R (New York City Subway service)
The R Broadway Local[3] is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is colored yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan.[4]
The R operates local between 71st Avenue in Forest Hills, Queens, and 95th Street in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, at all times except nights, when it short turns at Whitehall Street–South Ferry in Lower Manhattan from Brooklyn. The R runs via Queens Boulevard in Queens, Broadway in Manhattan, and Fourth Avenue in Brooklyn. One northbound a.m. rush hour trip terminates at 96th Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan instead of 71st Avenue in Queens.
The R was originally the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation's 2 service, running along the BMT Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn then traveling through the Montague Street Tunnel to Manhattan, then running local on the BMT Broadway Line. The 2 became the RR in 1961. The RR ran local along the BMT Astoria Line in Queens, terminating at Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard until it switched terminals with the N in 1987. The RR became the R in 1985. After 1987, the R ran via the IND Queens Boulevard Line to Forest Hills, Queens. A variant of the RR/R, from Bay Ridge to Chambers Street in Lower Manhattan via the BMT Nassau Street Line, ran from 1967 until 1987.
History edit
Early history edit
Original 2 designation for the BMT Fourth Avenue Line service |
The current R service is the successor to the original route 2 of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation.[5][6] When 2 service began on January 15, 1916, it ran between Chambers Street on the BMT Nassau Street Line and 86th Street on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line, using the Manhattan Bridge to cross the East River, and running via Fourth Avenue local.[7] Service on the BMT Broadway Line, which at the time ran only between Whitehall Street–South Ferry and Times Square–42nd Street, began exactly two years later on January 15, 1918.[8] On July 10, 1919, service was extended to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue with the opening of that station.[7][9]
The Montague Street Tunnel and the 60th Street Tunnel both opened on August 1, 1920.[10] At that time, the 2 service was rerouted from the Manhattan Bridge to the Montague Street Tunnel, running local from Queensboro Plaza in Queens to 86th Street–Fourth Avenue in Brooklyn.[11] The Bay Ridge–95th Street station opened on October 31, 1925, and became the service's new southern terminus.[12] During this time, rush-hour specials to Chambers Street were sporadically added and removed, eventually becoming an addition to the line.[11] At one time, including during 1931, additional midday service operated local between 57th Street and Whitehall Street–South Ferry. The 2 also used the Nassau Street Loop during rush hours, entering Manhattan via the Manhattan Bridge or Montague Street Tunnel and leaving via the other.[11]
On October 17, 1949, the platform edges on the BMT Astoria Line had been shaved back to accommodate the larger BMT trains, and the BMT's Astoria Shuttle was replaced with service from the 2 Fourth Avenue Line operating from Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard in Astoria, Queens to Bay Ridge–95th Street in Brooklyn at all times. On June 29, 1950, special rush hour trains began running between Bay Ridge–95th Street and Chambers Street via the south side of the Manhattan Bridge and/or the Montague Street Tunnel. The special rush hour trains were discontinued two years later.[13] On June 28, 1952, special service from 95th Street to the Nassau Street Line was discontinued on Saturdays.[14]
1960s–1970s changes edit
| |
1967–1979 RR bullet; 1967–1968 RJ bullet; |
In the winter of 1960–61, letter designations started to appear on the route with the introduction of the R27s, which featured it on roll signs. The route was labeled the RR "Fourth Avenue Local via Tunnel".[11][15] This was in accordance with the Independent Subway System's lettering system, which gave double letters to local trains and single letters to express trains.[16] On January 1, 1961, the RR's northern terminus was relocated to its current location at Forest Hills–71st Avenue, via the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection, also known as the "11th Street Cut", and the IND Queens Boulevard Line. Night and weekend RR trains still terminated at 57th Street in Manhattan. Evening rush hour Fourth Avenue–Nassau trains went back to the routing that was used prior to 1959, in which trains ran from Broad Street to 95th Street via the Manhattan Bridge, and the Fourth Avenue express tracks.[13][17]
