Athens U of Georgia 1951 http dlg galileo usg edu ugapressbks pdfs ugp9780820334561 pdf Young Arthur Nichols 1916 Single tax Movement in the United States S l Hardpress Ltd Thompson John 1987 Reformers and war American progressive publicists and the First World War Cambridge New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521252898 Powderly Terence Vincent 1889 Thirty Years of Labor 1859 1889 Excelsior publishing house Retrieved 8 December 2014 It would be far easier to levy a single tax basing it upon land values It is because a single land tax would prove to be the very essence of equity that l advocate it Mitgang Herbert 1996 The Man Who Rode the Tiger The Life and Times of Judge Samuel Seabury Fordham University Press ISBN 9780823217229 Magarey Susan 1985 Unbridling the tongues of women a biography of Catherine Helen Spence Sydney NSW Hale amp Iremonger ISBN 978 0868061498 Wenzer Kenneth 1997 An Anthology of Henry George s Thought Volume 1 University Rochester Press pp 87 243 ISBN 9781878822819 via Google Books Oregon Biographies William S U Ren Oregon History Project Portland Oregon Oregon Historical Society 2002 Archived from the original on 10 November 2006 Retrieved 29 December 2006 Candeloro Dominic April 1979 The Single Tax Movement and Progressivism 1880 1920 American Journal of Economics and Sociology 38 2 113 127 doi 10 1111 j 1536 7150 1979 tb02869 x Archived from the original on 17 July 2015 Retrieved 16 July 2015 The Inquisitive Voter The Great Adventure 4 35 September 11 1920 The proposition of Henry George will do more to lift humanity from the slough of poverty crime and misery than all else Eisenstein Charles Post Capitalism Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 5 October 2014 a b c The Funeral Procession PDF New York Times November 1 1897 Retrieved 17 November 2013 Newlin Keith 2008 Hamlin Garland a life Lincoln University of Nebraska Press pp 102 27 ISBN 978 0803233478 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Fred Harrison speaks at ALTER Spring Conference 2014 YouTube Aller Pat The Georgist Philosophy in Culture and History Retrieved 2 October 2014 Steuer Max June 2000 Review Article A hundred years of town planning and the influence of Ebenezer Howard The British Journal of Sociology 51 2 377 386 doi 10 1111 j 1468 4446 2000 00377 x PMID 10905006 Meacham Standish 1999 Regaining Paradise Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement Yale University Press pp 50 53 ISBN 978 0300075724 Retrieved 5 August 2014 Purdom Charles Benjamin 1963 The Letchworth Achievement p 1 Retrieved 5 August 2014 Hubbard Elbert 1907 Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Reformers East Aurora New York The Roycrofters Retrieved 6 July 2016 via Google Books Harrison F May June 1989 Aldous Huxley on the Land Question Archived 2014 12 13 at the Wayback Machine Land amp Liberty Huxley redeems himself when he concedes that if he were to rewrite the book he would offer a third option one which he characterised as the possibility of sanity In a few bold strokes he outlines the elements of this model In this community economics would be decentralist and Henry Georgian politics Kropotkinesque and co operative Lobato Monteiro 13 July 2012 O escandalo do petroleo e Georgismo e comunismo in Brazilian Portuguese Globo Livros ISBN 978 85 250 5007 6 Kunstler James Howard 1998 Chapter 7 Home from Nowhere Remaking Our Everyday World For the 21st Century Simon amp Schuster ISBN 9780684837376 Mace Elisabeth The economic thinking of Jose Marti Legacy foundation for the integration of America Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 Retrieved 5 August 2015 Hudson Michael 15 January 2000 Speech to the Communist Party of Cuba Retrieved 5 August 2015 Lora Ronald Longton William Henry eds 1999 The Conservative Press in Twentieth century America Greenwood Publishing Inc p 310 Thus the Freeman was to speak for the great tradition of classical liberalism which Albert Jay Nock and Francis Nielson were afraid was being lost and for the economics of Henry George