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Wikipedia

Financial District, Manhattan

November 10, 2023

The Financial District of Lower Manhattan, also known as FiDi,[4] is a neighborhood located on the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City. It is bounded by the West Side Highway on the west, Chambers Street and City Hall Park on the north, Brooklyn Bridge on the northeast, the East River to the southeast, and South Ferry and the Battery on the south.

Financial District
Neighborhood
The Financial District of Lower Manhattan, including Wall Street, is the world's principal financial and fintech center.[1]
Location in New York City
Coordinates: 40°42′27″N 74°00′33″W / 40.70750°N 74.00917°W / 40.70750; -74.00917
Country United States
State New York
CityNew York City
BoroughManhattan
Community DistrictManhattan 1[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total1.17 km2 (0.453 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[3]
 • Total57,627
 • Density49,000/km2 (130,000/sq mi)
Economics
[3]
 • Median income$125,565
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
ZIP Codes
10004–10007, 10038
Area code212, 332, 646, and 917

The City of New York was created in the modern-day Financial District in 1624, and the neighborhood roughly overlaps with the boundaries of the New Amsterdam settlement in the late 17th century.[5] The district comprises the offices and headquarters of many of the city's major financial institutions, including the New York Stock Exchange and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Anchored on Wall Street in the Financial District, New York City has been called both the leading financial center and the most economically powerful city of the world,[6][7] and the New York Stock Exchange is the world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization.[8][9] Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Financial District, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, NASDAQ, the New York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock Exchange.

The Financial District is part of Manhattan Community District 1, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10004, 10005, 10006, 10007, and 10038.[2] It is patrolled by the 1st Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

Description edit

The Financial District encompasses roughly the area south of City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan but excludes Battery Park and Battery Park City. The former World Trade Center complex was located in the neighborhood until the September 11, 2001, attacks; the neighborhood includes the successor One World Trade Center. The heart of the Financial District is often considered to be the corner of Wall Street and Broad Street, both of which are contained entirely within the district.[10] The northeastern part of the Financial District (along Fulton Street and John Street) was known in the early 20th century as the Insurance District, due to the large number of insurance companies that were either headquartered there, or maintained their New York offices there.

Although the term is sometimes used as a synonym for Wall Street, the latter term is often applied metonymously to the financial markets as a whole (and is also a street in the district), whereas "the Financial District" implies an actual geographical location. The Financial District is part of Manhattan Community Board 1, which also includes five other neighborhoods (Battery Park City, Civic Center, Greenwich South, Seaport, and Tribeca).[2]

Street grid edit

 
Street grid as seen from the air in 2009
 
1847 map showing the street layout and ferry routes for lower Manhattan

The streets in the area were laid out as part of the Castello Plan prior to the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, a grid plan that dictates the placement of most of Manhattan's streets north of Houston Street. Thus, it has small streets "barely wide enough for a single lane of traffic are bordered on both sides by some of the tallest buildings in the city", according to one description, which creates "breathtaking artificial canyons".[11] Some streets have been designated as pedestrian-only with vehicular traffic prohibited.[12]

Tourism edit

The Financial District is a major location of tourism in New York City. One report described Lower Manhattan as "swarming with camera-carrying tourists".[13] Tour guides highlight places such as Trinity Church, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building gold vaults 80 feet below street level (worth $100 billion), and the New York Stock Exchange Building.[14] A Scoundrels of Wall Street Tour is a walking historical tour which includes a museum visit and discussion of various financiers "who were adept at finding ways around finance laws or loopholes through them".[15] Occasionally artists make impromptu performances; for example, in 2010, a troupe of 22 dancers "contort their bodies and cram themselves into the nooks and crannies of the Financial District in Bodies in Urban Spaces" choreographed by Willi Donner.[16] One chief attraction, the Federal Reserve, paid $750,000 to open a visitors' gallery in 1997. The New York Stock Exchange and the American Stock Exchange also spent money in the late 1990s to upgrade facilities for visitors. Attractions include the gold vault beneath the Federal Reserve and that "staring down at the trading floor was as exciting as going to the Statue of Liberty".[13]

Architecture edit

The Financial District's architecture is generally rooted in the Gilded Age, though there are also some art deco influences in the neighborhood. The area is distinguished by narrow streets, a steep topography, and high-rises[11] Construction in such narrow steep areas has resulted in occasional accidents such as a crane collapse.[17] One report divided lower Manhattan into three basic districts:[11]

  1. The Financial District proper—particularly along John Street
  2. South of the World Trade Center area—the handful of blocks located south of the World Trade Center along Greenwich, Washington and West Streets
  3. Seaport district—characterized by century-old low-rise buildings and South Street Seaport; the seaport is "quiet, residential, and has an old world charm" according to one description.[11]
 
The Chamber of Commerce Building at 65 Liberty Street, one of many historical buildings in the district

Federal Hall National Memorial, on the site of the first U.S. capitol and the first inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States, is located at the corner of Wall Street and Nassau Street.

The Financial District has a number of tourist attractions such as the South Street Seaport Historic District, newly renovated Pier 17, the New York City Police Museum, the Museum of American Finance, the National Museum of the American Indian, Trinity Church, St. Paul's Chapel, and the famous bull. Bowling Green is the starting point of traditional ticker-tape parades on Broadway, where here it is also known as the Canyon of Heroes. The Museum of Jewish Heritage and the Skyscraper Museum are both in adjacent Battery Park City which is also home to the Brookfield Place (formerly World Financial Center).

Another key anchor for the area is the New York Stock Exchange. City authorities realize its importance, and believed that it has "outgrown its neoclassical temple at the corner of Wall and Broad streets", and in 1998 offered substantial tax incentives to try to keep it in the Financial District.[18] Plans to rebuild it were delayed by the September 11, 2001, attacks.[18] The Exchange still occupies the same site. The Exchange is the locus for a large amount of technology and data. For example, to accommodate the three thousand persons who work directly on the Exchange floor requires 3,500 kilowatts of electricity, along with 8,000 phone circuits on the trading floor alone, and 200 miles of fiber-optic cable below ground.[19]

Official landmarks edit

See also: List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan, List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City, and National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan

Buildings in the Financial District can have one of several types of official landmark designations:

  • The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission is the New York City agency that is responsible for identifying and designating the city's landmarks and the buildings in the city's historic districts. New York City landmarks (NYCL) can be categorized into one of several groups: individual (exterior), interior, and scenic landmarks.[20]
  • The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance.[21]
  • The National Historic Landmark (NHL) focuses on places of significance in American history, architecture, engineering, or culture; all NHL sites are also on the NRHP.[22]

The following landmarks are situated south of Morris Street and west of Whitehall Street/Broadway:[23]

The following landmarks are located west of Broadway between Morris and Barclay Streets:[23]

The following landmarks are located south of Wall Street and east of Broadway/Whitehall Street:[23]

The following landmarks are located east of Broadway between Wall Street and Maiden Lane:[23]

The following landmarks are located east of Broadway and Park Row between Maiden Lane and the Brooklyn Bridge:[23]

The following landmarks apply to multiple distinct areas:[23]

History edit

New Amsterdam edit

 
The original city map of New Amsterdam, called the Castello Plan, from 1660. (The bottom left corner is approximately south, while the top right corner is approximately north.) The fort eventually gave the name to The Battery, the large street leading from the fort later became known as Broadway, and the city wall (right) possibly gave the name to Wall Street.

