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14 Wall Street

October 20, 2023

14 Wall Street, originally the Bankers Trust Company Building, is a skyscraper at the intersection of Wall Street and Nassau Street in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The building is 540 feet (160 m) tall, with 32 usable floors.[b] The original 540-foot tower is at the southeastern corner of the site, and a shorter annex wraps around the original tower.

14 Wall Street
Former namesBankers Trust Company Building
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeOffice
Architectural styleNeoclassical
Location8–20 Wall Street
Manhattan, New York 10005
United States
Coordinates40°42′27″N 74°00′39″W / 40.70750°N 74.01083°W / 40.70750; -74.01083
Construction started1910
Completed1912
OpeningMay 20, 1912
Renovated1931–1933
Owner14 Wall Street Holdings
Height540 ft (160 m)
Technical details
Floor count32 (+7 attic)[a]
Floor area1,100,000 square feet (100,000 m2)
Lifts/elevators34[1]
Design and construction
Architect(s)Trowbridge & Livingston
DeveloperBankers Trust
Main contractorMarc Eidlitz & Son
Renovating team
Architect(s)Shreve, Lamb & Harmon
DesignatedJanuary 14, 1997[3]
Reference no.1949[3]
DesignatedFebruary 20, 2007[4]
Part ofWall Street Historic District
Reference no.07000063[4]
References
[2]

The original tower was erected on the site of the Stevens Building at 12–14 Wall Street and the Gillender Building at 16 Wall Street. It was built in 1910–1912 and was designed by Trowbridge & Livingston in the neoclassical style as the headquarters for Bankers Trust. A 25-story addition with Art Deco detailing, designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, was constructed in 1931–1933 to replace three other structures. After new buildings for Bankers Trust were erected in 1962 and 1974, the company moved employees away from 14 Wall Street, and eventually sold the building in 1987.

14 Wall Street's tower incorporates a seven-story pyramidal roof inspired by the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. The interior of the building contained numerous amenities that were considered state-of-the-art at the time of its construction; the first three floors were used as Bankers Trust's headquarters, while the rest were rented to tenants. A notable building in Manhattan's skyline in the early 20th century, the building was featured prominently in Bankers Trust's early imagery. The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1997. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2007.

Site Edit

Further information: Gillender Building § Site
 
The Gillender Building (left) and Hanover National Building (right) previously occupied the site of 14 Wall Street.

14 Wall Street is in the Financial District of Manhattan, bounded by Nassau Street to the east, Wall Street to the south, and Pine Street to the north.[5] The lot has dimensions of 160 feet (49 m) on Wall Street, 173 feet (53 m) on Nassau Street, and 178 feet (54 m) on Pine Street.[6] The lot has a total area of 32,947 square feet (3,060.9 m2).[7] Nearby buildings include the Equitable Building to the north, Federal Hall National Memorial (formerly the sub-Treasury building) at 26 Wall Street to the east, 23 Wall Street to the southeast, the New York Stock Exchange Building to the south, 1 Wall Street to the southwest, and 100 Broadway to the west.[5][8] An entrance to the Broad Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the J and ​Z trains, is directly to the southeast.[9]

The original building is located at the southeast corner of the site, which was previously occupied by the Stevens and Gillender buildings. In 1880, the Sampson family developed their lots along 12–14 Wall Street into the Stevens Building, which stood until 1910.[10] Sixteen years later, Helen L. Gillender Asinari, owner of the adjoining six-story office building on the northeast corner of Wall and Nassau Streets, decided to replace it with the 300-foot-tall (91 m), 20-story Gillender Building,[11] which was completed in 1897 and demolished in 1910.[12] The two lots, combined, had a nearly square footprint measuring about 100 by 100 feet (30 by 30 m).[12][c]

The annex occupies the remainder of the plot and is L-shaped in plan.[15] Prior to the construction of the annex, the land below it was occupied by three buildings.[16] The seven-story Astor Building was located at 10–12 Wall Street, directly to the west of the original tower.[17][18] The Hanover National Building at 5–11 Nassau Street, erected in 1903,[19] was a 21-story building north of the original Bankers Trust Building, which extended to Pine Street.[16] The final building on the lot was 7 Pine Street, a 10-story building to the northwest of the original tower.[20]

Architecture Edit

14 Wall Street is approximately 540 feet (160 m) tall, with 32 usable above-ground floors[b] and a seven-story pyramidal roof at its top, which contains seven storage levels.[2][21][12] In addition, 14 Wall Street contains four basement levels; the topmost basement is partially raised above ground level.[24] The original structure was designed by Trowbridge & Livingston for Bankers Trust and was built between 1910 and 1912.[25][14][26] An addition to the north and west was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and constructed between 1931 and 1933.[15][27] This addition is about 325 feet (99 m) tall.[18]

14 Wall Street's "granite-clad roof and its specifically Greek architectural motifs", as described by architectural writer Sarah Landau, which were a departure from earlier designs.[14][28] The architects wrote that the style had been chosen for its "simplicity and grace, as well as its supreme dignity and seriousness", which fit both the site and the building's use.[21] Inspirations include the Erechtheion, the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, and "ancient Macedonian prototypes".[29]

Form Edit

 
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, concept
 
St Mark's Campanile

The original structure is a 39-story tower without any setbacks, composed of 32 stories topped by a seven-story roof.[30] The concept behind the original structure's design was to place a pyramidal roof, similar to that of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, on top of a tower like Venice's St Mark's Campanile bell tower.[14][31] Trowbridge wanted to enhance "the beauty of the upper part of building by a loggia and a stone pyramid, in place of the usual flat or mansard roof."[14][32] This was one of the first times a pyramidal roof had been used in a skyscraper (after only the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower);[33] previous tall structures had been capped by a cupola, spire, or tempietto.[34]

The rest of the building is surrounded by a 25-story annex, which wraps around the western and northern sides of the original tower.[15][35] The Wall Street side has setbacks at the 15th, 22nd, and 25th floors and the Nassau Street side has a setback at the 23rd floor. The Pine Street side has a light court above the 11th story, which cuts through the center of that side.[30]

Facade Edit

Original building Edit

The facade is clad with 8,000 short tons (7,100 long tons; 7,300 t) of New England granite from several quarries.[36][37][38] The original tower is arranged into four sections: a base of 5 stories, a midsection of 21 stories, a top section of 6 stories (including the 32nd-story penthouse), and the roof.[6] The base was originally four stories,[26] but the present third floor was added in the 1931–1933 renovation.[6] On each side are five window bays, each of which contain two windows per floor. The design of each side is largely identical, except that the western facade's midsection is made of brick rather than granite.[15] The windows originally had wood frames covered with metal.[39]

 
Original tower (center) and annexes (near left and near right). To the far left is the New York Stock Exchange Building, while Federal Hall National Memorial is at bottom right, and Equitable Building is at far right.

Because 14 Wall Street was surrounded on all sides by other skyscrapers, thereby limiting visibility of the lower section, the lower floors were designed with intricate detail.[14] The upper basement and the first floor were arranged as a stylobate that supported a colonnade above it.[14][40] The basement facade is smooth, while the first-floor facade consists of rusticated blocks. An entrance porch, with the address 16 Wall Street, faces the Wall Street side. A colonnade above it spans the second through fourth floors.[30] The colonnade consists of Greek fluted columns, molded belt courses, and moldings and was "almost Puritanical in its simplicity".[38] The facade of the lower stories was rearranged slightly when the current third story was created, with new spandrel panels being added to separate the double-height windows that formerly spanned the double-height second story.[15] The fifth story is the topmost story of the base and has a deep cornice at the top.[41][42][30] The cornice contains motifs of lions' heads and rosettes.[26][41]

The midsection begins at the sixth story and rises through the 26th story. It is mostly faced in buff-colored granite.[41][42][43] Each bay contains two windows.[41][43] There are slightly projecting vertical piers separating each bay, except at the corners, which have grooves that make them appear as though they were panels. There is a band course above the sixth floor.[43] Otherwise, the midsection lacks horizontal ornamentation.[40][43]

The 27th through 31st stories are decorated with engaged Ionic columns in antis.[31] On the 27th through 29th stories, the north, east, and south facades are set back behind colonnades, while the west facade extends outward to the columns of the colonnade.[43] Trowbridge and Livingston had wanted the colonnade on the 27th through 29th stories to contain double columns, as they believed a colonnade of single columns did not suggest "a sufficient massiveness to correspond with the building as a whole"./[40] Rectangular windows are located on the 30th and 31st stories, with a cornice between the stories.[43] The 32nd floor is slightly set back and serves as a penthouse.[31][43] A molded cornice runs above the 32nd story.[43] The roof is made of massive granite blocks and measures 94 feet (29 m) tall, with a base of 70 feet (21 m) square.[44][39] There are 23[39] or 24 steps between the bottom and top of the roof;[34] each step measures 3 feet 9.25 inches (1.1494 m) high and 1 foot 4 inches (0.41 m) deep.[39] The roof also has a smokestack measuring 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter, from which smoke is ventilated[39][45]

Annex Edit

The annex's facade is made of granite at the base and limestone on the upper stories.[30][35] It was designed to defer to the "solid and robust architecture" of the original building.[46] The facade of the annex is arranged in two styles. The Wall Street facade contains setbacks at lower stories, and the window arrangement is aligned with that of the original building.[15] The base consists of four stories. Like the original tower, the first floor is rusticated, and the second through fourth floors contain a colonnade. On upper stories, wide piers divide each bay, and narrow piers divide each window.[43] The piers are ribbed and are designed in a modernistic style.[35] The spandrels between each row of windows are ornamented aluminum panels.[35][43] The combination of piers, spandrels, and windows create a pattern of vertical striping.[47]

The Pine Street and Nassau Street facades are more modern in design, with motifs in the Modern Classic and Art Deco styles. Due to variations in the lot lines on the annex's site, the annex projects 16 feet (4.9 m) further onto the street than did the original building.[6] In addition to an entrance at the center of the annex's Nassau Street side, there are service entrances on Pine Street.[48] The annex facades contain carved ornament, curved piers at the base, wrought-iron gates and grilles, and an eagle sculpture above the entrance on Nassau Street.[15][35] There are five bays on Nassau Street and eleven on Pine Street; the bays each contain between one and three windows.[43] The base is two stories tall, excluding the basement, which is partially visible as Nassau Street slopes downward from Pine Street toward Wall Street. The design of the upper stories' facade is similar to that on the Wall Street side.[48]