which both men shared Norris Kathleen The Errors of Marxism Archived from the original on 13 December 2014 Retrieved 21 November 2013 Sinclair Upton The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms and Slums and Luxury in the Cities Retrieved 3 November 2014 Sinclair was an active georgist but eventually gave up on explicitly advocating the reform because Our opponents the great rich bankers and land speculators of California persuaded the poor man that we were going to put all taxes on this poor man s lot Gaffney Mason Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics Retrieved 3 November 2014 George Bernard Shaw his life and works Stewart amp Kidd Company 1911 via Google Books A Great Iniquity Leo Tolstoy once said of George People do not argue with the teaching of George they simply do not know it Lebrun Victor Leo Tolstoy and Henry George Archived from the original on 11 September 2014 Retrieved 9 September 2014 Starr Kevin 1997 The dream endures California enters the 1940s New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195157970 Wood had strong leanings toward the single tax theory of Henry George Barnes Tim C E S Wood 1852 1944 The Oregon Encyclipedia Retrieved 14 December 2014 McEachran Frank Henry George and Karl Marx PDF McEachran Frank The Impotence of Men PDF Cunneen Chris 1981 Arthur Desmond c 1859 1929 Australian Dictionary of Biography National Centre of Biography Australian National University Retrieved 29 February 2024 Desmond Arthur May 1890 Arthur Desmond on Huxley s Criticism of Henry George in the Nineteenth Century New Zealand Monthly Review II Retrieved 29 February 2024 Buckley William F Jr Firing Line Has New York Let Us Down PDF PBS Robert Schalkenbach Foundation Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 6 November 2014 Buckley says The location problem is of course easily solved by any Georgist and I am one Perry Jeffrey 2009 Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism 1883 1918 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0231139113 a b Sklar Dusty Henry George and Zionism Archived from the original on 28 October 2014 Retrieved 28 October 2014 Kinsley Michael Jun 13 2012 Inequality It s Even Worse Than We Thought Bloomberg BloombergView Retrieved 31 October 2014 Kinsley Michael The Capital Gains Tax A Tragedy in Two Acts No Dec 19 2012 Retrieved 31 October 2014 Kinsley reiterates that George is his favorite economist and that land taxes are the best source of revenue The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources Archived from the original on 1 November 2014 Retrieved 31 October 2014 In The New Republic February 12 1992 Kinsley advocates removing all taxes and collecting land rent instead Chamberlain John 1965 Farewell To Reform Quadrangle Books pp 47 48 Bernstein David May 2003 Lochner s Feminist Legacy Michigan Law Review 101 6 1960 1986 doi 10 2307 3595339 JSTOR 3595339 Matthews Dylan January 7 2014 Five conservative reforms millennials should be fighting for The Washington Post Wonkblog Retrieved 26 August 2014 Matthews Dylan dylanmatt December 20 2013 Bencjacobs mattyglesias I think we ve both been Georgists for a while now though AshokRao95 led me to revisit this stuff Tweet via Twitter Dylan Matthews s verified account states I think we ve both been Georgists for a while now Lawson R 2006 A commonwealth of hope the New Deal response to crisis Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0801884061 Mowry George 1958 The era of Theodore Roosevelt and the birth of modern America 1900 1912 New York Harper amp Row ISBN 978 0061330223 I conceded the voice of ultimate wisdom and saw in Henry George the apostle of a new gospel Riis Jacob A The Unemployed a Problem In Peters John P Labor and Capital a chapter on Socialism and the Single Tax pp 425 431 New York 1902 12 Questions of the day no 98 Burrows Edwin 1999 Gotham a history of New York City to 1898 New York Oxford University Press p 1183 ISBN 978 0195140491 Salam Reihan July 15 2010 On Property Taxes Retrieved 19 March 2015 Traubel Horace 1896 