What is now the Financial District was once part of New Amsterdam, situated on the strategic southern tip of the island of Manhattan. New Amsterdam was derived from Fort Amsterdam, meant to defend the fur trade operations of the Dutch West India Company in the North River (Hudson River). In 1624, it became a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province of New Netherland in 1625.[100] By 1655, the population of New Netherland had grown to 2,000 people, with 1,500 living in New Amsterdam. By 1664, the population of New Netherland had skyrocketed to almost 9,000 people, 2,500 of whom lived in New Amsterdam, 1,000 lived near Fort Orange, and the remainder in other towns and villages.[101][102] In 1664 the English took over New Amsterdam and renamed it New York City.[103]

19th and 20th centuries edit

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the corporate culture of New York was a primary center for the construction of early skyscrapers, and was rivaled only by Chicago on the American continent. There were also residential sections, such as the Bowling Green section between Broadway and the Hudson River, and between Vesey Street and the Battery. The Bowling Green area was described as "Wall Street's back yard" with poor people, high infant mortality rates, and the "worst housing conditions in the city".[104] As a result of the construction, looking at New York City from the east, one can see two distinct clumps of tall buildings—the Financial District on the left, and the taller Midtown neighborhood on the right. The geology of Manhattan is well-suited for tall buildings, with a solid mass of bedrock underneath Manhattan providing a firm foundation for tall buildings. Skyscrapers are expensive to build, but the scarcity of land in the Financial District made it suitable for the construction of skyscrapers.[105]

Business writer John Brooks in his book Once in Golconda considered the start of the 20th century period to have been the area's heyday.[106] The address of 23 Wall Street, the headquarters of J. P. Morgan & Company, known as The Corner, was "the precise center, geographical as well as metaphorical, of financial America and even of the financial world".[106]

On September 16, 1920, close to the corner of Wall and Broad Street, the busiest corner of the Financial District and across the offices of the Morgan Bank, a powerful bomb exploded. It killed 38 and seriously injured 143 people.[107] The area was subjected to numerous threats; one bomb threat in 1921 led to detectives sealing off the area to "prevent a repetition of the Wall Street bomb explosion".[108]

Late-20th century growth edit

 
The Original World Trade Center in March 2001

During most of the 20th century, the Financial District was a business community with practically only offices which emptied out at night. Writing in The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961, urbanist Jane Jacobs described a "deathlike stillness that settles on the district after 5:30 and all day Saturday and Sunday".[109] But there has been a change towards greater residential use of the area, pushed forwards by technological changes and shifting market conditions. The general pattern is for several hundred thousand workers to commute into the area during the day, sometimes by sharing a taxicab[110] from other parts of the city as well as from New Jersey and Long Island, and then leave at night. In 1970 only 833 people lived "south of Chambers Street"; by 1990, 13,782 people were residents with the addition of areas such as Battery Park City[18] and Southbridge Towers.[111] Battery Park City was built on 92 acres of landfill, and 3,000 people moved there beginning about 1982, but by 1986 there was evidence of more shops and stores and a park, along with plans for more residential development.[112]

Construction of the World Trade Center began in 1966, but the World Trade Center had trouble attracting tenants when completed. Nonetheless, some substantial firms purchased space there. Its impressive height helped make it a visual landmark for drivers and pedestrians. In some respects, the nexus of the Financial District moved physically from Wall Street to the World Trade Center complex and surrounding buildings such as the Deutsche Bank Building, 90 West Street, and One Liberty Plaza. Real estate growth during the latter part of the 1990s was significant, with deals and new projects happening in the Financial District and elsewhere in Manhattan; one firm invested more than $24 billion in various projects, many in the Wall Street area.[113] In 1998, the NYSE and the city struck a $900 million deal which kept the NYSE from moving across the river to Jersey City; the deal was described as the "largest in city history to prevent a corporation from leaving town".[114] A competitor to the NYSE, NASDAQ, moved its headquarters from Washington to New York.[115]

 
The Financial District area from Brooklyn. The South Street Seaport is at the lower middle, slightly to the right. Circa 2006

In 1987, the stock market plunged[18] and, in the relatively brief recession following, lower Manhattan lost 100,000 jobs according to one estimate.[111] Since telecommunications costs were coming down, banks and brokerage firms could move away from the Financial District to more affordable locations.[111] The recession of 1990–91 was marked by office vacancy rates downtown which were "persistently high" and with some buildings "standing empty".[11]

Residential neighborhood edit

In 1995, city authorities offered the Lower Manhattan Revitalization Plan which offered incentives to convert commercial properties to residential use.[11] According to one description in 1996, "The area dies at night ... It needs a neighborhood, a community."[111] During the past two decades there has been a shift towards greater residential living areas in the Financial District, with incentives from city authorities in some instances.[18] Many empty office buildings have been converted to lofts and apartments; for example, the Liberty Tower, the office building of oil magnate Harry Sinclair, was converted to a co-op in 1979.[111] In 1996, a fifth of buildings and warehouses were empty, and many were converted to living areas.[111] Some conversions met with problems, such as aging gargoyles on building exteriors having to be expensively restored to meet with current building codes.[111] Residents in the area have sought to have a supermarket, a movie theater, a pharmacy, more schools, and a "good diner".[111] The discount retailer named Job Lot used to be located at the World Trade Center but moved to Church Street; merchants bought extra unsold items at steep prices and sold them as a discount to consumers, and shoppers included "thrifty homemakers and browsing retirees" who "rubbed elbows with City Hall workers and Wall Street executives"; but the firm went bust in 1993.[116] There were reports that the number of residents increased by 60% during the 1990s to about 25,000 although a second estimate (based on the 2000 census based on a different map) places the residential population in 2000 at 12,042. By 2001 there were several grocery stores, dry cleaners, and two grade schools and a top high school.[18]

21st century edit

September 11 attacks edit

In 2001, the Big Board, as some termed the NYSE, was described as the world's "largest and most prestigious stock market".[117] When the World Trade Center was destroyed on September 11, 2001, it left an architectural void as new developments since the 1970s had played off the complex aesthetically. The attacks "crippled" the communications network.[117] One estimate was that 45% of the neighborhood's "best office space" had been lost.[18] The physical destruction was immense:

Debris littered some streets of the financial district. National Guard members in camouflage uniforms manned checkpoints. Abandoned coffee carts, glazed with dust from the collapse of the World Trade Center, lay on their sides across sidewalks. Most subway stations were closed, most lights were still off, most telephones did not work, and only a handful of people walked in the narrow canyons of Wall Street yesterday morning.

— Leslie Eaton and Kirk Johnson of The New York Times, September 16, 2001.[19]

Still, the NYSE was determined to re-open on September 17, almost a week after the attack.[19] After September 11, the financial services industry went through a downturn with a sizable drop in year-end bonuses of $6.5 billion, according to one estimate from a state comptroller's office.[116]

To guard against a vehicular bombing in the area, authorities built concrete barriers, and found ways over time to make them more aesthetically appealing by spending $5000 to $8000 apiece on bollards. Several streets in the neighborhood, including Wall and Broad Streets, were blocked off by specially designed bollards:

Rogers Marvel designed a new kind of bollard, a faceted piece of sculpture whose broad, slanting surfaces offer people a place to sit in contrast to the typical bollard, which is supremely unsittable. The bollard, which is called the Nogo, looks a bit like one of Frank Gehry's unorthodox culture palaces, but it is hardly insensitive to its surroundings. Its bronze surfaces actually echo the grand doorways of Wall Street's temples of commerce. Pedestrians easily slip through groups of them as they make their way onto Wall Street from the area around historic Trinity Church. Cars, however, cannot pass.

— Blair Kamin in the Chicago Tribune, 2006

Redevelopment edit

The destruction of the World Trade Center spurred development on a scale that had not been seen in decades.[105] Tax incentives provided by federal, state and local governments encouraged development. A new World Trade Center complex centered on Daniel Libeskind's Memory Foundations was after the 9/11 attacks. The centerpiece, which is now a 1,776 ft (541 m) tall structure, opened in 2014 as the One World Trade Center.[118] Fulton Center, a new transit complex intended to improve access to the area, opened in 2014,[119] followed by the World Trade Center Transportation Hub in 2016.[120][121] Additionally, in 2007, the Maharishi Global Financial Capital of New York opened headquarters at 70 Broad Street near the NYSE, in an effort to seek investors.[122]

By the 2010s, the Financial District had become established as a residential and commercial neighborhood. Several new skyscrapers such as 125 Greenwich Street and 130 William were being developed, while other structures such as 1 Wall Street, the Equitable Building, and the Woolworth Building were extensively renovated.[123] Additionally, there were more signs of dogwalkers at night and a 24-hour neighborhood, although the general pattern of crowds during the working hours and emptiness at night was still apparent. There were also ten hotels and thirteen museums in 2010.[11] In 2007 the French fashion retailer Hermès opened a store in the Financial District to sell items such as a "$4,700 custom-made leather dressage saddle or a $47,000 limited edition alligator briefcase".[12] However, there are reports of panhandlers like elsewhere in the city.[124] By 2010 the residential population had increased to 24,400 residents.[125] and the area was growing with luxury high-end apartments and upscale retailers.[126]

