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Communist revolution

April 09, 2024

A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism.[1] Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution, especially in Marxist-Leninist views.[2] The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism;[3][4] Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class.[5] Thus, in the Marxist view, proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world.

Theory edit

Karl Marx saw revolution as a necessity for communism, where the revolution would be based on class struggle led by the organised proletariat to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie, followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat.[1]

Leninism argues[6][7] that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional revolutionaries", men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement.[8] Thus meaning that under Lenin’s framework a communist revolution is not necessarily a proletarian revolution.[9] Some Marxists, such as Rosa Luxemburg,[10][8] disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin, especially left communists.[11][12][13] Another line of criticisms insist that the entire working class—or at least a large part of it—must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful. To this end, they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships.

Communist revolutions and coups throughout history edit

The following is a list of successful and unsuccessful communist revolutions and coups throughout history. Among the lesser-known revolutions, a number of borderline cases have been included which may or may not have been communist revolutions. The nature of unsuccessful revolutions is particularly contentious since one can only speculate as to the kinds of policies that would have been implemented by the revolutionaries had they achieved victory.

Successful edit

Unsuccessful edit

Table of revolutions edit

Start date End date Duration Event(s) State Rebel group Revolutionary base area Deaths Result Notes
18 March 1871 28 May 1871 (72 days)[14] Paris Commune[14][15]   France Paris 7,544 killed overall[16][17] Revolt suppressed[18]
  • Disbanding the Second National Guard
    by the French government
1 October 1915[19] 5 June 1920[20] (4 years, 249 days) Jangal Movement   Qajar Iran Jangal revolutionaries[21][22] Gilan province Establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic[19] [a]
24 April 1916 29 April 1916 (6 days) Easter Rising   United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland   Irish rebel forces Dublin 485 killed[25][26][27] Unconditional surrender of rebel forces,[28] execution of most leaders.[29] [b]
7 November 1917 7 November 1917 (1 day)[30] October Revolution   Russia   Bolsheviks
  Petrograd Soviet
  Left SRs
  Red Guards
  Anarchists[31]		 Petrograd Few wounded Red Guard soldiers[32] Bolshevik victory
Start of the Russian Civil War[33]
27 January 1918 15 May 1918 (109 days) Finnish Civil War   Finland Finland 38,300 killed[34] Finnish Whites victory
2 August 1918 11 June 1925 (6 years, 314 days) Canadian Labour Revolt   Canada Canada Failure of the revolt
28 October 1918 31 October 1918 (4 days) Aster Revolution   Austria-Hungary   Hungarian National Council Hungary Revolutionary victory
29 October 1918 11 August 1919 (287 days) German Revolution of 1918–19[38][39]   German Empire (1918)
  German Republic (1918–1919) 		  Communist revolutionaries:

Soviet Republics:

