John Haynes Holmes
John Haynes Holmes (November 29, 1879 – April 3, 1964) was an American Unitarian minister, pacifist, and co-founder of the NAACP and the ACLU. He is noted for his anti-war activism.
John Haynes Holmes | |
|---|---|
| President of the American Civil Liberties Union | |
| In office 1940–1950 | |
| Preceded by | Harry F. Ward |
| Succeeded by | Ernest Angell |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 29, 1879 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | April 3, 1964 (aged 84) Manhattan, New York, U.S. |
| Spouse | Madeleine Baker (after 1904) |
| Relations | Newland H. Holmes (cousin) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Harvard University Harvard Divinity School |
Early life edit
Holmes was born in Philadelphia on November 29, 1879, a descendant of John Holmes of Colchester, Essex, a Messenger of the General Court of Plymouth Colony and the executioner of Thomas Granger. Newland H. Holmes, President of the Massachusetts Senate, was his cousin.
He attended public schools of Malden, a suburb of Boston, and studied at Harvard, graduating in 1902, then attended Harvard Divinity School, from which he graduated in 1904 and was immediately called to his first church in Dorchester, Massachusetts as a Protestant clergyman.[1][2][3]
Career edit
In 1907 Holmes was called to the Church of the Messiah (Unitarian) in New York City and served as its Senior Minister until 1918, when he left the American Unitarian Association (AUA) because of the AUA's policy requiring Unitarian ministers to pledge their support for the United States participation in World War I. Among those in his congregation there was not universal support for his stand against the USA participation in World War I, but his church did support his principled stand on the subject. Consequently, his church became non-denominational and renamed itself the Community Church of New York. Members of the church, however, insisted that the church retain its AUA membership. Holmes was named Senior Minister of the new church, and served until his retirement in 1949, when he became Minister Emeritus. He rejoined the AUA in 1960, just before the Unitarian and Universalist churches merged; newly accepted again into AUA fellowship, he was then featured in the last AUA yearbook published before the merger.
On May 25, 1919, Holmes was one of the speakers at a rally held in Madison Square Gardens, which demanded the end of US government support for the White forces against the Red forces in Russia.[4]
Holmes engaged in interfaith efforts, working closely with Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise of New York.[5] The book Rabbi and Minister [6] details this friendship and their working relationship on social, religious and political causes. Holmes was also among the leading American Christian supporters of Zionism in the 1930s. He was a leading member of the Pro-Palestine Federation, which called on the British government to keep Palestine open to Jewish immigrants fleeing persecution in Europe. At the same time, Holmes favored cultural forms of Zionism that stopped short of calling for Jewish statehood.[7] He also publicized the work of Gandhi, from his pulpit, and describes his meetings and interactions with the Mahatma in his book My Gandhi. Later, He was a recipient of the Gandhi Peace Award.
Although primarily a minister, Holmes helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) in 1909, and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in 1920, serving as its chairman from 1940 to 1950, after the resignation of Harry F. Ward.[8] He was succeeded as ACLU Chairman by Ernest Angell.[9]
His varied pursuits included authoring numerous books, hymns, and a play, If This Be Treason, which had a brief run on Broadway. The play crystalized his opposition to war, personifying the peaceful impulses of the majority of people on both sides of a conflict, (in the case of the play, between the USA and Japan). He was also a popular lecturer and debater. [10] For example, Holmes argued in favor of Prohibition in a public debate with Clarence Darrow. [11]
Opposition from Dr. Seuss edit
There was an outcry after a cartoon by Theodor Geisel (better known as Dr. Seuss) mocking Holmes was published in the New York newspaper PM on January 13, 1942. Geisel responded January 21, 1942 (ellipses in original):
In response to the letters defending John Haynes Holmes ... sure, I believe in love, brotherhood and a cooing white pigeon on every man's roof. I even think it's nice to have pacifists and strawberry festivals ... in between wars.
But right now, when the Japs are planting their hatchets in our skulls, it seem like a hell of a time for us to smile and warble: 'Brothers!' It is a rather flabby battlecry.
