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The free area of the Republic of China,[I] also known as the "Taiwan Area of the Republic of China", "Tai-Min Area (Taiwan and Fuchien)" or simply the "Taiwan Area", is a term used by the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to refer to the territories under its actual control.[1][2]
The term is complementary to "Mainland Area",[4] which is practically viewed as being synonymous to mainland China,[5] despite the fact that the ROC constitution never defined specific territorial boundaries.[6][7]
The Japanese occupation ended with the imperial surrender in 1945, but the term "Free China" was soon to acquire a new meaning in the context of the early Cold War. Following the Communist Party's victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the newly inaugurated People's Republic of China solidified its control of mainland China, while the Kuomintang government retreated to Taiwan and selected Taipei to serve as the provisional capital of the Republic of China. Mainland China was officially considered to be in a state of "Communist Rebellion", also known as "Communist China" or "Red China", and furthermore all territories still under Nationalist administration were said to constitute the "Free Area" of China, also known as "Nationalist China" or "Free China". This period of mobilization was officially terminated by the government on 1 May 1991 with the implementation of the Additional Articles of the Constitution.
Prior to the Battle of Dachen Archipelago in 1955, the Free Area also encompassed a group of islands off Zhejiang, up to then part of the ROC province of Chekiang. The islands have since been administered exclusively by the People's Republic of China.
Nomenclatureedit
Various names used to describe the geopolitical area include:
Refers to the two historical provinces under actual administration. Namely, Taiwan (Taiwan and Penghu) and a small part of Fukien (Kinmen and Matsu). 閩 is the traditional abbreviation for Fukien.
Legal useedit
The term "free area of the Republic of China" has persisted to the present day in the ROC legislation. The Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China delegates numerous rights to exercise the sovereignty of the state, including that of electing the President and Legislature, to citizens residing in the "free area of the Republic of China". This term was put into the Constitution with the promulgation of the first set of amendments to the Constitution in 1991 and has been retained in the most recent revision passed in 2005.
The need to use the term "free area" in the Constitution arose out of the discrepancy between the notion that the Republic of China was the sole legitimate government of China and the pressures of the popular sovereignty movement. In the 1980s and 1990s, there were demands, particularly by the Tangwai movement and other groups opposed to one-party authoritarian KMT rule, to restructure the ROC government, long dominated by mainlanders, to be more representative of the Taiwanese people it governed. For example, until 1991, members of the National Assembly and Legislative Yuan elected in 1948 to serve mainland constituencies remained in their posts indefinitely and the President of the Republic of China was to be elected by this same "ten thousand year parliament" (Chinese: 萬年國會) dominated by aging KMT members. However, more conservative politicians, while acquiescing to the need for increased democracy, feared that constitutional changes granting localized sovereignty would jeopardize the ROC government's claims as the legitimate Chinese government and thereby promote Taiwan independence.
While the 1991 revisions of the Constitution granted the sovereignty rights to the Taiwanese people, it did not explicitly name Taiwan and instead used the term "free area" to maintain the notion that the Republic of China encompassed more than Taiwan. In ordinary legislation, the term "Taiwan Area" is usually used, especially in contexts of trade and exchange. In contrast to the "free area" is the "mainland area", which the Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area defines as "the territory of the Republic of China outside the Taiwan Area". However, on more practical grounds, the "mainland area" refers simply to Mainland China.
In addition, there are two other Acts defining other "areas": the "Hong Kong and Macau Area" (Chinese: 港澳地區). The hand-over of these former European colonies to the People's Republic of China necessitated laws governing the relations of the Taiwan Area with them. The Acts are worded in a manner to avoid discussing whether the Republic of China claims sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macau.
Use by People's Republic of Chinaedit
Based on the One China policy, the People's Republic of China (PRC) does not recognize the legitimacy of ROC. A series of standardized terms called “Taiwan-related terms” (涉台用语) were invented by the PRC government, which are used in official statements, news reports, and press releases, etc., to serve this purpose. Among them, the term “Taiwan area” or “Taiwan authority” (台湾当局) is commonly used to replace “Republic of China” or “Taiwan” (because mentioning only “Taiwan” but not “Taiwan area” or “Taiwan Province” would give an impression that Taiwan is an independent country). For example, the term “Leader of the Taiwan area” (台湾地区领导人) is used to replace “President of the Republic of China” or “President of Taiwan”, “Taiwanese citizens” is replaced with “Residents of Taiwan area” (台湾地区居民), and Executive Yuan is called “Taiwan area's executive body” (台湾地区行政管理机构),[8] etc.
