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Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

November 24, 2023

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (born Mahesh Prasad Varma, 12 January 1918[2] – 5 February 2008) was the creator of Transcendental Meditation (TM) and leader of the worldwide organization that has been characterized in multiple ways, including as a new religious movement and as non-religious.[3][4] He became known as Maharishi (meaning "great seer")[1][5] and Yogi as an adult.[6][7]

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1978
Personal
Born
Mahesh Prasad Varma/Srivastava

12 January 1918
Rajim, Central province, British India (Chhattisgarh, India) [1]
Died5 February 2008(2008-02-05) (aged 90)
Vlodrop, Limburg, Netherlands
ReligionHinduism
Founder ofTranscendental Meditation movement
Global Country of World Peace
PhilosophyTranscendental Meditation
Senior posting
GuruBrahmananda Saraswati
HonoursMaharishi

After earning a degree in physics at Allahabad University in 1942, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi became an assistant and disciple of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati (also known as Guru Dev), the Shankaracharya (spiritual leader) of the Jyotir Math in the Indian Himalayas. The Maharishi credits Brahmananda Saraswati with inspiring his teachings. In 1955, the Maharishi began to introduce his Transcendental Deep Meditation (later renamed Transcendental Meditation) to India and the world. His first global tour began in 1958.[8] His devotees referred to him as His Holiness,[9] and because he laughed more frequently in early TV interviews, he was sometimes referred to as the "giggling guru."[10][11][12]

The Maharishi trained more than 40,000 TM teachers, taught the Transcendental Meditation technique to "more than five million people" and founded thousands of teaching centres and hundreds of colleges, universities and schools,[1][13][14] while TM websites report that tens of thousands have learned the TM-Sidhi programme. His initiatives include schools and universities with campuses in several countries, including India, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Switzerland.[15] The Maharishi, his family and close associates created charitable organisations and for-profit businesses, including health clinics, mail-order health supplements and organic farms. The reported value of the Maharishi's organization has ranged from the millions to billions of U.S. dollars; in 2008, the organization placed the value of their United States assets at about $300 million.[1]

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Maharishi achieved fame as the guru to the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and other celebrities. In the late 1970s, he started the TM-Sidhi programme, which proposed to improve the mind-body relationship of practitioners through techniques such as Yogic flying.[16] The Maharishi's Natural Law Party was founded in 1992 and ran campaigns in dozens of countries. He moved to near Vlodrop, the Netherlands, in the same year.[17] In 2000, he created the Global Country of World Peace, a non-profit organization, and appointed its leaders. In 2008, the Maharishi announced his retirement from all administrative activities and went into silence until his death three weeks later.[18]

Life edit

Birth edit

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi belonged to the Kayastha caste, a caste of scribes in India.[19] The birth name and the birth dates of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi are not known with certainty, in part because of the tradition of ascetics and monks to relinquish family connections.[20] Many accounts say he was born Mahesh Prasad Varma into a Kayastha family living in the Central Provinces of British India.[1][21] A different name appears in the Allahabad University list of distinguished alumni, where he is listed as M.C. Srivastava,[22] and an obituary says his name was "Mahesh Srivastava".[23][24]

Various accounts give the year of his birth as 1911, 1917 or 1918.[12] Authors Paul Mason and William Jefferson say that he was born 12 January 1917 in Rajim, Central Provinces, British India (Chhattisgarh, India).[25][26] The place of birth given in his passport is "Pounalulla", India, and his birth date 12 January 1918.[2] Mahesh "most likely" came from an upper-caste family[27] of the high-status Kayastha caste, whose traditional profession is writing.[28][29]

Early life edit

Mahesh studied physics at Allahabad University and earned a degree in 1942.[30] While a few sources say that he worked at the Gun Carriage Factory in Jabalpur for some time,[31][32] most report that in 1941 he became an administrative secretary to the Shankaracharya of the Jyotir Math, Swami Brahmananda Saraswati (also known as Guru Dev, which means "divine teacher")[28][33][34][35][7] and took a new name, Bal Brahmachari Mahesh.[36] Coplin refers to bala brahmachari as both a title and a name and considers that it "identified him as a fully dedicated student of spiritual knowledge and life-long celibate ascetic."[37] Brahmananda insisted that before accepting Mahesh as a pupil he must first complete his university degree and get permission from his parents.[6] The Maharishi recalls how it took about two and a half years to attune himself to the thinking of Brahmananda Saraswati and to gain "a very genuine feeling of complete oneness".[38] At first Brahmachari Mahesh performed common chores but gained trust and became Guru Dev's "personal secretary"[39] and "favored pupil".[25] He was trusted to take care of the bulk of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati's correspondence without direction and was also sent out to give public speeches on Vedic (scriptural) themes.[36] The Maharishi said his life truly began in 1940, at the feet of his master, when he learned the secret of swift and deep meditation.[40]

Brahmachari Mahesh remained with Swami Brahmananda Saraswati until the latter died in 1953, when he moved to Uttarkashi in Uttarakhand in the Himalayas, where he undertook a reclusive life for two years.[41] Although Brahmachari Mahesh was a close disciple, he could not be the Shankaracharya's spiritual successor, because he was not a Brahmin.[42][43] The Shankaracharya, at the end of his life, charged him with the responsibility of travelling and teaching meditation to the masses, while he named Swami Shantananda Saraswati as his successor.[31][44]

Tour in India (1955–1957) edit

In 1955,[12][45][46][47] Brahmachari Mahesh left Uttarkashi and began publicly teaching what he stated was a traditional meditation technique[48] learned from his master Brahmananda Saraswati, and that he called Transcendental Deep Meditation.[49] Later the technique was renamed Transcendental Meditation.[50] It was also then that he was first publicly known with the name "Maharishi", an honorific title meaning "great sage", after the title was given to him according to some sources from "Indian Pundits"; according to another source the honorific was given along with Yogi by followers in India. Later in the west, the title was retained as a name.[7][51]

He traveled around India for two years[52] interacting with his "Hindu audiences" in an "Indian context".[53] At that time, he called his movement the Spiritual Development Movement,[28] but renamed it the Spiritual Regeneration Movement in 1957, in Madras, India, on the concluding day of the Seminar of Spiritual Luminaries.[12] According to Coplin, in his visits to southern India, the Maharishi spoke English rather than the Hindi spoken in his home area to avoid provoking resistance among those seeking linguistic self-determination, and to appeal to the "learned classes".[54]

World tours (1958–1968) edit

According to William Jefferson, in 1958, the Maharishi went to Madras to address a large crowd of people who had gathered to celebrate the memory of Guru Dev. It was there that he spontaneously announced that he planned to spread the teaching of TM throughout the world. Hundreds of people immediately asked to learn TM.[26] In 1959, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi began his first world tour,[12] writing: "I had one thing in mind, that I know something which is useful to every man".[10]

The Maharishi's 1986 book, Thirty Years Around the World, gives a detailed account of his world tours, as do two biographies, The Story of the Maharishi, by William Jefferson, and The Maharishi by Paul Mason.[6][26] The first world tour began in Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar), and included the countries of Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong and Hawaii.[55][56][57] He arrived in Hawaii in the spring of 1959, [28] and the Honolulu Star Bulletin reported: "He has no money, he asks for nothing. His worldly possessions can be carried in one hand. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is on a world odyssey. He carries a message that he says will rid the world of all unhappiness and discontent."[58] In 1959, the Maharishi lectured and taught the Transcendental Meditation technique in Honolulu, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston, New York and London.[13][55][59][60][61] While in Los Angeles, the Maharishi stayed at the home of author Helena Olson,[55][62][unreliable source?] and during this period he developed a three-year plan to propagate Transcendental Meditation to the whole world.[28] Though most of his audience consisted of average middle class individuals, he also attracted a few celebrities, such as Efrem Zimbalist Jr., Nancy Cooke de Herrera and Doris Duke.[7]

 
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1967 in The Netherlands at Concertgebouw (Amsterdam)
 
Left to right: Michael Cooper, Mick Jagger, Marianne Faithfull, Shepard Sherbell and Brian Jones; sitting: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (Concertgebouw Amsterdam, 1967)

When the Maharishi came to the U.S. in 1959, his Spiritual Regeneration Movement was called Transcendental Meditation.[10] That same year, he began the International Meditation Society and other organizations to propagate his teachings,[63] establishing centres in San Francisco and London.[64] For years, the sole teacher of Transcendental Meditation in America was a San Diego woman named Beulah Smith.[7]

In 1960, the Maharishi travelled to many cities in India, France, Switzerland, England, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand and Africa.[65][66]

While in Manchester, England, the Maharishi gave a television interview and was featured in many English newspapers, such as the Birmingham Post, the Oxford Mail and the Cambridge Daily News.[67] This was also the year in which the Maharishi trained Henry Nyburg to be the first Transcendental Meditation teacher in Europe.[68][69]

In 1961, the Maharishi visited the United States,[25] Austria, Sweden, France, Italy, Greece, India, Kenya, England, and Canada.[70] While in England, he appeared on BBC television and gave a lecture to 5,000 people at the Royal Albert Hall in London, organised by Leon MacLaren of the School of Economic Science.[71] In April 1961, the Maharishi conducted his first Transcendental Meditation Teacher Training Course in Rishikesh, India, with sixty participants from various countries.[13][72] Teachers continued to be trained as time progressed.[73] During the course, the Maharishi began to introduce additional knowledge regarding the development of human potential and began writing his translation and commentary on the first six chapters of the ancient Vedic text, the Bhagavad Gita.[74][75]

His 1962 world tour included visits to Europe, India, Australia and New Zealand.[citation needed] In Britain, he founded a branch of the Spiritual Regeneration Movement.[25] The year concluded in California, where the Maharishi began dictating his book The Science of Being and Art of Living.[76][77] In Rishikesh, India, beginning on 20 April 1962, a forty-day course was held for "sadhus, sanyasis, and brahmacharis" to introduce TM to "religious preachers and spiritual masters in India".[78]

The Maharishi toured cities in Europe, Asia, North America and India in 1963, and also addressed ministers of the Indian Parliament.[79][80] According to his memoirs, twenty-one members of parliament then issued a public statement endorsing the Maharishi's goals and meditation technique.[81] His Canadian tour[82] was also well covered by the press.[83]

The Maharishi's fifth world tour, in 1964, consisted of visits to many cities in North America, Europe and India.[84][85] During his visit to England, he appeared with the Abbot of Downside, Abbot Butler, on a BBC television show called The Viewpoint.[86][87] In October of that year, in California, the Maharishi began teaching the first Advanced Technique of Transcendental Meditation to some experienced meditators.[88][89] While travelling in America, the Maharishi met with Robert Maynard Hutchins, the head of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, and U Thant, the Secretary General of the United Nations.[90][91] During this same year, the Maharishi finished his book The Science of Being and Art of Living, which sold more than a million copies and was published in fifteen languages.[92]

The Maharishi's activities in 1966 included a course in India and a one-month tour in South America. He established Transcendental Meditation centers in Port of Spain, Trinidad; Caracas, Venezuela; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Porto Alegre, Brazil; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Santiago, Chile; Lima, Peru; and Bogota, Colombia.[93]

In addition, in 1966 the Maharishi founded the Students' International Meditation Society ("SIMS"), which The Los Angeles Times later characterised as a "phenomenal success".[12][94] In the 1970s, SIMS centres were established at "over one thousand campuses",[95] including Harvard University, Yale University, and UCLA.[7]

In 1967, the Maharishi gave a lecture at Caxton Hall in London, which was attended by Leon MacLaren, the founder and leader of the School of Economic Science (SES).[36] He also lectured at UCLA, Harvard, Yale and Berkeley.[96] That year, an article in Time magazine reported that the Maharishi "has been sharply criticised by other Indian sages, who complain that his programme for spiritual peace without either penance or asceticism contravenes every traditional Hindu belief".[97] Religion and culture scholar Sean McCloud also reported that traditional Indian sages and gurus were critical of the Maharishi for teaching a simple technique and making it available to everyone and for abandoning traditional concepts of suffering and concentration as paths to enlightenment.[98] At the end of 1968, the Maharishi said that after ten years of teaching and world tours, he would return to India.[99]

Association with the Beatles edit

Main articles: The Beatles in Bangor and The Beatles in India

In 1967, the Maharishi's fame increased and his movement gained greater prominence when he became the "spiritual advisor to the Beatles",[92][100] though he was already well known among young people in the UK and had already had numerous public appearances that brought him to the band's attention.[101] Following the Beatles' endorsement of TM, during 1967 and 1968 the Maharishi appeared on American magazine covers such as Life, Newsweek, Time and many others.[102] He gave lectures to capacity crowds at the Felt Forum in New York City and Harvard's Sanders Hall.[7] He also appeared on The Tonight Show and the Today TV shows.[7]

He and the Beatles met in London in August 1967, when George Harrison and his wife Pattie Boyd urged their friends to attend the Maharishi's lecture at the Hilton on Park Lane. The band members went to study with the Maharishi in Bangor, Wales, before travelling to Rishikesh, India,[25] in February 1968 to "devote themselves fully to his instruction".[103] Ringo Starr and his wife Maureen left after ten days,[103][104][105] Paul McCartney and Jane Asher left after five weeks;[106][107][108] the group's most dedicated students, Harrison and John Lennon, departed with their wives sixteen days later.[106]

During their stay, the Beatles heard that the Maharishi had allegedly made sexual advances towards Mia Farrow.[109] On 15 June 1968, in London, the Beatles formally renounced their association with the Maharishi as a "public mistake". "Sexy Sadie" is the title of a song Lennon wrote in response to the episode.[103][110][111] Lennon originally wanted to title the song "Maharishi",[112] but changed the title at Harrison's request. Harrison commented years later, "Now, historically, there's the story that something went on that shouldn't have done – but nothing did." In 1992, Harrison gave a benefit concert for the Maharishi-associated Natural Law Party and later apologised for the way the Maharishi had been treated, by saying, "We were very young" and "It's probably in the history books that Maharishi 'tried to attack Mia Farrow' – but it's bullshit, total bullshit." Cynthia Lennon wrote in 2006 that she "hated leaving on a note of discord and mistrust, when we had enjoyed so much kindness from the Maharishi". Asked if he forgave the Beatles, the Maharishi replied, "I could never be upset with angels." McCartney took his daughter, Stella, to visit the Maharishi in the Netherlands in 2007, which renewed their friendship.[113]

The New York Times and The Independent reported that the influence of the Maharishi, and the journey to Rishikesh to meditate, steered the Beatles away from LSD and inspired them to write many new songs.[64][103] In 2009, McCartney commented that Transcendental Meditation was a gift the Beatles had received from the Maharishi at a time when they were looking for something to stabilise them.[114] The Beatles' visit to the Maharishi's ashram coincided with a thirty-participant Transcendental Meditation teacher training course that was ongoing when they arrived. Graduates of the course included Prudence Farrow and Mike Love.[115][116][117]

Although the Rishikesh ashram had thrived in its early days, it was eventually abandoned in 2001. By 2016, some of it had been reclaimed with building repairs, cleared paths, a small photo museum, murals, a cafe and charges for visitors, although the site remains essentially a ruin.[118]

Further growth of the TM movement (1968–1990) edit

 
The Maharishi's headquarters in Seelisberg, Switzerland

In 1968, the Maharishi announced that he would stop his public activities and instead begin the training of TM teachers at his new global headquarters in Seelisberg, Switzerland.[94] In 1969, he inaugurated a course in his Science of Creative Intelligence at Stanford University, which was then offered at 25 other American universities.[25]

In 1970, the Maharishi held a TM teacher training course at a Victorian hotel in Poland Springs, Maine, with 1,200 participants. Later that year, he held a similar four-week course with 1500 participants at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California.[119] In 1970, after having trouble with Indian tax authorities, he moved his headquarters to Italy, returning to India in the late 1970s.[120][121] That same year, the City of Hope Foundation in Los Angeles gave the Maharishi their "Man of Hope" award.[122]

By 1971, the Maharishi had completed 13 world tours, visited 50 countries, and held a press conference with American inventor Buckminster Fuller at his first International Symposium on SCI at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, Massachusetts.[25][123][124][125] From 1970 to 1973, about 10,000 people attended the Maharishi sponsored symposia on his modern interpretation of Vedanta philosophy, called Science of Creative Intelligence. During these conferences, held at universities, the Maharishi spoke with "leading thinkers" of the day, such as Hans Selye, Marshall McLuhan, and Jonas Salk.[7]

The Maharishi announced his World Plan in 1972, the goal of which was to establish 3,600 TM centres around the world.[25][28] That year, a TM training course was given by the Maharishi at Queen's University and was attended by 1,000 young people from the US and Canada. At the start of the course, the Maharishi encouraged the attendees to improve their appearance by getting haircuts and wearing ties.[126] He also persuaded the U.S. Army to offer courses in TM to its soldiers[25] and made videotaped recordings of what was thought to be the West's first comprehensive recitation of the Rig Veda.[127]

In March 1973, the Maharishi addressed the legislature of the state of Illinois. That same year, the legislature passed a resolution in support of the use of Maharishi's Science of Creative Intelligence in Illinois public schools.[25][128][129] Later that year, he organized a world conference of mayors in Switzerland.[25] In that same year, he also addressed 3000 educators at an American Association of Higher Education (AAHE) conference on quality of life and higher education.[5]

In 1974, Maharishi International University was founded at the site of the former Parsons College in Fairfield, Iowa. In October 1975, the Maharishi was pictured on the front cover of Time magazine. He made his last visit to the Spiritual Regeneration Movement centre in Los Angeles in 1975, according to film director David Lynch, who met him for the first time there.[130]