Structural features Edit

For the foundation of 14 Wall Street, caissons were sunk around the site's perimeter, reaching to the layer of rock 65 feet (20 m) below the street. Concrete was then poured in between these caissons to create a watertight cofferdam[14][49] measuring 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m) thick.[45][50] The membrane was needed because the surrounding ground was filled with quicksand.[14][28][50] Afterward, the lot was excavated, the Gillender Building's foundations were removed, and deep foundations were placed within the lot.[49] Due to high pressure on the cofferdam, temporary timber trusses were used to brace the cofferdam.[24] A 3-foot-thick (0.91 m) pad of concrete, overlaid with waterproof cement, was then placed at the bottom of the pit. The method was not only cheaper than the then-standard method of driving caissons down to bedrock, but also provided more basement space,[14] as the basements were not interrupted by piers for the foundation.[45]

The superstructure contains more than 8,000 short tons (7,100 long tons; 7,300 t) of steel.[24][37][39] The second floor does not contain any columns because of the elaborate network of heavy trusses used to support the outer walls.[24][37][51] "Unusually heavy bracing" is used to support the fourth floor.[24][52] There are also four large trusses, two each at the fifth and 29th floors; they each measure 12 feet (3.7 m) thick and weigh 50 short tons (45 long tons; 45 t).[52] A standard girder-and-column steel structure is used for the rest of the building.[24] The steel frame includes about 39 tiers of beams, which extend to 537 feet (164 m) above ground. Thirty-six columns carry the building's estimated dead load of 47,102 short tons (42,055 long tons; 42,730 t).[45] The largest columns are 500 feet (150 m) tall and carry loads of up to 2,200 short tons (2,000 long tons; 2,000 t).[36]

Interior Edit

The builders ensured that 14 Wall Street would be constructed with fireproof material. Metal was used in place of the wood trim that was used for decoration in other buildings, and a sprinkler system was placed in the roof.[21][14][44]

Bankers Trust offices Edit

 
The lower portion of the shared elevator shaft, within the Bankers Trust offices, was covered in marble, while the upper portion was plate glass.

Bankers Trust's offices occupied basement levels A and B, as well as the first, second, and fourth stories.[53][54][a] The offices housed the banking, trust, and foreign departments of Bankers Trust.[22] These offices were designed "in a pure classic style"; the metalwork in the offices was a light-colored bronze, while Italian marble lined the main banking spaces on the first and second floors.[44][38] At the time of the building's opening, The Bankers Magazine observed that the offices used modular equipment that could be moved easily in case the company needed to expand. Further, the floor surfaces were made of cork, and each department had telephone service.[55] Pneumatic tube systems made it easy to send papers between different departments and to a lawyer's office on the 26th story.[45][55]

The second floor contained the main banking room, with tellers' windows, trust departments, and other banking departments.[54] The main banking room was designed in a Greek style[56] and had 27-foot-high (8.2 m) ceilings;[57] the walls were clad in Tavernelle marble for their full height.[45] The tellers' counters originally aligned with the exterior windows.[30] There was a small room on the south side of the second floor, which was dedicated to Henry Pomeroy Davison of the bank's executive committee.[54] Three elevators connected the Bankers Trust office floors and rose only to the fourth floor.[38][44][54] Unusual for buildings of the time, the lower portion of the shared elevator shaft was covered in marble, while the upper portion was plate glass.[34][38] The fourth floor contained the boardroom and clerical force.[36][54] The boardroom's walls and table were made of Circassian walnut, and there was enough space for 38 people to sit around the table.[54]

At the center of the Wall Street side, a wide staircase led to the first floor. Initially, this was the main entrance to the Bankers Trust offices.[44] The lobby contains a bronze gate with symbols of capitalist enterprises such as metallurgy, shipping, construction, power, agriculture, manufacturing, and mining.[41] Allegorical paintings in the lobby depicted similar motifs.[56] When the building was expanded from 1931 to 1933, the former banking room on the first floor was converted into an officers' seating area, and the floor level was raised to harmonize with the new extension. The double-height second story was divided into two stories, and the third story was created.[15][a] The new addition, with the address 16 Wall Street, contained a T-shaped banking room covering 10,000 square feet (930 m2), with "a forest of squared-off, trunk-like columns clad in Oregon myrtle".[58] The new banking room's coved ceiling was 27 feet (8.2 m) tall.[35][58]

Basements Edit

The building has four basement levels, two of which were occupied by Bankers Trust's safe-deposit vault.[36] Described by The Bankers Magazine as "the strongest vault in the world", the vault measured 28 by 32 feet (8.5 by 9.8 m) across.[59] The vault weighed 1,550 short tons (1,380 long tons; 1,410 t) and had 160 safe-deposit boxes;[22] the vault door alone weighed 40 short tons (36 long tons; 36 t).[22][59] The vault walls were 28 inches (710 mm) thick, with 24 inches (610 mm) of concrete and 4 inches (100 mm) of "shock and drill-proof steel".[59] This would prevent both standard explosives and oxyacetylene cutters from penetrating the vault. The columns and beams that reinforce the vault are so strong that "a shock sufficient to disturb the vault would bring the building down in ruins upon it".[60] Inside, the vault was split into numerous aisles with combination locks; each safe in the vault required two officers to open.[61]

When the building was completed, the basement also had a mail carriers' station, where couriers could collect packages and deliver them to tenants.[45] The third basement contained ventilation openings and fans, while the fourth and deepest basement contained the power and steam plants.[51]

Upper stories Edit

The remaining stories were rented to various tenants.[62] The office stories contained floor surfaces made of concrete, as well as walls of marble, plaster, and terracotta.[44] As a fireproofing measure, the doors, window sash, and trim were made of metal; the trim was then finished to look like mahogany.[39][44] Each story contained ornate bronze mailboxes that were connected to a set of mail chutes.[45] A continuous 531-step staircase runs from the third floor to the 29th floor.[38] When the building first opened, entry to these floors was via an entrance on the western portion of the Wall Street facade, where a passageway linked to the Hanover Bank Building to the north.[44] During the 1931–1933 expansion, a new entrance was built on Pine Street.[15] The annex's lobby was designed in the Art Deco style.[63] Each story in the annex is at the same height as in the original building, allowing for continuous floor slabs across both structures;[64] the expanded floor slabs cover about 23,000 square feet (2,100 m2) each.[18] The upper stories of the annex have ceiling heights of 13 feet (4.0 m).[18]

A system of eleven elevators connected the lobby to the rental floors, consisting of five "express" elevators, five "local" elevators, and one "relief" elevator.[44][36][65] The "express" elevators ran nonstop from the lobby to the 16th story and above.[54] The "local" elevators served the lower floors, and the "relief" elevators served all floors.[44][36][65] There was an additional elevator serving the 30th through 38th floors.[36][65][d] The elevator lobbies contained Botticino-marble walls and travertine floors.[45] As of 2023, the building has 34 elevators.[1]

The present-day 32nd floor, the highest story beneath the roof,[e] was supposed to have been an apartment, which J. P. Morgan had an option to occupy. He chose not to pursue the option due to antitrust proceedings ongoing against Bankers Trust at the time of the building's completion,[8][34] and the space was instead converted to an observation deck.[66] The space measured 70 by 70 feet (21 by 21 m) and was illuminated by 36 windows.[67] The New York Times reported at the building's 1912 opening that $250,000 had been spent on "teakwood furniture, priceless rugs, luxurious baths, and a private observation balcony", though it was "entirely devoid of furniture".[68] The balcony was surrounded by an iron railing on three sides and was glassed-in on the remaining side.[69] Christopher Gray, an architectural critic for the Times, wrote in 2007 that there had been unsubstantiated rumors that Morgan used the apartment as a private getaway.[34] The 32nd floor contained an upscale French restaurant called The 14 Wall Street from 1997[70] to 2006.[71] Under the roof were 47 storage rooms,[39][45][54] as well as records, a sprinkler tank, a water tank, and elevator equipment.[31][45]

History Edit

Context and land acquisition Edit

 
Gillender and Stevens buildings (in red) and the Bankers Trust Building that replaced them, looking from the Nassau Street (east) elevation

Bankers Trust was founded in 1903 when a number of commercial banks needed a vehicle to enter the trusts and estates market.[8][72][73] The company originally was located at Liberty and Washington Streets, with eight staff working in two basement rooms.[74] The Bankers Trust ultimately acquired space in the Gillender Building,[75][76] having been induced to move there because of the proximity of the New York Stock Exchange.[75] The company, with J. P. Morgan on the board,[75] grew rapidly and intended to land itself permanently in the "vortex of America's financial life".[77]

During the latter part of the decade, financial institutions such as the Bank of Montreal, the Fourth National Bank, and the Germania Life Insurance Company acquired properties on Wall and Nassau Streets.[10] Bankers Trust started to negotiate the purchase of the Gillender Building in April 1909.[11] The bank first obtained the adjacent seven-story Stevens Building; that July, the trust leased the Stevens Building for 84 years at a cost of $1.5 million.[10][f] At the time, the press reported that Bankers Trust would erect a 16-story office building wrapping around the Gillender Building.[10] George B. Post, hired as a "professional advisor", proposed the new building as an L-shaped structure.[32]

In November, Bankers Trust finalized an agreement to buy the Gillender Building from Helen Gillender.[11] The next month, the Manhattan Trust Company acquired the Gillender Building for $1.5 million (equivalent to $48,856,000 in 2022), then a record amount for land in New York City.[11][78] Manhattan Trust then resold the Gillender Building to Bankers Trust[8][76] for $1.25 million (equivalent to $40,713,000 in 2022),[12] although Manhattan Trust retained long-term lease rights for the ground floor as well as various other spaces. According to The New York Times, Manhattan Trust and Bankers Trust had colluded to acquire the Gillender Building.[76] During this time, Bankers Trust acquired a majority share in the Guaranty Trust Company; the same people served on both companies' boards of directors,[8][79] although Guaranty Trust built a new headquarters for itself rather than move to 14 Wall Street.[80] Bankers Trust and the Mercantile Trust Company also merged,[8][81] but, because Mercantile Trust's headquarters burned in a January 1912 fire, this affected planning for the new building.[8] Bankers Trust absorbed Manhattan Trust in February 1912: both companies had been owned by Morgan, and the proximity of the companies' spaces was cited as a reason for the merger.[82][83]