On October 29, 2012, New York and New Jersey were inundated by Hurricane Sandy. Its 14-foot-high storm surge, a local record, caused massive street flooding in many parts of Lower Manhattan. Power to the area was knocked out by a transformer explosion at a Con Edison plant. With mass transit in New York City already suspended as a precaution even before the storm hit, the New York Stock Exchange and other financial exchanges were closed for two days, re-opening on October 31.[127] From 2013 to 2021, nearly two hundred buildings in the Financial District were converted to residential use. Furthermore, between 2001 and 2021, the proportion of companies in the area that were in the finance and insurance industries declined from 55 to 30 percent.[128]

Demographics edit

For census purposes, the New York City government classifies the Financial District as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Battery Park City-Lower Manhattan.[129] Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Battery Park City-Lower Manhattan was 39,699, an increase of 19,611 (97.6%) from the 20,088 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 479.77 acres (194.16 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 82.7/acre (52,900/sq mi; 20,400/km2).[130] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 65.4% (25,965) White, 3.2% (1,288) African American, 0.1% (35) Native American, 20.2% (8,016) Asian, 0.0% (17) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (153) from other races, and 3.0% (1,170) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.7% (3,055) of the population.[131]

The entirety of Community District 1, which comprises the Financial District and other Lower Manhattan neighborhoods, had 63,383 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 85.8 years.[132]: 2, 20  This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[133]: 53 (PDF p. 84) [134] Most inhabitants are young to middle-aged adults: half (50%) are between the ages of 25–44, while 14% are between 0–17, and 18% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 11% and 7% respectively.[132]: 2 

As of 2017, the median household income in Community Districts 1 and 2 (including Greenwich Village and SoHo) was $144,878,[135] though the median income in the Financial District individually was $125,565.[3] In 2018, an estimated 9% of Financial District and Lower Manhattan residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty-five residents (4%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 38% in Financial District and Lower Manhattan, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Financial District and Lower Manhattan are considered high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.[132]: 7 

The population of the Financial District has grown to an estimated 61,000 residents as of 2018,[136] up from 43,000 as of 2014, which in turn was nearly double the 23,000 recorded at the 2000 Census.[137]

Political representation edit

Local edit

In the New York City Council, the Financial District is part of District 1, represented by Democrat Christopher Marte.[138][139]

List of aldermen/councilmen who have represented the Financial District

State edit

The Financial District is part of New York's 27th State Senate district,[140] represented by Brian P. Kavanagh.[141] In the New York State Assembly, the neighborhood is in the 61st, 65th, and 66th districts,[140] represented respectively by Charles Fall, Grace Lee, and Deborah Glick.[142]

Assemblymen whorepresented the Financial District between 1902 and 1965
Years New York County's 1st District
1902 Thomas F. Baldwin, Democratic
1903 Andrew J. Doyle, Democratic
1904–1906 Thomas B. Caughlan, Democratic
1907 James F. Cavanaugh, Democratic
1908–1914 Thomas B. Caughlan, Democratic
1915–1917 John J. Ryan, Democratic
1918–1930 Peter J. Hamill, Democratic
1930 Vacant
1930–1942 James J. Dooling, Democratic
1943–1944 John J. Lamula, Republican
1945–1946 MacNeil Mitchell, Republican
1947–1954 Maude E. Ten Eyck, Republican
1955–1965 William F. Passannante, Democratic

Federal edit

Politically, the Financial District in New York's 10th congressional district;[143] as of 2022, it is represented by Dan Goldman.[144]

Police and crime edit

Financial District and Lower Manhattan are patrolled by the 1st Precinct of the NYPD, located at 16 Ericsson Place.[145] The 1st Precinct ranked 63rd safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. Though the number of crimes is low compared to other NYPD precincts, the residential population is also much lower.[146] As of 2018, with a non-fatal assault rate of 24 per 100,000 people, Financial District and Lower Manhattan's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 152 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.[132]: 8 

The 1st Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 86.3% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 1 murder, 23 rapes, 80 robberies, 61 felony assaults, 85 burglaries, 1,085 grand larcenies, and 21 grand larcenies auto in 2018.[147]

Fire safety edit

The Financial District is served by three New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:[148]

  • Engine Company 4/Ladder Company 15/Decon Unit – 42 South Street[149]
  • Engine Company 6 – 49 Beekman Street[150]
  • Engine Company 10/Ladder Company 10 – 124 Liberty Street[151]

Health edit

As of 2018, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in Financial District and Lower Manhattan than in other places citywide. In Financial District and Lower Manhattan, there were 77 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 2.2 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate is based on a small sample size.[132]: 11  Financial District and Lower Manhattan have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 4%, less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size.[132]: 14 

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Financial District and Lower Manhattan is 0.0096 mg/m3 (9.6×10−9 oz/cu ft), more than the city average.[132]: 9  Sixteen percent of Financial District and Lower Manhattan residents are smokers, which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[132]: 13  In Financial District and Lower Manhattan, 4% of residents are obese, 3% are diabetic, and 15% have high blood pressure, the lowest rates in the city—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.[132]: 16  In addition, 5% of children are obese, the lowest rate in the city, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[132]: 12 

Ninety-six percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is more than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 88% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," more than the city's average of 78%.[132]: 13  For every supermarket in Financial District and Lower Manhattan, there are 6 bodegas.[132]: 10 

The nearest major hospital is NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital in the Civic Center area.[152][153]

Post offices and ZIP Codes edit

Financial District is located within several ZIP Codes. The largest ZIP Codes are 10004, centered around the Battery; 10005, around Wall Street; 10006, around the World Trade Center; 10007, around City Hall; and 10038, around South Street Seaport. There are also several smaller ZIP Codes spanning one block, including 10045 around the Federal Reserve Bank; 10271 around the Equitable Building; and 10279 around the Woolworth Building.[154]

The United States Postal Service operates four post offices in the Financial District:

Education edit

Financial District and Lower Manhattan generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018. The vast majority of residents age 25 and older (84%) have a college education or higher, while 4% have less than a high school education and 12% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[132]: 6  The percentage of Financial District and Lower Manhattan students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.[159] The Financial District is home to Pace University's New York City Campus, one of the oldest Universities in New York City.

Financial District and Lower Manhattan's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Financial District and Lower Manhattan, 6% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%.[132]: 6 [133]: 24 (PDF p. 55)  Additionally, 96% of high school students in Financial District and Lower Manhattan graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.[132]: 6 

Schools edit

 
Leadership and Public Service High School

The New York City Department of Education operates the following public schools in the Financial District:[160]

Libraries edit

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches nearby. The New Amsterdam branch is located at 9 Murray Street near Broadway. It was established on the ground floor of an office building in 1989.[167] The Battery Park City branch is located at 175 North End Avenue near Murray Street. Completed in 2010, the two-story branch is NYPL's first LEED-certified branch.[168]

Transportation edit

The following New York City Subway stations are located in the Financial District:[169]

The largest transit hub, Fulton Center, was completed in 2014 after a $1.4 billion reconstruction project necessitated by the September 11, 2001, attacks, and involves at least five different sets of platforms. This transit hub was expected to serve 300,000 daily riders as of late 2014.[170] The World Trade Center Transportation Hub and PATH station opened in 2016.[171]

MTA Regional Bus Operations also operates several bus routes in the Financial District, namely the M15, M15 SBS, M20, M55 and M103 routes running north–south through the area, and the M9 and M22 routes running west–east through the area. There are also many MTA express bus routes running through the Financial District.[172] The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation started operating a free shuttle bus, the Downtown Connection, in 2003;[173] the route circulates around the Financial District during the daytime.[174]

Ferry services are also concentrated downtown, including the Staten Island Ferry at the Whitehall Terminal;[175] NYC Ferry at Pier 11/Wall Street and Battery Park City Ferry Terminal;[176] and service to Governors Island at the Battery Maritime Building.[177]