1967–1976 EE bullet |
On November 27, 1967, the day after the Chrystie Street Connection opened, the RR was moved back to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard on the BMT Astoria Line. Replacing it on the Queens Boulevard Line was the new EE service, running weekdays only between Forest Hills–71st Avenue and Whitehall Street (with additional trains terminating at Canal Street). The Nassau Street specials, which could no longer run as a loop via the Manhattan Bridge, were through-routed from Bay Ridge–95th Street to 168th Street in Jamaica as RJ, along the route used today by the J and Z services. Under the first color scheme, RR was colored green and RJ was red. In the original Chrystie Street routing plans, the TA planned to totally eliminate the RR service, and maintain the RJ route as the main Bay Ridge service.[16][17]
The RJ designation was only used from November 1967 until July 1, 1968, when it was cut back to Chambers Street and renamed as additional RR rush-hour peak-direction service. Because track connections between the Nassau Street Loop and the south tracks of the Manhattan Bridge were severed as part of the construction of the Chrystie Street Connection, these trains could not run in a loop anymore.[13] On August 30, 1976, the EE was discontinued, with the N being extended to Forest Hills on weekdays to replace it.[18]
On January 24, 1977, as part of a series of NYCTA service cuts to save $13 million, many subway lines began running shorter trains during middays. As part of the change, RR trains began running with six cars between 10:45 a.m. and 2:05 p.m.[19]
In 1979, the MTA released a revised coloring scheme; RR service was assigned the color yellow (because it used the BMT Broadway Line). Although BMT Nassau Street Line services were colored brown, the rush hour RR service that used the Nassau Street Line was colored yellow, using a diamond bullet.[20][4] The RR service via Nassau Street was referred to as the "Chambers Street Special".[21][22]
1980s–2000s changes edit
On May 6, 1985, the MTA eliminated double letters for local service; the RR became the R. R service on the Broadway Line continued to use a yellow bullet, while the special Chambers Street–Bay Ridge rush-hour service was signed with a brown diamond with a white R inside, matching the J and M services using the BMT Nassau Street Line.[23]
Starting on April 28, 1986, R service on the Nassau Street Line was extended to Metropolitan Avenue for layups and put-ins from Fresh Pond Yard. After the N/R swap, the Nassau R used East New York Yard equipment. This rush hour service was discontinued on November 20, 1987.[24]
1979–1985 RR bullet |
On May 24, 1987, the northern terminals of the N and R were swapped. The swap placed the R along the IND Queens Boulevard Line to Forest Hills–71st Avenue once again, with the N replacing it in Astoria.[25] The change was made to give the R direct access to the Jamaica Yard (where the train is assigned to this day),[25] and previously, R trains had to make non-passenger runs, or "deadheads", to/from the Coney Island Yard.[26] As part of the reroute plan, F service along Queens Boulevard was discontinued during late nights (1 a.m. to 5 a.m.). Late night local service was replaced by the R, which ran as a Queens Boulevard Local at all times.[27] F trains were cut back to 57th Street on the Sixth Avenue Line during late nights.[28][29][30] In 1986, the TA studied which two services should serve the line during late nights as ridership at this time did not justify three services. A public hearing was held in December 1986, and it was determined that having the E and R run during late nights provided the best service.[31]: 51