Construction and early use Edit

To maximize land utilization, Bankers Trust desired to build a structure taller than either the Gillender or Stevens buildings.[14][32] To "obtain the very best results" for the design, in 1909, Bankers Trust requested plans from four architects and architecture firms: Carrère and Hastings, Francis H. Kimball, Trowbridge and Livingston, and Warren and Wetmore.[32][84] Ultimately, Trowbridge and Livingston's bid was accepted.[32][73] The firm submitted plans for 14 Wall Street to the New York City Department of Buildings on April 20, 1910.[85]

Initial building Edit

 
Seen circa 1919

The first stage of construction commenced in April 1910 with the demolition of the Gillender Building,[12] which The New York Times claimed to be the first skyscraper that was demolished to make way for a taller skyscraper.[13] Demolition of the Stevens Building started the same month,[12] and both buildings had been demolished by June 1910.[49][86] After the site had been cleared, foundation work was started.[49][73] Foundational work was stymied due to the quicksand in the ground, as well as the presence of redundant supports underneath the Gillender Building's site and the proximity of other buildings.[28] Steel superstructure construction commenced after foundational work was completed in November 1910,[37] and the steel had reached the ground level by December 20, 1910.[45] Facade work commenced in February 1911,[36] with contractor Marc Eidlitz & Son erecting the facade at a rate of three-and-a-half stories per week.[37] The building topped out on June 14, 1911.[45] The stonework was completed by September 15, 1911, except for the pyramid, for which there had been a minor change in design.[36]

The basements and the three lower floors were to contain the headquarters of Bankers Trust, although its main operations would be housed elsewhere in less expensive offices.[53] Most of the upper floors were slated to be rented to other companies.[62][87] By May 1911, The Wall Street Journal reported that "a large amount of office space" had already been rented in the building. Asking rates for rental space was $4 per square foot ($43/m2), equivalent to $126 per square foot ($1,360/m2) in 2022; this rate was higher than in other buildings in the area due to 14 Wall Street's proximity to the New York Stock Exchange.[88] That November, The Wall Street Journal reported that the building was 65% rented.[89] In April 1912, a month before the building's opening, a parachutist jumped from the 32nd floor of 14 Wall Street,[e] landing on the roof of 26 Wall Street.[90]

14 Wall Street officially opened on May 1, 1912,[22] and Bankers Trust began moving into its offices on May 20.[91] Upon opening, the building was 85% rented.[87][91] J.P. Morgan & Co. had originally planned to move into 14 Wall Street, with Morgan occupying the 32nd-story apartment,[e] but these plans were canceled shortly after the building opened.[68] After Bankers Trust was investigated by the U.S. Congress's Pujo Committee for monopolistic practices, J.P. Morgan & Co. built another structure to the southeast at 23 Wall Street.[8][34] By 1917, Bankers Trust had become a full-service bank, and one of the country's wealthiest financial institutions.[62] Bankers Trust, having rented out the upper floors, found their existing space to be inadequate by the 1920s, with more than four times as many staff as in 1912. As a result, the company took up space in the Astor and Hanover Bank buildings.[84]

Annex Edit

Bankers Trust began land acquisition in 1919, acquiring the Astor Building that June[92] and the building at 7 Pine Street two months later.[17][20] The Hanover Bank Building was not acquired until September 1929. By that time, Bankers Trust owned the eastern half of the block bounded by Broadway and Wall, Pine, and Nassau Streets.[16][18] Architect Richmond Shreve described the situation as "[falling] short of a true expression of the [company's] position".[93][94] Shreve's firm, Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, had created plans for an annex to the building by January 1931.[95][96] The firm filed plans for the $5.5 million edifice with the New York City Department of Buildings later the same month.[97][98] The Thompson–Starrett Company was hired as the general contractor for the annex.[64]

Staff at 14 Wall Street were moved to a temporary location when work began in May 1931,[99][100] and the Hanover Bank, Astor, and 7 Pine Street buildings were being razed by the next month.[64][101][102] Workers used dynamite to clear the site of the annex. This damaged two nearby buildings near the intersection of Wall Street and Broadway, including the headquarters of the First National Bank of New York (now Citibank), which was demolished in late 1931.[103] First National Bank sued Bankers Trust and the project's contractors for $881,500 in April 1932, alleging that the excavations had damaged its adjoining building at Broadway and Wall Street.[104][105] The case lasted for two years, and First National Bank was awarded $237,500 in damages in January 1934, about a quarter of what it had sued for.[106][107] In addition, Bankers Trust was released from all liability for any damage caused during construction.[108][109]

Meanwhile, in November 1931, contractors began working in two five-hour shifts per day instead of one eight-hour shift, doubling the number of jobs as well as increasing daily productivity.[110] The 25-story annex was completed in 1932, and the staff moved back into 14 Wall Street.[99] The bank hired brokers Brown, Wheelock, Harris & Co. that October to lease out its former space in the original structure.[111] The old building's main entrances were relocated, and its third story was also added;[15] these renovations were completed in March 1933.[99] The project tripled 14 Wall Street's rentable area.[112][84] Bankers Trust officially opened the annex on April 10, 1933, moving into seven stories of the annex.[100][113][114]

Later use Edit

Bankers Trust occupancy Edit

The Bankers Trust Company had assets of $1 billion by 1935.[15] As a sign of the company's financial stability, in 1943, Bankers Trust bought the land under 14 Wall Street from the Sampson family, whose Stevens Building had been demolished to make way for the original tower.[115] The building was outfitted with a modern air-conditioning system in 1955.[116] During this era, the bank continued to grow through mergers.[15] The bank's second headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, at 280 Park Avenue, opened in 1962,[117] though Bankers Trust retained occupancy at 14 Wall Street.[15] The facade of 14 Wall Street was cleaned during the mid-1960s.[118] When One Bankers Trust Plaza was completed in 1974, more employees were relocated out of 14 Wall Street and four other locations.[119] Afterward, the eighth through 23rd floors of the Bankers Trust Building were vacant, representing 350,000 square feet (33,000 m2), though these floors were gradually rented to other tenants.[120]

Bankers Trust retained ownership of 14 Wall Street until 1987, when the building was sold to 14 Wall Street Associates, who subsequently sold the building to 14 Wall Street Realty in 1991 and to General Electric Investment in 1992.[15] After buying 14 Wall Street, General Electric Investment started to renovate the building for $7 million.[121] Though Bankers Trust retained a lease through the building until 2004, with an option to cancel in 1995, the company vacated the space earlier in 1992. Manufacturers Hanover and the Chemical Bank then occupied the space that Bankers Trust had formerly used.[122]

Subsequent occupancy Edit

 
Lower portion of the facade

Boston Properties agreed to buy 14 Wall Street for $320 million in August 1997,[123] and the 32nd floor was converted into an upscale French restaurant called The 14 Wall Street that November.[70][124] The tenant of the annex's banking room, Chase Bank, donated the space to the Skyscraper Museum for one year starting in 1998. During this time, the museum held an exhibition on the Empire State Building within the space.[58] An investment group led by Laurence Gluck and Arthur Wrubel bought 14 Wall Street from General Electric Investment in 1999.[125] The former banking room became an Equinox Fitness location in December 2000. The Rockwell Group designed an 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) mezzanine for the room.[57]

Gluck had sole ownership of 14 Wall Street by 2004, and Leviev Boymelgreen bought the building from Gluck the next year for $215 million.[126] Initially, the new owners wanted to convert the entire building from offices into luxury condominiums but, in 2006, dropped the plan for residential conversion.[127] Instead, Leviev Boymelgreen ultimately converted the lower stories to condos.[34] The 14 Wall Street restaurant also closed in early 2006.[71][128] Early the following year, Leviev Boymelgreen agreed to sell the property to Cushman & Wakefield for $325 million.[34][129] Ultimately, 14 Wall Street was purchased by the Carlyle Group and Capstone Equities, who planned to renovate the building for $50 million, including $5 million for the restoration of the lobby.[130]

Carlyle and Capstone sold majority control of the building in 2012 to Alexander Rovt, a Ukrainian fertilizer tycoon, for $303 million in cash.[131][132] Rovt paid off the building's outstanding debt as part of the deal. At the time of the purchase, the building had 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2) of vacant space, and three potential tenants were in discussion to lease about two-thirds of the vacant space.[131] Rovt began renovating the building and increased its occupancy rate from 70 to 95 percent by 2014, mostly by leasing space for ten years to tenants such as office-space operator Regus.[132] After $60 million of renovations, the building was 90% leased by early 2016.[133][134] Cushman & Wakefield handled leasing for 14 Wall Street until it was replaced by the CBRE Group in 2017.[135]

Tenants Edit

Impact Edit

At the time of its completion, 14 Wall Street was the world's tallest bank building and the city's third- or fourth-tallest skyscraper.[14] 14 Wall Street and the nearby Singer Tower, as viewed from Manhattan's waterfront, resembled "the posts of the gigantic 'Gateway of New York.'"[14][65] Cassier's Magazine wrote that the building "presents a beautiful and impressive appearance, free from ornate decoration", though the magazine misattributed the building as being influenced by Egyptian pyramids.[31] The building was perceived by several observers as a symbol of the future.[24] During the early 20th century, Bankers Trust used imagery of 14 Wall Street in its advertising to depict it as a "tower of strength";[41][84][144] the bank used the icon and slogan until the 1980s.[56] Charles Phelps Cushing wrote in 1929 that the building's stepped pyramidal roof was "the meeting place for the midnight frolics of modern jazz sprites".[145]

The iconography persisted even after the annex was constructed.[146] 14 Wall Street's likeness became synonymous with capitalism and Wall Street, having been shown in Berenice Abbott's photos as well as the 1921 documentary film Manhatta,[84] and Bankers Trust sent a miniature model of the building to the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915.[45][147] Christopher Gray said that the massive height of 14 Wall Street posed a sharp contrast to the one-story 23 Wall Street, diagonally across Wall and Broad Streets, though both were designed by Trowbridge & Livingston and occupied by J.P. Morgan.[34]

14 Wall Street's pyramidal roof inspired the design of several other buildings. Its completion was described as the "beginning of a vogue for the use of a temple or mausoleum" at the top of skyscrapers, utilizing enhanced details or a full depiction of a temple.[33][84] Architecture magazine projected that such a roof "will be used a great many times more".[34][38] Several roofs in Lower Manhattan were influenced by 14 Wall Street's design, including those of 26 Broadway,[148] 40 Wall Street,[149] 60 Wall Street,[41][84][56] the annex of 195 Broadway, and the Jewish Museum annex.[56] 14 Wall Street's architecture also provided inspiration for buildings in other cities, such as the Union Central Life Insurance Company Building in Cincinnati,[56] the Metropolitan Tower in Chicago,[84] and the Foshay Tower in Minneapolis.[84][56]