Various regions of Germany 150–196[48]
9 November 1918 14 November 1918 (6 days) Red Week   Netherlands   Faction of the Social Democratic Workers' Party[49] No revolution
10 November 1918[50] 14 January 1919 (66 days) Luxembourg communist revolution   Luxembourg Assorted communists, socialists, and liberals French Army victory[50]
28 November 1918 2 February 1920[51] (1 year, 67 days) Estonian War of Independence   Estonia   Estonian Worker's Commune[52]
  RSFSR
  Red Latvian Riflemen 		3,988+ killed[53][54][55] Treaty of Tartu:[51]
  • Independence of Estonia[51]
  • Vidzeme gained by the Republic of Latvia
29 January 1919[56] 24 May 1923 (4 years, 116 days) Irish soviets[57][58][59]   United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1919–1921)
  Irish Free State (1921–1923) 		  Irish soviets Ireland
  • Soviets shutdown
  • Majority of individuals involved arrested]
 [c]
23 March 1919 1 August 1919 (132 days) Hungarian Soviet Republic[d][39]   Hungarian Republic   Hungarian Soviet Republic[60] Hungary 6,670 killed[61]
[e]
27 May 1919 27 May 1919 (1 day) Bender Uprising   Romania   Red Guards
  Ukrainian SSR 		Tighina 150[63] Romanian–French victory
2 May 1920 3 May 1920 (2 days) 1920 Georgian coup attempt   Democratic Republic of Georgia   Georgian Bolsheviks Georgia Several killed Government Victory [64][65][66]
1 March 1921 11 July 1921 (133 days) Mongolian Revolution of 1921   Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
  Outer Mongolia 		  Mongolian People's Party[68] Outer Mongolia Mongolian communist victory:[69][70]
2 February 1921 5 April 1921 (63 days) Proština rebellion   Italy Civilians led by Ante Ciliga[71] Istria Unknown Government victory:
  • Civilians arrested
  • Village of Šegotići burned to the ground
 [f]
3 March 1921[73] 8 April 1921[74] (37 days) Labin mining strike and rebellion   Italy   Labin Republic Istria 5[75] Government victory:
  • Strike suppressed
  • Miners acquitted of crimes[76]
 [g]
14 September 1923 29 September 1923 (16 days) September Uprising   Bulgaria   BCP
BZNS
  Anarchists 		841 killed[77] Bulgarian government victory:
23 October 1923[78] 24 October 1923 (2 days) Hamburg Uprising   Weimar Republic   Communist Party of Germany Hamburg 99 killed[78] Government victory
15 September 1924[79] 18 September 1924[80] (4 days) Tatarbunary Uprising   Romania   Tatarbunary Revolutionary Committee[81] Tatarbunary 3,000 killed[80] Revolt quelled by the Romanian government
1 December 1924 1 December 1924 (1 day)[82] 1924 Estonian coup attempt   Estonia   Communist Party of Estonia[83][84] 151 killed Estonian government victory
1 August 1927[85][86] 1 October 1949[87][88] (22 years, 62 days)   China   Chinese Communist Party   Communist-controlled China cca. 8 million Communist victory:
[h]
22 January 1932[91] February 1932 (11 days) 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising   Republic of El Salvador   Communist Party of El Salvador
Pipil rebels 		Western El Salvador: 10,000 – 40,000[92] Revolt suppressed, ethnocide of Pipil people[93] [i]
23 November 1935 27 November 1935 (5 days) Brazilian communist uprising of 1935   Brazil   National Liberation Alliance Natal, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro 150+ killed Government victory
19 July 1936 25 May 1937 (311 days)[95] Spanish Revolution of 1936   Spain   CNT-FAI[96][97]

  UGT[98]

 Various regions of Spain – primarily Madrid, Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of Levante, Spain. Suppressed after ten-month period.
22 June 1941[99] 29 November 1945 (4 years, 161 days) Yugoslav People's Liberation War   Yugoslavia   Yugoslav Partisans 850,000–1,200,000[100] Yugoslav Partisan–Allied victory:
29 March 1942[103] 2 September 1945 (3 years, 158 days) Hukbalahap Rebellion
(First phase) 		  Japan   Hukbalahap[104] Central Luzon Huk victory:
16 September 1942[106] August 1945 (2 years, 320 days) National Liberation Movement[106]   Albanian Kingdom   National Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement[107] Albania Establishment of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
9 September 1944 9 September 1944 (1 day) 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état   Bulgaria   Fatherland Front Fatherland Front victory:
16 August 1945 30 August 1945 (15 days) August Revolution[108]   Empire of Vietnam   Việt Minh Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam Việt Minh victory:
6 September 1945[111] 25 June 1950 (4 years, 293 days) Korean Revolution[j]   Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
[k]
May 1946 17 May 1954[120] (8 years, 17 days) Hukbalahap Rebellion
(Second phase) 		  Republic of the Philippines   Communist Party of the Philippines[121] Central Luzon Nearly 6,000 killed Philippine government victory:
  • End of the rebellion
  • Capture of Luis Taruc in 1954
  • Beginning of communist insurgency in the Philippines in the 1960s
4 July 1946[122] 25 October 1951[123] (5 years, 114 days) Telangana Rebellion    Hyderabad State (1946–1948)