Tallest buildings edit

Name Image Height
ft (m) 		Floors Year Notes
One World Trade Center   1,776 (541.3) 104 2014 Is the seventh-tallest building in the world and the tallest building in the United States since its topping out on May 10, 2013. It is also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere and the tallest all-office building in the world.[178][179]
3 World Trade Center   1,079 (329) 80 2018 Mixed use; opened in 2018.[180]
4 World Trade Center   978 (298) 74 2013 Third-tallest building at the rebuilt World Trade Center and in the Financial District. The building opened to tenants in 2013.[181]
70 Pine Street   952 (290) 66 1932 22nd-tallest building in the United States; formerly known as the American International Building and the Cities Service Building[182][183] 70 Pine is being transformed into a residential skyscraper with 644 rental residences, 132 hotel rooms and 35,000 square feet (3,300 square meters) of retail[184]
30 Park Place   937 (286) 82 2016 Four Seasons Private Residences and Hotel. Topped-out in 2015 and completed in 2016.[185]
40 Wall Street   927 (283) 70 1930 26th-tallest in the United States; was world's tallest building for less than two months in 1930; formerly known as the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building; also known as 40 Wall Street[186][187]
28 Liberty Street   813 (248) 60 1961 [188][189]
50 West Street   778 (237) 63 2016 [190][191]
200 West Street   749 (228) 44 2010 Also known as Goldman Sachs World Headquarters[192][193]
60 Wall Street   745 (227) 55 1989 Also known as Deutsche Bank Building[194][195]
One Liberty Plaza   743 (226) 54 1973 Formerly known as the U.S. Steel Building[196][197]
20 Exchange Place   741 (226) 57 1931 Formerly known as the City Bank-Farmers Trust Building[198][199]
200 Vesey Street   739 (225) 51 1986 Also known as Three World Financial Center[200][201]
HSBC Bank Building   688 (210) 52 1967 Also known as Marine Midland Building[202][203]
55 Water Street   687 (209) 53 1972 [204][205]
1 Wall Street   654 (199) 50 1931 Also known as Bank of New York Mellon Building[206][207]
225 Liberty Street   645 (197) 44 1987 Also known as Two World Financial Center[208][209]
1 New York Plaza   640 (195) 50 1969 [210][211]
Home Insurance Plaza   630 (192) 45 1966 [212][213]

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Jones, Huw (March 24, 2022). "New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index". www.reuters.com. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Financial District, Manhattan.
  •   Financial District, Manhattan travel guide from Wikivoyage
  • , a wiki-based business directory for the Financial District.