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 14 Wall Street as an official city landmark in January 1997.[3][150] In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District,[151] a National Register of Historic Places district.[4]

See also Edit

References Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ a b c The second story was initially outfitted with a double-height ceiling. The original third floor is now the fourth story; the current third story was created in 1933 during the building's expansion.[15] In this article, the "third story" refers to the upper level created when the second story was divided into lower and upper portions.
  2. ^ a b Emporis claims that this building has 29 stories beneath its roof,[2] but contemporary sources cite this building as having 32 stories.[21][12] Several other sources cite the building as having 41 stories in total, although these sources do not specify the floor count of the roof or the main tower.[22][23] Further complicating the issue, the current third story was created when the building was renovated in 1931–1933; prior to this, 14 Wall Street was considered to have 31 stories.[15]
  3. ^ The New York Times reported that the two buildings occupied a site measuring 94 feet (29 m) on Wall Street and 102 feet (31 m) on Nassau Street.[13] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission states that the site measures 97 feet (30 m) on Wall Street and 94 feet (29 m) on Nassau Street.[14]
  4. ^ Contemporary sources, published in 1911–1912, refer to this as the 29th through 37th floors, since the current third floor had not been built yet.[36][65]
  5. ^ a b c Sources refer to this as the 31st floor, since the current third floor had not been built at the time of the building's completion.[8][34]
  6. ^ The company preferred leasing over outright purchase due to the high price of land on Wall Street.[77]

Citations Edit

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  4. ^ a b c "National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists" (PDF). National Park Service. 2007. p. 65. (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
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  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997, p. 2.
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  142. ^ Barbarino, Al (November 18, 2013). "Regus Renews at 14 Wall Amid Downtown Rebirth". Commercial Observer. from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  143. ^ "TheStreet Inc". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  144. ^ "Banking Publicity". The Bankers Magazine. Vol. 102. 1921. p. 584. from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
  145. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 172.
  146. ^ Willis, Carol (January 16, 1910). "The Skyscraper Museum: The Rise of Wall Street Walkthrough". The Skyscraper Museum. from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
  147. ^ "Skyscraper in Miniature; Bankers Trust to Send 40-Story Model to Panama Fair". The New York Times. February 20, 1915. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
  148. ^ Abramson 2001, pp. 96–97.
  149. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 62.
  150. ^ "2 Pine St. Neighbors Become Landmarks". The New York Times. February 16, 1997. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
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Sources Edit

  • 14 Wall Street (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. January 14, 1997.
  • Abramson, Daniel M. (2001). Skyscraper Rivals: the AIG Building and the Architecture of Wall Street. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568982441.
  • Landau, Sarah; Condit, Carl W. (1996). Rise of the New York Skyscraper, 1865–1913. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07739-1. OCLC 32819286.
  • Macaulay-Lewis, Elizabeth (2021). Antiquity in Gotham: The Ancient Architecture of New York City. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-9384-1. OCLC 1176326519.
  • "New Building of the Bankers Trust Company of New York". The Bankers Magazine. American periodical series, 1800–1850. Vol. 85. Bradford-Rhodes & Company. 1912.
  • Springer, J. F. (July 1, 1912). "Steel Construction and Hardware in a Great New York Skyscraper". Hardware Dealers' Magazine. Vol. 38, no. 1. p. 79. ProQuest 612657219.
  • Shreve, Richmond (1933). "The Bankers Trust Company Building". Architecture. Vol. 68. C. Scribner's Sons.
  • "The Banker's Trust Building". Architecture. Vol. 25–26. C. Scribner's Sons. 1912. pp. 69–71.
  • Ward, David; Zunz, Olivier (1992). The Landscape of Modernity: Essays on New York City, 1900–1940. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-900-6.