In 1975, the Maharishi embarked on a five-continent trip to inaugurate what he called "the Dawn of the Age of Enlightenment". The Maharishi said the purpose of the inaugural tour was to "go around the country and give a gentle whisper to the population".[131][132] He visited Ottawa during this tour and had a private meeting with Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau, during which he spoke about the principles of TM and "the possibility of structuring an ideal society".[133][134][135] That same year, the Pittsburgh Press reported that "The Maharishi has been criticised by other Eastern yogis for simplifying their ancient art."[136] The Maharishi appeared as a guest on The Merv Griffin Show in 1975 and again in 1977, and this resulted in "tens of thousands of new practitioners" around the USA.[12][137][138][139]

 
The Maharishi during a 1979 visit to Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield, Iowa

In the mid 1970s, the Maharishi's U.S. movement was operating 370 TM centres manned by 6,000 TM teachers.[10] At that time, the Maharishi also began approaching the business community via an organisation called the American Foundation for SCI (AFSCI), whose objective was to eliminate stress for business professionals. His TM movement came to be increasingly structured along the lines of a multinational corporation.[94]

The teaching of TM and the Science of Creative Intelligence in a New Jersey public school was stopped when a US court, in 1977, declared the movement to be religious, and ruled adoption of TM by public organisations to be in breach of the separation of church and state (First Amendment).[140]

During the 1980s, the organisation continued to expand and his meditation technique continued to attract celebrities,[10] despite its "outlandish claims" and accusations of fraud from disaffected former disciples.[94] The TM organization made a number of property investments, buying a former Rothschild mansion in England, Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire, Roydon Hall in Maidstone, Swythamley Park in the Peak District, and a Georgian rectory in Suffolk.[94] In the United States, resorts and hotels, many in city centres, were purchased to be used as TM training centres. Doug Henning and the Maharishi planned a magical Vedic amusement park, Vedaland, and bought large tracts of land near Orlando, Florida, and Niagara Falls, Ontario, to host the park. The theme park was supposed to be a gateway into understanding the mysteries of the universe. According to the Maharishi's official Vedic city website, "Entering Veda Land through a secret cave on a windswept plateau high in the Himalayas the adventure starts as one travels through a waterfall that leads to a forest where an ancient Vedic civilization awaits to reveal the deepest secrets of the universe (sic)".[141] These plans were never executed and, for Niagara Falls, Veda Land turned out to be just another theme park proposal that never materialized, joining an eclectic list that includes the Worlds of Jules Verne, the Ancient Chinese City and even Canada's Wonderland when it was first being planned.[142] The Maharishi commissioned plans from a prominent architect for the world's tallest building, a Vedic-style pyramid to be built in São Paulo, Brazil, and to be filled with Yogic Flyers and other TM endeavours.[143] The Maharishi founded Maharishi Ved Vigyan Vishwa Vidyapeetham, a self-described educational institution located in Uttar Pradesh, India, in 1982. The institution reports that it has trained 50,000 pundits in traditional Vedic recitation.[144][145] In 1983, the Maharishi invited government leaders to interact with his organization called "World Government".[28]

In January 1988, offices at the Maharishinagar complex in New Delhi were raided by Indian tax authorities, and the Maharishi and his organisation were accused of falsifying expenses.[146] Reports on the value of stocks, fixed-deposit notes, cash and jewels confiscated vary from source to source.[147][148][149][150] The Maharishi, who was "headquartered in Switzerland" at the time, reportedly moved to the Netherlands "after the Indian government accused him of tax fraud".[151]) Following an earthquake in Armenia, the Maharishi trained Russian TM teachers and set up a Maharishi Ayurveda training centre in the Urals region.[152] Beginning in 1989, the Maharishi's movement began incorporating the term "Maharishi" into the names of their new and existing entities, concepts and programmes.[153]

Years in Vlodrop (1991–2008) edit

 
The Maharishi's headquarters in MERU, The Netherlands

In 1990, the Maharishi relocated his headquarters from Seelisberg, Switzerland, to a former Franciscan monastery in Vlodrop, the Netherlands, which became known as MERU, Holland, on account of the Maharishi European Research University (MERU) campus there.[154][155] During his time in Vlodrop, he communicated to the public mainly via video and the internet. He also created a subscription-based, satellite TV channel, called Veda Vision, which broadcast content in 22 languages and 144 countries.[94]

In 1991, the Maharishi called Washington, D.C., a "pool of mud" after a decade of attempts to lower the rate of crime in the city, which had the second-largest TM community in the US. He told his followers to leave and save themselves from its "criminal atmosphere".[156] The Maharishi is believed to have made his final public appearance in 1991, in Maastricht, the Netherlands.[157] Deepak Chopra, described as "one of the Maharishi's top assistants before he launched his own career",[12] wrote that the Maharishi collapsed in 1991 with kidney and pancreas failure, that the illness was kept secret by the Maharishi's family, and that he tended to Maharishi during a year-long recovery. According to Chopra, the Maharishi accused him, in July 1993, of trying to compete for the position of guru and asked him to stop travelling and writing books, which led to Chopra's decision to leave the movement in January 1994.[158]

As part of a world plan for peace, the Maharishi inaugurated the Natural Law Party (NLP), calling it a "natural government".[121] His adherents founded the NLP in 1992.[159] It was active in forty-two countries.[160] John Hagelin, the NLP's three-time candidate for U.S. president, denied any formal connection between the Maharishi and the party.[161] According to spokesman Bob Roth, "The Maharishi has said the party has to grow to encompass everyone."[160] Critics charged that the party was an effort to recruit people for Transcendental Meditation,[162] and that it resembled "the political arm of an international corporation" more than a "home-grown political creation".[163] The Indian arm of the NLP, the Ajeya Bharat Party, achieved electoral success, winning one seat in a state assembly in 1998.[164] The Maharishi shut down the political effort in 2004, saying, "I had to get into politics to know what is wrong there."[165]

In 1992, the Maharishi began to send groups of Yogic Flyers to countries like India, Brazil, China and America in an effort to promote world peace through "coherent world consciousness".[121] In 1993 and 2003, he decided to raise the fees for learning the TM technique.[166][167][168]

In 1997, the Maharishi's organization built the largest wooden structure in the Netherlands without using any nails.[94][157] The building was the Maharishi's residence for the last two decades of his life. In later years, the Maharishi rarely left his two-room quarters in order to preserve his health and energy.[17] He used videoconferencing to communicate with the world and with his advisors.[17][169] Built to Maharishi Sthapatya Veda architectural standards, the structure, according to the Maharishi, is said to have helped him infuse "the light of Total Knowledge" into "the destiny of the human race".[170][171]

In 2000, the Maharishi founded the Global Country of World Peace (GCWP) "to create global world peace by unifying all nations in happiness, prosperity, invincibility and perfect health, while supporting the rich diversity of our world family".[1][172] The Maharishi crowned Tony Nader, a physician and MIT-trained neuroscientist,[34] as the king or Maharaja of the GCWP in 2000.[173] The GCWP unsuccessfully attempted to establish a sovereign micronation when it offered US$1.3 billion to the President of Suriname for a 200-year lease of 3,500 acres (14 km2) of land and in 2002, attempted to choose a king for the Talamanca, a "remote Indian reservation" in Costa Rica.[174][175]

In 2001, Maharishi University Of Information Technology was founded at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India. [176]

In 2001, followers of the Maharishi founded Maharishi Vedic City a few miles north of Fairfield, Iowa, in the United States. This new city requires that the construction of its homes and buildings be done according to the Maharishi Sthapatya Veda principles of "harmony with nature".[177]

 
The Maharishi in 2007

In a 2002 appearance on the CNN show, Larry King Live, the first time in 25 years that the Maharishi had appeared in the mainstream media, he said "Transcendental Meditation is something that can be defined as a means to do what one wants to do in a better way, a right way, for maximum results".[92] It was occasioned by the reissue of the Maharishi's book The Science of Being and Art of Living.[178] That same year, the Maharishi Global Financing Research Foundation issued the "Raam" as a currency "dedicated to financing peace promoting projects".[94]

In 2003, David Lynch began a fundraising project to raise US$1 billion "on behalf of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi" to build a meditation centre large enough to hold 8,000 skilled practitioners.[179]

The Maharishi ordered a suspension of TM training in Britain in 2005 due to his opposition to prime minister Tony Blair's decision to support the Iraq War.[180] The Maharishi said that he did not want to waste the "beautiful nectar" of TM on a "scorpion nation".[180][181] He lifted the ban after Blair's resignation in 2007.[182] During this period, skeptics were critical of some of the Maharishi's programmes, such as a US$10 trillion plan to end poverty through organic farming in poor countries and a US$1 billion plan to use meditation groups to end conflict.[154]

Death edit

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, concerned about his health,[183] became increasingly secluded in two rooms of his residence.[154] During this period, he rarely had in-person meetings and instead communicated with his followers almost exclusively by closed-circuit television.[1]

On 12 January 2008, his 90th birthday, the Maharishi declared: "It has been my pleasure at the feet of Guru Dev (Brahmananda Saraswati), to take the light of Guru Dev and pass it on in my environment. Now today, I am closing my designed duty to Guru Dev. And I can only say, 'Live long the world in peace, happiness, prosperity, and freedom from suffering.'"[184][185][186]

A week before his death, the Maharishi said that he was "stepping down as leader of the TM movement" and "retreating into silence" and that he planned to spend his remaining time studying "the ancient Indian texts".[92][100] The Maharishi died peacefully in his sleep of natural causes on 5 February 2008 at his residence in Vlodrop, Netherlands.[187] The cremation and funeral rites were conducted at the Maharishi's Allahabad ashram in India, overlooking the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers.[188][189]

The funeral, with state honours, was carried by Sadhana TV station and was presided over by one of the claimants to the seat of Shankaracharya of the North, Swami Vasudevananda Saraswati Maharaj.[190] Indian officials who attended the funeral included central minister Subodh Kant Sahay; Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) leader Ashok Singhal; and former Uttar Pradesh assembly speaker and state BJP leader Keshri Nath Tripathi, as well as top local officials.[191] Also in attendance were thirty-five rajas of the Global Country of World Peace, one-time disciple Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, and David Lynch.[192] A troop of uniformed policemen lowered their arms in salute.[192] The funeral received its status as a state funeral because the Maharishi was a recognised master in the tradition of Advaita Vedanta founded by Shankara.[191]

The Maharishi is survived by a brother and "a number of nephews".[193] One nephew, Girish Chandra Varma,[194] is chairman of the Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools Group[195][196] and a "senior functionary of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) movement in India."[193] Other nephews include Prakash Shrivastav,[197] president of Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools[198] and Anand Shrivastava,[199] chairman of the Maharishi Group.[200]

In its obituary, BBC News reported that the Maharishi's master had bequeathed him "the task of keeping the tradition of Transcendental Meditation alive" and that "the Maharishi's commercial mantras drew criticism from stricter Hindus, but his promises of better health, stress relief and spiritual enlightenment drew devotees from all over the world".[31] Paul McCartney commented, saying that "Whilst I am deeply saddened by his passing, my memories of him will only be joyful ones. He was a great man who worked tirelessly for the people of the world and the cause of unity."[201]

Legacy edit

 
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on a 2019 stamp of India

The Maharishi left a legacy that includes the revival of India's ancient spiritual tradition of meditation, which he made available to everyone.[202] He is considered responsible for the popularisation of meditation in the west,[203][204] something he accomplished by teaching Transcendental Meditation worldwide through a highly effective organization of his own development.[202] The Maharishi is also credited with "the proposal of the existence of a unique or fourth state of consciousness with a basis in physiology" and the application of scientific studies to research on the physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation and the development of higher states of consciousness, areas previously relegated to mysticism.[205][206][207][208] Partly because of this, Newsweek credited him with helping to launch "a legitimate new field of neuroscience".[209][210] According to The Times of India, his "unique and enduring contribution to humankind was his deep understanding of – and mechanics of experiencing – pure consciousness".[205] A memorial building, the Maharishi Smarak, was inaugurated at Allahabad in February 2013.[211][212]

Philosophy and teaching edit

The Maharishi had come out to teach with the "avowed intention" to change "the course of human history".[99] When he first began teaching, he had three main aims: to revive the spiritual tradition in India, to show that meditation was for everyone and not just for recluses, and to show that Vedanta is compatible with science.[210] The Maharishi had a message of happiness, writing in 1967 that "being happy is of the utmost importance. Success in anything is through happiness. Under all circumstances be happy. Just think of any negativity that comes at you as a raindrop falling into the ocean of your bliss".[92] His philosophy featured the concept that "within everyone is an unlimited reservoir of energy, intelligence, and happiness".[13] He emphasised the naturalness of his meditation technique as a simple way of developing this potential.[213]

Beginning in 1962, the Maharishi began to recommend the daily practice of yoga exercises or asanas to further accelerate growth.[214]

He also taught that practising Transcendental Meditation twice a day would create inner peace and that "mass meditation sessions" could create outer peace by reducing violence and war.[92] According to a TM website, the performance of yagyas by 7,000 pandits in India, plus hundreds of Yogic Flyers in Germany, brought "coherence and unity in the collective consciousness of Germany" and caused the fall of the Berlin Wall.[215][216][217] One religion scholar, Michael York, considers the Maharishi to have been the most articulate spokesman for the spiritual argument that a critical mass of people becoming enlightened through the practice of "meditation and yogic discipline" will trigger the New Age movement's hoped-for period of postmillennial "peace, harmony, and collective consciousness".[218] Religious studies scholar Carl Olson writes that the TM technique was based on "a neo-Vedanta metaphysical philosophy in which an unchanging reality is opposed to an ever-changing phenomenal world" and that the Maharishi says it is not necessary to renounce worldly activities to gain enlightenment, unlike other ascetic traditions.[213]

According to author Jack Forem, the Maharishi stated that the experience of transcendence, which resulted in a naturally increasing refinement of mind and body, enabled people to naturally behave in more correct ways. Thus, behavioral guidelines did not need to be issued, and were best left to the teachings of various religions: "It is much easier to raise a man's consciousness than to get him to act righteously" the Maharishi said.[219]

Some religious studies scholars have further said that Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is one of a number of Indian gurus who brought neo-Hindu adaptations of Vedantic Hinduism to the west.[220][221][222] Author Meera Nanda calls neo-Hinduism "the brand of Hinduism that is taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Deepak Chopra, and their clones".[223] J. R. Coplin, a sociologist and MIU graduate, says that the Maharishi saw his own purpose as "the 'revival' of the knowledge of an integrated life based upon Vedic principles and Vedantist reality".[37]

Author Barry Miles writes that, in spite of the media's scepticism for the Maharishi's spiritual message, they seized upon him because young people seemed to listen to his pro-establishment, anti-drug message, with one TM participant saying the Maharishi "signaled the beginning of the post-acid generation".[99][107]

Transcendental Meditation edit

Main article: Transcendental Meditation

During a CNN interview in 2002, the Maharishi said, "Transcendental Meditation is something that can be defined as a means to do what one wants to do in a better way, a right way, for maximum results".[92] His movement offered in-residence style TM advanced courses.[224] By the time of his death, there were nearly 1,000 TM training centres around the world.[94]

The Maharishi is credited with having contributed to the western world a meditation technique that is both simple and systematic as well as introducing the scientific study of meditation.[225]

In the mid 1970s, the Maharishi began the TM-Sidhi programme, which included Yogic Flying, as an additional option for those who had been practising the Transcendental Meditation technique for some time. According to Coplin, this new aspect of knowledge emphasised not only the individual, but also the collective benefits created by group practice of this advanced programme.[226] This new programme gave rise to a new principle called the Maharishi Effect, which is said to "create coherence in the collective consciousness" and to suppress crime, violence, and accidents.[227]

Maharishi Vedic Science edit

 
Entrance to the Maharishi University of Management and Maharishi Vedic University campus in Vlodrop, the Netherlands

Maharishi Vedic Science (MVS) is based on the Maharishi's interpretation of the ancient Vedic texts based on his master, Brahmananda Saraswati's teachings.[228] MVS aims to put forward traditional Vedic literature in the light of Western traditions of knowledge and understanding.[229] According to Roy Ascott, MVS also explains the potential for every human being to experience the infinite nature of transcendental consciousness, also defined as Being or Self, while engaged in normal activities of daily life.[230] Once this state is fully established, an individual is no longer influenced by outer aspects of existence and perceives pure consciousness in everything.[230] MVS includes two aspects, the practical aspect of the Transcendental Meditation technique and the TM-Sidhi programme, as well as the theoretical aspect of how MVS is applied to day to day living.[231] These applications include programmes in: Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health (MVAH);[232][233] Maharishi Sthapatya Veda, a mathematical system for the design and construction of buildings;[234][235] Maharishi Gandharva Veda,[236] a form of classical Indian music; Maharishi Jyotish (also known as Maharishi Vedic Astrology),[232][237] a system claiming the evaluation of life tendencies of an individual; Maharishi Vedic Agriculture, a trademarked process for producing fresh, organic food; and Consciousness-Based Education.[238][239] According to educator James Grant, a former Maharishi University of Management Associate Professor of Education and the former Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, Maharishi brought out a "full revival of the Vedic tradition of knowledge from India" and demonstrated its relevance in many areas, including education, business, medicine and government.[240]

Publications edit

The Maharishi wrote more than twenty books on the Transcendental Meditation technique and Maharishi Vedic Science.[241]