November 10, 2023
financial, district, manhattan, financial, district, lower, manhattan, also, known, fidi, neighborhood, located, southern, manhattan, york, city, bounded, west, side, highway, west, chambers, street, city, hall, park, north, brooklyn, bridge, northeast, east, . The Financial District of Lower Manhattan also known as FiDi 4 is a neighborhood located on the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City It is bounded by the West Side Highway on the west Chambers Street and City Hall Park on the north Brooklyn Bridge on the northeast the East River to the southeast and South Ferry and the Battery on the south Financial DistrictNeighborhoodThe Financial District of Lower Manhattan including Wall Street is the world s principal financial and fintech center 1 Location in New York CityCoordinates 40 42 27 N 74 00 33 W 40 70750 N 74 00917 W 40 70750 74 00917Country United StatesState New YorkCityNew York CityBoroughManhattanCommunity DistrictManhattan 1 2 Area 3 Total1 17 km2 0 453 sq mi Population 2011 3 Total57 627 Density49 000 km2 130 000 sq mi Economics 3 Median income 125 565Time zoneUTC 5 Eastern ZIP Codes10004 10007 10038Area code212 332 646 and 917The City of New York was created in the modern day Financial District in 1624 and the neighborhood roughly overlaps with the boundaries of the New Amsterdam settlement in the late 17th century 5 The district comprises the offices and headquarters of many of the city s major financial institutions including the New York Stock Exchange and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Anchored on Wall Street in the Financial District New York City has been called both the leading financial center and the most economically powerful city of the world 6 7 and the New York Stock Exchange is the world s largest stock exchange by total market capitalization 8 9 Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Financial District including the New York Mercantile Exchange NASDAQ the New York Board of Trade and the former American Stock Exchange The Financial District is part of Manhattan Community District 1 and its primary ZIP Codes are 10004 10005 10006 10007 and 10038 2 It is patrolled by the 1st Precinct of the New York City Police Department Contents 1 Description 1 1 Street grid 1 2 Tourism 2 Architecture 2 1 Official landmarks 3 History 3 1 New Amsterdam 3 2 19th and 20th centuries 3 2 1 Late 20th century growth 3 2 2 Residential neighborhood 3 3 21st century 3 3 1 September 11 attacks 3 3 2 Redevelopment 4 Demographics 5 Political representation 5 1 Local 5 2 State 5 3 Federal 6 Police and crime 7 Fire safety 8 Health 9 Post offices and ZIP Codes 10 Education 10 1 Schools 10 2 Libraries 11 Transportation 12 Tallest buildings 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 References 16 External linksDescription editThe Financial District encompasses roughly the area south of City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan but excludes Battery Park and Battery Park City The former World Trade Center complex was located in the neighborhood until the September 11 2001 attacks the neighborhood includes the successor One World Trade Center The heart of the Financial District is often considered to be the corner of Wall Street and Broad Street both of which are contained entirely within the district 10 The northeastern part of the Financial District along Fulton Street and John Street was known in the early 20th century as the Insurance District due to the large number of insurance companies that were either headquartered there or maintained their New York offices there Although the term is sometimes used as a synonym for Wall Street the latter term is often applied metonymously to the financial markets as a whole and is also a street in the district whereas the Financial District implies an actual geographical location The Financial District is part of Manhattan Community Board 1 which also includes five other neighborhoods Battery Park City Civic Center Greenwich South Seaport and Tribeca 2 Street grid edit nbsp Street grid as seen from the air in 2009 nbsp 1847 map showing the street layout and ferry routes for lower ManhattanThe streets in the area were laid out as part of the Castello Plan prior to the Commissioners Plan of 1811 a grid plan that dictates the placement of most of Manhattan s streets north of Houston Street Thus it has small streets barely wide enough for a single lane of traffic are bordered on both sides by some of the tallest buildings in the city according to one description which creates breathtaking artificial canyons 11 Some streets have been designated as pedestrian only with vehicular traffic prohibited 12 Tourism edit The Financial District is a major location of tourism in New York City One report described Lower Manhattan as swarming with camera carrying tourists 13 Tour guides highlight places such as Trinity Church the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building gold vaults 80 feet below street level worth 100 billion and the New York Stock Exchange Building 14 A Scoundrels of Wall Street Tour is a walking historical tour which includes a museum visit and discussion of various financiers who were adept at finding ways around finance laws or loopholes through them 15 Occasionally artists make impromptu performances for example in 2010 a troupe of 22 dancers contort their bodies and cram themselves into the nooks and crannies of the Financial District in Bodies in Urban Spaces choreographed by Willi Donner 16 One chief attraction the Federal Reserve paid 750 000 to open a visitors gallery in 1997 The New York Stock Exchange and the American Stock Exchange also spent money in the late 1990s to upgrade facilities for visitors Attractions include the gold vault beneath the Federal Reserve and that staring down at the trading floor was as exciting as going to the Statue of Liberty 13 Architecture editThe Financial District s architecture is generally rooted in the Gilded Age though there are also some art deco influences in the neighborhood The area is distinguished by narrow streets a steep topography and high rises 11 Construction in such narrow steep areas has resulted in occasional accidents such as a crane collapse 17 One report divided lower Manhattan into three basic districts 11 The Financial District proper particularly along John Street South of the World Trade Center area the handful of blocks located south of the World Trade Center along Greenwich Washington and West Streets Seaport district characterized by century old low rise buildings and South Street Seaport the seaport is quiet residential and has an old world charm according to one description 11 nbsp The Chamber of Commerce Building at 65 Liberty Street one of many historical buildings in the districtFederal Hall National Memorial on the site of the first U S capitol and the first inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States is located at the corner of Wall Street and Nassau Street The Financial District has a number of tourist attractions such as the South Street Seaport Historic District newly renovated Pier 17 the New York City Police Museum the Museum of American Finance the National Museum of the American Indian Trinity Church St Paul s Chapel and the famous bull Bowling Green is the starting point of traditional ticker tape parades on Broadway where here it is also known as the Canyon of Heroes The Museum of Jewish Heritage and the Skyscraper Museum are both in adjacent Battery Park City which is also home to the Brookfield Place formerly World Financial Center Another key anchor for the area is the New York Stock Exchange City authorities realize its importance and believed that it has outgrown its neoclassical temple at the corner of Wall and Broad streets and in 1998 offered substantial tax incentives to try to keep it in the Financial District 18 Plans to rebuild it were delayed by the September 11 2001 attacks 18 The Exchange still occupies the same site The Exchange is the locus for a large amount of technology and data For example to accommodate the three thousand persons who work directly on the Exchange floor requires 3 500 kilowatts of electricity along with 8 000 phone circuits on the trading floor alone and 200 miles of fiber optic cable below ground 19 Official landmarks edit See also List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City and National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan Buildings in the Financial District can have one of several types of official landmark designations The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission is the New York City agency that is responsible for identifying and designating the city s landmarks and the buildings in the city s historic districts New York City landmarks NYCL can be categorized into one of several groups individual exterior interior and scenic landmarks 20 The National Register of Historic Places NRHP is the United States federal government s official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance 21 The National Historic Landmark NHL focuses on places of significance in American history architecture engineering or culture all NHL sites are also on the NRHP 22 The following landmarks are situated south of Morris Street and west of Whitehall Street Broadway 23 21 West Street NRHP NYCL 24 Alexander Hamilton U S Custom House Bowling Green NHL NRHP NYCL NYCL interior 25 Bowling Green fence NYCL 26 Bowling Green NRHP 27 Bowling Green Offices Building 11 Broadway NYCL 28 Castle Clinton the Battery NRHP NYCL 29 City Pier A the Battery NRHP NYCL 30 Cunard Building 25 Broadway NYCL NYCL interior 31 Downtown Athletic Club 19 West Street NYCL 32 Interborough Rapid Transit System Battery Park Control House NRHP NYCL 33 International Mercantile Marine Company Building 1 Broadway NRHP NYCL 34 James Watson House 7 State Street NRHP NYCL 35 Whitehall Building 17 Battery Place NYCL 36 The following landmarks are located west of Broadway between Morris and Barclay Streets 23 American Stock Exchange Building NHL NRHP NYCL 37 65 Broadway NYCL 38 90 West Street NRHP NYCL 39 94 Greenwich Street NYCL 40 195 Broadway NYCL NYCL interior 41 Empire Building 71 Broadway NRHP NYCL 42 New York County Lawyers Association Building 14 Vesey Street NRHP NYCL 43 Old New York Evening Post Building 20 Vesey Street NRHP NYCL 44 Robert and Anne Dickey House 67 Greenwich Street NYCL 45 St George s Syrian Catholic Church 103 Washington Street NYCL 46 St Paul s Chapel Broadway at Fulton Street NHL NRHP NYCL 47 St Peter s Roman Catholic Church 22 Barclay Street NRHP NYCL 48 Trinity and United States Realty Buildings 111 115 Broadway both NYCL 49 Trinity Church Broadway at Wall Street NRHP NYCL 50 Verizon Building 140 West Street NRHP NYCL NYCL interior 51 The following landmarks are located south of Wall Street and east of Broadway Whitehall Street 23 1 Hanover Square NHL NRHP NYCL 52 1 Wall Street NYCL 53 1 Wall Street Court NRHP NYCL 54 1 William Street NYCL 55 20 Exchange Place NYCL 56 23 Wall Street NRHP NYCL 57 26 Broadway NYCL 58 55 Wall Street NRHP NYCL NYCL interior 59 American Bank Note Company Building 70 Broad Street NRHP NYCL 60 Battery Maritime Building South Street NRHP NYCL 61 Broad Exchange Building 25 Broad Street NRHP NYCL 62 Delmonico s Building 56 Beaver Street NYCL 63 First Precinct Police Station 100 Old Slip NRHP NYCL 64 Fraunces Tavern 54 Pearl Street NRHP NYCL 65 New York Stock Exchange Building 8 18 Broad Street NHL NRHP NYCL 66 Wall and Hanover Building 59 63 Wall Street NRHP 67 The following landmarks are located east of Broadway between Wall Street and Maiden Lane 23 14 Wall Street NYCL 68 28 Liberty Street NYCL 69 40 Wall Street NRHP NYCL 70 48 Wall Street NRHP NYCL 71 56 Pine Street NRHP NYCL 72 70 Pine Street NYCL NYCL interior 73 90 94 Maiden Lane NYCL 74 American Surety Building 100 Broadway NYCL 75 Chamber of Commerce Building 65 Liberty Street NHL NRHP NYCL 76 Down Town Association Building 60 Pine Street NYCL 77 