On December 11, 1988, the Archer Avenue Lines opened, and the E was rerouted to its current terminus at Jamaica Center via the Queens Boulevard Line's express tracks. E trains began running express east of Continental Avenue, skipping 75th Avenue and Van Wyck Boulevard at all times.[32][29] The R was extended from Continental Avenue to 179th Street to provide local service; this allowed F trains to continue running express to 179th Street, and F trains skipped 169th Street between 10 a.m. and 3:30 p.m.[33][34][35][36] During the morning rush hour, four R trains went into service at Continental Avenue, because local ridership from 179th Street during rush hours did not warrant it.[27] All R trains went to 179th Street during the afternoon rush to avoid taking loaded R trains out of service at Continental Avenue.[37]: 9–10
Two service plans were identified prior to a public hearing on February 25, 1988, concerning the service plan for the new extension. The first would have split rush-hour E service between the two branches, with late night service to 179th Street provided by the R, while the second would have had all E trains run via Archer Avenue and would have extended R locals to 179th Street.[37]: 9–10 [38] A modified version of the second plan was decided upon: some E trains would run from 179th Street instead of Archer Avenue during morning rush hours, though all E trains would run to Archer Avenue during the afternoon rush hour to reduce confusion for Queens-bound riders.[37]: 9–10 The 1988 changes angered some riders because they resulted in the loss of direct Queens Boulevard Express service at local stations east of 71st Avenue—namely the 169th Street, Sutphin Boulevard, Van Wyck Boulevard and 75th Avenue stations. Local elected officials pressured the MTA to eliminate all-local service at these stations.[39]
As part of service cuts on September 30, 1990, the R was cut back to 71st Avenue outside of rush hours. Local service to 179th Street was replaced by F trains, which provided Queens Boulevard Express service during middays, evenings, and weekends. Late-night R service became a shuttle between 36th Street/Fourth Avenue and 95th Street in Brooklyn; during this time, service along Queens Boulevard to 179th Street was replaced by G service.[40]
In 1992, the MTA considered three options to improve service at these local stops, including leaving service as is, having E trains run local east of 71st Avenue along with R service, and having F trains run local east of 71st Avenue replacing R service, which would be cut back to 71st Avenue at all times. The third option was chosen to be tested for six months starting in October or November 1992.[41] On October 26, 1992, R trains were cut back to 71st Avenue at all times, and in its place, the F ran local east of 71st Avenue at all times, thus eliminating express service along Hillside Avenue.[24][42][39] After the six months, the change was kept because there was minimal negative passenger reaction and because of the intensity of the request, even though 77% of passengers had benefited from the pre-October 1992 service plan. The change increased travel time along the F by 3+1⁄2 minutes, and reduced travel time for passengers at local stations by one to two minutes.[39]
1979–1985 RR Nassau bullet |
1985–1987 R Nassau bullet |
In October 2000, late-night shuttle trains in Brooklyn began skipping 53rd Street and 45th Street in the northbound direction. This was so shuttle trains could terminate more quickly at 36th Street–Fourth Avenue, their northern terminal. Previously, all northbound B, N and R trains had stopped at the same track at 36th Street, which resulted in delays because it took several minutes for the R trains to be cleared.[24]
On September 11, 2001, after the attack on the World Trade Center, the BMT Broadway Line was damaged, and the R service was cut back to run only south of Court Street. On September 17, R service was completely suspended, being replaced with J service in Brooklyn and Q service in Manhattan and Queens.[43] All three trains returned to normal service by October 28.[44][45] Effective December 16, 2001, to accommodate new V service, the frequency of R service during the morning rush hour was decreased, with trains running every six minutes instead of every five minutes.[46]
On September 8, 2002, Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue was closed for reconstruction. As a result, late night R service was extended to Pacific Street, running express between that station and 36th Street.[47] On April 27, 2003, the frequency of Saturday morning and afternoon service was decreased, with trains running every 12 minutes instead of every 8 minutes. Trains also ran every 12 minutes on Sunday mornings and afternoons, instead of every 15 and 12 minutes on Sunday mornings, and every 10 and 8 minutes on Sunday afternoons.[48] Late night service was cut back to 36th Street when the north side of the Manhattan Bridge reopened on February 22, 2004.[24][49]