The Beacon Light of the Himalayas edit

In 1955, the organisers of the Great Spiritual Development Conference of Kerala published The Beacon Light of the Himalayas, a transcribed 170-page "souvenir" of the conference. Authors Chryssides, Humes and Forsthoefel, Miller, and Russel cite this as the Maharishi's first published book on Transcendental Meditation, although Transcendental Meditation is not mentioned in the text of the book.[242][243][244][245][246] The book is dedicated to Maharshi Bala Brahmachari Mahesh Yogi Rajaram by his devotees of Kerala and contains photographs, letters and lectures by numerous authors, which appear in various languages, such as English, Hindi and Sanskrit.[242]

Science of Being and Art of Living edit

In 1963, the Maharishi audiotaped the text of the book Science of Being and Art of Living, which was later transcribed and published in fifteen languages.[92][247][248] K.T. Weidmann describes the book as the Maharishi's fundamental philosophical treatise, one in which its author provides an illustration of the ancient Vedic traditions of India in terms that can be easily interpreted and understood by the scientific thinking of the western world.[5] In the Science of Being, the Maharishi illustrates the concepts of relative existence as the experience of everyday reality through one's senses, and absolute reality as the origin of being, and the source of all creative intelligence.[249] The Maharishi describes this absolute reality, or Being, as unchanging, omnipresent, and eternal. He also identifies it with bliss consciousness. The two aspects of reality, the relative and the absolute, are like an ocean with many waves.[250] The waves represent the relative, and the ocean beneath is the foundation of everything, or Being. Establishing oneself in the field of Being, or unchanging reality, ensures stability.[250]

In his Science of Being, the Maharishi introduced an additional concept: that of fulfillment viewed as something to be obtained not through exertion or self effort, but through the progressive settling of the mind during the practice of TM.[249][251] This was the first full systematic description of the principles underlying the Maharishi's teachings.[252]

Bhagavad-Gita: A New Translation and Commentary: 1967 edit

In his 1967 publication, Bhagavad-Gita: A New Translation and Commentary, the Maharishi describes the Bhagavad Gita as "the Scripture of Yoga". He says that "its purpose is to explain in theory and practice all that is needed to raise the consciousness of man to the highest possible level."[253] According to Peter Russell, the Bhagavad-Gita deals with the concept of loss of knowledge and subsequent revival, and this is brought out by the Maharishi himself in the introduction.[254] In the Preface, the Maharishi writes: "The purpose of this commentary is to restore the fundamental truths of the Bhagavad-Gita and thus restore the significance of its teaching. If this teaching is followed, effectiveness in life will be achieved, men will be fulfilled on all levels and the historical need of the age will be fulfilled also."[255]

A second concept, that of freedom, presented as the antithesis of fear, is also prevalent in the book, according to Jack Forem.[256] Forem states that in his interpretation of the Gita, the Maharishi expressed several times that as man gains greater awareness through the practice of Transcendental Meditation, he gradually establishes a level of contentment which remain increasingly grounded within him and in which the mind does not waver and is not affected by either attachment or fear.[257]

Characterizations and criticism edit

The Maharishi was reported to be a vegetarian,[25] an entrepreneur, a monk and "a spiritual man who sought a world stage from which to espouse the joys of inner happiness".[1] He was described as an abstemious man with tremendous energy who took a weekly day of silence while sleeping only two hours per night.[25] He did not present himself as a guru or claim his teachings as his own. Instead he taught "in the name of his guru Brahmananda Saraswati"[21] and paid tribute to him by placing a picture of Saraswati behind him when he spoke.[25] He was on a mission to bring the ancient techniques of TM to the world.[63] Scientist and futurist Buckminster Fuller spent two days with the Maharishi at a symposium at the University of Massachusetts in 1971 and said, "You could not meet with Maharishi without recognizing instantly his integrity."[258] Authors Douglas E. Cowan and David G. Bromley write that the Maharishi did not claim any "special divine revelation nor supernatural personal qualities".[259] Still others said he helped to "inspire the anti-materialism of the late 60s" and received good publicity because he "opposed drugs".[13][260] According to author Chryssides, "The Maharishi tended to emphasize the positive aspects of humanity, focusing on the good that exists in everyone."[261]

According to The Times, the Maharishi attracted scepticism because of his involvement with wealthy celebrities, his business acumen, and his love of luxury, including touring in a Rolls-Royce.[94] A reporter for The Economist calls this a "misconception", saying: "He did not use his money for sinister ends. He neither drank, nor smoked, nor took drugs. ... He did not accumulate scores of Rolls-Royces, like Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh; his biggest self-indulgence was a helicopter. "[262][263] When some observers questioned how his organisation's money was being used, the Maharishi said, "It goes to support the centres, it does not go on me. I have nothing."[264] However, when the Maharishi died in 2008, he left behind an estate worth an estimated $300 million (U.S.). He was survived by four nephews, who inherited 12,000 acres of land in India, and Tony Nader, a Lebanese neuroscientist whom he had anointed as his successor in the movement.[265] Since his death, several memoirs have been written by former followers and their children who described the Maharishi as a cult leader who could be controlling, and his Centers a financial business.[266][267]

He was often referred to as the "Giggling Guru" because of his habit of laughing during television interviews.[268][180] Diminutive at a little over five feet tall, the Maharishi often wore a traditional cotton or silk, white dhoti while carrying or wearing flowers.[1] He often sat cross-legged on a deerskin and had a "grayish-white beard, mustache and long, dark, stringy hair".[1][269] Barry Miles described the Maharishi as having "liquid eyes, twinkling but inscrutable with the wisdom from the East".[270] Miles said the Maharishi in his seventies looked much younger than his age.[271] He had a high pitched voice and in the words of Merv Griffin, "a long flowing beard and a distinctive, high pitched laugh that I loved to provoke".[139][271]

Biographer Paul Mason's website says that Swami Swaroopananda, one of three claimants to the title Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math, is "an outspoken critic" of the Maharishi. According to Swaroopananda, the Maharishi "was responsible for the controversy over Shankaracharyas" because he gave Shankaracharya Swami Shantanand encouragement and assistance in fighting the court case which challenged Shantanand's inheritance of the title.[272] In a review of the documentary film David Wants to Fly, Variety magazine reported Swaroopananda's assertion that "as a member of the trader caste" the Maharishi "has no right to give mantras or teach meditation".[27] According to religious scholar Cynthia Humes, enlightened individuals of any caste may "teach brahmavidya"[273] and author Patricia Drake writes that "when Guru Dev was about to die he charged Maharishi with teaching laymen ... to meditate".[274] Mason says Shantanand "publicly commended the practice of the Maharishi's meditation"[275] and sociologist J.R. Coplin says that Shantanand's successor, Swami Vishnudevanand, also "speaks highly of the Maharishi".[23][276]

While the Beatles were in Rishikesh, allegations of sexual improprieties by the Maharishi in his ashram were circulated but participants later denied them and no lawsuits were ever filed.[1]

In popular culture edit

The British satirical magazine Private Eye ridiculed him as "Veririchi Lotsamoney Yogi Bear".[64] The Maharishi was also parodied by comedians Bill Dana and Joey Forman in the 1968 comedy album The Mashuganishi Yogi,[277] by actor Cash Oshman in the film Man on the Moon, by comedian Mike Myers in the film The Love Guru,[citation needed] and in the BBC sketch show Goodness Gracious Me.[278] He was portrayed by actor Gerry Bednob in the 2007 film Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story.

He was also the subject of the Beatles' song "Sexy Sadie", in which John Lennon characterized him as a fraud.[279]

Other initiatives, projects and programmes edit

Main article: Transcendental Meditation movement

Maharishi International University (renamed Maharishi University of Management (MUM) in 1995), the first university the Maharishi founded, began classes in Santa Barbara, California, in 1973. In 1974 the university moved to Fairfield, Iowa, where it remains. The university houses a library of the Maharishi's taped lectures and writings, including the thirty-three-lesson Science of Creative Intelligence course, originally a series of lectures given by the Maharishi in Fiuggi, Italy, in 1972. Described in the MUM university catalogue as combining modern science and Vedic science,[280] the course also defines certain higher states of consciousness, and gives guidance on how to attain these states.[281] Though the university claims to grant PhDs, including in neuroscience and psychology, the university is not accredited by either the America Psychological Association (APA)[282] or the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.[283]

 
MCEE School Campus at Bhopal, India

The Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools (MVMS), an educational system established in sixteen Indian states and affiliated with the New Delhi Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), was founded in 1995 by the Maharishi.[284] It has 148 branches in 118 cities with 90,000 to 100,000 students and 5,500 teaching and support staff.[285]

In 1998, Maharishi Open University was founded by the Maharishi. It was accessible via a network of eight satellites broadcasting to every country in the world, and via the Internet.[286][287]

The Maharishi also introduced theories of management, defence, and government[281] programmes designed to alleviate poverty, and introduced a new economic development currency called the Raam.[288] In 2000, the Maharishi began building administrative and teaching centres called "Peace Palaces" around the world, and by 2008 at least eight had been constructed in the US alone.[289] The Maharishi Institute, an African university that is part of a group of schools around the world that are named after him, was founded in 2007 and uses his Transcendental Meditation technique in their teaching.[290][291]

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, in his farewell message on 11 January 2008, announced the establishment of the Brahmananda Saraswati Trust (BST), named in honour of his teacher, to support large groups totalling more than 30,000 peace-creating Vedic Pandits in perpetuity across India.[292] The Patron of the Brahmanand Saraswati Trust is the Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math.[184]

Organizations and businesses edit

The Maharishi is credited with heading charitable organisations, for-profit businesses, and real estate investments whose total value has been estimated at various times, to range from US$2 to US$5 billion. The real estate alone was valued in 2003 at between $3.6 and $5 billion.[293] Holdings in the United States, estimated at $250 million in 2008, include dozens of hotels, commercial buildings and undeveloped land.[289] The Maharishi "amassed a personal fortune that his spokesman told one reporter may exceed $1 billion".[294] According to a 2008 article in The Times, the Maharishi "was reported to have an income of six million pounds".[94] The Maharishi's movement is said to be funded through donations, course fees for Transcendental Meditation and various real estate transactions.[295]

In his biography of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, The Story of the Maharishi (published 1976), William Jefferson suggests that the financial aspect of the TM organisation was one of the greatest controversies it faced. Questions were raised about the Maharishi's mission, comments from leaders of the movement at that time, and fees and charges the TM organisation levied on followers. Jefferson says that the concerns with money came from journalists more than those who have learned to meditate.[26]

Published works edit

  • Beacon Light of the Himalayas, Azad Printers, 1955
  • Meditation : easy system propounded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi., International Meditation Centre, 1962
  • Science of Being and Art of Living – Transcendental Meditation, Allied Publishers, 1963 ISBN 0-452-28266-7
  • Love and God, Spiritual Regeneration Movement, 1965
  • Yoga asanas, Spiritual Regeneration Movement, 1965
  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad-Gita – A New Translation and Commentary, Chapters 1–6, Arkana 1990 ISBN 0-14-019247-6
  • Meditations of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Bantam books, 1968
  • Alliance for knowledge, Maharishi International University, 1974
  • Creating an ideal society: a global undertaking, International Association for the Advancement of the Science of Creative Intelligence, 1976
  • Results of scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation program, MERU Press, 1976
  • Enlightenment to every individual, invincibility to every nation, Age of Enlightenment, 1978 ISBN 99911-608-9-2
  • Freedom behind bars: enlightenment to every individual and invincibility to every nation, International Association for the Advancement of the Science of Creative Intelligence, 1978
  • Dawn of the age of enlightenment, MVU Press, 1986 ISBN 978-90-71750-02-1
  • Life supported by natural law : discovery of the Unified Field of all the laws of nature and the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field, Age of Enlightenment Press, 1986 ISBN 978-0-89186-051-8
  • Thirty years around the world: dawn of the Age of Enlightenment, Maharishi Vedic University, 1986 ISBN 978-90-71750-01-4
  • Maharishi's Programme to create world peace: global inauguration, Age of Enlightenment Press, 1987 ISBN 978-0-89186-052-5
  • Maharishi's master plan to create heaven on earth, Maharishi Vedic University Press, 1991 ISBN 978-90-71750-11-3
  • A Proven program for our criminal justice system: Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation and Corrections, Maharishi International University, 1993
  • Vedic knowledge for everyone: Maharishi Vedic University, an introduction, Maharishi Vedic University Press, 1994 ISBN 90-71750-17-5
  • Maharishi's Absolute Theory of Government – Automation in Administration, Maharishi Prakshan, 1995 ISBN 81-7523-002-9
  • Maharishi University of Management – Wholeness on the Move, Age of Enlightenment Publications, 1995 ISBN 81-7523-001-0
  • Constitution of India Fulfilled through Maharishi's Transcendental Meditation, Age of Enlightenment Publications, 1996 ISBN 81-7523-004-5
  • Inaugurating Maharishi Vedic University, Maharishi Vedic University Press, 1996 ISBN 978-81-7523-006-4
  • Maharishi's Absolute Theory of Defence – Sovereignty in Invincibility, Age of Enlightenment Publications, 1996 ISBN 81-7523-000-2
  • Celebrating Perfection in Education – Dawn of Total Knowledge, Maharishi Vedic University Press, 1997 ISBN 81-7523-013-4
  • Maharishi Forum of Natural Law and National Law for Doctors – Perfect Health for Everyone, Age of Enlightenment Publications, 1997 ISBN 81-7523-003-7
  • Maharishi Speaks to Educators – Mastery Over Natural Law, Age of Enlightenment Publications, 1997 ISBN 81-7523-008-8
  • Maharishi Speaks to Students – Mastery Over Natural Law, Age of Enlightenment Publications, 1997 ISBN 81-7523-012-6
  • Celebrating Perfection in Administration, Maharishi Vedic University, 1998 ISBN 81-7523-015-0
  • Ideal India – The Lighthouse of Peace on Earth, Maharishi University of Management, 2001 ISBN 90-806005-1-2
  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on Bhagavad-Gita – Chapter 7, 2009, Maharishi Foundation International-Maharishi Vedic University, The Netherlands
Discography

References edit

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  2. ^ a b Yogi's passport. paulmason.info
  3. ^ Beckford, James A. (1985). Cult controversies: the societal response to new religious movements. Tavistock Publications. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-422-79630-9.
  4. ^ Parsons, Gerald (1994). The Growth of Religious Diversity: Traditions. The Open University/Methuen. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-415-08326-3.
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  8. ^ Oates, Robert M. (1976). Celebrating the dawn: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the TM technique. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-399-11815-9.
  9. ^ Carlton, Jim (15 April 1991). "For $1,500 a Head, Maharishi Promises Mellower Inmates --- Transcendental Meditation Goes to Prison as Backers Try to Lock Up Contracts". The Wall Street Journal. New York, N.Y. p. A.1.
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  15. ^ . gifts.globalgoodnews.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  16. ^ Warren, Jenifer (27 October 1995). "Party Asks Voters to Put Their Faith in Meditation; Politics: Skeptics scoff at Natural Law Party's answer to nation's ills, but backers say they have more to offer". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
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  20. ^ Coplin, Ch. 2, Socio-Historical Context for SRM's Emergence, Footnote #73: "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's caste background is a matter of some uncertainty because it is the tradition of yogis, ascetics, and renunciants to relinquish their family ties. His education and family status are known by many long-time movement members, however. Shrivastava is the family name of his cousins and nephews, and that name can be traced to the Hindu Kayasthas."
  21. ^ a b Humes, p. 61
  22. ^ . Allahabad University
  23. ^ a b Kalambakal, Jupiter (6 February 2008). . All Headline News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  24. ^ "Our Proud Past, Allahabad University Alumni Association". archive.is. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.
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  27. ^ a b Simon, Alyssa (14 February 2010). "David Wants to Fly". Variety. [Swami Swaroopanand, successor to Guru Dev, in a village near Tibet. The swami tells Sieveking that the Maharishi, from a trader caste, was merely Guru Dev's bookkeeper and, besides, he notes, "Gurus don't sell their knowledge, they share it."]
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, James (2001) Prometheus Books, Odd Gods, New Religions and the Cult Controversy, pp 230–233,
  29. ^ Coplin, p. 48: "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi . . . was most likely born into a family of Hindu Kayasthas, a well-known and high-status literary caste of Hindustan – with reference to varna, a kshatryia not a brahmin jati".
  30. ^ Ruthven, Malise (6 February 2008). "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  31. ^ a b c "Obituary: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi". BBC News. 6 February 2008.
  32. ^ Coplin, Ch.2, footnote 74
  33. ^ Humes, pp. 59–60.
  34. ^ a b Williamson, p. 81
  35. ^ Goldberg, Philip (2011). American Veda. Harmony Books. p. 154.
  36. ^ a b c Mason (1994), p. 22
  37. ^ a b Coplin, Ch. 3, SRM as Cultural Revitalization Text: "While his association with the illustrious Shankaracharya tradition served as vital letter of introduction throughout India, his title, "bala brahmachari" identified him as a fully dedicated student of spiritual knowledge and life-long celibate ascetic. Literally, the name means "childhood or boy" (bala) "student of sacred knowledge" (brahmachari), and it has signified from Vedic times one who has taken the vow of chastity."
  38. ^ 'Thirty Years Around the World- Dawn of the Age of Enlightenment', MVU, 1986, pp185-6
  39. ^ Chryssides, George D. (1999). Exploring new religions. London: Cassell. pp. 293–296. ISBN 978-0-8264-5959-6. Page 293
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  43. ^ Coplin, p. 49: "Because he was not a brahmin, Mahesh could not become a member of the dandi sannyasi order and succeed his master as Shankaracharya; the honor passed to Swami Shantanand Saraswati in June, 1953." (This from an interview by the author with the Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math, Swami Vishnudevananda Saraswati on 12 June 1983.)
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  56. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) p. 237 "Summary 1958: The first countries he visited on his first world tour were Burma, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong and the USA (Hawaii)."
  57. ^ Mason (1994), p. 34
  58. ^ Mason (1994), p. 37: "He has no money; he asks for nothing. His worldly possessions can be carried in one hand. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is on a world odyssey. He carries a message that he says will rid the world of all unhappiness and discontent..."
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  66. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) pp. 318–320 Note: The source contains a 3-page itinerary of 40+ cities visited by the Maharishi with corresponding dates of visit ranging from 1/1/60 and 12/30/60, "Summary 1960: Maharishi brought TM to the countries of Europe and in his many lectures in England, Scotland, Norway, and Germany he...""In the first half of the year he visited France, Switzerland, Austria and Germany." "...then travelled to the Scandinavian countries of Norway, Denmark and Sweden."
  67. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) p. 305 "In Manchester, Maharishi gave a television interview which reached millions of people in the north of England" "In Cambridge, the Daily News carried headline: 'Maharishi shows a simple method of meditation', while the Oxford Mail reporter who asked Maharishi ...."
  68. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) p. 302 "Maharishi made Henry Nyburg his personal representative for Europe and gave him the training and authority to teach Transcendental Meditation, thus making him the first European teacher."
  69. ^ Mason (1994), p. 52
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  71. ^ Mason (1994), p. 55
  72. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) pp. 318–344 From Chapter Titled '1961' pg 328 "The following day, BBC Television interviewed Maharishi and chose as the setting for the interview the Acropolis, one of the glories of ancient Greece." "On 20 April Maharishi inaugurated... Maharishi then conducted the first international course to train teacher of TM" "The graduation ceremony of the course was held on 12 July and 60 new teachers of TM returned to their countries...."
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  74. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) p. 400 "...it was on this course that Maharishi started his commentary on the Bhagavad Gita – a commentary later to be published..."
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  76. ^ Mason (1994), p. 62
  77. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) pp. 490–491 and 503: "And in the final days of 1962, in the silent surroundings of Lake Arrowhead, California, Maharishi brought out yet another gift for the world – The Science of Being and Art of Living – a treasury of pure knowledge to guide mankind in its evolution to perfection."
  78. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) p. 414 "Chapter Titled "1962": On 20 April, Maharishi in the presence of His Holiness Swami Shantanand Saraswati, the Shankaracharya of northern India, inaugurated a special course" "In the Prospectus, this special 40-day course was announced for 'sadhus, sannyasis and brahmacharis, and retired persons of energetic calibre'."
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  81. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) p. 504-507 "Twenty one members of parliament, representing each of the Indian states, issued a statement entitled a 'timely Call to the Leaders of Today and Tomorrow' for the speedy introduction of the system [of TM] into the daily routine of national life." NOTE: the text of the 3-page statement from the parliament is also included in the book on pages 504–507
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  83. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) p. 530-536 "Tributes were later printed in the Canadian magazine, Enjoy"--"A front page news article in the local Daily Colonist newspaper" "The Calgary Herald reported an entertaining incident, which took place during an interview in Maharishi's hotel room". "The Albertan newspaper of Wednesday, 25 September quoted Maharishi as saying that there were now 1,000 TM meditators in Canada."
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  85. ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1986) pp 587–588 "On his fifth world tour, Maharishi conducted a Meditation Guides Course in Norway, a course in London, where advanced techniques of TM were given for the first time, and Meditation Guides Courses in Austria, Canada, and Germany/"
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Cited sources edit