^Also known as the Taiwan area or Tai–Min area (Chinese: 臺閩地區; lit. 'Taiwan–Fujian area')
^The mainland area consists of Mainland China, Tibet and (previously) Outer Mongolia
^Special municipalities, cities, and county-administered cities are all called shi (Chinese: 市; lit. 'city')
^Nominal; provincial governments have been abolished
^Constitutionally having the same structure as the free area, these are currently under the Chinese Communist Party control with a different structure
^Sometimes called cities (Chinese: 市) or provincial cities (Chinese: 省轄市) to distinguish them from special municipalities and county-administered cities
^There are two types of townships: rural townships or xīang (Chinese: 鄉) and urban townships or zhèn (Chinese: 鎮)
^Villages in rural townships are known as tsūn (Chinese: 村), those in other jurisdictions are known as lǐ (Chinese: 里)
^"Laws and Regulations Regarding Mainland Affairs". mac.gov.tw. Mainland Affairs Council, Executive Yuan. 17 September 2020. from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021. Article 2: The following terms as used in this Act are defined below.1. "Taiwan Area" refers to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and any other area under the effective control of the Government.2. "Mainland Area" refers to the territory of the Republic of China outside the Taiwan Area.3. "People of the Taiwan Area" refers to the people who have household registrations in the Taiwan Area.4. "People of the Mainland Area" refers to the people who have household registrations in the Mainland Area
^"The Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China 12 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine." Republic of China. Retrieved on 7 April 2009.
^Corcuff, Stéphane; Edmondson, Robert (2002). Memories of the Future: National Identity Issues and the Search for a New Taiwan. M.E. Sharpe. p. 91. ISBN978-0-7656-0792-8. from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
^Chen Wei-han (8 June 2016). "NPP to push constitutional reforms". Taipei Times. Taipei. from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017. An amendment made to the Constitution in 1991 "to meet the requisites prior to national unification" recognizes the "Chinese mainland area" as opposed to the "free area," and both areas make up the Republic of China.
^Sara L. Friedman (2015). Exceptional States: Chinese Immigrants and Taiwanese Sovereignty. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 10. ISBN978-0520961562. from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2020. The Act's use of the spatial language of "area" was a direct reference to the postwar ROC Constitution, which had created two classes of Chinese based on politically differentiated, territorial criteria: those of the "free area," which included Taiwan and the scattered smaller islands under post-1949 ROC control, and those of the 'mainland area', who presumably were not free because they lived under Communist rule.
^廖顯謨 (2017). (PDF). 高苑學報. 22: 156–162. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023. 在台灣，國人對我國疆域範圍的認知，可謂真的是「各自表述」…
^"Taiwan appoints new chief administrator". People's Daily. 3 December 2014. from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
External linksedit
Relations with Hong Kong and Macau
Relations Between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area
October 28, 2023
free, area, republic, china, free, area, redirects, here, similar, uses, free, zone, disambiguation, taiwan, area, redirects, here, taiwan, area, used, people, republic, china, taiwan, province, people, republic, china, usage, people, republic, china, this, ar. Free Area redirects here For similar uses see Free Zone disambiguation Taiwan Area redirects here For Taiwan Area as used by People s Republic of China see Taiwan Province People s Republic of China Usage in the People s Republic of China This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article is missing information about shape of territorial waters OSM relation 449220 Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page October 2021 This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Free area of the Republic of China news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese May 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at zh 臺灣地區 see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated zh 臺灣地區 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Learn how and when to remove this template message The free area of the Republic of China I also known as the Taiwan Area of the Republic of China Tai Min Area Taiwan and Fuchien or simply the Taiwan Area is a term used