2010s and 2020s changes edit
After Hurricane Sandy flooded the subway system, the Montague Street Tunnel was completely flooded. When service was restored, the R train was split into two sections (between Forest Hills and 34th Street–Herald Square at all times except late nights, and between Jay Street–MetroTech and Bay Ridge–95th Street at all times). On December 4, the Queens–Manhattan section was extended to Whitehall Street–South Ferry. On December 21, full service was restored between Manhattan and Brooklyn after the Montague Street Tubes were drained.[50][51]
However, from August 2, 2013, to fall 2014, the tunnel was closed again so that extra repairs could be completed, bringing back similar storm changes to the R train. On weekdays, the divided R ran in two sections: one section between Forest Hills and Whitehall Street–South Ferry, and the other between Court Street and Bay Ridge–95th Street. On weekends, the R train ran its full route via the Manhattan Bridge, skipping all stations between Canal Street and DeKalb Avenue.[52][53][54] The weekday service between Forest Hills and Whitehall Street essentially recreated the former EE route from 1967 to 1976. Originally slated to open by October 2014, the tunnel reopened a few weeks early, on September 15, 2014, and several million dollars under budget.[55][56][57][58]
Beginning on November 5, 2016, late-night R service was extended north to Whitehall Street-South Ferry in order to provide a one-seat ride into Manhattan. This eliminated the need for northbound trains to skip 45th Street and 53rd Street in order to reverse on the express tracks at 36th Street.[59] The change took place on November 5, 2016.[60][61][62][63] During late weekend evenings, every other R train short turned at Whitehall Street, resulting in waiting time doubling along the entire Brooklyn portion of the route. As part of the changes, these short-turns were extended to 95th Street.[3]
Starting November 6, 2017, one northbound R trip was diverted to serve the then-new Second Avenue Subway in order to increase service on that line during the morning rush hour.[64][65] In February 2019, in the midst of a transit crisis, several Bay Ridge politicians proposed splitting the R route in half, similar to the pattern enacted during the Montague Street Tunnel closures in 2013 and 2014, citing the route's length and unreliability.[66][67] This proposal has been met with criticism from local riders, mostly because it would eliminate a one-seat ride into Manhattan.[68]
On March 17, 2023, New York City Transit made adjustments to evening and late night E, F and R service to accommodate long-term CBTC installation on the Queens Boulevard Line between Union Turnpike and 179th Street. Evening R service originating from 95th Street after 8:30 pm on weekdays and after 9 pm on weekends was cut back from 71st Avenue to Queens Plaza.[69] In August 2023, it was announced that midday headways on the R would be reduced to eight minutes[70][71] although the MTA delayed the service increase until early 2024.[72][73]
Route edit
Service pattern edit
The following table shows the lines used by the R, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the specified times:[65][74]
| Line | From | To | Tracks | Times | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rush hours | all ex. nights | late nights | ||||
| IND Second Avenue Line | 96th Street | 72nd Street | all | One rush hour trip | ||
| BMT 63rd Street Line (full line) | Lexington Avenue–63rd Street | all | ||||
| IND Queens Boulevard Line | Forest Hills–71st Avenue | Queens Plaza | local | Most trains | ||
| 60th Street Tunnel Connection and 60th Street Tunnel | all | |||||
| BMT Broadway Line (full line) | Lexington Avenue/59th Street | 49th Street | local | |||
| 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | express | One rush hour trip | ||||
| 49th Street | Canal Street | local | ||||
| City Hall | Rector Street | all | ||||
| Whitehall Street–South Ferry | all | |||||
| Montague Street Tunnel | all | |||||