  • Coplin, J.R. (1990). Text and Context in the Communication of a Social Movement's Charisma, Ideology, and Consciousness: TM for India and the West (PhD thesis). University of California, San Diego.
  • Humes, C.A. (2005). "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Beyond the T.M. Technique". In Forsthoefel, Thomas A.; Humes, Cynthia Ann (eds.). Gurus in America. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-6573-X.
  • Mason, Paul (1994). The Maharishi – The Biography of the Man Who Gave Transcendental Meditation to the World. Shaftsbury, Dorset: Element Books Ltd. ISBN 1-85230-571-1.
  • Russell, Peter (1977). The T.M. Technique: An Introduction to Transcendental Meditation and the Teachings of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7100-8539-9.
  • Wallace, Robert Keith (1986). The Physiology of Consciousness. Maharishi International University Press. ISBN 978-0-923569-02-0.
  • Williamson, Lola (2010). Transcendent in America. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9449-4.

External links edit

  • Transcendental Meditation/Maharishi
  • Official List of Lifetime Achievements
  • Larry King interview with Maharishi 12 May 2002
  • List of books by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
  • Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at Curlie
  • Works by or about Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at Internet Archive

November 24, 2023
maharishi, mahesh, yogi, born, mahesh, prasad, varma, january, 1918, february, 2008, creator, transcendental, meditation, leader, worldwide, organization, that, been, characterized, multiple, ways, including, religious, movement, religious, became, known, maha. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi born Mahesh Prasad Varma 12 January 1918 2 5 February 2008 was the creator of Transcendental Meditation TM and leader of the worldwide organization that has been characterized in multiple ways including as a new religious movement and as non religious 3 4 He became known as Maharishi meaning great seer 1 5 and Yogi as an adult 6 7 Maharishi Mahesh YogiMaharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1978PersonalBornMahesh Prasad Varma Srivastava12 January 1918Rajim Central province British India Chhattisgarh India 1 Died5 February 2008 2008 02 05 aged 90 Vlodrop Limburg NetherlandsReligionHinduismFounder ofTranscendental Meditation movementGlobal Country of World PeacePhilosophyTranscendental MeditationSenior postingGuruBrahmananda SaraswatiHonoursMaharishiAfter earning a degree in physics at Allahabad University in 1942 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi became an assistant and disciple of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati also known as Guru Dev the Shankaracharya spiritual leader of the Jyotir Math in the Indian Himalayas The Maharishi credits Brahmananda Saraswati with inspiring his teachings In 1955 the Maharishi began to introduce his Transcendental Deep Meditation later renamed Transcendental Meditation to India and the world His first global tour began in 1958 8 His devotees referred to him as His Holiness 9 and because he laughed more frequently in early TV interviews he was sometimes referred to as the giggling guru 10 11 12 The Maharishi trained more than 40 000 TM teachers taught the Transcendental Meditation technique to more than five million people and founded thousands of teaching centres and hundreds of colleges universities and schools 1 13 14 while TM websites report that tens of thousands have learned the TM Sidhi programme His initiatives include schools and universities with campuses in several countries including India Canada the United States the United Kingdom and Switzerland 15 The Maharishi his family and close associates created charitable organisations and for profit businesses including health clinics mail order health supplements and organic farms The reported value of the Maharishi s organization has ranged from the millions to billions of U S dollars in 2008 the organization placed the value of their United States assets at about 300 million 1 In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Maharishi achieved fame as the guru to the Beatles the Beach Boys and other celebrities In the late 1970s he started the TM Sidhi programme which proposed to improve the mind body relationship of practitioners through techniques such as Yogic flying 16 The Maharishi s Natural Law Party was founded in 1992 and ran campaigns in dozens of countries He moved to near Vlodrop the Netherlands in the same year 17 In 2000 he created the Global Country of World Peace a non profit organization and appointed its leaders In 2008 the Maharishi announced his retirement from all administrative activities and went into silence until his death three weeks later 18 Contents 1 Life 1 1 Birth 1 2 Early life 1 3 Tour in India 1955 1957 1 4 World tours 1958 1968 1 5 Association with the Beatles 1 6 Further growth of the TM movement 1968 1990 1 7 Years in Vlodrop 1991 2008 1 8 Death 1 9 Legacy 2 Philosophy and teaching 2 1 Transcendental Meditation 2 2 Maharishi Vedic Science 2 3 Publications 2 3 1 The Beacon Light of the Himalayas 2 3 2 Science of Being and Art of Living 2 3 3 Bhagavad Gita A New Translation and Commentary 1967 3 Characterizations and criticism 3 1 In popular culture 4 Other initiatives projects and programmes 4 1 Organizations and businesses 5 Published works 6 References 7 Cited sources 8 External linksLife editBirth edit Maharishi Mahesh Yogi belonged to the Kayastha caste a caste of scribes in India 19 The birth name and the birth dates of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi are not known with certainty in part because of the tradition of ascetics and monks to relinquish family connections 20 Many accounts say he was born Mahesh Prasad Varma into a Kayastha family living in the Central Provinces of British India 1 21 A different name appears in the Allahabad University list of distinguished alumni where he is listed as M C Srivastava 22 and an obituary says his name was Mahesh Srivastava 23 24 Various accounts give the year of his birth as 1911 1917 or 1918 12 Authors Paul Mason and William Jefferson say that he was born 12 January 1917 in Rajim Central Provinces British India Chhattisgarh India 25 26 The place of birth given in his passport is Pounalulla India and his birth date 12 January 1918 2 Mahesh most likely came from an upper caste family 27 of the high status Kayastha caste whose traditional profession is writing 28 29 Early life edit Mahesh studied physics at Allahabad University and earned a degree in 1942 30 While a few sources say that he worked at the Gun Carriage Factory in Jabalpur for some time 31 32 most report that in 1941 he became an administrative secretary to the Shankaracharya of the Jyotir Math Swami Brahmananda Saraswati also known as Guru Dev which means divine teacher 28 33 34 35 7 and took a new name Bal Brahmachari Mahesh 36 Coplin refers to bala brahmachari as both a title and a name and considers that it identified him as a fully dedicated student of spiritual knowledge and life long celibate ascetic 37 Brahmananda insisted that before accepting Mahesh as a pupil he must first complete his university degree and get permission from his parents 6 The Maharishi recalls how it took about two and a half years to attune himself to the thinking of Brahmananda Saraswati and to gain a very genuine feeling of complete oneness 38 At first Brahmachari Mahesh performed common chores but gained trust and became Guru Dev s personal secretary 39 and favored pupil 25 He was trusted to take care of the bulk of Swami Brahmananda Saraswati s correspondence without direction and was also sent out to give public speeches on Vedic scriptural themes 36 The Maharishi said his life truly began in 1940 at the feet of his master when he learned the secret of swift and deep meditation 40 Brahmachari Mahesh remained with Swami Brahmananda Saraswati until the latter died in 1953 when he moved to Uttarkashi in Uttarakhand in the Himalayas where he undertook a reclusive life for two years 41 Although Brahmachari Mahesh was a close disciple he could not be the Shankaracharya s spiritual successor because he was not a Brahmin 42 43 The Shankaracharya at the end of his life charged him with the responsibility of travelling and teaching meditation to the masses while he named Swami Shantananda Saraswati as his successor 31 44 Tour in India 1955 1957 edit In 1955 12 45 46 47 Brahmachari Mahesh left Uttarkashi and began publicly teaching what he stated was a traditional meditation technique 48 learned from his master Brahmananda Saraswati and that he called Transcendental Deep Meditation 49 Later the technique was renamed Transcendental Meditation 50 It was also then that he was first publicly known with the name Maharishi an honorific title meaning great sage after the title was given to him according to some sources from Indian Pundits according to another source the honorific was given along with Yogi by followers in India Later in the west the title was retained as a name 7 51 He traveled around India for two years 52 interacting with his Hindu audiences in an Indian context 53 At that time he called his movement the Spiritual Development Movement 28 but renamed it the Spiritual Regeneration Movement in 1957 in Madras India on the concluding day of the Seminar of Spiritual Luminaries 12 According to Coplin in his visits to southern India the Maharishi spoke English rather than the Hindi spoken in his home area to avoid provoking resistance among those seeking linguistic self determination and to appeal to the learned classes 54 World tours 1958 1968 edit According to William Jefferson in 1958 the Maharishi went to Madras to address a large crowd of people who had gathered to celebrate the memory of Guru Dev It was there that he spontaneously announced that he planned to spread the teaching of TM throughout the world Hundreds of people immediately asked to learn TM 26 In 1959 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi began his first world tour 12 writing I had one thing in mind that I know something which is useful to every man 10 The Maharishi s 1986 book Thirty Years Around the World gives a detailed account of his world tours as do two biographies The Story of the Maharishi by William Jefferson and The Maharishi by Paul Mason 6 26 The first world tour began in Rangoon Burma now Myanmar and included the countries of Thailand Malaya Singapore Hong Kong and Hawaii 55 56 57 He arrived in Hawaii in the spring of 1959 28 and the Honolulu Star Bulletin reported He has no money he asks for nothing His worldly possessions can be carried in one hand Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is on a world odyssey He carries a message that he says will rid the world of all unhappiness and discontent 58 In 1959 the Maharishi lectured and taught the Transcendental Meditation technique in Honolulu San Francisco Los Angeles Boston New York and London 13 55 59 60 61 While in Los Angeles the Maharishi stayed at the home of author Helena Olson 55 62 unreliable source and during this period he developed a three year plan to propagate Transcendental Meditation to the whole world 28 Though most of his audience consisted of average middle class individuals he also attracted a few celebrities such as Efrem Zimbalist Jr Nancy Cooke de Herrera and Doris Duke 7 nbsp Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1967 in The Netherlands at Concertgebouw Amsterdam nbsp Left to right Michael Cooper Mick Jagger Marianne Faithfull Shepard Sherbell and Brian Jones sitting Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Concertgebouw Amsterdam 1967 When the Maharishi came to the U S in 1959 his Spiritual Regeneration Movement was called Transcendental Meditation 10 That same year he began the International Meditation Society and other organizations to propagate his teachings 63 establishing centres in San Francisco and London 64 For years the sole teacher of Transcendental Meditation in America was a San Diego woman named Beulah Smith 7 In 1960 the Maharishi travelled to many cities in India France Switzerland England Scotland Norway Sweden Germany the Netherlands Italy Singapore Australia New Zealand and Africa 65 66 While in Manchester England the Maharishi gave a television interview and was featured in many English newspapers such as the Birmingham Post the Oxford Mail and the Cambridge Daily News 67 This was also the year in which the Maharishi trained Henry Nyburg to be the first Transcendental Meditation teacher in Europe 68 69 In 1961 the Maharishi visited the United States 25 Austria Sweden France Italy Greece India Kenya England and Canada 70 While in England he appeared on BBC television and gave a lecture to 5 000 people at the Royal Albert Hall in London organised by Leon MacLaren of the School of Economic Science 71 In April 1961 the Maharishi conducted his first Transcendental Meditation Teacher Training Course in Rishikesh India with sixty participants from various countries 13 72 Teachers continued to be trained as time progressed 73 During the course the Maharishi began to introduce additional knowledge regarding the development of human potential and began writing his translation and commentary on the first six chapters of the ancient Vedic text the Bhagavad Gita 74 75 His 1962 world tour included visits to Europe India Australia and New Zealand citation needed In Britain he founded a branch of the Spiritual Regeneration Movement 25 The year concluded in California where the Maharishi began dictating his book The Science of Being and Art of Living 76 77 In Rishikesh India beginning on 20 April 1962 a forty day course was held for sadhus sanyasis and brahmacharis to introduce TM to religious preachers and spiritual masters in India 78 The Maharishi toured cities in Europe Asia North America and India in 1963 and also addressed ministers of the Indian Parliament 79 80 According to his memoirs twenty one members of parliament then issued a public statement endorsing the Maharishi s goals and meditation technique 81 His Canadian tour 82 was also well covered by the press 83 The Maharishi s fifth world tour in 1964 consisted of visits to many cities in North America Europe and India 84 85 During his visit to England he appeared with the Abbot of Downside Abbot Butler on a BBC television show called The Viewpoint 86 87 In October of that year in California the Maharishi began teaching the first Advanced Technique of Transcendental Meditation to some experienced meditators 88 89 While travelling in America the Maharishi met with Robert Maynard Hutchins the head of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions and U Thant the Secretary General of the United Nations 90 91 During this same year the Maharishi finished his book The Science of Being and Art of Living which sold more than a million copies and was published in fifteen languages 92 The Maharishi s activities in 1966 included a course in India and a one month tour in South America He established Transcendental Meditation centers in Port of Spain Trinidad Caracas Venezuela Rio de Janeiro Brazil Porto Alegre Brazil Buenos Aires Argentina Santiago Chile Lima Peru and Bogota Colombia 93 In addition in 1966 the Maharishi founded the Students International Meditation Society SIMS which The Los Angeles Times later characterised as a phenomenal success 12 94 In the 1970s SIMS centres were established at over one thousand campuses 95 including Harvard University Yale University and UCLA 7 In 1967 the Maharishi gave a lecture at Caxton Hall in London which was attended by Leon MacLaren the founder and leader of the School of Economic Science SES 36 He also lectured at UCLA Harvard Yale and Berkeley 96 That year an article in Time magazine reported that the Maharishi has been sharply criticised by other Indian sages who complain that his programme for spiritual peace without either penance or asceticism contravenes every traditional Hindu belief 97 Religion and culture scholar Sean McCloud also reported that traditional Indian sages and gurus were critical of the Maharishi for teaching a simple technique and making it available to everyone and for abandoning traditional concepts of suffering and concentration as paths to enlightenment 98 At the end of 1968 the Maharishi said that after ten years of teaching and world tours he would return to India 99 Association with the Beatles edit Main articles The Beatles in Bangor and The Beatles in India In 1967 the Maharishi s fame increased and his movement gained greater prominence when he became the spiritual advisor to the Beatles 92 100 though he was already well known among young people in the UK and had already had numerous public appearances that brought him to the band s attention 101 Following the Beatles endorsement of TM during 1967 and 1968 the Maharishi appeared on American magazine covers such as Life Newsweek Time and many others 102 He gave lectures to capacity crowds at the Felt Forum in New York City and Harvard s Sanders Hall 7 He also appeared on The Tonight Show and the Today TV shows 7 He and the Beatles met in London in August 1967 when George Harrison and his wife Pattie Boyd urged their friends to attend the Maharishi s lecture at the Hilton on Park Lane The band members went to study with the Maharishi in Bangor Wales before travelling to Rishikesh India 25 in February 1968 to devote themselves fully to his instruction 103 Ringo Starr and his wife Maureen left after ten days 103 104 105 Paul McCartney and Jane Asher left after five weeks 106 107 108 the group s most dedicated students Harrison and John Lennon departed with their wives sixteen days later 106 During their stay the Beatles heard that the Maharishi had allegedly made sexual advances towards Mia Farrow 109 On 15 June 1968 in London the Beatles formally renounced their association with the Maharishi as a public mistake Sexy Sadie is the title of a song Lennon wrote in response to the episode 103 110 111 Lennon originally wanted to title the song Maharishi 112 but changed the title at Harrison s request Harrison commented years later Now historically there s the story that something went on that shouldn t have done but nothing did In 1992 Harrison gave a benefit concert for the Maharishi associated Natural Law Party and later apologised for the way the Maharishi had been treated by saying We were very young and It s probably in the history books that Maharishi tried to attack Mia Farrow but it s bullshit total bullshit Cynthia Lennon wrote in 2006 that she hated leaving on a note of discord and mistrust when we had enjoyed so much kindness from the Maharishi Asked if he forgave the Beatles the Maharishi replied I could never be upset with angels McCartney took his daughter Stella to visit the Maharishi in the Netherlands in 2007 which renewed their friendship 113 The New York Times and The Independent reported that the influence of the Maharishi and the journey to Rishikesh to meditate steered the Beatles away from LSD and inspired them to write many new songs 64 103 In 2009 McCartney commented that Transcendental Meditation was a gift the Beatles had received from the Maharishi at a time when they were looking for something to stabilise them 114 The Beatles visit to the Maharishi s ashram coincided with a thirty participant Transcendental Meditation teacher training course that was ongoing when they arrived Graduates of the course included Prudence Farrow and Mike Love 115 116 117 Although the Rishikesh ashram had thrived in its early days it was eventually abandoned in 2001 By 2016 some of it had been reclaimed with building repairs cleared paths a small photo museum murals a cafe and charges for visitors although the site remains essentially a ruin 118 Further growth of the TM movement 1968 1990 edit nbsp The