External links Edit

 
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  • Official website

October 20, 2023
wall, street, originally, bankers, trust, company, building, skyscraper, intersection, wall, street, nassau, street, financial, district, manhattan, york, city, building, feet, tall, with, usable, floors, original, foot, tower, southeastern, corner, site, shor. 14 Wall Street originally the Bankers Trust Company Building is a skyscraper at the intersection of Wall Street and Nassau Street in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City The building is 540 feet 160 m tall with 32 usable floors b The original 540 foot tower is at the southeastern corner of the site and a shorter annex wraps around the original tower 14 Wall StreetFormer namesBankers Trust Company BuildingGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypeOfficeArchitectural styleNeoclassicalLocation8 20 Wall StreetManhattan New York 10005United StatesCoordinates40 42 27 N 74 00 39 W 40 70750 N 74 01083 W 40 70750 74 01083Construction started1910Completed1912OpeningMay 20 1912Renovated1931 1933Owner14 Wall Street HoldingsHeight540 ft 160 m Technical detailsFloor count32 7 attic a Floor area1 100 000 square feet 100 000 m2 Lifts elevators34 1 Design and constructionArchitect s Trowbridge amp LivingstonDeveloperBankers TrustMain contractorMarc Eidlitz amp SonRenovating teamArchitect s Shreve Lamb amp HarmonNew York City LandmarkDesignatedJanuary 14 1997 3 Reference no 1949 3 U S Historic districtContributing propertyDesignatedFebruary 20 2007 4 Part ofWall Street Historic DistrictReference no 07000063 4 References 2 The original tower was erected on the site of the Stevens Building at 12 14 Wall Street and the Gillender Building at 16 Wall Street It was built in 1910 1912 and was designed by Trowbridge amp Livingston in the neoclassical style as the headquarters for Bankers Trust A 25 story addition with Art Deco detailing designed by Shreve Lamb amp Harmon was constructed in 1931 1933 to replace three other structures After new buildings for Bankers Trust were erected in 1962 and 1974 the company moved employees away from 14 Wall Street and eventually sold the building in 1987 14 Wall Street s tower incorporates a seven story pyramidal roof inspired by the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus The interior of the building contained numerous amenities that were considered state of the art at the time of its construction the first three floors were used as Bankers Trust s headquarters while the rest were rented to tenants A notable building in Manhattan s skyline in the early 20th century the building was featured prominently in Bankers Trust s early imagery The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1997 It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2007 Contents 1 Site 2 Architecture 2 1 Form 2 2 Facade 2 2 1 Original building 2 2 2 Annex 2 3 Structural features 2 4 Interior 2 4 1 Bankers Trust offices 2 4 2 Basements 2 4 3 Upper stories 3 History 3 1 Context and land acquisition 3 2 Construction and early use 3 2 1 Initial building 3 2 2 Annex 3 3 Later use 3 3 1 Bankers Trust occupancy 3 3 2 Subsequent occupancy 4 Tenants 5 Impact 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Notes 7 2 Citations 7 3 Sources 8 External linksSite EditFurther information Gillender Building Site nbsp The Gillender Building left and Hanover National Building right previously occupied the site of 14 Wall Street 14 Wall Street is in the Financial District of Manhattan bounded by Nassau Street to the east Wall Street to the south and Pine Street to the north 5 The lot has dimensions of 160 feet 49 m on Wall Street 173 feet 53 m on Nassau Street and 178 feet 54 m on Pine Street 6 The lot has a total area of 32 947 square feet 3 060 9 m2 7 Nearby buildings include the Equitable Building to the north Federal Hall National Memorial formerly the sub Treasury building at 26 Wall Street to the east 23 Wall Street to the southeast the New York Stock Exchange Building to the south 1 Wall Street to the southwest and 100 Broadway to the west 5 8 An entrance to the Broad Street station of the New York City Subway serving the J and Z trains is directly to the southeast 9 The original building is located at the southeast corner of the site which was previously occupied by the Stevens and Gillender buildings In 1880 the Sampson family developed their lots along 12 14 Wall Street into the Stevens Building which stood until 1910 10 Sixteen years later Helen L Gillender Asinari owner of the adjoining six story office building on the northeast corner of Wall and Nassau Streets decided to replace it with the 300 foot tall 91 m 20 story Gillender Building 11 which was completed in 1897 and demolished in 1910 12 The two lots combined had a nearly square footprint measuring about 100 by 100 feet 30 by 30 m 12 c The annex occupies the remainder of the plot and is L shaped in plan 15 Prior to the construction of the annex the land below it was occupied by three buildings 16 The seven story Astor Building was located at 10 12 Wall Street directly to the west of the original tower 17 18 The Hanover National Building at 5 11 Nassau Street erected in 1903 19 was a 21 story building north of the original Bankers Trust Building which extended to Pine Street 16 The final building on the lot was 7 Pine Street a 10 story building to the northwest of the original tower 20 Architecture Edit14 Wall Street is approximately 540 feet 160 m tall with 32 usable above ground floors b and a seven story pyramidal roof at its top which contains seven storage levels 2 21 12 In addition 14 Wall Street contains four basement levels the topmost basement is partially raised above ground level 24 The original structure was designed by Trowbridge amp Livingston for Bankers Trust and was built between 1910 and 1912 25 14 26 An addition to the north and west was designed by Shreve Lamb amp Harmon and constructed between 1931 and 1933 15 27 This addition is about 325 feet 99 m tall 18 14 Wall Street s granite clad roof and its specifically Greek architectural motifs as described by architectural writer Sarah Landau which were a departure from earlier designs 14 28 The architects wrote that the style had been chosen for its simplicity and grace as well as its supreme dignity and seriousness which fit both the site and the building s use 21 Inspirations include the Erechtheion the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus and ancient Macedonian prototypes 29 Form Edit nbsp Mausoleum of Halicarnassus concept nbsp St Mark s Campanile The original structure is a 39 story tower without any setbacks composed of 32 stories topped by a seven story roof 30 The concept behind the original structure s design was to place a pyramidal roof similar to that of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus on top of a tower like Venice s St Mark s Campanile bell tower 14 31 Trowbridge wanted to enhance the beauty of the upper part of building by a loggia and a stone pyramid in place of the usual flat or mansard roof 14 32 This was one of the first times a pyramidal roof had been used in a skyscraper after only the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower 33 previous tall structures had been capped by a cupola spire or tempietto 34 The rest of the building is surrounded by a 25 story annex which wraps around the western and northern sides of the original tower 15 35 The Wall Street side has setbacks at the 15th 22nd and 25th floors and the Nassau Street side has a setback at the 23rd floor The Pine Street side has a light court above the 11th story which cuts through the center of that side 30 Facade Edit Original building Edit The facade is clad with 8 000 short tons 7 100 long tons 7 300 t of New England granite from several quarries 36 37 38 The original tower is arranged into four sections a base of 5 stories a midsection of 21 stories a top section of 6 stories including the 32nd story penthouse and the roof 6 The base was originally four stories 26 but the present third floor was added in the 1931 1933 renovation 6 On each side are five window bays each of which contain two windows per floor The design of each side is largely identical except that the western facade s midsection is made of brick rather than granite 15 The windows originally had wood frames covered with metal 39 nbsp Original tower center and annexes near left and near right To the far left is the New York Stock Exchange Building while Federal Hall National Memorial is at bottom right and Equitable Building is at far right Because 14 Wall Street was surrounded on all sides by other skyscrapers thereby limiting visibility of the lower section the lower floors were designed with intricate detail 14 The upper basement and the first floor were arranged as a stylobate that supported a colonnade above it 14 40 The basement facade is smooth while the first floor facade consists of rusticated blocks An entrance porch with the address 16 Wall Street faces the Wall Street side A colonnade above it spans the second through fourth floors 30 The colonnade consists of Greek fluted columns molded belt courses and moldings and was almost Puritanical in its simplicity 38 The facade of the lower stories was rearranged slightly when the current third story was created with new spandrel panels being added to separate the double height windows that formerly spanned the double height second story 15 The fifth story is the topmost story of the base and has a deep cornice at the top 41 42 30 The cornice contains motifs of lions heads and rosettes 26 41 The midsection begins at the sixth story and rises through the 26th story It is mostly faced in buff colored granite 41 42 43 Each bay contains two windows 41 43 There are slightly projecting vertical piers separating each bay except at the corners which have grooves that make them appear as though they were panels There is a band course above the sixth floor 43 Otherwise the midsection lacks horizontal ornamentation 40 43 The 27th through 31st stories are decorated with engaged Ionic columns in antis 31 On the 27th through 29th stories the north east and south facades are set back behind colonnades while the west facade extends outward to the columns of the colonnade 43 Trowbridge and Livingston had wanted the colonnade on the 27th through 29th stories to contain double columns as they believed a colonnade of single columns did not suggest a sufficient massiveness to correspond with the building as a whole 40 Rectangular windows are located on the 30th and 31st stories with a cornice between the stories 43 The 32nd floor is slightly set back and serves as a penthouse 31 43 A molded cornice runs above the 32nd story 43 The roof is made of massive granite blocks and measures 94 feet 29 m tall with a base of 70 feet 21 m square 44 39 There are 23 39 or 24 steps between the bottom and top of the roof 34 each step measures 3 feet 9 25 inches 1 1494 m high and 1 foot 4 inches 0 41 m deep 39 The roof also has a smokestack measuring 6 feet 1 8 m in diameter from which smoke is ventilated 39 45 Annex Edit The annex s facade is made of granite at the base and limestone on the upper stories 30 35 It was designed to defer to the solid and robust architecture of the original building 46 The facade of the annex is arranged in two styles The Wall Street facade contains setbacks at lower stories and the window arrangement is aligned with that of the original building 15 The base consists of four stories Like the original tower the first floor is rusticated and the second through fourth floors contain a colonnade On upper stories wide piers divide each bay and narrow piers divide each window 43 The piers are ribbed and are designed in a modernistic style 35 The spandrels between each row of windows are ornamented aluminum panels 35 43 The combination of piers spandrels and windows create a pattern of vertical striping 47 The Pine Street and Nassau Street facades are more modern in design with motifs in the Modern Classic and Art Deco styles Due to variations in the lot lines on the annex s site the annex projects 16 feet 4 9 m further onto the street than did the original building 6 In addition to an entrance at the center of the annex s Nassau Street side there are service entrances on Pine Street 48 The annex facades contain carved ornament curved piers at the base wrought iron gates and grilles and an eagle sculpture above the entrance on Nassau Street 15 35 There are five bays on Nassau Street and eleven on Pine Street the bays each contain between one and three windows 43 The base is two stories tall excluding the basement which is partially visible as Nassau Street slopes downward from Pine Street toward Wall Street The design of the upper stories facade is similar to that on the Wall Street side 48 Structural features Edit For the foundation of 14 Wall Street caissons were sunk around the site s perimeter reaching to the layer of rock 65 feet 20 m below the street Concrete was then poured in between these caissons to create a watertight cofferdam 14 49 measuring 6 to 7 feet 1 8 to 2 1 m thick 45 50 The membrane was needed because the surrounding ground was filled with quicksand 14 28 50 Afterward the lot was excavated the Gillender Building s foundations were removed and deep foundations were placed within the lot 49 Due to high pressure on the cofferdam temporary timber trusses were used to brace the cofferdam 24 A 3 foot thick 0 91 m pad of concrete overlaid with waterproof cement was then placed at the bottom of the pit The method was not only cheaper than the then standard method of driving caissons down to bedrock but also provided more basement space 14 as the basements were not interrupted by piers for the foundation 45 The superstructure contains more than 8 000 short tons 7 100 long tons 7 300 t of steel 24 37 39 The second floor does not contain any columns because of the elaborate network of heavy trusses used to support the outer walls 24 37 51 Unusually heavy bracing is used to support the fourth floor 24 52 There are also four large trusses two each at the fifth and 29th floors they each measure 12 feet 3 7 