by the government of the Republic of China Taiwan to refer to the territories under its actual control 1 2 Free area of the Republic of China中華民國自由地區 I Largest citiesTaipeiLanguagesMandarinTaiwanese HokkienHakkaFormosan languagesMatsuneseEthnic groupsHan TaiwaneseTaiwanese indigenous peoplesDemonym s TaiwaneseChineseArea Total36 193 km2 13 974 sq mi Population 2018 census23 681 968 Density650 km2 1 683 5 sq mi CurrencyNew Taiwan Dollar TWD NTD Time zoneUTC 08 00 National Standard Time Date formatyyyy年mm月dd日Driving siderightCalling code 886ISO 3166 codeTWInternet TLD tw 台灣 台湾Free area of theRepublic of ChinaTraditional Chinese中華民國自由地區Simplified Chinese中华民国自由地区TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōnghua Minguo Ziyou DiquBopomofoㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ ㄉㄧˋ ㄑㄩGwoyeu RomatzyhJonghwa Min gwo Tzyh you DihchiuWade GilesChung hua Min kuo Tzŭ yu Ti chu Tongyong PinyinJhonghua Minguo Zihyou DicyuMPS2Junghua Minguo Tz you DichiuHakkaPha k fa sṳChung fa Min koet Chhṳ yu Thi khiSouthern MinHokkien POJTiong hoa Bin kok Chu iu Te khuTai loTiong hua Bin kok Tsu iu Te khuEastern MinFuzhou BUCDṳ ng hua Ming guok Ce ṳ iu De kṳ Taiwan areaTraditional Chinese臺灣地區Simplified Chinese台湾地区TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTaiwan DiquBopomofoㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄉㄧˋ ㄑㄩGwoyeu RomatzyhTair uan DihchiuWade GilesT ai wan Ti chu Tongyong PinyinTaiwan Zihyou DicyuMPS2Taiwan DichiuHakkaPha k fa sṳThoi van Thi khiSouthern MinHokkien POJTai oan Te khuTai loTai uan Te khuEastern MinFuzhou BUCDai uăng De kṳ Tai Peng Kin MaTraditional Chinese臺澎金馬Simplified Chinese台澎金马TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTai Peng Jin MǎBopomofoㄊㄞ ㄆㄥ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄇㄚˇGwoyeu RomatzyhTair Perng Jin MaaWade GilesT ai P eng Chin Ma Tongyong PinyinTai Peng Jin MǎMPS2Tai Peng Jin MǎHakkaPha k fa sṳThoi Phang Kim MaSouthern MinHokkien POJTai Pheⁿ Kim MaTai loTai Phenn Kim MaEastern MinFuzhou BUCDai Pang Gĭng MaThe area currently under the definition consists of the island groups of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen Matsu and some minor islands This term is used in the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China The collective term Tai Peng Kin Ma is literally equivalent except that it only refers to the islands of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen and Matsu Area to the exclusion of the South China Sea possessions Pratas Island Tungsha Dongsha and Taiping Island 3 The term is complementary to Mainland Area 4 which is practically viewed as being synonymous to mainland China 5 despite the fact that the ROC constitution never defined specific territorial boundaries 6 7 Contents 1 Background 2 Nomenclature 3 Legal use 3 1 Use by People s Republic of China 3 2 Administrative divisions 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksBackground editThe term free area or Free China was used during the Second Sino Japanese War 1937 45 to describe the territories under the control of the Kuomintang led Nationalist Government in Chungking today Chongqing as opposed to the parts of China under Japanese occupation including Nanking today Nanjing the capital of the Republic of China until the Japanese invasion in 1937 The Japanese occupation ended with the imperial surrender in 1945 but the term Free China was soon to acquire a new meaning in the context of the early Cold War Following the Communist Party s victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 the newly inaugurated People s Republic of China solidified its control of mainland China while the Kuomintang government retreated to Taiwan and selected Taipei to serve as the provisional capital of the Republic of China Mainland China was officially considered to be in a state of Communist Rebellion also known as Communist China or Red China and furthermore all territories still under Nationalist administration were said to constitute the Free Area of China also known as Nationalist China or Free China This period of mobilization was officially terminated by the government on 1 May 1991 with the implementation of the Additional Articles of the Constitution Prior to the Battle of Dachen Archipelago in 1955 the Free Area also encompassed a group of islands off Zhejiang up to then part of the ROC province of Chekiang The islands have since been administered exclusively by the People s Republic of China Nomenclature editVarious names used to describe the geopolitical area include Names of the Free area of the Republic of China Short name The Free Area Taiwan Area Tai Peng Kin Ma Area Tai Min RegionLong