Maharishi s headquarters in Seelisberg SwitzerlandIn 1968 the Maharishi announced that he would stop his public activities and instead begin the training of TM teachers at his new global headquarters in Seelisberg Switzerland 94 In 1969 he inaugurated a course in his Science of Creative Intelligence at Stanford University which was then offered at 25 other American universities 25 In 1970 the Maharishi held a TM teacher training course at a Victorian hotel in Poland Springs Maine with 1 200 participants Later that year he held a similar four week course with 1500 participants at Humboldt State College in Arcata California 119 In 1970 after having trouble with Indian tax authorities he moved his headquarters to Italy returning to India in the late 1970s 120 121 That same year the City of Hope Foundation in Los Angeles gave the Maharishi their Man of Hope award 122 By 1971 the Maharishi had completed 13 world tours visited 50 countries and held a press conference with American inventor Buckminster Fuller at his first International Symposium on SCI at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst Massachusetts 25 123 124 125 From 1970 to 1973 about 10 000 people attended the Maharishi sponsored symposia on his modern interpretation of Vedanta philosophy called Science of Creative Intelligence During these conferences held at universities the Maharishi spoke with leading thinkers of the day such as Hans Selye Marshall McLuhan and Jonas Salk 7 The Maharishi announced his World Plan in 1972 the goal of which was to establish 3 600 TM centres around the world 25 28 That year a TM training course was given by the Maharishi at Queen s University and was attended by 1 000 young people from the US and Canada At the start of the course the Maharishi encouraged the attendees to improve their appearance by getting haircuts and wearing ties 126 He also persuaded the U S Army to offer courses in TM to its soldiers 25 and made videotaped recordings of what was thought to be the West s first comprehensive recitation of the Rig Veda 127 In March 1973 the Maharishi addressed the legislature of the state of Illinois That same year the legislature passed a resolution in support of the use of Maharishi s Science of Creative Intelligence in Illinois public schools 25 128 129 Later that year he organized a world conference of mayors in Switzerland 25 In that same year he also addressed 3000 educators at an American Association of Higher Education AAHE conference on quality of life and higher education 5 In 1974 Maharishi International University was founded at the site of the former Parsons College in Fairfield Iowa In October 1975 the Maharishi was pictured on the front cover of Time magazine He made his last visit to the Spiritual Regeneration Movement centre in Los Angeles in 1975 according to film director David Lynch who met him for the first time there 130 In 1975 the Maharishi embarked on a five continent trip to inaugurate what he called the Dawn of the Age of Enlightenment The Maharishi said the purpose of the inaugural tour was to go around the country and give a gentle whisper to the population 131 132 He visited Ottawa during this tour and had a private meeting with Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau during which he spoke about the principles of TM and the possibility of structuring an ideal society 133 134 135 That same year the Pittsburgh Press reported that The Maharishi has been criticised by other Eastern yogis for simplifying their ancient art 136 The Maharishi appeared as a guest on The Merv Griffin Show in 1975 and again in 1977 and this resulted in tens of thousands of new practitioners around the USA 12 137 138 139 nbsp The Maharishi during a 1979 visit to Maharishi University of Management in Fairfield IowaIn the mid 1970s the Maharishi s U S movement was operating 370 TM centres manned by 6 000 TM teachers 10 At that time the Maharishi also began approaching the business community via an organisation called the American Foundation for SCI AFSCI whose objective was to eliminate stress for business professionals His TM movement came to be increasingly structured along the lines of a multinational corporation 94 The teaching of TM and the Science of Creative Intelligence in a New Jersey public school was stopped when a US court in 1977 declared the movement to be religious and ruled adoption of TM by public organisations to be in breach of the separation of church and state First Amendment 140 During the 1980s the organisation continued to expand and his meditation technique continued to attract celebrities 10 despite its outlandish claims and accusations of fraud from disaffected former disciples 94 The TM organization made a number of property investments buying a former Rothschild mansion in England Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire Roydon Hall in Maidstone Swythamley Park in the Peak District and a Georgian rectory in Suffolk 94 In the United States resorts and hotels many in city centres were purchased to be used as TM training centres Doug Henning and the Maharishi planned a magical Vedic amusement park Vedaland and bought large tracts of land near Orlando Florida and Niagara Falls Ontario to host the park The theme park was supposed to be a gateway into understanding the mysteries of the universe According to the Maharishi s official Vedic city website Entering Veda Land through a secret cave on a windswept plateau high in the Himalayas the adventure starts as one travels through a waterfall that leads to a forest where an ancient Vedic civilization awaits to reveal the deepest secrets of the universe sic 141 These plans were never executed and for Niagara Falls Veda Land turned out to be just another theme park proposal that never materialized joining an eclectic list that includes the Worlds of Jules Verne the Ancient Chinese City and even Canada s Wonderland when it was first being planned 142 The Maharishi commissioned plans from a prominent architect for the world s tallest building a Vedic style pyramid to be built in Sao Paulo Brazil and to be filled with Yogic Flyers and other TM endeavours 143 The Maharishi founded Maharishi Ved Vigyan Vishwa Vidyapeetham a self described educational institution located in Uttar Pradesh India in 1982 The institution reports that it has trained 50 000 pundits in traditional Vedic recitation 144 145 In 1983 the Maharishi invited government leaders to interact with his organization called World Government 28 In January 1988 offices at the Maharishinagar complex in New Delhi were raided by Indian tax authorities and the Maharishi and his organisation were accused of falsifying expenses 146 Reports on the value of stocks fixed deposit notes cash and jewels confiscated vary from source to source 147 148 149 150 The Maharishi who was headquartered in Switzerland at the time reportedly moved to the Netherlands after the Indian government accused him of tax fraud 151 Following an earthquake in Armenia the Maharishi trained Russian TM teachers and set up a Maharishi Ayurveda training centre in the Urals region 152 Beginning in 1989 the Maharishi s movement began incorporating the term Maharishi into the names of their new and existing entities concepts and programmes 153 Years in Vlodrop 1991 2008 edit nbsp The Maharishi s headquarters in MERU The NetherlandsIn 1990 the Maharishi relocated his headquarters from Seelisberg Switzerland to a former Franciscan monastery in Vlodrop the Netherlands which became known as MERU Holland on account of the Maharishi European Research University MERU campus there 154 155 During his time in Vlodrop he communicated to the public mainly via video and the internet He also created a subscription based satellite TV channel called Veda Vision which broadcast content in 22 languages and 144 countries 94 In 1991 the Maharishi called Washington D C a pool of mud after a decade of attempts to lower the rate of crime in the city which had the second largest TM community in the US He told his followers to leave and save themselves from its criminal atmosphere 156 The Maharishi is believed to have made his final public appearance in 1991 in Maastricht the Netherlands 157 Deepak Chopra described as one of the Maharishi s top assistants before he launched his own career 12 wrote that the Maharishi collapsed in 1991 with kidney and pancreas failure that the illness was kept secret by the Maharishi s family and that he tended to Maharishi during a year long recovery According to Chopra the Maharishi accused him in July 1993 of trying to compete for the position of guru and asked him to stop travelling and writing books which led to Chopra s decision to leave the movement in January 1994 158 As part of a world plan for peace the Maharishi inaugurated the Natural Law Party NLP calling it a natural government 121 His adherents founded the NLP in 1992 159 It was active in forty two countries 160 John Hagelin the NLP s three time candidate for U S president denied any formal connection between the Maharishi and the party 161 According to spokesman Bob Roth The Maharishi has said the party has to grow to encompass everyone 160 Critics charged that the party was an effort to recruit people for Transcendental Meditation 162 and that it resembled the political arm of an international corporation more than a home grown political creation 163 The Indian arm of the NLP the Ajeya Bharat Party achieved electoral success winning one seat in a state assembly in 1998 164 The Maharishi shut down the political effort in 2004 saying I had to get into politics to know what is wrong there 165 In 1992 the Maharishi began to send groups of Yogic Flyers to countries like India Brazil China and America in an effort to promote world peace through coherent world consciousness 121 In 1993 and 2003 he decided to raise the fees for learning the TM technique 166 167 168 In 1997 the Maharishi s organization built the largest wooden structure in the Netherlands without using any nails 94 157 The building was the Maharishi s residence for the last two decades of his life In later years the Maharishi rarely left his two room quarters in order to preserve his health and energy 17 He used videoconferencing to communicate with the world and with his advisors 17 169 Built to Maharishi Sthapatya Veda architectural standards the structure according to the Maharishi is said to have helped him infuse the light of Total Knowledge into the destiny of the human race 170 171 In 2000 the Maharishi founded the Global Country of World Peace GCWP to create global world peace by unifying all nations in happiness prosperity invincibility and perfect health while supporting the rich diversity of our world family 1 172 The Maharishi crowned Tony Nader a physician and MIT trained neuroscientist 34 as the king or Maharaja of the GCWP in 2000 173 The GCWP unsuccessfully attempted to establish a sovereign micronation when it offered US 1 3 billion to the President of Suriname for a 200 year lease of 3 500 acres 14 km2 of land and in 2002 attempted to choose a king for the Talamanca a remote Indian reservation in Costa Rica 174 175 In 2001 Maharishi University Of Information Technology was founded at Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India 176 In 2001 followers of the Maharishi founded Maharishi Vedic City a few miles north of Fairfield Iowa in the United States This new city requires that the construction of its homes and buildings be done according to the Maharishi Sthapatya Veda principles of harmony with nature 177 nbsp The Maharishi in 2007In a 2002 appearance on the CNN show Larry King Live the first time in 25 years that the Maharishi had appeared in the mainstream media he said Transcendental Meditation is something that can be defined as a means to do what one wants to do in a better way a right way for maximum results 92 It was occasioned by the reissue of the Maharishi s book The Science of Being and Art of Living 178 That same year the Maharishi Global Financing Research Foundation issued the Raam as a currency dedicated to financing peace promoting projects 94 In 2003 David Lynch began a fundraising project to raise US 1 billion on behalf of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi to build a meditation centre large enough to hold 8 000 skilled practitioners 179 The Maharishi ordered a suspension of TM training in Britain in 2005 due to his opposition to prime minister Tony Blair s decision to support the Iraq War 180 The Maharishi said that he did not want to waste the beautiful nectar of TM on a scorpion nation 180 181 He lifted the ban after Blair s resignation in 2007 182 During this period skeptics were critical of some of the Maharishi s programmes such as a US 10 trillion plan to end poverty through organic farming in poor countries and a US 1 billion plan to use meditation groups to end conflict 154 Death edit Maharishi Mahesh Yogi concerned about his health 183 became increasingly secluded in two rooms of his residence 154 During this period he rarely had in person meetings and instead communicated with his followers almost exclusively by closed circuit television 1 On 12 January 2008 his 90th birthday the Maharishi declared It has been my pleasure at the feet of Guru Dev Brahmananda Saraswati to take the light of Guru Dev and pass it on in my environment Now today I am closing my designed duty to Guru Dev And I can only say Live long the world in peace happiness prosperity and freedom from suffering 184 185 186 A week before his death the Maharishi said that he was stepping down as leader of the TM movement and retreating into silence and that he planned to spend his remaining time studying the ancient Indian texts 92 100 The Maharishi died peacefully in his sleep of natural causes on 5 February 2008 at his residence in Vlodrop Netherlands 187 The cremation and funeral rites were conducted at the Maharishi s Allahabad ashram in India overlooking the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers 188 189 The funeral with state honours was carried by Sadhana TV station and was presided over by one of the claimants to the seat of Shankaracharya of the North Swami Vasudevananda Saraswati Maharaj 190 Indian officials who attended the funeral included central minister Subodh Kant Sahay Vishwa Hindu Parishad VHP leader Ashok Singhal and former Uttar Pradesh assembly speaker and state BJP leader Keshri Nath Tripathi as well as top local officials 191 Also in attendance were thirty five rajas of the Global Country of World Peace one time disciple Sri Sri Ravi Shankar and David Lynch 192 A troop of uniformed policemen lowered their arms in salute 192 The funeral received its status as a state funeral because the Maharishi was a recognised master in the tradition of Advaita Vedanta founded by Shankara 191 The Maharishi is survived by a brother and a number of nephews 193 One nephew Girish Chandra Varma 194 is chairman of the Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools Group 195 196 and a senior functionary of the Transcendental Meditation TM movement in India 193 Other nephews include Prakash Shrivastav 197 president of Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools 198 and Anand Shrivastava 199 chairman of the Maharishi Group 200 In its obituary BBC News reported that the Maharishi s master had bequeathed him the task of keeping the tradition of Transcendental Meditation alive and that the Maharishi s commercial mantras drew criticism from stricter Hindus but his promises of better health stress relief and spiritual enlightenment drew devotees from all over the world 31 Paul McCartney commented saying that Whilst I am deeply saddened by his passing my memories of him will only be joyful ones He was a great man who worked tirelessly for the people of the world and the cause of unity 201 Legacy edit nbsp Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on a 2019 stamp of IndiaThe Maharishi left a legacy that includes the revival of India s ancient spiritual tradition of meditation which he made available to everyone 202 He is considered responsible for the popularisation of meditation in the west 203 204 something he accomplished by teaching Transcendental Meditation worldwide through a highly effective organization of his own development 202 The Maharishi is also credited with the proposal of the existence of a unique or fourth state of consciousness with a basis in physiology and the application of scientific studies to research on the physiological effects of Transcendental Meditation and the development of higher states of consciousness areas previously relegated to mysticism 205 206 207 208 Partly because of this Newsweek credited him with helping to launch a legitimate new field of neuroscience 209 210 According to The Times of India his unique and enduring contribution to humankind was his deep understanding of and mechanics of experiencing pure consciousness 205 A memorial building the Maharishi Smarak was inaugurated at Allahabad in February 2013 211 212 Philosophy and teaching editThe Maharishi had come out to teach with the avowed intention to change the course of human history 99 When he first began teaching he had three main aims to revive the spiritual tradition in India to show that meditation was for everyone and not just for recluses and to show that Vedanta is compatible with science 210 The Maharishi had a message of happiness writing in 1967 that being happy is of the utmost importance Success in anything is through happiness Under all circumstances be happy Just think of any negativity that comes at you as a raindrop falling into the ocean of your bliss 92 His philosophy featured the concept that within everyone is an unlimited reservoir of energy intelligence and happiness 13 He emphasised the naturalness of his meditation technique as a simple way of developing this potential 213 Beginning in 1962 the Maharishi began to recommend the daily practice of yoga exercises or asanas to further accelerate growth 214 He also taught that practising Transcendental Meditation twice a day would create inner peace and that mass meditation sessions could create outer peace by reducing violence and war 92 According to a TM website the performance of yagyas by 7 000 pandits in India plus hundreds of Yogic Flyers in Germany brought coherence and unity in the collective consciousness of Germany and caused the fall of the Berlin Wall 215 216 217 One religion scholar Michael York considers the Maharishi to have been the most articulate spokesman for the spiritual argument that a critical mass of people becoming enlightened through the practice of meditation and yogic discipline will trigger the New Age movement s hoped for period of postmillennial peace harmony and collective consciousness 218 Religious studies scholar Carl Olson writes that the TM technique was based on a neo Vedanta metaphysical philosophy in which an unchanging reality is opposed to an ever changing phenomenal world and that the Maharishi says it is not necessary to renounce worldly activities to gain enlightenment unlike other ascetic traditions 213 According to author Jack Forem the Maharishi stated that the experience of transcendence which resulted in a naturally increasing refinement of mind and body enabled people to naturally behave in more correct ways Thus behavioral guidelines did not need to be issued and were best left to the teachings of various religions It is much easier to raise a man s consciousness than to get him to act righteously the Maharishi said 219 Some religious studies scholars have further said that Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is one of a number of Indian gurus who brought neo Hindu adaptations of Vedantic Hinduism to the west 220 221 222 Author Meera Nanda calls neo Hinduism the brand of Hinduism that is taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Deepak Chopra and their clones 