Progress and Poverty The Conservator 7 9 252 253 Retrieved 13 December 2015 Martin Wolf 8 July 2010 Why we must halt the land cycle The Financial Times Retrieved 2 October 2013 Merryn Somerset Webb 27 September 2013 How a levy based on location values could be the perfect tax The Financial Times Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 2 October 2013 c ommons ense iddqkfa May 19 2014 Closet georgist MerrynSW on an entertaining BBC program Simon Evans Goes to Market about investing in land LVT Tweet via Twitter Smith Charles Joseph January February 1941 Forty Years of the Struggle for Freedom Land and Freedom XLI 1 Retrieved 30 October 2014 Filler Louis 1993 The muckrakers Stanford Calif Stanford University Press Miller Joseph Dana ed 1917 Single Tax Year Book NY Single Tax Review Publishing Company Worstall Tim 22 December 2012 What Michael Kinsley Gets Wrong About Taxation Forbes Retrieved 23 August 2014 Matthew Yglesias 23 October 2013 My Five Point Plan for Fixing Everything Slate Retrieved 7 November 2013 Twitter Mattyglesias WSJ story on Georgism fails Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 Retrieved 23 August 2014 WSJ story on Georgism fails to note that it s clearly correct Wineapple Brenda Sister Brother Gertrude and Leo Stein Lincoln U of Nebraska 2008 a b Mills Allen Single Tax Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba The Political Ideas of F J Dixon and S J Farmer Labour Le Travail 5 1980 33 56 JSTOR Weborn 04 Dec 2014 lt https www jstor org stable 10 2307 25139947 ref no x route ace15c2e1d6b230b7bafc46e82f39f89 gt Smith Carl 2008 Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief The Great Chicago Fire the Haymarket Bomb and the Model Town of Pullman Second Edition University of Chicago Press p 359 ISBN 9780226764252 via Google Books Walthausen Abigail Moonblight and Six Feet of Romance Dan Carter Beard s Foray into Fiction The Public Domain Review J R LeMaster James Darrell Wilson C G H 1903 The Mark Twain Encyclopedia Muse return with new album The Resistance Sure he has already launched into a passionate soliloquy about Geoism the land tax movement inspired by the 19th century political economist Henry George Caldwell John 1994 American paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art New York The Museum in association with Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691037950 Co founder of the Henry George Club Australia Williams Karl Walter Burley Griffin Retrieved 1 October 2013 Henry George our hero in the battle for the right Songs of the Hutchinsons Retrieved 17 November 2013 George Inness 1825 1894 The Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved 27 August 2014 Schor Esther 2006 Emma Lazarus Random House ISBN 9780805242751 via Google Books Author of The New Colossus on the Statue of Liberty and the poem Progress and Poverty named after George s book of which she said The life and thought of no one capable of understanding it can be quite the same after reading it Peseroff Joyce March April 2007 Emma Lazarus Tikkun 22 2 Retrieved 20 December 2014 Lazarus supported Henry George s single tax Schwartzman Jack A Remembrance of Anna George de Mille and Agnes de Mille Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 Retrieved 17 November 2013 Eyman Scott 2010 Empire of Dreams The Epic Life of Cecil B DeMille Simon and Schuster pp 29 47 ISBN 9781439180419 via Google Books Easton Carol 1996 No Intermissions The Life of Agnes de Mille Da Capo Press Louvish Simon 2008 Cecil B DeMille A Life in Art Macmillan pp 40 249 ISBN 9780312377335 via Google Books Eyman Scott 2010 Empire of Dreams The Epic Life of Cecil B DeMille Simon and Schuster p 314 ISBN 9781439180419 via Google Books Henry George The Scholar Archived 2013 10 04 at the Wayback Machine A Commencement Address Delivered by Francis Neilson at the Henry George School of Social Science June 3 1940 Neilson Francis September 1939 Albert Jay Nock on Henry George Truth Sets Men Free The Freeman Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 Retrieved 1 October 