m thick and weigh 50 short tons 45 long tons 45 t 52 A standard girder and column steel structure is used for the rest of the building 24 The steel frame includes about 39 tiers of beams which extend to 537 feet 164 m above ground Thirty six columns carry the building s estimated dead load of 47 102 short tons 42 055 long tons 42 730 t 45 The largest columns are 500 feet 150 m tall and carry loads of up to 2 200 short tons 2 000 long tons 2 000 t 36 Interior Edit The builders ensured that 14 Wall Street would be constructed with fireproof material Metal was used in place of the wood trim that was used for decoration in other buildings and a sprinkler system was placed in the roof 21 14 44 Bankers Trust offices Edit nbsp The lower portion of the shared elevator shaft within the Bankers Trust offices was covered in marble while the upper portion was plate glass Bankers Trust s offices occupied basement levels A and B as well as the first second and fourth stories 53 54 a The offices housed the banking trust and foreign departments of Bankers Trust 22 These offices were designed in a pure classic style the metalwork in the offices was a light colored bronze while Italian marble lined the main banking spaces on the first and second floors 44 38 At the time of the building s opening The Bankers Magazine observed that the offices used modular equipment that could be moved easily in case the company needed to expand Further the floor surfaces were made of cork and each department had telephone service 55 Pneumatic tube systems made it easy to send papers between different departments and to a lawyer s office on the 26th story 45 55 The second floor contained the main banking room with tellers windows trust departments and other banking departments 54 The main banking room was designed in a Greek style 56 and had 27 foot high 8 2 m ceilings 57 the walls were clad in Tavernelle marble for their full height 45 The tellers counters originally aligned with the exterior windows 30 There was a small room on the south side of the second floor which was dedicated to Henry Pomeroy Davison of the bank s executive committee 54 Three elevators connected the Bankers Trust office floors and rose only to the fourth floor 38 44 54 Unusual for buildings of the time the lower portion of the shared elevator shaft was covered in marble while the upper portion was plate glass 34 38 The fourth floor contained the boardroom and clerical force 36 54 The boardroom s walls and table were made of Circassian walnut and there was enough space for 38 people to sit around the table 54 At the center of the Wall Street side a wide staircase led to the first floor Initially this was the main entrance to the Bankers Trust offices 44 The lobby contains a bronze gate with symbols of capitalist enterprises such as metallurgy shipping construction power agriculture manufacturing and mining 41 Allegorical paintings in the lobby depicted similar motifs 56 When the building was expanded from 1931 to 1933 the former banking room on the first floor was converted into an officers seating area and the floor level was raised to harmonize with the new extension The double height second story was divided into two stories and the third story was created 15 a The new addition with the address 16 Wall Street contained a T shaped banking room covering 10 000 square feet 930 m2 with a forest of squared off trunk like columns clad in Oregon myrtle 58 The new banking room s coved ceiling was 27 feet 8 2 m tall 35 58 Basements Edit The building has four basement levels two of which were occupied by Bankers Trust s safe deposit vault 36 Described by The Bankers Magazine as the strongest vault in the world the vault measured 28 by 32 feet 8 5 by 9 8 m across 59 The vault weighed 1 550 short tons 1 380 long tons 1 410 t and had 160 safe deposit boxes 22 the vault door alone weighed 40 short tons 36 long tons 36 t 22 59 The vault walls were 28 inches 710 mm thick with 24 inches 610 mm of concrete and 4 inches 100 mm of shock and drill proof steel 59 This would prevent both standard explosives and oxyacetylene cutters from penetrating the vault The columns and beams that reinforce the vault are so strong that a shock sufficient to disturb the vault would bring the building down in ruins upon it 60 Inside the vault was split into numerous aisles with combination locks each safe in the vault required two officers to open 61 When the building was completed the basement also had a mail carriers station where couriers could collect packages and deliver them to tenants 45 The third basement contained ventilation openings and fans while the fourth and deepest basement contained the power and steam plants 51 Upper stories Edit The remaining stories were rented to various tenants 62 The office stories contained floor surfaces made of concrete as well as walls of marble plaster and terracotta 44 As a fireproofing measure the doors window sash and trim were made of metal the trim was then finished to look like mahogany 39 44 Each story contained ornate bronze mailboxes that were connected to a set of mail chutes 45 A continuous 531 step staircase runs from the third floor to the 29th floor 38 When the building first opened entry to these floors was via an entrance on the western portion of the Wall Street facade where a passageway linked to the Hanover Bank Building to the north 44 During the 1931 1933 expansion a new entrance was built on Pine Street 15 The annex s lobby was designed in the Art Deco style 63 Each story in the annex is at the same height as in the original building allowing for continuous floor slabs across both structures 64 the expanded floor slabs cover about 23 000 square feet 2 100 m2 each 18 The upper stories of the annex have ceiling heights of 13 feet 4 0 m 18 A system of eleven elevators connected the lobby to the rental floors consisting of five express elevators five local elevators and one relief elevator 44 36 65 The express elevators ran nonstop from the lobby to the 16th story and above 54 The local elevators served the lower floors and the relief elevators served all floors 44 36 65 There was an additional elevator serving the 30th through 38th floors 36 65 d The elevator lobbies contained Botticino marble walls and travertine floors 45 As of 2023 update the building has 34 elevators 1 The present day 32nd floor the highest story beneath the roof e was supposed to have been an apartment which J P Morgan had an option to occupy He chose not to pursue the option due to antitrust proceedings ongoing against Bankers Trust at the time of the building s completion 8 34 and the space was instead converted to an observation deck 66 The space measured 70 by 70 feet 21 by 21 m and was illuminated by 36 windows 67 The New York Times reported at the building s 1912 opening that 250 000 had been spent on teakwood furniture priceless rugs luxurious baths and a private observation balcony though it was entirely devoid of furniture 68 The balcony was surrounded by an iron railing on three sides and was glassed in on the remaining side 69 Christopher Gray an architectural critic for the Times wrote in 2007 that there had been unsubstantiated rumors that Morgan used the apartment as a private getaway 34 The 32nd floor contained an upscale French restaurant called The 14 Wall Street from 1997 70 to 2006 71 Under the roof were 47 storage rooms 39 45 54 as well as records a sprinkler tank a water tank and elevator equipment 31 45 History EditContext and land acquisition Edit nbsp Gillender and Stevens buildings in red and the Bankers Trust Building that replaced them looking from the Nassau Street east elevationBankers Trust was founded in 1903 when a number of commercial banks needed a vehicle to enter the trusts and estates market 8 72 73 The company originally was located at Liberty and Washington Streets with eight staff working in two basement rooms 74 The Bankers Trust ultimately acquired space in the Gillender Building 75 76 having been induced to move there because of the proximity of the New York Stock Exchange 75 The company with J P Morgan on the board 75 grew rapidly and intended to land itself permanently in the vortex of America s financial life 77 During the latter part of the decade financial institutions such as the Bank of Montreal the Fourth National Bank and the Germania Life Insurance Company acquired properties on Wall and Nassau Streets 10 Bankers Trust started to negotiate the purchase of the Gillender Building in April 1909 11 The bank first obtained the adjacent seven story Stevens Building that July the trust leased the Stevens Building for 84 years at a cost of 1 5 million 10 f At the time the press reported that Bankers Trust would erect a 16 story office building wrapping around the Gillender Building 10 George B Post hired as a professional advisor proposed the new building as an L shaped structure 32 In November Bankers Trust finalized an agreement to buy the Gillender Building from Helen Gillender 11 The next month the Manhattan Trust Company acquired the Gillender Building for 1 5 million equivalent to 48 856 000 in 2022 then a record amount for land in New York City 11 78 Manhattan Trust then resold the Gillender Building to Bankers Trust 8 76 for 1 25 million equivalent to 40 713 000 in 2022 12 although Manhattan Trust retained long term lease rights for the ground floor as well as various other spaces According to The New York Times Manhattan Trust and Bankers Trust had colluded to acquire the Gillender Building 76 During this time Bankers Trust acquired a majority share in the Guaranty Trust Company the same people served on both companies boards of directors 8 79 although Guaranty Trust built a new headquarters for itself rather than move to 14 Wall Street 80 Bankers Trust and the Mercantile Trust Company also merged 8 81 but because Mercantile Trust s headquarters burned in a January 1912 fire this affected planning for the new building 8 Bankers Trust absorbed Manhattan Trust in February 1912 both companies had been owned by Morgan and the proximity of the companies spaces was cited as a reason for the merger 82 83 Construction and early use Edit To maximize land utilization Bankers Trust desired to build a structure taller than either the Gillender or Stevens buildings 14 32 To obtain the very best results for the design in 1909 Bankers Trust requested plans from four architects and architecture firms Carrere and Hastings Francis H Kimball Trowbridge and Livingston and Warren and Wetmore 32 84 Ultimately Trowbridge and Livingston s bid was accepted 32 73 The firm submitted plans for 14 Wall Street to the New York City Department of Buildings on April 20 1910 85 Initial building Edit nbsp Seen circa 1919The first stage of construction commenced in April 1910 with the demolition of the Gillender Building 12 which The New York Times claimed to be the first skyscraper that was demolished to make way for a taller skyscraper 13 Demolition of the Stevens Building started the same month 12 and both buildings had been demolished by June 1910 49 86 After the site had been cleared foundation work was started 49 73 Foundational work was stymied due to the quicksand in the ground as well as the presence of redundant supports underneath the Gillender Building s site and the proximity of other buildings 28 Steel superstructure construction commenced after foundational work was completed in November 1910 37 and the steel had reached the ground level by December 20 1910 45 Facade work commenced in February 1911 36 with contractor Marc Eidlitz amp Son erecting the facade at a rate of three and a half stories per week 37 The building topped out on June 14 1911 45 The stonework was completed by September 15 1911 except for the pyramid for which there had been a minor change in design 36 The basements and the three lower floors were to contain the headquarters of Bankers Trust although its main operations would be housed elsewhere in less expensive offices 53 Most of the upper floors were slated to be rented to other companies 62 87 By May 1911 The Wall Street Journal reported that a large amount of office space had already been rented in the building Asking rates for rental space was 4 per square foot 43 m2 equivalent to 126 per square foot 1 360 m2 in 2022 this rate was higher than in other buildings in the area due to 14 Wall Street s proximity to the New York Stock Exchange 88 That November The Wall Street Journal reported that the building was 65 rented 89 In April 1912 a month before the building s opening a parachutist jumped from the 32nd floor of 14 Wall Street e landing on the roof of 26 Wall Street 90 14 Wall Street officially opened on May 1 1912 22 and Bankers Trust began moving into its offices on May 20 91 Upon opening the building was 85 rented 87 91 J P Morgan amp Co had originally planned to move into 14 Wall Street with Morgan occupying the 32nd story apartment e but these plans were canceled shortly after the building opened 68 After Bankers Trust was investigated by the U S Congress s Pujo Committee for monopolistic practices J P Morgan amp Co built another structure to the southeast at 23 Wall Street 8 34 By 1917 Bankers Trust had become a full service bank and one of the country s wealthiest financial institutions 62 Bankers Trust having rented out the upper floors found their existing space to be inadequate by the 1920s with more than four times as many staff as in 1912 As a result the company took up space in the Astor and Hanover Bank buildings 84 Annex Edit Bankers Trust began land acquisition in 1919 acquiring the Astor Building that June 92 and the building at 7 Pine Street two months later 17 20 The Hanover Bank Building was not acquired until September 1929 By that time Bankers Trust owned the eastern half of the block bounded by Broadway and Wall Pine and Nassau Streets 16 18 Architect Richmond Shreve described the situation as falling short of a true expression of the company s position 93 94 Shreve s firm Shreve Lamb amp Harmon had created plans for an annex to the building by January 1931 95 96 The firm filed plans for the 5 5 million edifice with the New York City Department of Buildings later the same