| BMT Fourth Avenue Line (full line) | Court Street | Bay Ridge–95th Street | local | |||
Stations edit
For a more detailed station listing, see the articles on the lines listed above.[3]
| Station service legend | |
|---|---|
| Stops all times | |
| Stops all times except late nights | |
| Stops late nights only | |
| Stops weekdays during the day | |
| Station closed | |
| Stops rush hours/weekdays in the peak direction only (including limited service) | |
| Time period details | |
| Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act | |
| ↑ | Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act in the indicated direction only |
| ↓ | |
| Elevator access to mezzanine only | |
| 71st | 96th | Stations | Subway transfers | Connections and notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manhattan | |||||
| Second Avenue Line (one rush hour trip only)[3][75] | |||||
| — | ↑ | 96th Street | N Q | M15 Select Bus Service | |
| ↑ | 86th Street | N Q | M15 Select Bus Service M86 Select Bus Service | ||
| ↑ | 72nd Street | N Q | M15 Select Bus Service | ||
| 63rd Street Line (one rush hour trip only)[75] | |||||
| — | ↑ | Lexington Avenue–63rd Street | F N Q Out-of-system transfers with MetroCard/OMNY: 4 5 6 <6> (IRT Lexington Avenue Line at 59th Street) N R W (BMT Broadway Line at Lexington Avenue–59th Street) | ||
| Queens | |||||
| Queens Boulevard Line | |||||
| — | Forest Hills–71st Avenue | E F <F> | LIRR Main Line at Forest Hills | ||
| 67th Avenue | |||||
| 63rd Drive–Rego Park | Q72 bus to LaGuardia Airport | ||||
| Woodhaven Boulevard | Q52/Q53 Select Bus Service | ||||
| Grand Avenue–Newtown | Q53 Select Bus Service | ||||
| Elmhurst Avenue | Q53 Select Bus Service | ||||
| Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue | E F <F> 7 (IRT Flushing Line) | Q47 bus to LaGuardia Airport Marine Air Terminal Q53 Select Bus Service Q70 Select Bus Service to LaGuardia Airport | |||
| 65th Street | |||||
| Northern Boulevard | |||||
| 46th Street | |||||
| Steinway Street | |||||
| 36th Street | |||||
| Queens Plaza | E F <F> | Northern terminal for evening trains in the northbound direction only; Q94 and Q95 F train shuttle buses | |||
| Manhattan | |||||
| Broadway Line | |||||
| — | Lexington Avenue–59th Street | N W 4 5 6 <6> (IRT Lexington Avenue Line at 59th Street) Out-of-system transfer with MetroCard/OMNY: F N Q R (63rd Street Lines at Lexington Avenue–63rd Street) | Roosevelt Island Tramway | ||
| Fifth Avenue–59th Street | N W | ||||
| Services to 96th Street (Manhattan) and Forest Hills–71st Avenue (Queens) split | |||||
| Broadway Line (Queens Boulevard and Second Avenue branches merge) | |||||
| ↑ | 57th Street–Seventh Avenue | N Q W | |||
| ↑ | 49th Street | ↑ | N W | Station is ADA-accessible in the northbound direction only. | |
| ↑ | Times Square–42nd Street | N Q W 1 2 3 (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) 7 <7> (IRT Flushing Line) A C E (IND Eighth Avenue Line at 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal) S (42nd Street Shuttle) B D F <F> M (IND Sixth Avenue Line at 42nd Street–Bryant Park, daytime only) | Port Authority Bus Terminal M34A Select Bus Service | ||
| ↑ | 34th Street–Herald Square | N Q W B D F <F> M (IND Sixth Avenue Line) | M34 / M34A Select Bus Service PATH at 33rd Street Amtrak, LIRR, NJ Transit at Pennsylvania Station | ||
| ↑ | 28th Street | N W | |||
| ↑ | 23rd Street | N W | M23 Select Bus Service | ||
| ↑ | 14th Street–Union Square | N Q W L (BMT Canarsie Line) 4 5 6 <6> (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) | M14A/D Select Bus Service | ||
| ↑ | Eighth Street–New York University | N W | |||
| ↑ | Prince Street | N W | |||
| ↑ | Canal Street | N Q W 6 <6> (IRT Lexington Avenue Line) J Z (BMT Nassau Street Line) | Stops on the upper level | ||
| ↑ | City Hall | W | |||
| ↑ | Cortlandt Street | W 2 3 (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line at Park Place) A C (IND Eighth Avenue Line at Chambers Street) E (IND Eighth Avenue Line at World Trade Center) | PATH at World Trade Center | ||
| ↑ | Rector Street | W | |||
| ↑ | Whitehall Street–South Ferry | N W 1 (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line at South Ferry) | M15 Select Bus Service Staten Island Ferry at Whitehall Terminal Northern terminal for late night trains | ||
| Brooklyn | |||||
| Fourth Avenue Line | |||||