name Free Area of the Republic of China I Taiwan Area II Taiwan Penghu Kinmen Matsu Area Taiwan Fukien RegionChinese 自由地區 臺灣地區 臺澎金馬地區 臺閩地區Mandarin Ziyou diqu Taiwan diqu Tai Peng Jin Mǎ diqu Tai Mǐn diquTaiwanese Hokkien Chu iu te khu Tai oan te khu Tai Pheⁿ Kim Ma te khu Tai Ban te khuHakka Chhṳ yu thi khi Thoi van thi khi Thoi Phang Kim Ma thi khi Thoi Men thi khiMatsunese Ce ṳ iu de kṳ Dai uăng de kṳ Dai Pang Gĭng Ma de kṳ Dai Ming de kṳ Notes Free refers to the area that is not under the Communist Party s control This term is used by the Additional Articles of the Constitution Refers to the general area surrounding the island of Taiwan This term is used by various laws and regulations that governing cross Strait relations Refers to the four main archipelagos under the government s jurisdiction Refers to the two historical provinces under actual administration Namely Taiwan Taiwan and Penghu and a small part of Fukien Kinmen and Matsu 閩 is the traditional abbreviation for Fukien Legal use editThe term free area of the Republic of China has persisted to the present day in the ROC legislation The Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China delegates numerous rights to exercise the sovereignty of the state including that of electing the President and Legislature to citizens residing in the free area of the Republic of China This term was put into the Constitution with the promulgation of the first set of amendments to the Constitution in 1991 and has been retained in the most recent revision passed in 2005 The need to use the term free area in the Constitution arose out of the discrepancy between the notion that the Republic of China was the sole legitimate government of China and the pressures of the popular sovereignty movement In the 1980s and 1990s there were demands particularly by the Tangwai movement and other groups opposed to one party authoritarian KMT rule to restructure the ROC government long dominated by mainlanders to be more representative of the Taiwanese people it governed For example until 1991 members of the National Assembly and Legislative Yuan elected in 1948 to serve mainland constituencies remained in their posts indefinitely and the President of the Republic of China was to be elected by this same ten thousand year parliament Chinese 萬年國會 dominated by aging KMT members However more conservative politicians while acquiescing to the need for increased democracy feared that constitutional changes granting localized sovereignty would jeopardize the ROC government s claims as the legitimate Chinese government and thereby promote Taiwan independence While the 1991 revisions of the Constitution granted the sovereignty rights to the Taiwanese people it did not explicitly name Taiwan and instead used the term free area to maintain the notion that the Republic of China encompassed more than Taiwan In ordinary legislation the term Taiwan Area is usually used especially in contexts of trade and exchange In contrast to the free area is the mainland area which the Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area defines as the territory of the Republic of China outside the Taiwan Area However on more practical grounds the mainland area refers simply to Mainland China In addition there are two other Acts defining other areas the Hong Kong and Macau Area Chinese 港澳地區 The hand over of these former European colonies to the People s Republic of China necessitated laws governing the relations of the Taiwan Area with them The Acts are worded in a manner to avoid discussing whether the Republic of China claims sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macau Use by People s Republic of China edit Based on the One China policy the People s Republic of China PRC does not recognize the legitimacy of ROC A series of standardized terms called Taiwan related terms 涉台用语 were invented by the PRC government which are used in official statements news reports and press releases etc to serve this purpose Among them the term Taiwan area or Taiwan authority 台湾当局 is commonly used to replace Republic of China or Taiwan because mentioning only Taiwan but not Taiwan area or Taiwan Province would give an impression that Taiwan is an independent country For example the term Leader of the Taiwan area 台湾地区领导人 is used to replace President of the Republic of China or President of Taiwan Taiwanese citizens is replaced with Residents of Taiwan area 台湾地区居民 and Executive Yuan is called Taiwan area s executive body 台湾地区行政管理机构 8 etc Administrative divisions edit Overview of administrative divisions of the Republic of China Republic of ChinaFree area i Mainland area ii Special