  Union of India (1948–1951)[124][125]

   Telangana peasants
  Andhra Mahasabha
  Communist Party of India 		Withdrawal of rebellion:
19 December 1946 1 August 1954 (7 years, 226 days) First Indochina War   French Indochina   DR Vietnam

  Lao Issara (1945–1949)
  Pathet Lao (1949–1954)[128]   Khmer Issarak[128]

400,000–842,707 total killed
[130][page needed]
[131][page needed]
[132]		 DR Vietnam-allied victory:[133]
[l]
21 February 1948[134] 25 February 1948[135] (5 days) 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état   Czechoslovak Republic Appointment of a communist-dominated government[135]
2 April 1948[136] 16 April 1989[137] (41 years, 15 days) Communist insurgency in Burma   Shan State 3,000+ killed Burmese government victory[137]
3 April 1948[139][140] 13 May 1949[141] (1 year, 41 days) Jeju uprising[142]
  Workers' Party of South Korea Jeju Island 30,000–100,000 killed[143][141][144] Uprising suppressed[141] [m]
16 June 1948 31 July 1960 (12 years, 46 days) Malayan Emergency   Malayan Communist Party British Malaya 11,107[147][148] British-allied victory:
18 September 1948[149] 19 December 1948[150] (93 days) Madiun Affair   Indonesia   People's Democratic Front:[151] Madiun 1,920+ killed[152][153] Rebellion suppressed
26 July 1953[154][155] 1 January 1959[156][155] (5 years, 160 days) Cuban Revolution[157]   Cuba   26th of July Movement[158]
  Student Revolutionary Directorate
  Second National Front of Escambray 		3,000[159] 26 July Movement victory:
[n]
1 November 1955 30 April 1975[164] (19 years, 181 days) Vietnam War   South Vietnam   Viet Cong Memot District (1966–72)
Lộc Ninh (1972–75) 		1,326,494–3,447,494[165] Communist victory
23 May 1959 2 December 1975 (16 years, 194 days) Laotian Civil War   Laos   Lao People's Party

  North Vietnam

Xam Neua 20,000–62,000 killed[166] Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory: [o]
13 November 1960 29 December 1996[167] (36 years, 47 days) Guatemalan Civil War   Guatemala   URNG[p] (from 1982) Guatemala Between 140,000–200,000 dead and missing (estimated)
[170][171][172]		 Peace accord signed in 1996
4 February 1961 25 April 1974 (13 years, 81 days) Angolan War of Independence   Portuguese Angola   MPLA Province of Angola 12,990+ killed[173][174] Angolan victory:[175][176]
19 July 1961 17 July 1979 (17 years, 364 days) Nicaraguan Revolution   Nicaragua   FSLN

MAP-ML (1978–1979)

  Panama (1978–1979)[178][179]