223 J R Coplin a sociologist and MIU graduate says that the Maharishi saw his own purpose as the revival of the knowledge of an integrated life based upon Vedic principles and Vedantist reality 37 Author Barry Miles writes that in spite of the media s scepticism for the Maharishi s spiritual message they seized upon him because young people seemed to listen to his pro establishment anti drug message with one TM participant saying the Maharishi signaled the beginning of the post acid generation 99 107 Transcendental Meditation edit Main article Transcendental Meditation During a CNN interview in 2002 the Maharishi said Transcendental Meditation is something that can be defined as a means to do what one wants to do in a better way a right way for maximum results 92 His movement offered in residence style TM advanced courses 224 By the time of his death there were nearly 1 000 TM training centres around the world 94 The Maharishi is credited with having contributed to the western world a meditation technique that is both simple and systematic as well as introducing the scientific study of meditation 225 In the mid 1970s the Maharishi began the TM Sidhi programme which included Yogic Flying as an additional option for those who had been practising the Transcendental Meditation technique for some time According to Coplin this new aspect of knowledge emphasised not only the individual but also the collective benefits created by group practice of this advanced programme 226 This new programme gave rise to a new principle called the Maharishi Effect which is said to create coherence in the collective consciousness and to suppress crime violence and accidents 227 Maharishi Vedic Science edit nbsp Entrance to the Maharishi University of Management and Maharishi Vedic University campus in Vlodrop the NetherlandsMaharishi Vedic Science MVS is based on the Maharishi s interpretation of the ancient Vedic texts based on his master Brahmananda Saraswati s teachings 228 MVS aims to put forward traditional Vedic literature in the light of Western traditions of knowledge and understanding 229 According to Roy Ascott MVS also explains the potential for every human being to experience the infinite nature of transcendental consciousness also defined as Being or Self while engaged in normal activities of daily life 230 Once this state is fully established an individual is no longer influenced by outer aspects of existence and perceives pure consciousness in everything 230 MVS includes two aspects the practical aspect of the Transcendental Meditation technique and the TM Sidhi programme as well as the theoretical aspect of how MVS is applied to day to day living 231 These applications include programmes in Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health MVAH 232 233 Maharishi Sthapatya Veda a mathematical system for the design and construction of buildings 234 235 Maharishi Gandharva Veda 236 a form of classical Indian music Maharishi Jyotish also known as Maharishi Vedic Astrology 232 237 a system claiming the evaluation of life tendencies of an individual Maharishi Vedic Agriculture a trademarked process for producing fresh organic food and Consciousness Based Education 238 239 According to educator James Grant a former Maharishi University of Management Associate Professor of Education and the former Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Maharishi brought out a full revival of the Vedic tradition of knowledge from India and demonstrated its relevance in many areas including education business medicine and government 240 Publications edit The Maharishi wrote more than twenty books on the Transcendental Meditation technique and Maharishi Vedic Science 241 The Beacon Light of the Himalayas edit In 1955 the organisers of the Great Spiritual Development Conference of Kerala published The Beacon Light of the Himalayas a transcribed 170 page souvenir of the conference Authors Chryssides Humes and Forsthoefel Miller and Russel cite this as the Maharishi s first published book on Transcendental Meditation although Transcendental Meditation is not mentioned in the text of the book 242 243 244 245 246 The book is dedicated to Maharshi Bala Brahmachari Mahesh Yogi Rajaram by his devotees of Kerala and contains photographs letters and lectures by numerous authors which appear in various languages such as English Hindi and Sanskrit 242 Science of Being and Art of Living edit In 1963 the Maharishi audiotaped the text of the book Science of Being and Art of Living which was later transcribed and published in fifteen languages 92 247 248 K T Weidmann describes the book as the Maharishi s fundamental philosophical treatise one in which its author provides an illustration of the ancient Vedic traditions of India in terms that can be easily interpreted and understood by the scientific thinking of the western world 5 In the Science of Being the Maharishi illustrates the concepts of relative existence as the experience of everyday reality through one s senses and absolute reality as the origin of being and the source of all creative intelligence 249 The Maharishi describes this absolute reality or Being as unchanging omnipresent and eternal He also identifies it with bliss consciousness The two aspects of reality the relative and the absolute are like an ocean with many waves 250 The waves represent the relative and the ocean beneath is the foundation of everything or Being Establishing oneself in the field of Being or unchanging reality ensures stability 250 In his Science of Being the Maharishi introduced an additional concept that of fulfillment viewed as something to be obtained not through exertion or self effort but through the progressive settling of the mind during the practice of TM 249 251 This was the first full systematic description of the principles underlying the Maharishi s teachings 252 Bhagavad Gita A New Translation and Commentary 1967 edit In his 1967 publication Bhagavad Gita A New Translation and Commentary the Maharishi describes the Bhagavad Gita as the Scripture of Yoga He says that its purpose is to explain in theory and practice all that is needed to raise the consciousness of man to the highest possible level 253 According to Peter Russell the Bhagavad Gita deals with the concept of loss of knowledge and subsequent revival and this is brought out by the Maharishi himself in the introduction 254 In the Preface the Maharishi writes The purpose of this commentary is to restore the fundamental truths of the Bhagavad Gita and thus restore the significance of its teaching If this teaching is followed effectiveness in life will be achieved men will be fulfilled on all levels and the historical need of the age will be fulfilled also 255 A second concept that of freedom presented as the antithesis of fear is also prevalent in the book according to Jack Forem 256 Forem states that in his interpretation of the Gita the Maharishi expressed several times that as man gains greater awareness through the practice of Transcendental Meditation he gradually establishes a level of contentment which remain increasingly grounded within him and in which the mind does not waver and is not affected by either attachment or fear 257 Characterizations and criticism editThe Maharishi was reported to be a vegetarian 25 an entrepreneur a monk and a spiritual man who sought a world stage from which to espouse the joys of inner happiness 1 He was described as an abstemious man with tremendous energy who took a weekly day of silence while sleeping only two hours per night 25 He did not present himself as a guru or claim his teachings as his own Instead he taught in the name of his guru Brahmananda Saraswati 21 and paid tribute to him by placing a picture of Saraswati behind him when he spoke 25 He was on a mission to bring the ancient techniques of TM to the world 63 Scientist and futurist Buckminster Fuller spent two days with the Maharishi at a symposium at the University of Massachusetts in 1971 and said You could not meet with Maharishi without recognizing instantly his integrity 258 Authors Douglas E Cowan and David G Bromley write that the Maharishi did not claim any special divine revelation nor supernatural personal qualities 259 Still others said he helped to inspire the anti materialism of the late 60s and received good publicity because he opposed drugs 13 260 According to author Chryssides The Maharishi tended to emphasize the positive aspects of humanity focusing on the good that exists in everyone 261 According to The Times the Maharishi attracted scepticism because of his involvement with wealthy celebrities his business acumen and his love of luxury including touring in a Rolls Royce 94 A reporter for The Economist calls this a misconception saying He did not use his money for sinister ends He neither drank nor smoked nor took drugs He did not accumulate scores of Rolls Royces like Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh his biggest self indulgence was a helicopter 262 263 When some observers questioned how his organisation s money was being used the Maharishi said It goes to support the centres it does not go on me I have nothing 264 However when the Maharishi died in 2008 he left behind an estate worth an estimated 300 million U S He was survived by four nephews who inherited 12 000 acres of land in India and Tony Nader a Lebanese neuroscientist whom he had anointed as his successor in the movement 265 Since his death several memoirs have been written by former followers and their children who described the Maharishi as a cult leader who could be controlling and his Centers a financial business 266 267 He was often referred to as the Giggling Guru because of his habit of laughing during television interviews 268 180 Diminutive at a little over five feet tall the Maharishi often wore a traditional cotton or silk white dhoti while carrying or wearing flowers 1 He often sat cross legged on a deerskin and had a grayish white beard mustache and long dark stringy hair 1 269 Barry Miles described the Maharishi as having liquid eyes twinkling but inscrutable with the wisdom from the East 270 Miles said the Maharishi in his seventies looked much younger than his age 271 He had a high pitched voice and in the words of Merv Griffin a long flowing beard and a distinctive high pitched laugh that I loved to provoke 139 271 Biographer Paul Mason s website says that Swami Swaroopananda one of three claimants to the title Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math is an outspoken critic of the Maharishi According to Swaroopananda the Maharishi was responsible for the controversy over Shankaracharyas because he gave Shankaracharya Swami Shantanand encouragement and assistance in fighting the court case which challenged Shantanand s inheritance of the title 272 In a review of the documentary film David Wants to Fly Variety magazine reported Swaroopananda s assertion that as a member of the trader caste the Maharishi has no right to give mantras or teach meditation 27 According to religious scholar Cynthia Humes enlightened individuals of any caste may teach brahmavidya 273 and author Patricia Drake writes that when Guru Dev was about to die he charged Maharishi with teaching laymen to meditate 274 Mason says Shantanand publicly commended the practice of the Maharishi s meditation 275 and sociologist J R Coplin says that Shantanand s successor Swami Vishnudevanand also speaks highly of the Maharishi 23 276 While the Beatles were in Rishikesh allegations of sexual improprieties by the Maharishi in his ashram were circulated but participants later denied them and no lawsuits were ever filed 1 In popular culture edit The British satirical magazine Private Eye ridiculed him as Veririchi Lotsamoney Yogi Bear 64 The Maharishi was also parodied by comedians Bill Dana and Joey Forman in the 1968 comedy album The Mashuganishi Yogi 277 by actor Cash Oshman in the film Man on the Moon by comedian Mike Myers in the film The Love Guru citation needed and in the BBC sketch show Goodness Gracious Me 278 He was portrayed by actor Gerry Bednob in the 2007 film Walk Hard The Dewey Cox Story He was also the subject of the Beatles song Sexy Sadie in which John Lennon characterized him as a fraud 279 Other initiatives projects and programmes editMain article Transcendental Meditation movement Maharishi International University renamed Maharishi University of Management MUM in 1995 the first university the Maharishi founded began classes in Santa Barbara California in 1973 In 1974 the university moved to Fairfield Iowa where it remains The university houses a library of the Maharishi s taped lectures and writings including the thirty three lesson Science of Creative Intelligence course originally a series of lectures given by the Maharishi in Fiuggi Italy in 1972 Described in the MUM university catalogue as combining modern science and Vedic science 280 the course also defines certain higher states of consciousness and gives guidance on how to attain these states 281 Though the university claims to grant PhDs including in neuroscience and psychology the university is not accredited by either the America Psychological Association APA 282 or the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 283 nbsp MCEE School Campus at Bhopal IndiaThe Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools MVMS an educational system established in sixteen Indian states and affiliated with the New Delhi Central Board of Secondary Education CBSE was founded in 1995 by the Maharishi 284 It has 148 branches in 118 cities with 90 000 to 100 000 students and 5 500 teaching and support staff 285 In 1998 Maharishi Open University was founded by the Maharishi It was accessible via a network of eight satellites broadcasting to every country in the world and via the Internet 286 287 The Maharishi also introduced theories of management defence and government 281 programmes designed to alleviate poverty and introduced a new economic development currency called the Raam 288 In 2000 the Maharishi began building administrative and teaching centres called Peace Palaces around the world and by 2008 at least eight had been constructed in the US alone 289 The Maharishi Institute an African university that is part of a group of schools around the world that are named after him was founded in 2007 and uses his Transcendental Meditation technique in their teaching 290 291 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in his farewell message on 11 January 2008 announced the establishment of the Brahmananda Saraswati Trust BST named in honour of his teacher to support large groups totalling more than 30 000 peace creating Vedic Pandits in perpetuity across India 292 The Patron of the Brahmanand Saraswati Trust is the Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math 184 Organizations and businesses edit The Maharishi is credited with heading charitable organisations for profit businesses and real estate investments whose total value has been estimated at various times to range from US 2 to US 5 billion The real estate alone was valued in 2003 at between 3 6 and 5 billion 293 Holdings in the United States estimated at 250 million in 2008 include dozens of hotels commercial buildings and undeveloped land 289 The Maharishi amassed a personal fortune that his spokesman told one reporter may exceed 1 billion 294 According to a 2008 article in The Times the Maharishi was reported to have an income of six million pounds 94 The Maharishi s movement is said to be funded through donations course fees for Transcendental Meditation and various real estate transactions 295 In his biography of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi The Story of the Maharishi published 1976 William Jefferson suggests that the financial aspect of the TM organisation was one of the greatest controversies it faced Questions were raised about the Maharishi s mission comments from leaders of the movement at that time and fees and charges the TM organisation levied on followers Jefferson says that the concerns with money came from journalists more than those who have learned to meditate 26 Published works editBeacon Light of the Himalayas Azad Printers 1955 Meditation easy system propounded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi International Meditation Centre 1962 Science of Being and Art of Living Transcendental Meditation Allied Publishers 1963 ISBN 0 452 28266 7 Love and God Spiritual Regeneration Movement 1965 Yoga asanas Spiritual Regeneration Movement 1965 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita A New Translation and Commentary Chapters 1 6 Arkana 1990 ISBN 0 14 019247 6 Meditations of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Bantam books 1968 Alliance for knowledge Maharishi International University 1974 Creating an ideal society a global undertaking International Association for the Advancement of the Science of Creative Intelligence 1976 Results of scientific research on the Transcendental Meditation program MERU Press 1976 Enlightenment to every individual invincibility to every nation Age of Enlightenment 1978 ISBN 99911 608 9 2 Freedom behind bars enlightenment to every individual and invincibility to every nation International Association for the Advancement of the Science of Creative Intelligence 1978 Dawn of the age of enlightenment MVU Press 1986 ISBN 978 90 71750 02 1 Life supported by natural law discovery of the Unified Field of all the laws of nature and the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field Age of Enlightenment Press 1986 ISBN 978 0 89186 051 8 Thirty years around the world dawn of the Age of Enlightenment Maharishi Vedic University 1986 ISBN 978 90 71750 01 4 Maharishi s Programme to create world peace global inauguration Age of Enlightenment Press 1987 ISBN 978 0 89186 052 5 Maharishi s master plan to create heaven on earth Maharishi Vedic University Press 1991 ISBN 978 90 71750 11 3 A Proven program for our criminal justice system Maharishi s Transcendental Meditation and Corrections Maharishi International University 1993 Vedic knowledge for everyone Maharishi Vedic University an introduction Maharishi Vedic University Press 1994 ISBN 90 71750 17 5 Maharishi s Absolute Theory of Government Automation in Administration Maharishi Prakshan 1995 ISBN 81 7523 002 9 Maharishi University of Management Wholeness on the Move Age of Enlightenment Publications 1995 ISBN 81 7523 001 0 Constitution of India Fulfilled through Maharishi s Transcendental Meditation Age of Enlightenment Publications 1996 ISBN 81 7523 004 5 Inaugurating Maharishi Vedic University Maharishi Vedic University Press 1996 ISBN 978 81 7523 006 4 Maharishi s Absolute Theory of Defence Sovereignty in Invincibility Age of Enlightenment Publications 1996 ISBN 81 7523 000 2 Celebrating Perfection in Education Dawn of Total Knowledge Maharishi Vedic University Press 1997 ISBN 81 7523 013 4 Maharishi Forum of Natural Law and National Law for Doctors Perfect Health for Everyone Age of Enlightenment Publications 1997 ISBN 81 7523 003 7 Maharishi Speaks to Educators Mastery Over Natural Law Age of Enlightenment Publications 1997 ISBN 81 7523 008 8 Maharishi Speaks to Students Mastery Over Natural Law Age of Enlightenment Publications 1997 ISBN 81 7523 012 6 Celebrating Perfection in Administration Maharishi Vedic University 1998 ISBN 81 7523 015 0 Ideal India The Lighthouse of Peace on Earth Maharishi University of Management 2001 ISBN 90 806005 1 2 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on Bhagavad Gita Chapter 7 2009 Maharishi Foundation International Maharishi Vedic University The NetherlandsDiscographyThe master speaks World Pacific Records 1967References edit a b c d e f g h i j k Koppel Lily 6 February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Spiritual Leader Dies The New York Times a b Yogi s passport paulmason info