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Western text-type

December 12, 2023

In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac Peshitta translations from the Greek, and also in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd-century Christian writers, including Cyprian, Tertullian and Irenaeus. The Western text had many characteristic features, which appeared in text of the Gospels, Book of Acts, and in Pauline epistles. The Catholic epistles and the Book of Revelation probably did not have a Western form of text. It was named "Western" by Semmler (1725–1791), having originated in early centers of Christianity in the Western Roman Empire.

Description edit

The main characteristic of the Western text is a love of paraphrase: "Words and even clauses are changed, omitted, and inserted with surprising freedom, wherever it seemed that the meaning could be brought out with greater force and definiteness."[1] One possible source of glossing is the desire to harmonise and to complete: "More peculiar to the Western text is the readiness to adopt alterations or additions from sources extraneous to the books which ultimately became canonical."[1] This text type often presents longer variants of text, but in a few places, including the end of the Gospel of Luke, it has shorter variants, named Western non-interpolations.

Only one Greek Uncial manuscript is considered to transmit a Western text for the four Gospels and the Book of Acts, the fifth century Codex Bezae; the sixth century Codex Claromontanus is considered to transmit a Western text for the letters of Saint Paul and is followed by two ninth century Uncials: F and G. Many "Western" readings are also found in the Old Syriac translations of the Gospels, the Sinaitic and the Curetonian, though opinions vary as to whether these versions can be considered witnesses to the Western text-type. A number of fragmentary early papyri from Egypt also have Western readings, 𝔓29, 𝔓38, 𝔓48; and in addition, Codex Sinaiticus is considered to be Western in the first eight chapters of John. The term "Western" is a bit of a misnomer because members of the Western text-type have been found in the Christian East, including Syria.[2]

Witnesses edit

Sign Name Date Content
𝔓37 Papyrus 37 ca. 300 fragment of Matt 26
𝔓38 Papyrus Michigan c. 300 fragment of Acts
𝔓48 Papyrus 48 3rd fragment of Acts 23
𝔓69 Oxyrhynchus XXIV 3rd fragment of Luke 22
0171 Uncial 0171, ε 07 4th fragments Matt and Luke
(01) ﬡ {Codex Sinaiticus} 4th John 1:1–8:38
Dea (05) Codex Bezae c. 400 Gospels and Acts
W (032) Codex Washingtonianus 5th Mark 1:1–5:30
Dp (06) Codex Claromontanus 6th Pauline Epistles
Fp (010) Codex Augiensis 9th Pauline Epistles
Gp (012) Codex Boernerianus 9th Pauline Epistles

Other manuscripts: 𝔓25, 𝔓29 (?), 𝔓41, 066, 0177, 36, 88, 181 (Pauline epistles), 255, 257, 338, 383 (Acts), 440 (Acts), 614 (Acts), 913, 915, 917, 1108, 1245, 1518, 1611, 1836, 1874, 1898, 1912, 2138, 2298, 2412 (Acts).[3]

Compared to the Byzantine text-type distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely to be abrupt in their Greek expression. Compared to the Alexandrian text-type distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely to display glosses, additional details, and instances where the original passages appear to be replaced with longer paraphrases. In distinction from both Alexandrian and Byzantine texts, the Western text-type consistently omits a series of eight short phrases from verses in the Gospel of Luke; the so-called Western non-interpolations. In at least two Western texts, the Gospels appear in a variant order: Matthew, John, Luke, Mark. The Western text of the Epistles of Paul - as witnessed in the Codex Claromontanus and uncials F and G - does not share the periphrastic tendencies of the Western text in the Gospels and Acts, and it is not clear whether they should be considered to share a single text-type.