municipalities a iii Provinces iv Not administered v Counties a Autonomous municipalities a vi Districts b Mountainindigenousdistricts a County administeredcities a Townships a b vii Districts b Villages g viii NeighborhoodsNotes a b c d e f Has an elected executive and an elected legislative council a b c Has an appointed district administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency Has an elected village administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency See also editAdditional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China Anti Secession Law of the People s Republic of China Constitution of the Republic of China History of the Republic of China Kuomintang Mainland China Politics of the Republic of China Soviet Zone Liberated Zone Chinese Soviet Republic Taiwan Province People s Republic of ChinaNotes edit Also known as the Taiwan area or Tai Min area Chinese 臺閩地區 lit Taiwan Fujian area The mainland area consists of Mainland China Tibet and previously Outer Mongolia Special municipalities cities and county administered cities are all called shi Chinese 市 lit city Nominal provincial governments have been abolished Constitutionally having the same structure as the free area these are currently under the Chinese Communist Party control with a different structure Sometimes called cities Chinese 市 or provincial cities Chinese 省轄市 to distinguish them from special municipalities and county administered cities There are two types of townships rural townships or xiang Chinese 鄉 and urban townships or zhen Chinese 鎮 Villages in rural townships are known as tsun Chinese 村 those in other jurisdictions are known as lǐ Chinese 里 Words in native languages a b c Traditional Chinese script 中華民國自由地區Mandarin Pinyin Zhōnghua Minguo Ziyou DiquHokkien Tiong hoa Bin kok Chu iu Te khuSixian Hakka Chung fa Min koet Chhṳ yu Thi khiMatsu Dṳ ng hua Ming guok Ce ṳ iu De kṳ Traditional Chinese script 臺灣地區Mandarin Pinyin Taiwan diquHokkien Tai oan te khuSixian Hakka Thoi van thi khiMatsu Dai uăng de kṳ References edit Laws and Regulations Regarding Mainland Affairs mac gov tw Mainland Affairs Council Executive Yuan 17 September 2020 Archived from the original on 28 September 2021 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Article 2 The following terms as used in this Act are defined below 1 Taiwan Area refers to Taiwan Penghu Kinmen Matsu and any other area under the effective control of the Government 2 Mainland Area refers to the territory of the Republic of China outside the Taiwan Area 3 People of the Taiwan Area refers to the people who have household registrations in the Taiwan Area 4 People of the Mainland Area refers to the people who have household registrations in the Mainland Area The Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China Archived 12 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine Republic of China Retrieved on 7 April 2009 Corcuff Stephane Edmondson Robert 2002 Memories of the Future National Identity Issues and the Search for a New Taiwan M E Sharpe p 91 ISBN 978 0 7656 0792 8 Archived from the original on 11 April 2023 Retrieved 15 November 2015 Chen Wei han 8 June 2016 NPP to push constitutional reforms Taipei Times Taipei Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 Retrieved 8 October 2017 An amendment made to the Constitution in 1991 to meet the requisites prior to national unification recognizes the Chinese mainland area as opposed to the free area and both areas make up the Republic of China Sara L Friedman 2015 Exceptional States Chinese Immigrants and Taiwanese Sovereignty Oakland California University of California Press p 10 ISBN 978 0520961562 Archived from the original on 11 April 2023 Retrieved 6 June 2020 The Act s use of the spatial language of area was a direct reference to the postwar ROC Constitution which had created two classes of Chinese based on politically differentiated territorial criteria those of the free area which included Taiwan and the scattered smaller islands under post 1949 ROC control and those of the mainland area who presumably were not free because they lived under Communist rule 中華民國憲法 第四條 廖顯謨 2017 疆域與國家認同 我國憲法第四條 固有疆域 之探究 PDF 高苑學報 22 156 162 Archived from the original PDF on 21 June 2023 Retrieved 22 June 2023 在台灣 國人對我國疆域範圍的認知 可謂真的是 各自表述 Taiwan appoints new chief administrator People s Daily 3 December 2014 Archived from the original on 27 November 2021 Retrieved 15 November 2022 External links editRelations with Hong Kong and Macau Relations Between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Free area of the Republic of China amp 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