Beckford James A 1985 Cult controversies the societal response to new religious movements Tavistock Publications p 23 ISBN 978 0 422 79630 9 Parsons Gerald 1994 The Growth of Religious Diversity Traditions The Open University Methuen p 288 ISBN 978 0 415 08326 3 a b c Weidmann K T 1999 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi In von Dehsen Christian ed Philosophers and Religious Leaders An Encyclopedia of People Who Changed the World Greenwood p 120 ISBN 978 1573561525 a b c Mason 1994 p 28 a b c d e f g h i Goldberg Philip 2010 American Veda from Emerson and the Beatles to yoga and meditation Harmony Books Crown Publishing Random House p 362 ISBN 9780307719614 Oates Robert M 1976 Celebrating the dawn Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the TM technique New York G P Putnam s Sons p 40 ISBN 978 0 399 11815 9 Carlton Jim 15 April 1991 For 1 500 a Head Maharishi Promises Mellower Inmates Transcendental Meditation Goes to Prison as Backers Try to Lock Up Contracts The Wall Street Journal New York N Y p A 1 a b c d e Shankar Jay 6 February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Bloomberg Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 Retrieved 15 August 2010 Richardson Mark 12 October 1993 A leap of faith The Ottawa Citizen p A 1 a b c d e f g h Woo Elaine 6 February 2006 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Los Angeles Times a b c d e Hudson Alexandra 6 February 2008 Beatles Indian Guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Reuters Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 Page Jeremy Hoyle Ben 6 February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Dies a Recluse The Times London Gifts of the Global Country of World Peace Education Products Services gifts globalgoodnews com Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 Retrieved 28 August 2010 Warren Jenifer 27 October 1995 Party Asks Voters to Put Their Faith in Meditation Politics Skeptics scoff at Natural Law Party s answer to nation s ills but backers say they have more to offer Los Angeles Times p 1 a b c Koppel Lily 8 October 2006 Encounter Outer Peace The New York Times Srinivasan 2008 Hinduism For Dummies John Wiley amp Sons Goldberg Philip 1944 2013 American Veda from Emerson and the Beatles to yoga and meditation how Indian spirituality changed the West First paperback ed New York ISBN 9780385521352 OCLC 808413359 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Coplin Ch 2 Socio Historical Context for SRM s Emergence Footnote 73 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi s caste background is a matter of some uncertainty because it is the tradition of yogis ascetics and renunciants to relinquish their family ties His education and family status are known by many long time movement members however Shrivastava is the family name of his cousins and nephews and that name can be traced to the Hindu Kayasthas a b Humes p 61 Distinguished Alumni Allahabad University a b Kalambakal Jupiter 6 February 2008 Transcendental Meditation Founder Maharishi Dies All Headline News Archived from the original on 17 March 2008 Retrieved 3 September 2010 Our Proud Past Allahabad University Alumni Association archive is 7 July 2012 Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kroll Una 1974 The Healing Potential of Transcendental Meditation John Knox Press Ch 1 The Guru pp 17 25 ISBN 9780804205986 a b c d Jefferson William 1976 The Story of The Maharishi Pocket Books pp 7 21 ISBN 9780671805265 a b Simon Alyssa 14 February 2010 David Wants to Fly Variety Swami Swaroopanand successor to Guru Dev in a village near Tibet The swami tells Sieveking that the Maharishi from a trader caste was merely Guru Dev s bookkeeper and besides he notes Gurus don t sell their knowledge they share it a b c d e f g Lewis James 2001 Prometheus Books Odd Gods New Religions and the Cult Controversy pp 230 233 Coplin p 48 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was most likely born into a family of Hindu Kayasthas a well known and high status literary caste of Hindustan with reference to varna a kshatryia not a brahmin jati Ruthven Malise 6 February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi The Guardian London Retrieved 5 April 2010 a b c Obituary Maharishi Mahesh Yogi BBC News 6 February 2008 Coplin Ch 2 footnote 74 Humes pp 59 60 a b Williamson p 81 Goldberg Philip 2011 American Veda Harmony Books p 154 a b c Mason 1994 p 22 a b Coplin Ch 3 SRM as Cultural Revitalization Text While his association with the illustrious Shankaracharya tradition served as vital letter of introduction throughout India his title bala brahmachari identified him as a fully dedicated student of spiritual knowledge and life long celibate ascetic Literally the name means childhood or boy bala student of sacred knowledge brahmachari and it has signified from Vedic times one who has taken the vow of chastity Thirty Years Around the World Dawn of the Age of Enlightenment MVU 1986 pp185 6 Chryssides George D 1999 Exploring new religions London Cassell pp 293 296 ISBN 978 0 8264 5959 6 Page 293 Mason Paul 1952 1994 The Maharishi the biography of the man who gave transcendental meditation to the world Shaftesbury Dorset ISBN 1852305711 OCLC 31133549 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Bloomfield Harold H 1975 TM discovering inner energy and overcoming stress Cain Michael Peter 1941 Jaffe Dennis T New York Delacorte Press pp 32 ISBN 0440060486 OCLC 1047008 Williamson p 84 Guru Dev represented the tradition well for he did not allow anyone who was not of the Brahmin Since Mahesh was born into a scribe caste kayastha he was not allowed to join the order of monks Thus when Saraswati died in Calcutta in 1953 Mahesh would not have been considered a candidate to replace him Coplin p 49 Because he was not a brahmin Mahesh could not become a member of the dandi sannyasi order and succeed his master as Shankaracharya the honor passed to Swami Shantanand Saraswati in June 1953 This from an interview by the author with the Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math Swami Vishnudevananda Saraswati on 12 June 1983 Mason 1994 pp 23 24 AP 5 February 2008 Beatles guru dies in Netherlands USA Today Epstein Edward 29 December 1995 Politics and Transcendental Meditation San Francisco Chronicle Morris Bevan 1992 Maharishi s Vedic Science and Technology The Only Means to Create World Peace PDF Journal of Modern Science and Vedic Science 5 1 2 200 Archived from the original PDF on 3 July 2008 Rooney Ben 6 February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi guru to Beatles dies The Telegraph London Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Williamson pp 97 99 Russell p 25 Bajpai R S 2002 Atlantic Publishers The Splendours And Dimensions of Yoga 2 Vols Set page 554 received the title Maharishi from some Indian Pundits Mason 1994 pp 27 34 Gablinger Tamar 2010 The Religious Melting Point On Tolerance Controversdial Religions and The State Germany Tectum Verlag Marburg p 76 Coplin Ch 2 Socio Historical Context for SRM s Emergence In South India Maharishi spoke in English because his Hindi would not only be little understood outside of the North but it would provoke hostility among many who were fighting for linguistic self determination in the period immediately following Independence The use of English however had greater connotations as it presumed an audience of Indians familiar with British administration and education More significantly it appealed to the learned classes mostly brahmins but also lower caste officials whose families had escaped their more humble backgrounds by means of acquiring an English education a b c Devi Priya 21 February 2008 Naturally in Self Maharishi Mahesh Yogi One India Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 237 Summary 1958 The first countries he visited on his first world tour were Burma Thailand Malaya Singapore Hong Kong and the USA Hawaii Mason 1994 p 34 Mason 1994 p 37 He has no money he asks for nothing His worldly possessions can be carried in one hand Maharishi Mahesh Yogi is on a world odyssey He carries a message that he says will rid the world of all unhappiness and discontent Mason 1994 pp 41 46 Blume Mary 8 July 1995 A Little Meditation on the Bottom Line International New York Times Retrieved 26 November 2013 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 275 Summary 1959 In January Maharishi travelled to the mainland USA for the first time establishing the movement in Hawaii and then moving on to San Francisco and Los Angeles Towards the end of the year he once again visited Hawaii then flew to the East Coast cities of Boston and New York Olson Helena Hermit in the House p 44 Los Angeles 1967 a b Hunt Stephen 2003 Alternative religions a sociological introduction Aldershot Hampshire England Burlington VT Ashgate pp 197 198 ISBN 978 0 7546 3410 2 a b c Leigh Spencer 7 February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Spiritual leader who introduced millions including the Beatles to transcendental meditation Artistic Yoga London Archived from the original on 6 December 2014 Mason 1994 pp 52 54 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 pp 318 320 Note The source contains a 3 page itinerary of 40 cities visited by the Maharishi with corresponding dates of visit ranging from 1 1 60 and 12 30 60 Summary 1960 Maharishi brought TM to the countries of Europe and in his many lectures in England Scotland Norway and Germany he In the first half of the year he visited France Switzerland Austria and Germany then travelled to the Scandinavian countries of Norway Denmark and Sweden Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 305 In Manchester Maharishi gave a television interview which reached millions of people in the north of England In Cambridge the Daily News carried headline Maharishi shows a simple method of meditation while the Oxford Mail reporter who asked Maharishi Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 302 Maharishi made Henry Nyburg his personal representative for Europe and gave him the training and authority to teach Transcendental Meditation thus making him the first European teacher Mason 1994 p 52 Mason 1994 pp 54 55 Mason 1994 p 55 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 pp 318 344 From Chapter Titled 1961 pg 328 The following day BBC Television interviewed Maharishi and chose as the setting for the interview the Acropolis one of the glories of ancient Greece On 20 April Maharishi inaugurated Maharishi then conducted the first international course to train teacher of TM The graduation ceremony of the course was held on 12 July and 60 new teachers of TM returned to their countries Wiliams Martyn 2 October 2014 Maharishi and the 7 step Teachers Program enlightenmenthow com Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 400 it was on this course that Maharishi started his commentary on the Bhagavad Gita a commentary later to be published Mason 1994 pp 62 69 Mason 1994 p 62 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 pp 490 491 and 503 And in the final days of 1962 in the silent surroundings of Lake Arrowhead California Maharishi brought out yet another gift for the world The Science of Being and Art of Living a treasury of pure knowledge to guide mankind in its evolution to perfection Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 414 Chapter Titled 1962 On 20 April Maharishi in the presence of His Holiness Swami Shantanand Saraswati the Shankaracharya of northern India inaugurated a special course In the Prospectus this special 40 day course was announced for sadhus sannyasis and brahmacharis and retired persons of energetic calibre Mason 1994 pp 66 67 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 pp 544 545 Twenty one members of the parliament representing each of the Indian states issued a statement entitled a timely Call to the Leaders of Today and Tomorrow for the speedy introduction of the system of TM into the daily routine of national life NOTE the text of the 3 page statement from the parliament is also included in the book on pages 504 507 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 504 507 Twenty one members of parliament representing each of the Indian states issued a statement entitled a timely Call to the Leaders of Today and Tomorrow for the speedy introduction of the system of TM into the daily routine of national life NOTE the text of the 3 page statement from the parliament is also included in the book on pages 504 507 Mason 1994 p 69 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 530 536 Tributes were later printed in the Canadian magazine Enjoy A front page news article in the local Daily Colonist newspaper The Calgary Herald reported an entertaining incident which took place during an interview in Maharishi s hotel room The Albertan newspaper of Wednesday 25 September quoted Maharishi as saying that there were now 1 000 TM meditators in Canada Mason 1994 pp 71 75 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 pp 587 588 On his fifth world tour Maharishi conducted a Meditation Guides Course in Norway a course in London where advanced techniques of TM were given for the first time and Meditation Guides Courses in Austria Canada and Germany Mason 1994 p 72 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 553 But the highlight of this London visit was the popular BBC television interview with Robert Kee featuring Maharishi and the Abbot of Downside Abbot Butler Mason 1994 p 75 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 572 On his fifth world tour Maharishi conducted a Meditation Guides Course in Norway a course in London where advanced techniques of TM were given for the first time and Meditation Guides Courses in Austria Canada and Germany Mason 1994 p 79 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 pp 576 577 On the 17th Maharishi went to Santa Barbara to meet with Dr Robert Maynard Hutchins head of the Centre for Democratic Studies Maharishi left for NYC on 19 December to meet with U Thant Secretary General of the United Nations a b c d e f g h van den Berg Stephanie 5 February 2008 Beatles Guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Dies The Sydney Morning Herald AFP Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 Cooke de Herrera Nancy 2003 BAll You Need Is Love An Eyewitness Account of When Spirituality Spread from the East to the West Jodere Group pp 149 164 ISBN 978 1588720412 a b c d e f g h i j k Maharishi Mahesh Yogi The Times London UK 7 February 2008 Olson Carl 1 January 2005 Transcendental Meditation Encyclopedia of Religion Bainbridge William Sims 1997 Routledge The Sociology of Religious Movements page 188 Mystics Soothsayer for Everyman Time magazine 20 October 1967 Archived from the original on 15 December 2008 McCloud Sean 2004 Making the American Religious Fringe Exotics Subersives and Journalists 1955 1993 UNC Press ISBN 978 0 8078 5496 9 a b c Needleman Jacob 1970 Transcendental Meditation The New Religions 1st ed ed Garden City N Y Doubleday pp 139 155 a b Corder Mike 10 February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi The Beatles mentor had global empire The San Diego Union Tribune Associated Press Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 Humes p 64 Needleman Jacob 1970 Transcendental Meditation The New Religions 1st ed ed Garden City N Y Doubleday pp 139 a b c d Kozinn Allan 7 February 2008 Meditation on the Man Who Saved the Beatles The New York Times Barry Miles 1998 Paul McCartney many years from now Macmillan pp 412 ISBN 978 0 8050 5249 7 Ringo Starr Leaves India beatlesbible com March 1968 a b Miles Barry 2007 The Beatles Diary An Intimate Day by Day History East Bridgewater MA World Publications Group pp 262 63 ISBN 978 1 57215 010 2 a b Miles Barry 1998 Paul McCartney Many Years from Now Macmillan p 427 ISBN 978 0 8050 5249 7 The Beatles Anthology San Francisco Chronicle Books 2000 pp 284 85 ISBN 0 8118 2684 8 Wenner Jann 2000 1971 Lennon Remembers Verso W W Norton amp Co p 27 ISBN 1 85984 376 X Yeah there was a big hullabaloo about him trying to rape Mia Farrow or trying to get off with Mia Farrow and a few other women things like that Spitz Bob 1 November 2005 The Beatles The Biography 1St ed Little Brown and Company p 757 ISBN 0 316 80352 9 MacDonald Ian 2007 Revolution in the Head The Beatles Records and the Sixties 3rd revised ed Chicago Review Press ISBN 978 1 84413 828 9 Harry Bill 1985 The Book of Beatle Lists Javelin ISBN 0 7137 1521 9 The Beatles Anthology Chronicle Books 2000 pp 285 86 ISBN 0 8118 2684 8 Nichols Michelle 3 April 2009 McCartney says meditation helped stabilize Beatles Reuters Russell pp 26 30 Magee David 17 October 2009 How the real Dear Prudence in John Lennon s song inspired me Chattanooga Times Free Press p B 1 Doyle Jack 27 July 2009 Dear Prudence 1967 1968 PopHistoryDig com Retrieved 15 May 2010 Beatles Indian hideaway 50 years on Live Mint 13 August 2018 Retrieved 13 August 2018 Sherlock Pat 3 July 1970 The Transcendental Gospel Solution to Life s Problems Says Guru at Poland Springs Lewiston Evening Journal Associated Press Jones Constance Ryan James 2007 Encyclopedia of Hinduism New York City Facts on File p 273 ISBN 9780816075645 The Maharishi returned to India in the late 1970s and moved to the Netherlands in 1990 a b c Maharishi Mahesh Yogi The Telegraph London 7 February 2008 Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Goldhaber Nat Denniston Denise McWilliams Peter 1976 TM an alphabetical guide to the transcendental meditation program p 109 Ballantine New York ISBN 0 345 24096 0 Note It was in honor of his great contribution to humankind that Maharishi was named Man of Hope in 1970 by the City of Hope Foundation in Los Angeles Williamson p 92 Walcott James 15 September 2010 Beam Me Up Bucky Vanity Fair Maharishi Channel on YouTube Maharishi tells Queen s student to continue short hair culture Montreal Gazette CP 2 August 1972 Stark Rodney and Bainbridge William Sims 1985 The Future of Religion University of California Press p 288 ISBN 9780520057319 People Anchorage Daily News 14 March 1973 Note The Maharishi addressed the Illinois legislature Tuesday and made a few suggestions on how to handle fiscal problems The basis of a restful budget is no problems in society he told legislators Retrieved on 1 December 2010 The TM believers are expanding their universe Bangor Daily News 6 March 1973 Note The legislature in the State of Illinois passed a resolution this past year recommending the inclusion of SCI teaching in the public schools Retrieved on 1 December 2010 Hoffman Claire 7 February 2008 David Lynch s Guru and His Art The Washington Post Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 Retrieved 1 May 2010 McPherson Don 24 March 1975 Maharishi Claims Meditation Push Can Help Canada Montreal Gazette Caffery Bethia 27 March 1975 Maharishi Carries Roses Quiets World The Evening Independent Maharishi says Trudeau Receptive Canadian Press The Windsor Star 22 March 1975 Retrieved on 21 October 2010 The Gazette 22 March 1975 PM and TM leader The Citizen 22 March 1975 Trudeau intelligent man Guru Says After Long Talk Gigler Rich 10 February 1975 Transcendental Meditation can be relaxing hobby Pittsburgh Press The Merv Griffin Show December 14 1977 TV com web site Retrieved 30 December 2009 Royko Mike 13 September 1985 Flighty Lawsuit Has Lousy Karma Chicago Tribune p 3 a b Merv making the good life last Merv Griffin David Bender page 177 Bezalel Mel 1 May 2009 Trance 101 Jerusalem Post p 14 Maharishi Veda Land maharishivediccity iowa gov Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 Retrieved 18 April 2016 Ricciuto Tony 8 February 2008 A dreamland by the QEW Niagara Falls Review Braun Frank Dirceu 7 August 1999 La Jolla resident involved with maharishi in plans for world s tallest high rise Brazil project expected to cost 1 6 