| ↑ | Court Street | N W 2 3 (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line at Borough Hall) 4 5 (IRT Eastern Parkway Line at Borough Hall) | |||
| ↑ | Jay Street–MetroTech | N W A C F <F> (IND Fulton Street and Culver Lines) | |||
| ↑ | DeKalb Avenue | B D N Q W | |||
| ↑ | Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center | D N Q W B Q (BMT Brighton Line) 2 3 4 5 (IRT Eastern Parkway Line) | LIRR Atlantic Branch at Atlantic Terminal | ||
| ↑ | Union Street | D N W | |||
| ↑ | Ninth Street | D N W F G (IND Culver Line at Fourth Avenue) | |||
| ↑ | Prospect Avenue | D N W | |||
| ↑ | 25th Street | D N W | |||
| ↑ | 36th Street | D N Q W | Some rush hour trips (southbound in the morning, northbound in the afternoon) begin their runs at this station | ||
| ↑ | 45th Street | N W | |||
| ↑ | 53rd Street | N W | |||
| ↑ | 59th Street | N Q W | Some southbound a.m. rush hour trips terminate at this station | ||
| ↑ | Bay Ridge Avenue | ||||
| ↑ | 77th Street | ||||
| ↑ | 86th Street | S79 Select Bus Service | |||
| ↑ | Bay Ridge–95th Street | ||||
References edit
- ^ 'Subdivision 'B' Car Assignment Effective December 19, 2021'. New York City Transit, Operations Planning. December 17, 2021.
- ^ "Subdivision 'B' Car Assignments: Cars Required November 1, 2021" (PDF). The Bulletin. Electric Railroaders' Association. 64 (12): 3. December 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "R Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
- ^ a b Grynbaum, Michael M. (May 10, 2010). "Take the Tomato 2 Stops to the Sunflower". The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
- ^ "Crappy 100th Birthday, R Train! Love, Bay Ridge". www.heyridge.com. January 14, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
- ^ "BMT 1924 Map". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
- ^ a b Bolden, Eric. "NYCT Line by Line History". erictb.info. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
- ^ "Open New Subway to Times Square – Brooklyn Directly Connected with Wholesale and Shopping Districts of New York – Nickel Zone Is Extended – First Train in Broadway Tube Makes Run from Rector Street in 17 Minutes – Cost About $20,000,000 – Rapid Transit from Downtown to Hotel and Theatre Sections Expected to Affect Surface Lines" (PDF). The New York Times. January 6, 1918. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
- ^ Legislative Documents. J.B. Lyon Company. January 1, 1920.
- ^ "New Subway Link Opens; Service Started Through Queens and Montague Street Tubes". The New York Times. August 1, 1920. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Rush Hour". subwaynut.com. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
- ^ "Open Subway Line to Fort Hamilton – Fourth Avenue Extension Put in Service After Wait of Four Years – Half-Mile Cost $2,000,000 – Completion Gives Residents Through Trip Without Recourse to Trolley Cars". The New York Times. November 1, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
- ^ a b c "A History Of The R Train". New York Division Bulletin. 53 (9). September 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2016 – via Issu.
- ^ "Notice To Passengers". Flickr. New York City Board of Transportation. 1952. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ "Cities 101: Double Lettered Trains In The NYC Subway System". Untapped Cities. September 27, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
- ^ a b Sparberg, Andrew J. (2015). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
- ^ a b "BMT Riders: Change In Routes! January 1 To further improve routes". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. January 1961. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
- ^ "Service Adjustment on BMT and IND Lines Effective 1 A.M. Monday, Aug. 30". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. August 1976. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
- ^ Cosgrove, Vincent (January 28, 1977). "Straphangers: Mini-Train Idea Comes Up Short". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
- ^ Hogarty, Dave (August 3, 2007). . Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 18, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
- ^ Otey, Charles F. (June 5, 1981). "Is This The End For 'Chambers St. Special?". Home Reporter and Sunset News. Fultonhistory.com. p. 21. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
- ^ Richards, Dan (July 17, 1981). "Bring