Although the Western text-type survives in relatively few witnesses, some of these are as early as the earliest witnesses to the Alexandrian text type. Nevertheless, the majority[citation needed] of text critics consider the Western text in the Gospels to be characterised by periphrasis and expansion; and accordingly tend to prefer the Alexandrian readings. In the letters of St Paul, the counterpart Western text is more restrained, and some text critics regard it as the most reliable witness to the original. Nonetheless, the 'Western' Pauline materials do exhibit distinctive redactional biases, with a number of distinctive variants which collectively tend to diminish the status of the women in the congregations addressed by Paul. [4]

Textual variants edit

Mark 13:2

  • και μετα τριων ημερων αλλος αναστησεται ανευ χειρων — D W it

Mark 13:33

  • omitted phrase και προσευχεσυε ('and pray') by codices B, D, a, c, k

Mark 15:34 (see Ps 22:2)

  • ὠνείδισάς με ('insult me') — D, itc, (i), k, syrh
  • ἐγκατέλιπές με ('forsaken me') — Alexandrian mss
  • με ἐγκατέλιπες (see Mt 27:46) — Byzantine mss

John 1:4

  • ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἐστίν ('in him is life') — Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Bezae and majority of Vetus Latina manuscripts and Sahidic manuscripts.
  • ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ᾓν ('in him was life') — this variant is supported by mss of the Alexandrian, Byzantine and Caesarean texts

John 1:30:

John 1:34

  • ὁ ἐκλεκτός — p5, Sinaiticus, itb,e,ff2, syrc,s
  • ὁ ἐκλεκτός ὑιος — ita, ff2c, syrpalmss, copsa
  • ὁ ὑιος — mss of the Alexandrian, Byzantine and Caesarean texts

John 3:15

John 7:8

Romans 12:11

1 Corinthians 7:5

  • τη προσευχη ('prayer') – 𝔓11, 𝔓46, א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, 6, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth
  • τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη ('fasting and prayer') – אc, K, L, 88, 326, 436, 614, 1241, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syrp,h, goth
  • τη προσευχη και νηστεια ('prayer and fasting') – 330, 451, John of Damascus

1 Corinthians 14:34-35

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Brooke Foss Westcott, Fenton John Anthony Hort. The New Testament In The Original Greek, 1925. p. 550
  2. ^ J. N. Birdsall, Collected Papers in Greek And Georgian Textual Criticism, University of Birmingham Press, 2001, pp. 29-43.
  3. ^ David Alan Black, New Testament Textual Criticism, Baker Books, 2006, p. 65.
  4. ^ Wilson, Joseph AP (2022). "Recasting Paul as a Chauvinist within the Western Text-Type Manuscript Tradition: Implications for the Authorship Debate on 1 Corinthians 14.34-35". Religions. 13 (5): 432. doi:10.3390/rel13050432.
  5. ^ UBS3, p. 564.

Bibliography edit

  • J. Rendel Harris, Four lectures on the western text of the New Testament (London 1894)
  • A. F. J. Klijn, A Survey of the Researches Into the Western Text of the Gospels and Acts (1949-1959), Novum Testamentum, Volume 3, Numbers 1–2, 1959, pp. 1–53.
  • Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford 2005, pp. 276–277.
  • Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary On The Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume To The United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp. 5*-6*.
  • Delobel J., Focus on the ‘Western’ Text in Recent Studies, Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, 1997, vol.73, pp. 401–410.

External links edit

  • Western text at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
  • The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles (1923)
  • Hort's Theory of 'Western Non-Interpolations

