D, or d, is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is dee (pronounced /ˈdiː/), plural dees.[1]
| D | |
|---|---|
| D d | |
| (See below) | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage | |
| Unicode codepoint | U+0044, U+0064 |
| Alphabetical position | 4 Numerical value: 4 |
| History | |
| Development | |
| Time period | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants | |
| Sisters | |
| Variations | (See below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | d(x) |
| Associated numbers | 4 |
| This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
History
The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door.[2] There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek[3] and Latin,[4] the letter represented /d/; in the Etruscan alphabet[5] the letter was archaic, but still retained (see letter B). The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, Δ.[3]
Architecture
The minuscule (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left bowl and a stem ascender. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the majuscule (capital) form 'D', and today now composed as a stem with a full lobe to the right. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a serif at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.[6]
Use in writing systems
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, and in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨d⟩ generally represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive /d/. However, in the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the sound /z/ in northern dialects or /j/ in southern dialects. (See D with stroke and Dz (digraph).) In Fijian it represents a prenasalized stop /nd/.[7] In some languages where voiceless unaspirated stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, ⟨d⟩ represents an unaspirated /t/, while ⟨t⟩ represents an aspirated /tʰ/. Examples of such languages include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo and the Pinyin transliteration of Mandarin.
Other uses
- The Roman numeral D represents the number 500.[8]
- D is the grade below C but above E in the school grading system.
- D is the International vehicle registration code for Germany (see also .de).
- In Cantonese: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in the early computer system, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent 啲 (lit. a little).
- In the Gregory-Aland system for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the Western text-type tradition, either Codex Bezae or Codex Claromontanus.
- d. is the standard abbreviation for the Penny (British pre-decimal coin) (from Latin: denarius)
Related characters
- Ɖ ɖ : African D
- Ð ð : Latin letter Eth
- D with diacritics: Đ đ Ꟈ ꟈ[9] Ɗ ɗ Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ Ḑ ḑ Ḓ ḓ Ď ď Ḏ ḏ
- Phonetic symbols related to D:
- Ƌ ƌ : D with topbar
- 𝼥 : D with mid-height left hook - Used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.[15]
- Ꝺ ꝺ : Insular D is used in various phonetic contexts[16]
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤃 : Semitic letter Dalet, from which the following symbols originally derive
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- ₫ : Đồng sign
- ∂ : the partial derivative symbol,
Code points
These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems
| Preview | D | d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D | LATIN SMALL LETTER D | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 68 | U+0044 | 100 | U+0064 |
| UTF-8 | 68 | 44 | 100 | 64 |
| Numeric character reference | D | D | d | d |
| EBCDIC family | 196 | C4 | 132 | 84 |
| ASCII 1 | 68 | 44 | 100 | 64 |
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
| NATO phonetic | Morse code |
| Delta | ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ |
In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand.
Use as a number
In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in decimal (base 10) counting.[17] In the binary (base 2) numbering system, D is denoted by 1101.[18]
References
- ^ "D" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "dee", op. cit.
- ^ . issuu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ a b "Definition of DELTA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- ^ "Latin Alphabet" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-26.
- ^ Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions
- ^ "Introduction to Old English". lrc.la.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- ^ Lynch, John (1998). Pacific languages: an introduction. University of Hawaii Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-8248-1898-9.
- ^ Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
roman numerals.
- ^ Everson, Michael; Lilley, Chris (2019-05-26). "L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-13.
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-30.
- ^ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-09-20). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- ^ a b Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- ^ Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (2021-07-16). "L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-07.
- ^ Everson, Michael (2006-08-06). "L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- ^ "Hexadecimal Number System | There are Many Ways to Write Numbers". u.osu.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- ^ "DECIMAL, BINARY, AND HEXIDECIMAL" (PDF). courses.cs.washington.edu. p. 13. (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-09. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
External links
- The dictionary definition of D at Wiktionary
- The dictionary definition of d at Wiktionary