 North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region 30,000+ killed FSLN military victory in 1979:
[q]
c. December 1962 3 November 1990[181][182] (27 years, 338 days) Communist insurgency in Sarawak   Malaysia   North Kalimantan Communist Party[182]
  • North Kalimantan People's Army
 Sarawak 400–500 killed Government victory:
13 August 1963[185] 15 August 1963 (3 days) Trois Glorieuses   Congo Congolese trade unions:[186]Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo[186] Uprising successful:
[r]
27 May 1964[192] Present (59 years, 316 days) Colombian conflict[193][194]   Colombia
Colombia with spillovers into Venezuela 220,000+ killed[218][219][220] Ongoing:
1965 1983 (18 years, 1 day) Communist insurgency in Thailand   Thailand Nakhon Phanom Province 6,762+ killed[224][225] Thai government victory:
18 May 1967 Present (56 years, 325 days)   India   Communist Party of India (Maoist) Red corridor Since 1997: 13,060–14,552[227][228] Ongoing [s]
17 June 1968 2 December 1989 (21 years, 169 days)[229][230] Communist insurgency in Malaysia   Malaysia   Malayan Communist Party Malay Peninsula and Sarawak[231] 367 Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed:
17 January 1968 17 April 1975 (7 years, 91 days) Cambodian Civil War   Cambodia   Communist Party of Kampuchea Ratanakiri Province 275,000–310,000 killed Communist victory [t]
29 March 1969 Present[235] (55 years, 9 days) New People's Army rebellion   Philippines   Communist Party of the Philippines[236] Samar 43,000+ killed (up to 2008)[237] (63,973+ killed) Ongoing[238] [u]
22 June 1969[240] 22 June 1969 (1 day) Corrective Move   South Yemen   Marxist faction of the NLF No deaths[241] Coup successful:[242]
21 October 1969 21 October 1969 (1 day) 1969 Somali coup d'état   Somali Republic   Supreme Revolutionary Council Mogadishu Supreme Revolutionary Council victory:[243]
19 July 1970[244] 1 November 1970 (106 days) Teoponte Guerrilla   Bolivia   Guerrilla de Teoponte (Ejército de Liberación Nacional)[244] Teoponte Municipality Bolivian government victory
5 April 1971 June 1971 (62 days) 1971 JVP insurrection   Dominion of Ceylon   JVP
  •   State of Augestan
 Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa Province Official: 1,200
Estimated: 4,000–5,000[245][246]		 Ceylonese government victory:[247][248]
  • Rebel leaders were captured and the remaining members surrendered
  • Ceylonese government re-established control of the entire island
  • Expulsion of North Korean diplomats
19 July 1971 22 July 1971 (4 days)[249] 1971 Sudanese coup d'état   Democratic Republic of Sudan Revolutionary Council Khartoum Coup attempt fails:
c. April 1972 c. October 1974 (2 years, 214 days)[250] Araguaia Guerrilla War   Federative Republic of Brazil   Communist Party of Brazil[250] Goiás and Tocantins[250] 90+ killed[251] Military dictatorship victory:
  • Successful counter-insurgency operation
  • Guerrillas failed to gain popular support
  • Guerrilla forces exterminated
24 April 1972 Present (51 years, 349 days) Maoist insurgency in Turkey   Turkey   Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
  •   Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey

  MKP-HKO-PHG

Tunceli Province[252] 500+ Maoists killed Ongoing
25 April 1974 25 April 1974 (1 day)[253] Carnation Revolution   Estado Novo   Armed Forces Movement 5 killed Coup successful:
12 September 1974 12 September 1974 (1 day) 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état   Ethiopia   Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army[256] Coup successful:[257]
[v]
7 November 1975[263] 7 November 1975 (1 day) 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état (Bengali: সিপাই-জানাটা বিপ্লব (Sepoy-Janata Biplob))   Bangladesh   Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal[264]
Biplobi Shainik Sangstha[265]		 Successful coup: [w]
27 April 1978[267] 28 April 1978 (2 days) Saur Revolution   Afghanistan   People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan Afghanistan 2,000[268] PDPA victory:
[x]
13 March 1979[272] 13 March 1979 (1 day)[273][274] New Jewel Movement   Grenada   New Jewel Movement[272] Installation of the People's Revolutionary Government[273]
15 October 1979 16 January 1992 (12 years, 94 days) Salvadoran Civil War   El Salvador   FMLN 87,795+ killed[275] Chapultepec Peace Accords[276] [y]
17 May 1980[279][280] Present[281] (43 years, 326 days) Internal conflict in Peru   Peru   Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path[282]

  Militarized Communist Party of Peru[283]

  Red Mantaro Base Committee

  Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement[284] (1982–1997)

Ayacucho Region 70,000+ killed[285][286][287] Ongoing [z]
25 January 1982 25 January 1982 (1 day) 1982 Amol uprising   Iran   Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) Amol County 80–300 killed Iranian government victory
4 August 1983 4 August 1983 (1 day) Upper Voltan coup d'état[288][289]   Upper Volta   Left-wing armed forces faction led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré 13 killed