billion The San Diego Union Tribune p A 12 Unknown author E Gyan web site Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine accessed 9 March 2013 Unknown author MVVVP Maharishi India web site Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine accessed 9 March 2013 Johnson Bryan 1 March 1988 India Buried holy man fosters skepticism The Globe and Mail p A 8 Waters Shaun 11 April 1988 Canadians urged to help build guru s heavenly housing The Globe and Mail p A 13 Ehmann James 5 May 1988 Ehmann s People The Post Standard Syracuse NY p A2 Sub head We ll Transcend Our Mistake 60 000 in undeclared cash and jewelry were confiscated Speers W 24 December 1987 Von Bulow Lawsuit is Settled The Philadelphia Inquirer p C02 Ehmann James 5 May 1988 Ehmann s People The Post Standard Syracuse NY p A2 Sub head We ll Transcend Our Mistake Section Back in December we repeated a wire service s assertion that offices in India of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi had been raided and that 60 000 in undeclared cash and jewelry were confiscated Recently we heard from the Age of Enlightenment News Service in Livingston Manor which asserted that according to official documents from the Indian government nothing of value was confiscated in the raids Richardson Mark 16 October 1993 Natural Law confident its new knowledge can solve the nation s problems The Ottawa Citizen p A 9 Borden Charles W 8 Jul 2010 Transcendental Meditation in Russia Passport Magazine Mason 1994 pp 272 273 a b c Beatles Meditation Guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Dies Fox News AP 6 February 2008 Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 Retrieved 26 December 2018 Hodgson Martin 6 February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in peace Guardian UK Naughton Jim 16 December 1991 Head for the Hills Disciples TM s Maharishi Holds Out No Hope for D C The Washington Post p a 01 a b Osborn Andrew 4 December 2001 Real lives Holy man of Maastricht Since George Harrison s death the papers have been full of pictures of him with his Indian guru in the 60s So what is the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi up to these days Andrew Osborn tracks him down to Holland The Guardian Manchester UK p 4 Chopra Deepak 13 February 2008 The Maharishi Years The Untold Story Recollections of a Former Disciple Huffington Post Maier Scott 22 September 1992 Don t Take It Personal Meditation Technique Advocates Bring You Natural Law Party Seattle Post Intelligencer p b 1 a b Schulte Brigid 23 June 1996 Imagine You Are Our Next President Meditation Is Key In Third Party Bid Series Another in an occasional series of profiles of long shot candidates for president The Record Bergen County N J p 32 Howard Phoebe Wall 8 January 1996 New laid back national party calls philosophy only natural The Fresno Bee Fresno Calif p A 1 Cobb Chris 30 October 1993 Party of the flying yogics gets a free ride from the taxpayers The Vancouver Sun p A 10 Kapica Jack 27 November 1993 Veda Land The New Incarnation of the Maharishi Rejection by the voters only serves to make the Natural Law Party s appeals more urgent its plans more grandiose its claims more strident The Globe and Mail Toronto Ont p D 3 Madhya Pradesh State Election Of 25 November 1998 Psephos Retrieved 31 December 2009 Keller James 17 October 2005 Indian guru who taught the Beatles sets sights on Canada The Globe and Mail Toronto Ont p A 8 Naedele Walter Jr 30 August 1994 Meditation program goes from Om to Ouch Philadelphia Inquirer p B 2 Overton Penelope 15 September 2003 Group promotes meditation therapy in schools Hartford Courant p B1 Greening Benedict 16 August 2003 TM courses halted as fees soar Royal Gazette Bermuda Honigsbaum Mark 15 August 2005 All you need is love and peace but not in destructive Britain so maharishi pulls out Followers split as 95 year old guru ends meditation teaching in scorpion nation The Guardian London UK p 3 Global Reconstruction will provide fortunate living conditions for everyone Press release Global Good News Service 5 June 2007 Williamson Global Country of World Peace Welcome globalcountryofworldpeace org Archived from the original on 26 May 2010 Global Organization globalcountry org Costa Rica Secta divide a indigenas La Fogata in Spanish 24 July 2002 Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 Costa Rica expels foreigners for naming king of remote Indian reservation AP World Politics 18 July 2002 It was obvious that they were promoting an independent state within Costa Rica and we can t tolerate that said the Central American nation s security minister Rogelio Ramos Shorter version at Costa Rica Expels Foreign Group Orlando Sentinel 19 July 2002 First Chancellor s Message 5 April 2023 Beatles Guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Dies News vine Associated Press 5 February 2008 Easterling Keller 31 October 2007 Enduring Innocence Global Architecture and Its Political Masquerades The MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 55065 9 Borger Julian 10 December 2003 Peace Man The Guardian London a b c Honigsbaum Mark 15 August 2005 All you need is love and peace but not in destructive Britain so maharishi pulls out Followers split as 95 year old guru ends meditation teaching in scorpion nation The Guardian Archived from the original on 27 February 2010 Press Conference Highlights globalgoodnews com 11 May 2005 Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 Lackey Richard 8 August 2007 Skelmersdale s yogic flyers Champion Southport UK Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 Max Arthur 19 February 2006 A Yogi s Plan for Today s Troubled World Los Angeles Times Associated Press a b Inauguration of Maharishi s Year of Invincibility Global Raam Raj Rejoicing in the supreme fulfilment of Invincibility for the world Global Country of World Peace celebrates the dawn of administration of eternal silence Global Good News 12 January 2008 Retrieved 1 September 2010 Historic address of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on 11 January 2008 Global Good News 11 January 2008 Hagelin John 8 January 2008 Dear Fellow Governors Sidhas and Meditators of America Press release invincibleamerica org Archived from the original on 5 November 2010 Indian guru Maharishi Yogi dies BBC News 6 February 2008 Chatterjee Madhusree 11 February 2008 20 000 followers throng Allahabad for Mahesh Yogi s funeral India eNews Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link The Beatles guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi cremated Krittivas Mukherjee Reuters 11 February 2008 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Williamson p 80 a b Brier Soren 2010 The Conflict between Indian Vedic Mentality and Western Modernity In Durst Anderson Per Lange Elsebeth eds Mentality and Thought North South East and West Copenhagen Copenhagen Business School Press pp 53 86 a b Mahesh Yogi cremated with state honours The Hindustan Times New Delhi 11 February 2008 a b Pradhanl Sharat Chatterjee Madhusree Mahesh Yogi cremated as large gathering pays tribute IANS Archived from the original on 1 June 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of neuroscience a b Goldberg 2010 American Veda New York Harmony Books pp154 155 Maharishi Smarak Inaugurated maharishivastu org March 2013 Retrieved 4 September 2015 Maharishi Smarak inaugurated during Kumbh Mela India Post 10 April 2013 Retrieved 27 November 2013 a b Olsen Carl 2007 The many colors of Hinduism Rutgers University Press pp 338 341 ISBN 978 0 8135 4068 9 Mason 1994 p 59 Maharishi s Programme to Create World Peace led to fall of Berlin Wall Rising coherence in national and world consciousness Global Good News 9 November 2009 Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 Retrieved 29 August 2010 Gardner Martin 1996 Weird water amp fuzzy logic more notes of a fringe watcher Prometheus Books p 142 ISBN 1573920967 Cummins Ken 3 November 1990 U s Meditation Believers Seek To Give Peace A Chant Sun Sentinel Retrieved 9 May 2013 York Michael 2006 New Age and Magic In Barger Helen A ed Witchcraft and Magic Contemporary North America University of Pennsylvania Press p 16 ISBN 978 0 8122 1971 5 Retrieved 5 December 2010 Forem Jack 2012 Transcendental Meditation The classic text revised and updated 2nd ed Hay House Inc p 250 ISBN 978 1 4019 3156 8 Larson Gerald James 2009 Hinduism in India and in America In Neusner Jacob ed World Religions in America An Introduction Westminster John Knox Press p 192 ISBN 978 0 664 23320 4 Alper Harvey P December 1991 Understanding mantras Motilal Banarsidass p 442 ISBN 978 81 208 0746 4 Raj Selva J William P Harman 2007 Dealing With Deities The Ritual Vow in South Asia SUNY Press p 129 ISBN 978 0 7914 6708 4 Nanda Meera 2004 Prophets facing backward postmodern critiques of science and Hindu nationalism in India Piscataway N J London Rutgers University Press p 46 ISBN 978 0 8135 3357 5 More than 1200 Yogic Flyers Assemble in Washington D C and Iowa to Promote Invincibility in America and Permanent World Peace Press release Invincible America 25 July 2006 Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 Goldberg Phiilip 2010 American Veda New York Harmony Books p 163 ISBN 978 0 385 52134 5 Coplin p 71 WAGER GREGG 11 December 1987 Musicians Spread the Maharishi s Message of Peace Los Angeles Times p 12 Humes p 66 Meyer Dinkgrafe Daniel 2005 Theatre And Consciousness Explanatory Scope And Future Potential Intellect Books pp appendix p1 ISBN 1841501301 a b Ascott Roy 2000 Reframing Consciousness Art Mind and Technology Intellect Books pp 285 290 ISBN 1841508152 Bonshek Anna Bonshek Corrina Fergusson Lee C 2007 The Big Fish Consciousness as Structure Body and Space Consciousness literature amp the arts Rodopi pp 6 9 ISBN 978 90 420 2172 3 a b Sharma H Clark Christopher 1998 Chapter 13 Maharishi s Vedic Approach to Health Contemporary Ayurveda Medicine and Research in Maharishi Ayur Veda Churchill Livingstone pp 143 145 ISBN 978 0 443 05594 2 Schneider Robert H Fields Jeremy Z 2006 Total Heart Health How to Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease with the Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health Basic Health Publications Inc ISBN 978 1 59120 087 1 Welvaert Brandy Vedic homes seek better living through architecture Rock Island Argus 5 August 2005 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Spivack Miranda 12 September 2008 Bricks Mortar and Serenity The Washington Post Wallace pp 99 102 Wallace pp 107 109 Ingram Jeanne 24 February 1984 Meditation Is it Really a Cure all Believers Include a Physician who Claims it Works Wonders Rome News Tribune Retrieved 30 December 2013 Condon Patrick 6 November 2004 Transcendental Meditation Advocates Point to its Success at Private Iowa Academy The Victoria Advocate p 3D Retrieved 30 December 2013 Grant James 2000 Consciousness based Education A Future of Higher Education in the New Millennium In Inayatullah Sohail Gidley Jennifer eds The university in transformation global perspectives on the futures of the university Greenwood Publishing Group p 209 ISBN 9780897897181 Maharishi s Books Enlightenment for Everyone and Every Nation globalgoodnews com Archived from the original on 25 May 2010 a b Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1955 Beacon Light of the Himalayas PDF Chryssides George D 1999 Exploring New Religions Continuum International Publishing Group p 293 ISBN 978 0 8264 5959 6 Humes p 77 Miller Timothy 1995 America s Alternative Religions SUNY Press p 193 ISBN 978 0 7914 2397 4 Russell p 75 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1986 p 459 There was not much time for writing a book so Maharishi said I ll speak it out on tape and then you ll get it printed Jones Lindsay ed 2005 Encyclopedia of Religion Detroit Macmillan Reference p 3 ISBN 0 02 865981 3 a b Bono Joseph 11 September 2006 Caveat Emptor Let the Buyer Beware A Consumers Guide To Mental Health Services Paperback AuthorHouse p 118 ISBN 978 1425945633 a b Olson Carl 15 August 2007 The Many Colors of Hinduism A Thematic Historical Introduction Rutgers University Press ISBN 9780813540689 Russell Peter 2011 From Science to God A Physicist s Journey Into the Mystery of Consciousness New World Library p 73 ISBN 9781577319917 Wujastyk Dagmar Smith Frederick M 10 July 2008 Modern and Global Ayurveda Pluralism and Paradigms SUNY Press p 288 ISBN 9780791478165 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi 1969 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad Gita A New Translation and Commentary Chapters 1 6 New York Penguin Books pp 20 21 ISBN 978 0 14 019247 6 Russell p 134 Yogi Maharishi Mahesh 1969 page 17 Forem p 274 2012 Forem p 275 2012 Mason 1994 p 221 What makes Maharishi beloved and understood is that he has manifest love You could not meet with Maharishi without recognizing instantly his integrity You look in his eyes and there it is Cowan Douglas E Bromley David G 2008 Cults and New Religions A Brief History Blackwell Publishing p 68 ISBN 978 1 4051 6128 2 Allitt Patrick 20 September 2005 Religion in America Since 1945 A History Columbia University Press p 141 ISBN 978 0 231 12155 2 Chryssides George D 1999 Exploring new religions London Cassell pp 293 296 ISBN 978 0 8264 5959 6 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi guru and tycoon died on February 5th aged 91 probably The Economist 16 February 2008 Mason 1994 p 221 Other popular misconceptions are that he amassed a huge fleet of Rolls Royce cars and private aeroplanes but people easily confuse him with other Indian teachers such as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh and Guru Maharaj Ji Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Guru of transcendental meditation who used his association with the Beatles to create a hugely profitable global movement Archived 24 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Times 7 February 2008 Mckenzie Kevin Hinton amp Ryan 4 April 2018 Vancouver Magazine Vancouver Magazine Retrieved 18 May 2022 Garber Paul Elisabeth Garber Paul Elisabeth 7 June 2016 How a New Book Exposes the Dark Side of the TM Movement Rolling Stone Retrieved 18 May 2022 My Experience Living In A Cult For 20 Years Here s How I Broke Free HuffPost UK 17 October 2018 Retrieved 18 May 2022 Tresniowski Alex 1998 Feeling Guru Vy People Retrieved 31 March 2013 Invitation to Instant bliss Life 11 November 1967 p 26 Miles Barry 1998 Paul McCartney Many Years from Now Macmillan p 401 ISBN 978 0 8050 5249 7 a b Friend David Mehta Dilip November 1990 The return of Mister Bliss Life p 82 Mason Paul The Last Instruction paulmason info Humes p 57 Drake Patricia Hemingway 1975 The Transcendental Meditation Primer David Mckay Company p 17 ISBN 9780679505549 Mason 1994 p 57 On Tuesday 30 May 1961 eight years to the day after his master s death the Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math Swami Shantanand Saraswati graced the teacher training course with his presence and was received with all due ceremony Arriving at the site where the new Academy was being built he addressed the Maharishi and the gathered meditators He commended the practice of the Maharishi s meditation describing it as a master key to the knowledge of Vedanta and added There are other keys but a master key is enough to open all the locks Coplin pp 61 63 Maharishi though a devoted and favored disciple was not eligible to become Shankarachaharya due to his caste background non brahmin Nonetheless he shares with the last two Shankaracharyas of Jyotir Math who succeeded Brahmanand Saraswati a brotherly relationship known as guru bhais Even today Swami Vishnudevanand the current Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math speaks very highly of Maharishi and sees his teaching as a reflection of their master s Both he and Swami Shantanand his immediate predecessor are frequent guests of Maharishi s both in India and abroad personally endorsing his mission When Maharishi began teaching during his South Indian tour in the mid 1950s he arrived as an informal representative of the Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math being a great disciple of Shri Swami Brahmananda Saraswati former Shankaracharya Kamdar Mira 20 June 2008 Between Yogis and Gurus It May be Time to Get Smart Asia Society Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 Retrieved 27 August 2010 Dunphy Grahme amp Emiq Rainer Rodopi 2009 Hybrid Humor Comedy in Transnational Perspectives p 184 ISBN 978 9042028234 Wenner Jann 2000 1971 Lennon Remembers Verso W W Norton amp Co p 27 ISBN 1 85984 376 X MUM Catalog of courses 2012 2013 Page 23 Archived 6 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine a b King Jeams Lynwood 2007 Fundamentals of Maharishi Vedic Science Thesis Maharishi University of Management pp 14 15 Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 APA Accredited Programs www apa org ACGME Accreditation Data System ADS apps acgme org Maharishi Institute of Management Introduction Maharishi Institute of Management Archived from the original on 4 August 2010 Maharishi Vidya Mandir Ekikrat in Archived from the original on 14 August 2010 Retrieved 30 August 2010 Owens Nancy K 26 October 2005 Man Fails to Fly Sues Camelot Owner Greater Tulsa Reporter Williams Patrick Gresham 2002 The Spiritual Recovery Manual Vedic Knowledge and Yogic Techniques to Accelerate Recovery Incandescent Press pp 136 228 230 ISBN 9780970907813 Helman Christopher 8 July 2002 Queer as a three raam bill Forbes Archived from the original on 13 February 2008 a b Hamill Sean D 22 February 2008 Sites for Maharishi Effect Welcome to Parma Spread Across U S The New York Times About the Institute Maharishi Institute Anderson Alistair 26 March 2012 CIDA Institute may become self funded university Business Day Das Subhamoy 7 February 2008 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Passes Away About com Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 Harris Chris 13 November 2003 The Maharishi s Hotel of Emptiness Will the Beatles former guru leave Hartford with a permanent blemish or is there hope for the Clarion Hotel Hartford Advocate The Beatles Yogi Became a Billionaire Day to Day 4 March 2008 Aspan Maria 2 July 2007 Maharishi s Minions Come to Wall Street NY TimesCited sources editCoplin J R 1990 Text and Context in the Communication of a Social Movement s Charisma Ideology and Consciousness TM for India and the West PhD thesis University of California San Diego Humes C A 2005 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Beyond the T M Technique In Forsthoefel Thomas A Humes Cynthia Ann eds Gurus in America SUNY Press ISBN 0 7914 6573 X Mason Paul 1994 The Maharishi The Biography of the Man Who Gave Transcendental Meditation to the World Shaftsbury Dorset Element Books Ltd ISBN 1 85230 571 1 Russell Peter 1977 The T M Technique An Introduction to Transcendental Meditation and the Teachings of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Routledge ISBN 978 0 7100 8539 9 Wallace Robert Keith 1986 The Physiology of Consciousness Maharishi International University Press ISBN 978 0 923569 02 0 Williamson Lola 2010 Transcendent in America New York University Press ISBN 978 0 8147 9449 4 External links editMaharishi Mahesh Yogi at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity Transcendental Meditation Maharishi Official List of Lifetime Achievements Larry King interview with Maharishi 12 May 2002 List of books by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at Curlie Works by or about Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at Internet Archive Portals nbsp Biography nbsp Philosophy nbsp Hinduism nbsp India nbsp Religion Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Maharishi Mahesh Yogi amp oldid 1185254385, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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