Equitable Building NHL NRHP NYCL 78 Federal Hall National Memorial 26 Wall Street NHL NRHP NYCL NYCL interior 79 Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building 33 Liberty Street NRHP NYCL 80 Liberty Tower 55 Liberty Street NRHP NYCL 81 Marine Midland Building 140 Broadway NYCL 82 The following landmarks are located east of Broadway and Park Row between Maiden Lane and the Brooklyn Bridge 23 5 Beekman Street NYCL 83 63 Nassau Street NYCL 84 150 Nassau Street NYCL 85 Bennett Building 99 Nassau Street NYCL 86 Corbin Building 13 John Street NRHP NYCL 87 Excelsior Power Company Building 33 43 Gold Street NYCL 88 John Street Methodist Church 44 John Street NRHP NYCL 89 Keuffel amp Esser Company Building 127 Fulton Street NYCL 90 Morse Building 138 42 Nassau Street NYCL 91 New York Times Building 41 Park Row NYCL 92 Park Row Building 15 Park Row NRHP NYCL 93 Potter Building 38 Park Row NYCL 94 The following landmarks apply to multiple distinct areas 23 Fraunces Tavern Block Historic District NRHP NYCL 95 South Street Seaport Historic District NRHP NYCL includes numerous individual landmarks 96 Street Plan of New Amsterdam and Colonial New York NYCL 97 Stone Street Historic District NYCL 98 Wall Street Fulton Street station interiors NYCL 99 History editNew Amsterdam edit nbsp The original city map of New Amsterdam called the Castello Plan from 1660 The bottom left corner is approximately south while the top right corner is approximately north The fort eventually gave the name to The Battery the large street leading from the fort later became known as Broadway and the city wall right possibly gave the name to Wall Street What is now the Financial District was once part of New Amsterdam situated on the strategic southern tip of the island of Manhattan New Amsterdam was derived from Fort Amsterdam meant to defend the fur trade operations of the Dutch West India Company in the North River Hudson River In 1624 it became a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic and was designated as the capital of the province of New Netherland in 1625 100 By 1655 the population of New Netherland had grown to 2 000 people with 1 500 living in New Amsterdam By 1664 the population of New Netherland had skyrocketed to almost 9 000 people 2 500 of whom lived in New Amsterdam 1 000 lived near Fort Orange and the remainder in other towns and villages 101 102 In 1664 the English took over New Amsterdam and renamed it New York City 103 19th and 20th centuries edit In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the corporate culture of New York was a primary center for the construction of early skyscrapers and was rivaled only by Chicago on the American continent There were also residential sections such as the Bowling Green section between Broadway and the Hudson River and between Vesey Street and the Battery The Bowling Green area was described as Wall Street s back yard with poor people high infant mortality rates and the worst housing conditions in the city 104 As a result of the construction looking at New York City from the east one can see two distinct clumps of tall buildings the Financial District on the left and the taller Midtown neighborhood on the right The geology of Manhattan is well suited for tall buildings with a solid mass of bedrock underneath Manhattan providing a firm foundation for tall buildings Skyscrapers are expensive to build but the scarcity of land in the Financial District made it suitable for the construction of skyscrapers 105 Business writer John Brooks in his book Once in Golconda considered the start of the 20th century period to have been the area s heyday 106 The address of 23 Wall Street the headquarters of J P Morgan amp Company known as The Corner was the precise center geographical as well as metaphorical of financial America and even of the financial world 106 On September 16 1920 close to the corner of Wall and Broad Street the busiest corner of the Financial District and across the offices of the Morgan Bank a powerful bomb exploded It killed 38 and seriously injured 143 people 107 The area was subjected to numerous threats one bomb threat in 1921 led to detectives sealing off the area to prevent a repetition of the Wall Street bomb explosion 108 Late 20th century growth edit nbsp The Original World Trade Center in March 2001During most of the 20th century the Financial District was a business community with practically only offices which emptied out at night Writing in The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961 urbanist Jane Jacobs described a deathlike stillness that settles on the district after 5 30 and all day Saturday and Sunday 109 But there has been a change towards greater residential use of the area pushed forwards by technological changes and shifting market conditions The general pattern is for several hundred thousand workers to commute into the area during the day sometimes by sharing a taxicab 110 from other parts of the city as well as from New Jersey and Long Island and then leave at night In 1970 only 833 people lived south of Chambers Street by 1990 13 782 people were residents with the addition of areas such as Battery Park City 18 and Southbridge Towers 111 Battery Park City was built on 92 acres of landfill and 3 000 people moved there beginning about 1982 but by 1986 there was evidence of more shops and stores and a park along with plans for more residential development 112 Construction of the World Trade Center began in 1966 but the World Trade Center had trouble attracting tenants when completed Nonetheless some substantial firms purchased space there Its impressive height helped make it a visual landmark for drivers and pedestrians In some respects the nexus of the Financial District moved physically from Wall Street to the World Trade Center complex and surrounding buildings such as the Deutsche Bank Building 90 West Street and One Liberty Plaza Real estate growth during the latter part of the 1990s was significant with deals and new projects happening in the Financial District and elsewhere in Manhattan one firm invested more than 24 billion in various projects many in the Wall Street area 113 In 1998 the NYSE and the city struck a 900 million deal which kept the NYSE from moving across the river to Jersey City the deal was described as the largest in city history to prevent a corporation from leaving town 114 A competitor to the NYSE NASDAQ moved its headquarters from Washington to New York 115 nbsp The Financial District area from Brooklyn The South Street Seaport is at the lower middle slightly to the right Circa 2006In 1987 the stock market plunged 18 and in the relatively brief recession following lower Manhattan lost 100 000 jobs according to one estimate 111 Since telecommunications costs were coming down banks and brokerage firms could move away from the Financial District to more affordable locations 111 The recession of 1990 91 was marked by office vacancy rates downtown which were persistently high and with some buildings standing empty 11 Residential neighborhood edit In 1995 city authorities offered the Lower Manhattan Revitalization Plan which offered incentives to convert commercial properties to residential use 11 According to one description in 1996 The area dies at night It needs a neighborhood a community 111 During the past two decades there has been a shift towards greater residential living areas in the Financial District with incentives from city authorities in some instances 18 Many empty office buildings have been converted to lofts and apartments for example the Liberty Tower the office building of oil magnate Harry Sinclair was converted to a co op in 1979 111 In 1996 a fifth of buildings and warehouses were empty and many were converted to living areas 111 Some conversions met with problems such as aging gargoyles on building exteriors having to be expensively restored to meet with current building codes 111 Residents in the area have sought to have a supermarket a movie theater a pharmacy more schools and a good diner 111 The discount retailer named Job Lot used to be located at the World Trade Center but moved to Church Street merchants bought extra unsold items at steep prices and sold them as a discount to consumers and shoppers included thrifty homemakers and browsing retirees who rubbed elbows with City Hall workers and Wall Street executives but the firm went bust in 1993 116 There were reports that the number of residents increased by 60 during the 1990s to about 25 000 although a second estimate based on the 2000 census based on a different map places the residential population in 2000 at 12 042 By 2001 there were several grocery stores dry cleaners and two grade schools and a top high school 18 21st century edit September 11 attacks edit In 2001 the Big Board as some termed the NYSE was described as the world s largest and most prestigious stock market 117 When the World Trade Center was destroyed on September 11 2001 it left an architectural void as new developments since the 1970s had played off the complex aesthetically The attacks crippled the communications network 117 One estimate was that 45 of the neighborhood s best office space had been lost 18 The physical destruction was immense Debris littered some streets of the financial district National Guard members in camouflage uniforms manned checkpoints Abandoned coffee carts glazed with dust from the collapse of the World Trade Center lay on their sides across sidewalks Most subway stations were closed most lights were still off most telephones did not work and only a handful of people walked in the narrow canyons of Wall Street yesterday morning Leslie Eaton and Kirk Johnson of The New York Times September 16 2001 19 Still the NYSE was determined to re open on September 17 almost a week after the attack 19 After September 11 the financial services industry went through a downturn with a sizable drop in year end bonuses of 6 5 billion according to one estimate from a state comptroller s office 116 To guard against a vehicular bombing in the area authorities built concrete barriers and found ways over time to make them more aesthetically appealing by spending 5000 to 8000 apiece on bollards Several streets in the neighborhood including Wall and Broad Streets were blocked off by specially designed bollards Rogers Marvel designed a new kind of bollard a faceted piece of sculpture whose broad slanting surfaces offer people a place to sit in contrast to the typical bollard which is supremely unsittable The bollard which is called the Nogo looks a bit like one of Frank Gehry s unorthodox culture palaces but it is hardly insensitive to its surroundings Its bronze surfaces actually echo the grand doorways of Wall Street s temples of commerce Pedestrians easily slip through groups of them as they make their way onto Wall Street from the area around historic Trinity Church Cars however cannot pass Blair Kamin in the Chicago Tribune 2006 Redevelopment edit The destruction of the World Trade Center spurred development on a scale that had not been seen in decades 105 Tax incentives provided by federal state and local governments encouraged development A new World Trade Center complex centered on Daniel Libeskind s Memory Foundations was after the 9 11 attacks The centerpiece which is now a 1 776 ft 541 m tall structure opened in 2014 as the One World Trade Center 118 Fulton Center a new transit complex intended to improve access to the area opened in 2014 119 followed by the World Trade Center Transportation Hub in 2016 120 121 Additionally in 2007 the Maharishi Global Financial Capital of New York opened headquarters at 70 Broad Street near the NYSE in an effort to seek investors 122 By the 2010s the Financial District had become established as a residential and commercial neighborhood Several new skyscrapers such as 125 Greenwich Street and 130 William were being developed while other structures such as 1 Wall Street the Equitable Building and the Woolworth Building were