2013 Happy Birthday Eddie Palmieri Alt Latino Helps El Maestro Blow Out 81 Candles WMOT Retrieved 12 January 2018 McQueen Humphrey A New Britannia St Lucia Qld U of Queensland 2004 Mills Benjamin Fay 1911 Louis Prang Popularizer of Art Vocations Vocational Guidance Hall amp Locke Company 10 254 Retrieved 13 December 2015 Taylor Mark 2010 Arden Arcadia Publishing p 8 ISBN 9780738585598 via Google Books Shields Jerry Forgotten Writings of Arden s Frank Stephens Collecting Delaware Books Frank Lloyd Wright on Henry George s Remedy Wealthandwant com Retrieved 5 June 2023 Carlson Allan 2004 The New Agrarian Mind The Movement Toward Decentralist Thought in Twentieth Century America Transaction Publishers p 51 Silagi M Faulkner S 1993 Henry George and Europe Early Efforts to Organize Germany s Land Reformers Failed but the Pioneers Won a National Demonstration The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 52 1 119 127 doi 10 1111 j 1536 7150 1993 tb02753 x JSTOR 3487644 The meeting was chaired by the materialist philosopher Ludwig Biichner He was an admirer of Henry George and had been won over to the land reform movement by Fliirscheim Buttenheim Harold S March 1934 The Relation of Housing to Taxation Law and Contemporary Problems 1 No 2 Low Cost Housing and Slum Clearance A Symposium 198 205 doi 10 2307 1189565 JSTOR 1189565 Butler Nicholas Progress and Poverty PDF Commencement Speech Columbia University 1931 Archived from the original PDF on 13 December 2014 Retrieved 23 October 2013 Frank Chodorov Retrieved 30 November 2013 Frank Chodorov Retrieved 30 November 2013 Daly Herman 1994 For the Common Good Redirecting the Economy Toward Community the Environment and a Sustainable Future Beacon Press pp 258 259 328 329 ISBN 9780807047057 via Google Books John Dewey An Appreciation of Henry George www wealthandwant com Retrieved 9 October 2017 Onken Werner The Political Economy of Silvio Gesell A Century of Activism American Journal of Economics and Sociology 59 4 2000 609 622 Weborn 16 Aug 2014 The Life of Leon MacLaren Archived from the original on 23 December 2013 Retrieved 25 January 2014 The School of Economic Science Archived from the original on 6 October 2010 Retrieved 25 January 2014 Van Parijs Philippe 1992 Introduction to Arguing for Basic Income PDF London Verso pp 3 43 Sterba James P 2013 From Rationality to Equality Oxford University Press p 193 ISBN 9780199580767 via Google Books Russel Bertrand 1992 The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell 1903 1959 Psychology Press p 492 ISBN 9780415083010 via Google Books Russel Bertrand 1962 Freedom versus Organization W W Norton amp Company from The Earl Russel O M F R S Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 Retrieved 19 April 2013 Letter addressed to a Mr Krumreig Vallentyne Peter Left libertarianism A Primer In Vallentyne Peter Steiner Hillel 2000 Left libertarianism and Its Critics The Contemporary Debate Houndmills Basingstoke Hampshire Palgrave Publishers Ltd Georgist libertarians such as eponymous George 1879 1892 Steiner 1977 1980 1981 1992 1994 and Tideman 1991 1997 1998 hold that agents may appropriate unappropriated natural resources as long as they pay for the competitive value of the rights they claim Yarvin Curtis Good government as good customer service Yarvin Curtis Against political freedom Martin Luther King Jr Where Do We Go From Here 1967 www wealthandwant com Retrieved 24 May 2023 Babson Roger 20 August 1943 Roger Babson Sees Many Changes To Come After the War Has Ended The Evening Independent Retrieved 22 August 2014 Brandeis Louis 1971 Letters of Louis D Brandeis Vol 1 State University of New York Press p 82 ISBN 9781438422565 via Google Books 101 Famous Thinkers on Owning Earth Archived from the original on 5 January 2012 Retrieved 22 October 2013 Brandeis said I find it very difficult to disagree with the principles of Henry George I believe in the taxation of land values only How to Abolish Unfair Taxation An Address Before a Los Angeles Audience Delivered March 1913 https books google com