December 12, 2023
western, text, type, textual, criticism, testament, main, text, types, predominant, form, testament, text, witnessed, latin, syriac, peshitta, translations, from, greek, also, quotations, from, certain, century, christian, writers, including, cyprian, tertulli. In textual criticism of the New Testament the Western text type is one of the main text types It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac Peshitta translations from the Greek and also in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd century Christian writers including Cyprian Tertullian and Irenaeus The Western text had many characteristic features which appeared in text of the Gospels Book of Acts and in Pauline epistles The Catholic epistles and the Book of Revelation probably did not have a Western form of text It was named Western by Semmler 1725 1791 having originated in early centers of Christianity in the Western Roman Empire Contents 1 Description 2 Witnesses 3 Textual variants 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External linksDescription editThe main characteristic of the Western text is a love of paraphrase Words and even clauses are changed omitted and inserted with surprising freedom wherever it seemed that the meaning could be brought out with greater force and definiteness 1 One possible source of glossing is the desire to harmonise and to complete More peculiar to the Western text is the readiness to adopt alterations or additions from sources extraneous to the books which ultimately became canonical 1 This text type often presents longer variants of text but in a few places including the end of the Gospel of Luke it has shorter variants named Western non interpolations Only one Greek Uncial manuscript is considered to transmit a Western text for the four Gospels and the Book of Acts the fifth century Codex Bezae the sixth century Codex Claromontanus is considered to transmit a Western text for the letters of Saint Paul and is followed by two ninth century Uncials F and G Many Western readings are also found in the Old Syriac translations of the Gospels the Sinaitic and the Curetonian though opinions vary as to whether these versions can be considered witnesses to the Western text type A number of fragmentary early papyri from Egypt also have Western readings 𝔓29 𝔓38 𝔓48 and in addition Codex Sinaiticus is considered to be Western in the first eight chapters of John The term Western is a bit of a misnomer because members of the Western text type have been found in the Christian East including Syria 2 Witnesses editSign Name Date Content𝔓37 Papyrus 37 ca 300 fragment of Matt 26𝔓38 Papyrus Michigan c 300 fragment of Acts𝔓48 Papyrus 48 3rd fragment of Acts 23𝔓69 Oxyrhynchus XXIV 3rd fragment of Luke 220171 Uncial 0171 e 07 4th fragments Matt and Luke 01 ﬡ Codex Sinaiticus 4th John 1 1 8 38Dea 05 Codex Bezae c 400 Gospels and ActsW 032 Codex Washingtonianus 5th Mark 1 1 5 30Dp 06 Codex Claromontanus 6th Pauline EpistlesFp 010 Codex Augiensis 9th Pauline EpistlesGp 012 Codex Boernerianus 9th Pauline EpistlesOther manuscripts 𝔓25 𝔓29 𝔓41 066 0177 36 88 181 Pauline epistles 255 257 338 383 Acts 440 Acts 614 Acts 913 915 917 1108 1245 1518 1611 1836 1874 1898 1912 2138 2298 2412 Acts 3 Compared to the Byzantine text type distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely to be abrupt in their Greek expression Compared to the Alexandrian text type distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely to display glosses additional details and instances where the original passages appear to be replaced with longer paraphrases In distinction from both Alexandrian and Byzantine texts the Western text type consistently omits a series of eight short phrases from verses in the Gospel of Luke the so called Western non interpolations In at least two Western texts the Gospels appear in a variant order Matthew John Luke Mark The Western text of the Epistles of Paul as witnessed in the Codex Claromontanus and uncials F and G does not share the periphrastic tendencies of the Western text in the Gospels and Acts and it is not clear whether they should be considered to share a single text type Although the Western text type survives in relatively few witnesses some of these are as early as the earliest