month 97 98 The Thompson Starrett Company was hired as the general contractor for the annex 64 Staff at 14 Wall Street were moved to a temporary location when work began in May 1931 99 100 and the Hanover Bank Astor and 7 Pine Street buildings were being razed by the next month 64 101 102 Workers used dynamite to clear the site of the annex This damaged two nearby buildings near the intersection of Wall Street and Broadway including the headquarters of the First National Bank of New York now Citibank which was demolished in late 1931 103 First National Bank sued Bankers Trust and the project s contractors for 881 500 in April 1932 alleging that the excavations had damaged its adjoining building at Broadway and Wall Street 104 105 The case lasted for two years and First National Bank was awarded 237 500 in damages in January 1934 about a quarter of what it had sued for 106 107 In addition Bankers Trust was released from all liability for any damage caused during construction 108 109 Meanwhile in November 1931 contractors began working in two five hour shifts per day instead of one eight hour shift doubling the number of jobs as well as increasing daily productivity 110 The 25 story annex was completed in 1932 and the staff moved back into 14 Wall Street 99 The bank hired brokers Brown Wheelock Harris amp Co that October to lease out its former space in the original structure 111 The old building s main entrances were relocated and its third story was also added 15 these renovations were completed in March 1933 99 The project tripled 14 Wall Street s rentable area 112 84 Bankers Trust officially opened the annex on April 10 1933 moving into seven stories of the annex 100 113 114 Later use Edit Bankers Trust occupancy Edit The Bankers Trust Company had assets of 1 billion by 1935 15 As a sign of the company s financial stability in 1943 Bankers Trust bought the land under 14 Wall Street from the Sampson family whose Stevens Building had been demolished to make way for the original tower 115 The building was outfitted with a modern air conditioning system in 1955 116 During this era the bank continued to grow through mergers 15 The bank s second headquarters in Midtown Manhattan at 280 Park Avenue opened in 1962 117 though Bankers Trust retained occupancy at 14 Wall Street 15 The facade of 14 Wall Street was cleaned during the mid 1960s 118 When One Bankers Trust Plaza was completed in 1974 more employees were relocated out of 14 Wall Street and four other locations 119 Afterward the eighth through 23rd floors of the Bankers Trust Building were vacant representing 350 000 square feet 33 000 m2 though these floors were gradually rented to other tenants 120 Bankers Trust retained ownership of 14 Wall Street until 1987 when the building was sold to 14 Wall Street Associates who subsequently sold the building to 14 Wall Street Realty in 1991 and to General Electric Investment in 1992 15 After buying 14 Wall Street General Electric Investment started to renovate the building for 7 million 121 Though Bankers Trust retained a lease through the building until 2004 with an option to cancel in 1995 the company vacated the space earlier in 1992 Manufacturers Hanover and the Chemical Bank then occupied the space that Bankers Trust had formerly used 122 Subsequent occupancy Edit nbsp Lower portion of the facadeBoston Properties agreed to buy 14 Wall Street for 320 million in August 1997 123 and the 32nd floor was converted into an upscale French restaurant called The 14 Wall Street that November 70 124 The tenant of the annex s banking room Chase Bank donated the space to the Skyscraper Museum for one year starting in 1998 During this time the museum held an exhibition on the Empire State Building within the space 58 An investment group led by Laurence Gluck and Arthur Wrubel bought 14 Wall Street from General Electric Investment in 1999 125 The former banking room became an Equinox Fitness location in December 2000 The Rockwell Group designed an 11 000 square foot 1 000 m2 mezzanine for the room 57 Gluck had sole ownership of 14 Wall Street by 2004 and Leviev Boymelgreen bought the building from Gluck the next year for 215 million 126 Initially the new owners wanted to convert the entire building from offices into luxury condominiums but in 2006 dropped the plan for residential conversion 127 Instead Leviev Boymelgreen ultimately converted the lower stories to condos 34 The 14 Wall Street restaurant also closed in early 2006 71 128 Early the following year Leviev Boymelgreen agreed to sell the property to Cushman amp Wakefield for 325 million 34 129 Ultimately 14 Wall Street was purchased by the Carlyle Group and Capstone Equities who planned to renovate the building for 50 million including 5 million for the restoration of the lobby 130 Carlyle and Capstone sold majority control of the building in 2012 to Alexander Rovt a Ukrainian fertilizer tycoon for 303 million in cash 131 132 Rovt paid off the building s outstanding debt as part of the deal At the time of the purchase the building had 300 000 square feet 28 000 m2 of vacant space and three potential tenants were in discussion to lease about two thirds of the vacant space 131 Rovt began renovating the building and increased its occupancy rate from 70 to 95 percent by 2014 mostly by leasing space for ten years to tenants such as office space operator Regus 132 After 60 million of renovations the building was 90 leased by early 2016 133 134 Cushman amp Wakefield handled leasing for 14 Wall Street until it was replaced by the CBRE Group in 2017 135 Tenants EditAflac 136 Amerigroup 137 Equinox Fitness 138 FDM Group 139 NYU Langone Medical Center 140 Posse Foundation 141 IWG 142 TheStreet com 143 Impact EditAt the time of its completion 14 Wall Street was the world s tallest bank building and the city s third or fourth tallest skyscraper 14 14 Wall Street and the nearby Singer Tower as viewed from Manhattan s waterfront resembled the posts of the gigantic Gateway of New York 14 65 Cassier s Magazine wrote that the building presents a beautiful and impressive appearance free from ornate decoration though the magazine misattributed the building as being influenced by Egyptian pyramids 31 The building was perceived by several observers as a symbol of the future 24 During the early 20th century Bankers Trust used imagery of 14 Wall Street in its advertising to depict it as a tower of strength 41 84 144 the bank used the icon and slogan until the 1980s 56 Charles Phelps Cushing wrote in 1929 that the building s stepped pyramidal roof was the meeting place for the midnight frolics of modern jazz sprites 145 The iconography persisted even after the annex was constructed 146 14 Wall Street s likeness became synonymous with capitalism and Wall Street having been shown in Berenice Abbott s photos as well as the 1921 documentary film Manhatta 84 and Bankers Trust sent a miniature model of the building to the Panama Pacific International Exposition in 1915 45 147 Christopher Gray said that the massive height of 14 Wall Street posed a sharp contrast to the one story 23 Wall Street diagonally across Wall and Broad Streets though both were designed by Trowbridge amp Livingston and occupied by J P Morgan 34 14 Wall Street s pyramidal roof inspired the design of several other buildings Its completion was described as the beginning of a vogue for the use of a temple or mausoleum at the top of skyscrapers utilizing enhanced details or a full depiction of a temple 33 84 Architecture magazine projected that such a roof will be used a great many times more 34 38 Several roofs in Lower Manhattan were influenced by 14 Wall Street s design including those of 26 Broadway 148 40 Wall Street 149 60 Wall Street 41 84 56 the annex of 195 Broadway and the Jewish Museum annex 56 14 Wall Street s architecture also provided inspiration for buildings in other cities such as the Union Central Life Insurance Company Building in Cincinnati 56 the Metropolitan Tower in Chicago 84 and the Foshay Tower in Minneapolis 84 56 The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 14 Wall Street as an official city landmark in January 1997 3 150 In 2007 the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District 151 a National Register of Historic Places district 4 See also Edit nbsp Architecture portal nbsp New York City portalList of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th StreetReferences EditNotes Edit a b c The second story was initially outfitted with a double height ceiling The original third floor is now the fourth story the current third story was created in 1933 during the building s expansion 15 In this article the third story refers to the upper level created when the second story was divided into lower and upper portions a b Emporis claims that this building has 29 stories beneath its roof 2 but contemporary sources cite this building as having 32 stories 21 12 Several other sources cite the building as having 41 stories in total although these sources do not specify the floor count of the roof or the main tower 22 23 Further complicating the issue the current third story was created when the building was renovated in 1931 1933 prior to this 14 Wall Street was considered to have 31 stories 15 The New York Times reported that the two buildings occupied a site measuring 94 feet 29 m on Wall Street and 102 feet 31 m on Nassau Street 13 The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission states that the site measures 97 feet 30 m on Wall Street and 94 feet 29 m on Nassau Street 14 Contemporary sources published in 1911 1912 refer to this as the 29th through 37th floors since the current third floor had not been built yet 36 65 a b c Sources refer to this as the 31st floor since the current third floor had not been built at the time of the building s completion 8 34 The company preferred leasing over outright purchase due to the high price of land on Wall Street 77 Citations Edit a b 14 Wall Street 14 WALL ST Retrieved September 8 2023 a b c 14 Wall Emporis Archived from the original on May 2 2019 Retrieved April 23 2020 a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 1 a b c National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists PDF National Park Service 2007 p 65 Archived PDF from the original on December 28 2019 Retrieved July 20 2020 a b NYCityMap NYC gov New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications Archived from the original on May 24 2015 Retrieved March 20 2020 a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 pp 5 6 14 Wall Street 10005 New York City Department of City Planning Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved September 8 2020 a b c d e f g h i Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 2 MTA Neighborhood Maps Lower Manhattan PDF Metropolitan Transportation Authority 2015 Retrieved October 1 2018 a b c d New Office Building for Wall Street Sixteen Story Structure Costing 1 500 000 to Go Up on the Stevens Site The New York Times July 9 1909 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 23 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 a b c d 822 a Square Foot Record Land Price Sale of Northwest Corner of Wall and Nassau Streets Passes Old 700 Mark The New York Times December 16 1909 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 a b c d e f g New Bankers Trust Company Tower Sets Building and Realty Records The New York Times April 10 1910 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 a b Skyscraper Going Higher One Coming Razing 20 Story Gillender Building to Make Room for 32 Story Bankers Trust Home The New York Times April 30 1910 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved April 21 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 3 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 5 a b c Pine St Site Sold to Bankers Trust Central Hanover Disposes of 21 Story Building at Nassau Street Corner The New York Times September 11 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 23 2018 Retrieved April 24 2020 a b Buys Plot in Pine Street Bankers Trust Co Ready for an Extension of Its Building The New York Times August 6 1919 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 a b c d e Bankers Trust Buys Hanover Bank Building 21 Story Structure at Pine and Nassau Streets Is Already Taken Over Price Kept Confidential Company s Statement Shows 510 Million in Deposits New York Herald Tribune September 11 1929 p 2 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1111736279 Hanover National Bank Moving The New York Times January 17 1903 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 16 2020 Retrieved September 7 2020 a b Bankers Trust Co Buys Ten Story Pine Street Building New York Tribune August 6 1919 p 17 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved March 24 2020 via newspapers com a b c d The Third Tallest Tower PDF The Real Estate Record Real Estate Record and Builders Guide Vol 85 no 2197 April 23 1910 p 864 Archived PDF from the original on May 23 2020 Retrieved April 25 2020 via columbia edu a b c d e Financial The New Building of the Bankers Trust Company The Independent Devoted to the Consideration of Politics Social and Economic Tendencies History Literature and the Arts Vol 72 no 3309 May 2 1912 p 974 ProQuest 90514112 Abramson 2001 p 38 a b c d e f g Landau amp Condit 1996 p 380 Abramson 2001 p 13 a b c Macaulay Lewis 2021 p 74 Abramson 2001 p 40 a b c Landau amp Condit 1996 p 379 The Bankers Trust Company Building New York Architect Vol 6 May 1912 p 245 cited in Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 3 a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 6 a b c d e Macaulay Lewis 2021 p 76 a b c d e The Bankers Magazine 1912 p 45 a b Lehman Arnold L 1974 The New York Skyscraper A History of Its Development 1870 1939 Yale University p 115 a b c d e f g h i j k Gray Christopher January 21 2007 Bankers Trust The Building Known for Its Ziggurat Top The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 8 2019 Retrieved April 22 2020 a b c d e f Robins Anthony W 2017 New York Art Deco A Guide to Gotham s Jazz Age Architecture Excelsior Editions State University of New York Press