books id rlOFHAAACAAJ Darrow Clarence The Land Belongs To The People PDF www umn edu Everyman Archived from the original PDF on 8 August 2014 Retrieved 3 August 2014 The Centre for Incentive Taxation Land amp Liberty 20 4 August 1994 Darrow replied about Georgism Well you either come to it or go broke Two letters written in 1934 to Henry George s daughter Anna George De Mille Archived 12 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine In one letter Einstein writes The spreading of these works is a really deserving cause for our generation especially has many and important things to learn from Henry George Elazar Daniel February 4 1955 Earth Is the Lord s Newspapers com The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle Retrieved 23 November 2014 Wilhelm Donald September 5 1942 Henry Ford Talks About War and Your Future Liberty Magazine Retrieved 23 November 2014 Henry Ford says that every American family can have a piece of land We ought to tax all idle land the way Henry George said tax it heavily so that its owners would have to make it productive MacCallum Spencer H Summer Fall 1997 The Alternative Georgist Tradition PDF Fragments 35 Archived from the original PDF on 30 October 2014 Retrieved 30 October 2014 Foldvary Fred E April 2004 Heath Estranged Georgist American Journal of Economics and Sociology 63 2 411 431 doi 10 1111 j 0002 9246 2004 00295 x Justice for Mumia Abu Jamal Archived from the original on August 6 2007 Kennedy Margrit Money amp The Land Grab Share the Rents Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 Retrieved 12 December 2013 via YouTube Lincoln John Fighting For Fundamentals Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 Retrieved 5 December 2013 Magie invented The Landlord s Game predecessor to Monopoly Dodson Edward J How Henry George s Principles Were Corrupted Into the Game Called Monopoly Retrieved 1 October 2013 Gaffney Mason Henry George Dr Edward McGlynn amp Pope Leo XIII PDF Retrieved 25 January 2014 Offers 250 000 For a Single Tax Campaign Joseph Fels Pledges That Sum for Five Years Here and in England If There Is An Equal Fund Commission of Single Taxers Formed to Raise the Fund Roosevelt Taft and Hughes Said to be Friendly The New York Times New York Times May 8 1909 Retrieved 30 October 2014 Post Louis F 2002 The Prophet of San Francisco Personal Memories amp Interpretations of Henry George The Minerva Group ISBN 9780898758337 via Google Books Buell Thomas B 1974 The Quiet Warrior Boston Little Brown ISBN 9780870215629 via Google Books American Single Taxers Invade Tiny Andorra Fiske Warren Carries Their Gospel to the Republic Hidden for Twelve Centuries in the Pyrenees Between France and Spain The New York Times April 16 1916 Retrieved 9 December 2013 Sinclair Upton The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms and Slums and Luxury in the Cities Retrieved 29 July 2014 Stanley Buder 1990 Visionaries and Planners The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195362886 via Google Books Wallace described Progress and Poverty as Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century Dudden Arthur 1971 Joseph Fels and the single tax movement Temple University Press ISBN 9780877220107 Altman Sam 25 April 2024 Moore s Law for Everything Moore s law for everything Archived from the original on 25 April 2024 Retrieved 25 April 2024 The concept is widely supported by economists The value of land appreciates because of the work society does around it the network effects of the companies operating around a piece of land the public transportation that makes it accessible and the nearby restaurants coffeeshops and access to nature that makes it desirable Because the landowner didn t do all that work it s fair for that value to be shared with the larger society that did External links edit nbsp Quotations related to Georgism at Wikiquote Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Georgism amp oldid 1220881169, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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