extensively renovated 123 Additionally there were more signs of dogwalkers at night and a 24 hour neighborhood although the general pattern of crowds during the working hours and emptiness at night was still apparent There were also ten hotels and thirteen museums in 2010 11 In 2007 the French fashion retailer Hermes opened a store in the Financial District to sell items such as a 4 700 custom made leather dressage saddle or a 47 000 limited edition alligator briefcase 12 However there are reports of panhandlers like elsewhere in the city 124 By 2010 the residential population had increased to 24 400 residents 125 and the area was growing with luxury high end apartments and upscale retailers 126 On October 29 2012 New York and New Jersey were inundated by Hurricane Sandy Its 14 foot high storm surge a local record caused massive street flooding in many parts of Lower Manhattan Power to the area was knocked out by a transformer explosion at a Con Edison plant With mass transit in New York City already suspended as a precaution even before the storm hit the New York Stock Exchange and other financial exchanges were closed for two days re opening on October 31 127 From 2013 to 2021 nearly two hundred buildings in the Financial District were converted to residential use Furthermore between 2001 and 2021 the proportion of companies in the area that were in the finance and insurance industries declined from 55 to 30 percent 128 Demographics editFor census purposes the New York City government classifies the Financial District as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Battery Park City Lower Manhattan 129 Based on data from the 2010 United States Census the population of Battery Park City Lower Manhattan was 39 699 an increase of 19 611 97 6 from the 20 088 counted in 2000 Covering an area of 479 77 acres 194 16 ha the neighborhood had a population density of 82 7 acre 52 900 sq mi 20 400 km2 130 The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 65 4 25 965 White 3 2 1 288 African American 0 1 35 Native American 20 2 8 016 Asian 0 0 17 Pacific Islander 0 4 153 from other races and 3 0 1 170 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7 7 3 055 of the population 131 The entirety of Community District 1 which comprises the Financial District and other Lower Manhattan neighborhoods had 63 383 inhabitants as of NYC Health s 2018 Community Health Profile with an average life expectancy of 85 8 years 132 2 20 This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81 2 for all New York City neighborhoods 133 53 PDF p 84 134 Most inhabitants are young to middle aged adults half 50 are between the ages of 25 44 while 14 are between 0 17 and 18 between 45 64 The ratio of college aged and elderly residents was lower at 11 and 7 respectively 132 2 As of 2017 the median household income in Community Districts 1 and 2 including Greenwich Village and SoHo was 144 878 135 though the median income in the Financial District individually was 125 565 3 In 2018 an estimated 9 of Financial District and Lower Manhattan residents lived in poverty compared to 14 in all of Manhattan and 20 in all of New York City One in twenty five residents 4 were unemployed compared to 7 in Manhattan and 9 in New York City Rent burden or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent is 38 in Financial District and Lower Manhattan compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45 and 51 respectively Based on this calculation as of 2018 update Financial District and Lower Manhattan are considered high income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying 132 7 The population of the Financial District has grown to an estimated 61 000 residents as of 2018 136 up from 43 000 as of 2014 which in turn was nearly double the 23 000 recorded at the 2000 Census 137 Political representation editLocal edit In the New York City Council the Financial District is part of District 1 represented by Democrat Christopher Marte 138 139 List of aldermen councilmen who have represented the Financial District 1922 1930 Martin F Tanahey Democratic 1938 1947 Borough wide proportional representation 1965 1974 Saul Sharison 1974 1977 Anthony Gaeta Democratic 1977 1985 Nicholas LaPorte Democratic 1985 Frank Fossella Democratic 1986 1990 Susan Molinari Republican 1990 1991 Alfred C Cerullo III Republican 1991 2001 Kathryn E Freed Democratic 2002 2010 Alan Gerson Democratic 2010 2021 Margaret Chin Democratic 2022 present Christopher Marte DemocraticState edit The Financial District is part of New York s 27th State Senate district 140 represented by Brian P Kavanagh 141 In the New York State Assembly the neighborhood is in the 61st 65th and 66th districts 140 represented respectively by Charles Fall Grace Lee and Deborah Glick 142 Assemblymen whorepresented the Financial District between 1902 and 1965 Years New York County s 1st District1902 Thomas F Baldwin Democratic1903 Andrew J Doyle Democratic1904 1906 Thomas B Caughlan Democratic1907 James F Cavanaugh Democratic1908 1914 Thomas B Caughlan Democratic1915 1917 John J Ryan Democratic1918 1930 Peter J Hamill Democratic1930 Vacant1930 1942 James J Dooling Democratic1943 1944 John J Lamula Republican1945 1946 MacNeil Mitchell Republican1947 1954 Maude E Ten Eyck Republican1955 1965 William F Passannante DemocraticFederal edit Politically the Financial District in New York s 10th congressional district 143 as of 2022 update it is represented by Dan Goldman 144 Police and crime editFinancial District and Lower Manhattan are patrolled by the 1st Precinct of the NYPD located at 16 Ericsson Place 145 The 1st Precinct ranked 63rd safest out of 69 patrol areas for per capita crime in 2010 Though the number of crimes is low compared to other NYPD precincts the residential population is also much lower 146 As of 2018 update with a non fatal assault rate of 24 per 100 000 people Financial District and Lower Manhattan s rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole The incarceration rate of 152 per 100 000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole 132 8 The 1st Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s with crimes across all categories having decreased by 86 3 between 1990 and 2018 The precinct reported 1 murder 23 rapes 80 robberies 61 felony assaults 85 burglaries 1 085 grand larcenies and 21 grand larcenies auto in 2018 147 Fire safety editThe Financial District is served by three New York City Fire Department FDNY fire stations 148 Engine Company 4 Ladder Company 15 Decon Unit 42 South Street 149 Engine Company 6 49 Beekman Street 150 Engine Company 10 Ladder Company 10 124 Liberty Street 151 Health editAs of 2018 update preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in Financial District and Lower Manhattan than in other places citywide In Financial District and Lower Manhattan there were 77 preterm births per 1 000 live births compared to 87 per 1 000 citywide and 2 2 teenage births per 1 000 live births compared to 19 3 per 1 000 citywide though the teenage birth rate is based on a small sample size 132 11 Financial District and Lower Manhattan have a low population of residents who are uninsured In 2018 this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 4 less than the citywide rate of 12 though this was based on a small sample size 132 14 The concentration of fine particulate matter the deadliest type of air pollutant in Financial District and Lower Manhattan is 0 0096 mg m3 9 6 10 9 oz cu ft more than the city average 132 9 Sixteen percent of Financial District and Lower Manhattan residents are smokers which is more than the city average of 14 of residents being smokers 132 13 In Financial District and Lower Manhattan 4 of residents are obese 3 are diabetic and 15 have high blood pressure the lowest rates in the city compared to the citywide averages of 24 11 and 28 respectively 132 16 In addition 5 of children are obese the lowest rate in the city compared to the citywide average of 20 132 12 Ninety six percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day which is more than the city s average of 87 In 2018 88 of residents described their health as good very good or excellent more than the city s average of 78 132 13 For every supermarket in Financial District and Lower Manhattan there are 6 bodegas 132 10 The nearest major hospital is NewYork Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital in the Civic Center area 152 153 Post offices and ZIP Codes editFinancial District is located within several ZIP Codes The largest ZIP Codes are 10004 centered around the Battery 10005 around Wall Street 10006 around the World Trade Center 10007 around City Hall and 10038 around South Street Seaport There are also several smaller ZIP Codes spanning one block including 10045 around the Federal Reserve Bank 10271 around the Equitable Building and 10279 around the Woolworth Building 154 The United States Postal Service operates four post offices in the Financial District Church Street Station 90 Church Street 155 Hanover Station 1 Hanover Street 156 Peck Slip Station 114 John Street 157 Whitehall Station 1 Whitehall Street 158 Education editFinancial District and Lower Manhattan generally have a higher rate of college educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018 update The vast majority of residents age 25 and older 84 have a college education or higher while 4 have less than a high school education and 12 are high school graduates or have some college education By contrast 64 of Manhattan residents and 43 of city residents have a college education or higher 132 6 The percentage of Financial District and Lower Manhattan students excelling in math rose from 61 in 2000 to 80 in 2011 and reading achievement increased from 66 to 68 during the same time period 159 The Financial District is home to Pace University s New York City Campus one of the oldest Universities in New York City Financial District and Lower Manhattan s rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City In Financial District and Lower Manhattan 6 of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year less than the citywide average of 20 132 6 133 24 PDF p 55 Additionally 96 of high school students in Financial District and Lower Manhattan graduate on time more than the citywide average of 75 132 6 Schools edit nbsp Leadership and Public Service High SchoolThe New York City Department of Education operates the following public schools in the Financial District 160 Urban Assembly School of Business for Young Women grades 9 12 161 Spruce Street School grades PK 8 162 Millennium High School grades 9 12 163 Leadership and Public Service High School grades 9 12 164 Manhattan Academy for Arts and Languages grades 9 12 165 High School of Economics and Finance grades 9 12 166 Libraries edit The New York Public Library NYPL operates two branches nearby The New Amsterdam branch is located at 9 Murray Street near Broadway It was established on the ground floor of an office building in 1989 167 The Battery Park City branch is located at 175 North End Avenue near Murray Street Completed in 2010 the two story branch is NYPL s first LEED certified branch 168 Transportation editThe following New York City Subway stations are located in the Financial District 169 Bowling Green Wall Street 4 and 5 trains Broad Street J and Z trains Chambers WTC Park Place Cortlandt Street 2 3 A C and E trains City Hall Rector Street N R and W trains Fulton Street A and C trains Rector Street WTC Cortlandt 1 2 and 3 trains South Ferry Whitehall Street 1 N R and W trains The largest transit hub Fulton Center was completed in 2014 after a 1 4 billion reconstruction project necessitated by the September 11 2001 attacks and involves at least five different sets of platforms This transit hub was expected to serve 300 000 daily riders as of late 2014 170 The World Trade Center Transportation Hub and PATH station opened in 2016 171 MTA Regional Bus Operations also operates several bus routes in the Financial District