p 19 ISBN 978 1 4384 6396 4 OCLC 953576510 a b c d e f g h i j New Bankers Trust Building Unique Addition to Skyline The New York Times December 3 1911 p 52 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved April 24 2020 via newspapers com a b c d e The Bankers Magazine 1912 p 47 a b c d e f g Architecture 1912 p 70 a b c d e f g h Springer 1912 p 81 a b c Springer 1912 p 79 a b c d e f g Nash Eric 2005 Manhattan Skyscrapers New York Princeton Architectural Press p 15 ISBN 978 1 56898 652 4 OCLC 407907000 a b Stichweh Dirk 2016 New York Skyscrapers Prestel Publishing p 18 ISBN 978 3 7913 8226 5 OCLC 923852487 a b c d e f g h i j k Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 7 a b c d e f g h i j The Bankers Magazine 1912 p 48 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Model Bank Building Seen at Exposition Reproduction of New Bankers Trust Company Structure New York Made a Feature at Panama Pacific Fair The Christian Science Monitor March 25 1915 p 8 ProQuest 509343224 Shreve 1933 p 132 Abramson 2001 p 115 a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 8 a b c d The Bankers Magazine 1912 p 46 a b Springer 1912 pp 79 80 a b Springer 1912 p 80 a b Springer 1912 pp 80 81 a b Willis Carol 1995 Form Follows Finance Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago Princeton Architectural Press p 150 ISBN 978 1 56898 044 7 a b c d e f g h Bankers Trust s Home Safety and Elegance the Characteristics of Its Offices New York Tribune May 16 1912 p 11 ProQuest 574918662 a b The Bankers Magazine 1912 pp 49 50 a b c d e f g Macaulay Lewis 2021 p 77 a b Dunlap David W January 31 2001 Commercial Real Estate Seeking New Uses for Mighty Banking Chambers of the Past The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 18 2022 Retrieved May 6 2021 a b c Postings Skyscraper Museum s New Exhibit at 16 Wall Street Building the Empire State The New York Times September 27 1998 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 31 2018 Retrieved April 24 2020 a b c The Bankers Magazine 1912 p 55 The Bankers Magazine 1912 p 57 The Bankers Magazine 1912 p 58 a b c New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Dolkart Andrew S Postal Matthew A 2009 Postal Matthew A ed Guide to New York City Landmarks 4th ed New York John Wiley amp Sons p 14 ISBN 978 0 470 28963 1 Abramson 2001 p 144 a b c Bankers Trust Company Will Keep Pyramid Distinctive Top of Wall Street Structure Is to Crown Enlarged Building Pyramid Dominates New York Herald Tribune June 19 1931 p 41 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1114260195 a b c d e Architecture 1912 p 71 5 000 Men Dig Subways New York Tribune April 28 1912 p 16 ProQuest 574907916 Sky Parlor for Financier Morgan s Private Office in New York Tops Bankers Trust Building at Corner of Wall and Nassau Sts and Ils 445 Feet Above Sidewalk money Kings Often Assemble in Luxurious Suite Boston Daily Globe November 24 1912 p 55 ProQuest 502123399 a b No Morgan Bower Atop Bankers Trust The 250 000 Wonderland Where He Was to Rest Is Really Empty and For Rent The New York Times May 16 1912 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 23 2020 Morgan to Have Rooms on Thirty first Floor Leases Quarters in New Bankers Trust Building The Hartford Courant November 28 1911 p 1 ISSN 1047 4153 ProQuest 555849148 a b Denitto Emily December 8 1997 Corporate revelers crave new tastes Crain s New York Business Vol 13 no 49 p 4 ProQuest 219167224 a b 14 Wall St Restaurant Closed AOL Cityguide Archived from the original on August 30 2008 Retrieved January 1 2009 Bankers Trust Company New Concern to be Capitalized at 1 000 000 E C Converse to be President The New York Times January 31 1903 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 a b c Landau amp Condit 1996 p 377 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 9 a b c Ward amp Zunz 1992 p 146 a b c Gillender Building Resold The New York Times January 2 1910 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 a b Ward amp Zunz 1992 p 147 Record Price for Manhattan Land PDF The Real Estate Record Real Estate Record and Builders Guide Vol 84 no 2179 December 18 1909 p 1128 Archived PDF from the original on August 20 2020 Retrieved April 25 2020 via columbia edu Chernow R 2010 The House of Morgan An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance Grove Atlantic pp 153 154 ISBN 978 0 8021 9813 6 Archived from the original on December 29 2019 Retrieved April 22 2020 To Erect New Building Architects Prepare Plans for Guaranty Trust Company Quietus on Merger Talk Director Intimates Combination With Bankers Trust Company is Not Considered New York Tribune May 5 1911 p 13 ProQuest 574766862 Equitable Life Sold Mercantile Stock The New York Times June 17 1911 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 Bankers Absorbs Manhattan The New York Times February 21 1912 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 Trust Co s to Merge with 10 000 000 Stock New York Tribune February 21 1912 p 14 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved March 24 2020 via newspapers com a b c d e f g h i Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 4 New 39 Story Building New York Tribune April 20 1910 p 1 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved March 24 2020 via newspapers com Gillender Building Down PDF The New York Times June 17 1910 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived PDF from the original on May 23 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 a b Tenants Now Moving Into the New Bankers Trust Building The Wall Street Journal April 20 1912 p 8 ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved April 24 2020 via newspapers com Bankers Trust Building The Wall Street Journal May 8 1911 p 3 ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved April 24 2020 via newspapers com New Bankers Trust Building Already More Than 65 Rented The Wall Street Journal November 20 1911 p 6 ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved April 24 2020 via newspapers com Wall Street Sees a 500 Foot Leap F R Law Jumps with His Parachute from 31st Floor of the Bankers Trust Building The New York Times April 9 1912 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 a b Bankers Trust Moved Opens for Business in Its New Home To morrow The New York Times May 19 1912 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 23 2020 Retrieved April 22 2020 Three Well Known Properties Transferred New York Tribune June 4 1919 p 21 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved March 24 2020 via newspapers com Shreve 1933 p 127 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 pp 4 5 Bank Expected to Build Bankers Trust Contemplates Im proving Wall Street Block The New York Times January 16 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved March 27 2023 New Building May Be Erected Surrounding Wall St Corner New York Herald Tribune January 16 1931 p 34 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1114043343 5 500 000 Addition Planned For Bankers Trust Building The New York Times January 23 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 13 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Bankers Trust Plans 5 500 000 Addition New York Herald Tribune January 23 1931 p 34 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1114045087 a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1997 p 10 a b Bankers Trust Co Opens New Quarters Brooklyn Times Union April 10 1933 p 11 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved April 24 2020 via newspapers com New Bank Building Ready in 2 Years Brooklyn Daily Eagle June 19 1931 p 25 Archived from the original on April 4 2022 Retrieved April 24 2020 via Brooklyn Public Library newspapers com Raze Three Buildings of the Bankers Trust Wreckers of Work to Make Way for New Structure to Connect With Present Home The New York Times June 19 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Angly Edward October 12 1931 Moving Day Puts First National In Marble Halls Ancient Roll Top Desks Stools Carpets and Dusty Strong Boxes Get Airing At 52 Wall St Tomorrow Bank Quits Street Landmark on Day s Notice as Unsafe Noted Old Bank Building Deserted as Unsafe New York Herald Tribune p 3 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1114216712 Bank Sues for 881 500 Over Wall St Excavations New York Herald Tribune April 12 1932 p 11 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1221630753 Bank Asks 881 500 in Building Damage First National Sues Bankers Trust Charging Excavation Made Structure Unsafe The New York Times April 12 1932 p 37 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 99683610 Gets 237 500 Verdict First National Bank Sued Bankers Trust Over Damage to Building The New York Times January 31 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Jury Awards 237 500 As Excavation Damages New York Herald Tribune January 31 1934 p 12 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1222206223 Bankers Trust Wins Relieved of Liability in Suit for Construction Damage The New York Times April 19 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Plethora of Judgments Filed in Bank Annex Suit New York Herald Tribune June 2 1934 p 23 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1243469693 Workers Get 5 Hour Day New Shift Doubles Jobs on Bankers Trust Company Annex The New York Times November 25 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 10 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Start Made to Get Tenants For Bankers Trust Bldg New York Herald Tribune October 21 1932 p 34 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1114822700 Introduction and History of the Bankers Trust The Skyscraper Museum s Virtual Archive Archived from the original on January 13 2009 Retrieved December 31 2008 Bankers Trust to Open New Building Today Occupies 7 of Wall St Structure s 25 Floors The New York Times April 10 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Bankers Trust Opens New Quarters Today New York Herald Tribune April 10 1933 p 19 ISSN 1941 0646 ProQuest 1221796906 Bankers Trust Co Buys Wall St Plot Its 30 Story Building Is on Site Acquired From Sampson Estate The New York Times November 9 1943 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Climate Control for 16 Wall St Main Office Building of Bankers Trust to Get Air Conditioning The New York Times April 10 1955 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Freeman William M December 2 1962 Bankers Trust Gets New Look Dreyfuss Designer Termed Man Behind the Scenes The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 15 2018 Retrieved April 24 2020 Vartan Vartanig G August 17 1965 Wall Street Is Reshaping Its Skyline in Press for Space The New York Times p 43 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 116966460 Tomasson Robert E August 5 1973 After Fatal Fires New Code Starts To Bring Changes The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 25 2020 Oser Alan S February 2 1977 About Real Estate The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 3 2020 Retrieved April 25 2020 Deutsch Claudia H May 23 1993 Commercial Property Bankruptcy and its Shadows When Leases Get Mired in Finance The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 26 2015 Retrieved April 25 2020 Deutsch Claudia H January 3 1993 Commercial Property Big Deals of 1992 For Most Brokers Creativity and Chutzpah Count The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 18 2018 Retrieved April 25 2020 Bankers Trust to Sell Site The New York Times August 7 1997 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 29 2017 Retrieved April 24 2020 Fabricant Florence October 29 1997 Off the Menu The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 29 2017 Retrieved April 24 2020 Metro Business Former Bank Tower Sold for 100 Million The New York Times April 8 1999 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 17 2017 Retrieved April 25 2020 Geiger Daniel April 27 2005 Boymelgreen buys 14 Wall for 215m Real Estate Weekly Archived from the original on August 20 2020 Retrieved April 25 2020 via The Free Library Cuozzo Steve March 28 2006 J P Morgan Dined Here New York Post Archived from the original on August 20 2020 Retrieved April 25 2020 Cuozzo Steve April 5 2006 Downtown amp Out Closing of 14 Wall Another Blow to Lower City Scene New York Post Archived from the original on August 20 2020 Retrieved April 24 2020 Weiss Lois January 22 2007 Cushman in 325M deal for 14 Wall St New York Post Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved May 11 2020 Tarquinio J Alex January 2 2008 Big Makeovers for Office Buildings Outside of Midtown The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 21 2018 Retrieved April 25 2020 a b Satow Julie April 10 2012 Fertilizer Billionaire Buys Buildings His Way in Cash The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 26 2019 Retrieved April 22 2020 a b Putzier Konrad February 5 2014 Gold plated Alex Rovt happy to spend 200M in cash Real Estate Weekly Retrieved March 27 2023 Rose 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History With A Grand Opening At 14 Wall St Press release Newswire Archived from the original on June 26 2019 Retrieved June 26 2019 La Guerre Liam December 18 2017 NYU Langone Health Renews 74K SF in FiDi Commercial Observer Archived from the original on June 26 2019 Retrieved June 26 2019 Mashayekhi Rey August 30 2018 Nonprofit Expands to 36K SF at Rovt s 14 Wall Street Commercial Observer Archived from the original on June 26 2019 Retrieved June 26 2019 Barbarino Al November 18 2013 Regus Renews at 14 Wall Amid Downtown Rebirth Commercial Observer Archived from the original on June 26 2019 Retrieved June 26 2019 TheStreet Inc www bloomberg com Retrieved April 25 2020 Banking Publicity The Bankers Magazine Vol 102 1921 p 584 Archived from the original on September 16 2020 Retrieved April 25 2020 Abramson 2001 p 172 Willis Carol January 16 1910 The Skyscraper Museum The Rise of Wall Street Walkthrough The Skyscraper Museum Archived from the original on November 27 2020 Retrieved April 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