If we want to win, we've got to kill Japs, whether it depresses John Haynes Holmes or not. We can get palsy-walsy afterward with those that are left.[12]
Holmes' stand as a pacifist in both world wars was neither popular nor easy. He faced expulsion from his denomination during World War I if he did not disavow his pacifist views; he resigned his membership in the American Unitarian Association as a result, and the split was not healed for decades. Geisel's criticism is an example of the scorn and ridicule Holmes faced as a result of his strong views, which he vigorously defended.[citation needed]
Holmes had announced his pacifism before America entered World War I. On April 3, 1917 he preached on A Statement to my People on the Eve of War, declaring: "Therefore would I make it plain that, so long as I am your minister, this Church will answer no military summons.... But so long as I am priest, this altar shall be consecrated to human brotherhood, and before it shall be offered worship only to that one God and Father of us all, ‘Who hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell together on the face of the earth."[13]
Personal life edit
In 1904, Holmes married Madeleine Hosmer Baker. They had two children, Roger Holmes (who became a professor at Mount Holyoke College) and Frances Holmes (who married Morris L. Brown).[14]
His wife died in 1961 and he died on April 3, 1964, aged eighty-four, at his home at 10 Park Avenue in New York City. Holmes' papers are held in a private collection in the U.S. Library of Congress, open to scholars and researchers.[14] His funeral, held at the Community Church at 40 East 35th Street, was conducted by his successor, the Rev. Dr. Donald S. Harrington, and attended by 1,200 "friends and admirers."[15]
Works edit
- Is Death the End? (1915)
- New Wars for Old (1916)
- Palestine To-Day and To-Morrow: A Gentile's Survey of Zionism (1929)
- A Sensible Man's View of Religion (1932)
- Is Suicide Justifiable?, John Day (1934)
- The Affirmation of Immortality (1947)
- My Gandhi (1953)
- I Speak for Myself (1959)
References edit
- ^ World Christianity and Marxism. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-511944-2.
- ^ Landmark Speeches of the American Conservative Movement. Texas A&M University Press. 6 March 2007. ISBN 9781585445981.
- ^ I Speak for Myself: The Autobiography of John Haynes Holmes. Harper. 1959.
- ^ "Bolshevists Win Cheers In Garden" - The Sun (New York newspaper). May 26, 1919, p.20. viewable thru fultonhistory.com
- ^ "John Haynes Holmes" (PDF). The New York Times. 4 April 1964. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ^ Carl Hermann Voss, Rabbi and Minister: THe Friendship of Stephen S. Wise and John Haynes Holmes, Association Press, New York, 1964.
- ^ Walker Robins (2018). "Cultural Zionism and Binationalism Among American Liberal Protestants". Israel Studies. 23 (2): 142–167. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.23.2.07. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.23.2.07. S2CID 148794237.
- ^ (PDF). ACLU San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- ^ "Lawyer Named Chairman Of Civil Liberties Union" (PDF). The New York Times. 14 June 1950. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ^ If This Be Treason: A play in Three Acts and Seven Scenes, By John Haynes Holmes and Reginald Lawrence, 145 pgs., The Macmillan Company, New York, 1935.
- ^ Debate on Prohibition: Clarence Darrow Negative John Haynes Holmes Affirmative, Little Blue Book No. 884, 64 pgs., Haldeman-Julius Company, Girard Kansas, 1924.
- ^ Richard H. Minear, "Dr. Seuss Goes to War."
- ^ "Holmes, John Haynes (1879-1964) | Harvard Square Library".
- ^ a b "DR. HOLMES DIES; CRUSADING CLERIC; Reformer Here for 60 Years Sparked Seabury Inquiry" (PDF). The New York Times. 4 April 1964. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
- ^ "DR. HOLMES RITES ATTENDED BY 1,200 Clergyman is Eulogized at His Community Church" (PDF). The New York Times. 6 April 1964. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
External links edit
- Correspondence and phonograph records of John Haynes Holmes are in the Harvard Divinity School Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- John Haynes Holmes at Spartacus Educational
- John Haynes Holmes materials at the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
- Works by John Haynes Holmes at Project Gutenberg
- Works by John Haynes Holmes at Faded Page (Canada)
- Works by or about John Haynes Holmes at Internet Archive