witnesses to the Alexandrian text type Nevertheless the majority citation needed of text critics consider the Western text in the Gospels to be characterised by periphrasis and expansion and accordingly tend to prefer the Alexandrian readings In the letters of St Paul the counterpart Western text is more restrained and some text critics regard it as the most reliable witness to the original Nonetheless the Western Pauline materials do exhibit distinctive redactional biases with a number of distinctive variants which collectively tend to diminish the status of the women in the congregations addressed by Paul 4 Textual variants editMark 13 2 kai meta triwn hmerwn allos anasthsetai aney xeirwn D W itMark 13 33 omitted phrase kai proseyxesye and pray by codices B D a c kMark 15 34 see Ps 22 2 ὠneidisas me insult me D itc i k syrh ἐgkatelipes me forsaken me Alexandrian mss me ἐgkatelipes see Mt 27 46 Byzantine mssJohn 1 4 ἐn aὐtῷ zwὴ ἐstin in him is life Codex Sinaiticus Codex Bezae and majority of Vetus Latina manuscripts and Sahidic manuscripts ἐn aὐtῷ zwὴ ᾓn in him was life this variant is supported by mss of the Alexandrian Byzantine and Caesarean textsJohn 1 30 ὑpὲr p5 p66 p75 Sinaiticus Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 C WS peri Sinaiticus2 A C3 L 8 PS 063 0101 f1 f13 ByzJohn 1 34 ὁ ἐklektos p5 Sinaiticus itb e ff2 syrc s ὁ ἐklektos ὑios ita ff2c syrpalmss copsa ὁ ὑios mss of the Alexandrian Byzantine and Caesarean textsJohn 3 15 ἐn aὐtῷ p75 B WS 083 0113 ἐp aὐtῷ p63 A eἰs aὐton p63 Sinaiticus A Koridethi Athous Lavrensis 063 086 f1 f13 ByzJohn 7 8 egw oyk anabainw eis thn eorthn taythn Sinaiticus Bezae Cyprius Petropolitanus 1071 1079 1241 1242 1546 egw oypw anabainw eis thn eorthn taythn Papyrus 66 Papyrus 75 Vaticanus Regius Borgianus Washingtonianus Monacensis Sangallensis Koridethi Athous Lavrensis Uncial 0105 0180 0250 f1 f13 28 700 892 1010 1195 1216 1230 1253 1344 1365 1646 2148 mss of Byz Romans 12 11 it reads kairw for kyriw Codex Claromontanus Codex Augiensis Codex Boernerianus 5 it d g Origenlat 5 1 Corinthians 7 5 th proseyxh prayer 𝔓11 𝔓46 א A B C D F G P PS 6 33 81 104 181 629 630 1739 1877 1881 1962 it vg cop arm eth th nhsteia kai th proseyxh fasting and prayer אc K L 88 326 436 614 1241 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect syrp h goth th proseyxh kai nhsteia prayer and fasting 330 451 John of Damascus1 Corinthians 14 34 35 both verses are displaced to the conclusion of Chapter 14 following verse 40 Codex Claromontanus Codex Augiensis Codex Boernerianus See also editActs of the Apostles Manuscripts Caesarean text type Categories of New Testament manuscripts Western non interpolationsNotes edit a b Brooke Foss Westcott Fenton John Anthony Hort The New Testament In The Original Greek 1925 p 550 J N Birdsall Collected Papers in Greek And Georgian Textual Criticism University of Birmingham Press 2001 pp 29 43 David Alan Black New Testament Textual Criticism Baker Books 2006 p 65 Wilson Joseph AP 2022 Recasting Paul as a Chauvinist within the Western Text Type Manuscript Tradition Implications for the Authorship Debate on 1 Corinthians 14 34 35 Religions 13 5 432 doi 10 3390 rel13050432 UBS3 p 564 Bibliography editJ Rendel Harris Four lectures on the western text of the New Testament London 1894 A F J Klijn A Survey of the Researches Into the Western Text of the Gospels and Acts 1949 1959 Novum Testamentum Volume 3 Numbers 1 2 1959 pp 1 53 Bruce M Metzger Bart D Ehrman The Text of the New Testament Its Transmission Corruption and Restoration Oxford University Press New York Oxford 2005 pp 276 277 Bruce M Metzger A Textual Commentary On The Greek New Testament A Companion Volume To The United Bible Societies Greek New Testament 1994 United Bible Societies London amp New York pp 5 6 Delobel J Focus on the Western Text in Recent Studies Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 1997 vol 73 pp 401 410 External links editWestern text at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles 1923 The Western Non Interpolations Hort s Theory of Western Non Interpolations Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Western text type amp oldid 1136426944, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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