[aa]

15 April 1987 29 December 1987 (259 days) 1987–1989 JVP insurrection   Sri Lanka   Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna 60,000–80,000 killed[293][294] Sri Lankan Government victory:
  • Execution of Rohana Wijeweera
  • Emergency conditions in South-western and Central provinces lifted
  • Insurgency declined following the fall of the Eastern bloc
13 February 1996 21 November 2006 (10 years, 282 days) Nepalese Civil War   Nepal   Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)[295] Rapti Zone 17,800 killed overall[296] Comprehensive Peace Accord[297] [ab]
20 June 2021 Present (2 years, 292 days) 2021–2023 Eswatini protests   Eswatini 24+[302][303] Ongoing
August 2021[304][305] Present (2 years, 250 days) Myanmar civil war (2021–present)   Myanmar Myanmar 45,264+ killed[309] Ongoing

See also edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Communist revolution.

Notes edit

  1. ^ The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic was invaded and reincorporated into Qajar Iran in November 1921.[23]
  2. ^ While not explicitly Communist in Nature, the Easter Rising of 1916 was supported by Marxist groups such as the Irish Citizen Army.
  3. ^ The Irish soviets, declared during the revolutionary period of the Irish war of independence and the Irish civil war, which were defeated by the Irish Free State forces.
  4. ^
  5. ^ Led by Béla Kun,[62] defeated after five months.[45]
  6. ^ About 400 participants of the Proština rebellion were arrested and taken to the Pula remand prison. Fascists and soldiers beat and mistreated arrested the anti-fascists on the way, and several people died as a result of the beatings. Gradually, the anti-fascists were released from prison and later, in the context of the process of wider political amnesty, all were released.[72]
  7. ^ The anti-fascist, socialist Labin Republic uprising in modern-day Labin, Croatia, which pushed out Mussolini's fascist forces and established a socialist society in the city and surrounding towns.
  8. ^ The Chinese Communist Revolution was the final stage of the Chinese Civil War, that resulted in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in China in 1949.[87][90]
  9. ^ The uprising, known as La matanza (the slaughter), was a Pipil and peasant rebellion led by Farabundo Martí.
  10. ^ The period from the end of Chōsen, through the socialist People's Republic of Korea and the foundation of Democratic People's Republic of Korea, to the beginning of the Korean War.[112]
  11. ^ As of 1992, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea no longer prescribes to Marxism–Leninism,[118] and as of 2009 is no longer a communist state.[119]
  12. ^ The defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954, and brought the Communist Party of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh to power in North Vietnam. A victory followed closely by the protracted guerrilla warfare-dominated Vietnam War (1957–1975), which in turn led to the fall of Saigon and the driving-out of occupying United States military forces there, and the unification of North and South Vietnam by communist guerrilla forces into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The conflict drastically changed neighboring Laos and Cambodia.
  13. ^ The Jeju uprising was notable for its extreme violence; between 14,000 and 30,000 people (10 percent of Jeju's population) were killed (with some reports from Korean officials reporting numbers killed as high as 100,000) and 40,000 fled to Japan.[145][146]
  14. ^ Nationalistic revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara which overthrew former president Fulgencio Batista and instated a Marxist–Leninist socialist regime later on in Cuba.[162] Even though Batista had been elected for his first term, he achieved power for his second term through a coup d'état.[163]
  15. ^ The Laotian Civil War resulting in the victory of the communist Pathet Lao/Lao People's Revolutionary Party in Laos by 1975, eliminating a coalition government with anti-communists led to the establishment of the communist-administered Lao People's Democratic Republic.
  16. ^ Schmid; Jongman (2005). Political terrorism. Transaction Publishers. p. 564. ISBN 9781412815666. from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016. The URNG was the result of the merger of the left-wing armed groups, EGP, ORPA, FAR and PGT, supported by the FDR of El Salvador and the Nicaragua NDF. The PAC were local militias created by the Guatemalan Government.
  17. ^ The Nicaraguan Revolution that overthrew the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and brought the Sandinistas to power in Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990.
  18. ^ Instability and the arresting of political opponents eventually led to left-wing protests[190] and Massamba-Débat relinquishing power to Marien Ngouabi, who declared the People's Republic of the Congo under the control of the Congolese Workers' Party.[191]