namely the M15 M15 SBS M20 M55 and M103 routes running north south through the area and the M9 and M22 routes running west east through the area There are also many MTA express bus routes running through the Financial District 172 The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation started operating a free shuttle bus the Downtown Connection in 2003 173 the route circulates around the Financial District during the daytime 174 Ferry services are also concentrated downtown including the Staten Island Ferry at the Whitehall Terminal 175 NYC Ferry at Pier 11 Wall Street and Battery Park City Ferry Terminal 176 and service to Governors Island at the Battery Maritime Building 177 Tallest buildings editName Image Heightft m Floors Year NotesOne World Trade Center nbsp 1 776 541 3 104 2014 Is the seventh tallest building in the world and the tallest building in the United States since its topping out on May 10 2013 It is also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere and the tallest all office building in the world 178 179 3 World Trade Center nbsp 1 079 329 80 2018 Mixed use opened in 2018 180 4 World Trade Center nbsp 978 298 74 2013 Third tallest building at the rebuilt World Trade Center and in the Financial District The building opened to tenants in 2013 181 70 Pine Street nbsp 952 290 66 1932 22nd tallest building in the United States formerly known as the American International Building and the Cities Service Building 182 183 70 Pine is being transformed into a residential skyscraper with 644 rental residences 132 hotel rooms and 35 000 square feet 3 300 square meters of retail 184 30 Park Place nbsp 937 286 82 2016 Four Seasons Private Residences and Hotel Topped out in 2015 and completed in 2016 185 40 Wall Street nbsp 927 283 70 1930 26th tallest in the United States was world s tallest building for less than two months in 1930 formerly known as the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building also known as 40 Wall Street 186 187 28 Liberty Street nbsp 813 248 60 1961 188 189 50 West Street nbsp 778 237 63 2016 190 191 200 West Street nbsp 749 228 44 2010 Also known as Goldman Sachs World Headquarters 192 193 60 Wall Street nbsp 745 227 55 1989 Also known as Deutsche Bank Building 194 195 One Liberty Plaza nbsp 743 226 54 1973 Formerly known as the U S Steel Building 196 197 20 Exchange Place nbsp 741 226 57 1931 Formerly known as the City Bank Farmers Trust Building 198 199 200 Vesey Street nbsp 739 225 51 1986 Also known as Three World Financial Center 200 201 HSBC Bank Building nbsp 688 210 52 1967 Also known as Marine Midland Building 202 203 55 Water Street nbsp 687 209 53 1972 204 205 1 Wall Street nbsp 654 199 50 1931 Also known as Bank of New York Mellon Building 206 207 225 Liberty Street nbsp 645 197 44 1987 Also known as Two World Financial Center 208 209 1 New York Plaza nbsp 640 195 50 1969 210 211 Home Insurance Plaza nbsp 630 192 45 1966 212 213 Gallery edit nbsp The Broad Street facade of the New York Stock Exchange nbsp The Federal Reserve Bank of New York building nbsp The former House of Morgan building at 23 Wall Street nbsp Federal Hall once the U S Custom House now a museum with the towers of Wall Street behind it nbsp One Liberty Plaza one of the many modern skyscrapers in the areaSee also edit nbsp New York City portalEconomy of New York CityReferences edit Jones Huw March 24 2022 New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index www reuters com Retrieved June 25 2022 a b c NYC Planning Community Profiles communityprofiles planning nyc gov New York City Department of City Planning Retrieved March 18 2019 a b c d Wall Street Financial District neighborhood in New York Retrieved March 18 2019 Couzzo Steve April 25 2007 FiDi Soaring High New York Post Retrieved December 3 2014 The Financial District is over So is the Wall Street area But say hello to FiDi the coinage of major downtown landlord Kent Swig who decided it s time to humanize the old F D with an easily remembered fun sounding acronym Manhattan New York Some of the Most Expensive Real Estate in the World Overlooks Central Park The Pinnacle List Archived from the original on November 29 2014 Retrieved November 24 2014 The Global Financial Centres Index 34 Long Finance September 28 2023 Retrieved September 28 2023 Richard Florida March 3 2015 Sorry London New York Is the World s Most Economically Powerful City Bloomberg com The Atlantic Monthly Group Retrieved March 25 2015 Our new ranking puts the Big Apple firmly on top 2013 WFE Market Highlights PDF World Federation of Exchanges Archived from the original PDF on March 27 2014 Retrieved March 25 2015 NYSE Listings Directory Archived from the original on July 19 2008 Retrieved June 23 2014 White Norval Willensky Elliot Leadon Fran 2010 AIA Guide to New York City 5th ed New York Oxford University Press p 7 ISBN 978 0 19538 386 7 a b c d e f g Aaron Donovan September 9 2001 If You re Thinking of Living In The Financial District In Wall Street s Canyons Cliff Dwellers The New York Times Real Estate Retrieved January 14 2010 a b Claire Wilson July 29 2007 Hermes Tempts the Men of Wall Street The New York Times Real Estate Retrieved January 14 2010 a b David M Halbfinger August 27 1997 New York s Financial District Is a Must See Tourist Destination The New York Times Retrieved January 15 2011 Lisa W Foderaro June 20 1997 A Financial District Tour The New York Times Retrieved January 15 2011 T L Chancellor January 14 2010 Walking Tours of NYC USA Today Travel Retrieved January 14 2010 Aaron Rutkoff September 27 2010 Bodies in Urban Spaces Fitting In on Wall Street Wall Street Journal Retrieved January 14 2010 Sarah Wheaton and Ravi Somaiya March 27 2010 Crane Falls Against Financial District Building The New York Times Retrieved January 14 2010 a b c d e f g Knox Noelle Moor Martha T October 24 2001 Wall Street migrates to Midtown USA Today Archived from the original on September 27 2011 Retrieved January 14 2010 a b c Leslie Eaton and Kirk Johnson September 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Association Building PDF National Register of Historic Places National Park Service September 30 1982 Retrieved February 2 2020 New York County Lawyers Association Building PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission November 23 1965 Retrieved February 16 2020 Historic Structures Report New York Evening Post Building PDF National Register of Historic Places National Park Service August 16 1977 Retrieved February 2 2020 New York Evening Post Building PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission November 23 1965 Retrieved February 16 2020 Robert and Anne Dickey House PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission June 28 2005 Retrieved February 17 2020 Saint George s Syrian Catholic Church PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission July 14 2009 Retrieved February 17 2020 Historic Structures Report Saint Paul s Chapel PDF National Register of Historic Places National Park Service April 23 1980 Retrieved February 17 2020 Saint Paul s Chapel and Graveyard PDF 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Vivian November 9 2014 Out of Dust and Debris a New Jewel Rises The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Verrill Courtney March 4 2016 New York City s 4 billion World Trade Center Transportation Hub is finally open to the public Business Insider Retrieved December 20 2016 World Trade Center transportation hub dubbed Oculus opens to public ABC7 New York March 3 2016 Retrieved July 8 2018 MARIA ASPAN July 2 2007 Maharishi s Minions Come to Wall Street The New York Times Retrieved January 15 2011 Plitt Amy March 9 2016 The Financial District s massive building boom mapped Curbed NY Retrieved November 20 2020 Patty Stonesifer and Sandy Stonesifer January 23 2009 Sister Can You Spare a Dime I don t give to my neighborhood panhandlers Should I Slate Retrieved January 14 2010 Sushil Cheema May 29 2010 Financial District Rallies as Residential Area Wall Street Journal Retrieved January 14 2010 Michael Stoler June 28 2007 Refashioned Financial District Is Booming With Business New York Sun Retrieved 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Kyung May 14 2013 Cheers Erupt as Spire Tops One World Trade Center CNBC Retrieved May 12 2013 Elizabeth Fazzare June 11 2018 3 World Trade Center Is Officially Unveiled After Years of Delays Architectural Digest Building Overview Retrieved September 21 2016 American International Emporis com Archived from the original on November 9 2006 Retrieved November 19 2007 American International Building SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 Cuozzo Steve New plans for downtown s 70 Pine St are sky high New York Post October 29 2013 Four Seasons Hotel at 30 Park Place Will Open in July 2016 Zoe Rosenberg August 28 2015 Retrieved August 30 2015 The Trump Building Emporis com Archived from the original on February 5 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 Trump Building SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 One Chase Manhattan Plaza Emporis com Archived from the original on February 6 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 One Chase Manhattan Plaza SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 Financial District Manhattan CTBUH Skyscraper Center 50 West Street SkyscraperPage com Retrieved February 14 2016 Goldman Sachs Headquarters Emporis com Archived from the original on October 25 2012 Retrieved July 21 2012 Goldman Sachs New World Headquarters SkyscraperPage com Retrieved July 21 2012 60 Wall Street Emporis com Archived from the original on February 24 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 60 Wall Street SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 One Liberty Plaza Emporis com Archived from the original on November 18 2006 Retrieved November 19 2007 1 Liberty Plaza SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 20 Exchange Place Emporis com Archived from the original on May 3 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 20 Exchange Place SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 Three World Financial Center Emporis com Archived from the original on March 18 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 Three World Financial Center SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 HSBC Bank Building Emporis com Archived from the original on February 8 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 HSBC Bank Building SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 55 Water Street Emporis com Archived from the original on February 12 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 55 Water Street SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 Bank of New York Building Emporis com Archived from the original on February 9 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 Bank of New York Building SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 Two World Financial Center Emporis com Archived from the original on March 5 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 Two World Financial Center SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 One New York Plaza Emporis com Archived from the original on February 24 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 One New York Plaza SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 Home Insurance Plaza Emporis com Archived from the original on June 3 2007 Retrieved November 19 2007 Home Insurance Plaza SkyscraperPage com Retrieved November 22 2007 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Financial District Manhattan nbsp Financial District Manhattan travel guide from Wikivoyage Photographs of Financial District Wikipages Financial District a wiki based business directory for the Financial District Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Financial District Manhattan amp oldid 1183240330, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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