  19. ^
  20. ^ The civil war in Cambodia ended with the Khmer Rouge revolution in 1975. The Communist Party of Cambodia and Pol Pot then ruled the country until 1979.
  21. ^ Maoist-styled "Protracted People's War" in the Philippines.[239]
  22. ^ The overthrow of Haile Selassie by Mengistu Haile Mariam who then set up one-party Marxist–Leninist rule in Ethiopia by the communist Workers' Party of Ethiopia, until they were defeated and expelled by the revolutionary democratic and Hoxhaist[260][261] Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front during a subsequent civil war.[262]
  23. ^ After the new president, Ziaur Rahman, offered pay increases for the soldiers, most soldiers lost interest in the ideals of the revolution.[266]
  24. ^ They were overthrown by the mujahideen in 1992.[271]
  25. ^ The FMLN (mainly composed of Marxist–Leninist guerrilla groups)[277] fought against the U.S. backed military government which suppressed the rebel movement by framing and mass murdering alleged Marxist–Leninist revolutionaries (El Mozote massacre).[278] The FMLN was inspired by the ideologies of Farabundo Martí and Vladimir Lenin.
  26. ^ The internal conflict in Peru comprised two rebellions by two different Marxist organizations. One, the Shining Path, fought a bloody war beginning in 1980 with successive Peruvian governments, both democratic and authoritarian in nature. Another organization, known as the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), named after an Incan warrior Túpac Amaru began their own rebellion in 1982. The MRTA and Shining Path quickly became bitter enemies and fought one another as well as the government of Peru. Fighting goes on today with a small number of Shining Path cadres, however the movement has mostly been crushed and only operates in a very remote jungle region. The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was largely destroyed in 1997 after the Japanese embassy hostage crisis.
  27. ^ After the formation of Burkina Faso, Thomas Sanka led many socialist policy implementations. One example is the suppression of most of the powers held by tribal chiefs in Burkina Faso. The chiefs were stripped of their rights to tribute payments and forced labour as well as having their land distributed amongst the peasantry.[290] Blaise Compaoré later led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état, which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far-left policies.[291][292]
  28. ^ The Maoist Unified Communist Party of Nepal fought a fairly successful revolutionary war against the autocratic King of Nepal. In 2006 peace was declared, and an agreement was reached that the Maoists would join an interim government.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Lazar 2011, p. 311.
  2. ^ Štromas, Alexander; Faulkner, Alexander Robert K.; Mahoney, Alexander Daniel J., eds. (2003). Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century. Oxford, England; Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7391-0534-4.
  3. ^ Calvert, Peter (1990). "Interpretation". Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Open University Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 0-335-15398-4.
  4. ^ Jessop 1972, pp. 28–29.
  5. ^ Engels, Friedrich (October–November 1847). . Archived from the original on January 19, 2024 – via Marxists Internet Archive. Further, it has co-ordinated the social development of the civilized countries to such an extent that, in all of them, bourgeoisie and proletariat have become the decisive classes, and the struggle between them the great struggle of the day. It follows that the communist revolution will not merely be a national phenomenon but must take place simultaneously in all civilized countries – that is to say, at least in England, America, France, and Germany.
  6. ^ Lenin, V. I. (1972) [18–23 March 1919]. "Eighth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.)". . Vol. 29 (4th English ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 141–225. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  7. ^ Cohen, Mitchell (Fall 2017). . Dissent Magazine. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024.
  8. ^ a b D'Amato, Paul (2014). . International Socialist Review. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  9. ^ Cheng, Enfu (2021). "What Is the Scientific Nature and Contemporary Value of Leninism?—A Discussion with Professor David Lane". International Critical Thought. 11 (4): 638–654. doi:10.1080/21598282.2021.2012738. S2CID 245804148.
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  14. ^ a b Carlisle 2005, pp. 95–96.
  15. ^ Milza, Pierre (2009). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
  16. ^ Milza, Pierre (2009a). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
  17. ^ "annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875" [appendix to the minutes of the session of July 20, 1875], Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 [Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection] (in French), Versailles: Assemblée nationale, 1875
  18. ^ . May 1871. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  19. ^ a b Zirinsky 1994, pp. 49–50.
  20. ^ Dailami, Pezhmann (April 10, 2012) [15 December 2008]. "Jangali Movement". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 5. Vol. XIV. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 534–544. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  21. ^ Katouzian, Homa (1981). The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926–1979. London: MacMillan. p. 75.
  22. ^ Amirahmadi, Hooshang (2012). The Political Economy of Iran under the Qajars: Society, Politics, Economics and Foreign Relations 1799 to 1921. London: I.B. Tauris. p. xiv. ISBN 978-1-8488-5672-1.
  23. ^ Zirinsky 1994, p. 57.
  24. ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. ISBN 978-1566637046.
  25. ^ (PDF). Glasnevin Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2017.
  26. ^ . Glasnevin Trust. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017.
  27. ^ Sinn Fein Rebellion handbook, Easter, 1916. Irish Times. 1916. p. 52.
  28. ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. pp. 243–246. ISBN 978-1566637046.
  29. ^ Outram, Quentin; Laybourn, Keith, eds. (2018). Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 165–194. ISBN 978-3-319-62904-9.
  30. ^ Carlisle 2005, p. 96.
  31. ^ "Russian Revolution". History Channel. April 20, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
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April 09, 2024
communist, revolution, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, 2022. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Communist revolution news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism 1 Depending on the type of government the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution especially in Marxist Leninist views 2 The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism 3 4 Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class 5 Thus in the Marxist view proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world Contents 1 Theory 2 Communist revolutions and coups throughout history 2 1 Successful 2 2 Unsuccessful 2 3 Table of revolutions 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 5 1 BibliographyTheory editKarl Marx saw revolution as a necessity for communism where the revolution would be based on class struggle led by the organised proletariat to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat 1 Leninism argues 6 7 that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of professional revolutionaries men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement 8 Thus meaning that under Lenin s framework a communist revolution is not necessarily a proletarian revolution 9 Some Marxists such as Rosa Luxemburg 10 8 disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin especially left communists 11 12 13 Another line of criticisms insist that the entire working class or at least a large part of it must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful To this end they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships Communist revolutions and coups throughout history editThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items February 2024 The following is a list of successful and unsuccessful communist revolutions and coups throughout history Among the lesser known revolutions a number of borderline cases have been included which may or may not have been communist revolutions The nature of unsuccessful revolutions is particularly contentious since one can only speculate as to the kinds of policies that would have been implemented by the revolutionaries had they achieved victory Successful edit 1917 1923 The October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War led to the establishment of the Soviet Union 1921 Mongolian Revolution of 1921 1927 1949 The Chinese Communist Revolution led to the establishment of the People s Republic of China and fleeing of the Republic of China to Taiwan 1941 1945 Yugoslav People s Liberation War 1942 1945 National Liberation Movement Albania 1944 Bulgarian coup d etat 1945 August Revolution 1946 1954 First Indochina War 1948 Czechoslovak coup d etat 1953 1959 The Cuban Revolution 1955 1975 Vietnam War 1959 1975 Laotian Civil War 1961 1974 Angolan War of Independence 1961 1979 The Nicaraguan Revolution sees the Sandinistas oust the Somoza government 1963 Les Trois Glorieuses in Congo Brazzaville 1968 1975 Cambodian Civil War 1969 The Corrective Move in South Yemen 1969 The Somali coup d etat led to the formation of the Somali Democratic Republic 1972 Mathieu Kerekou leads a military coup in Benin leading to the creation of the People s Republic of Benin 1974 Carnation Revolution while the revolution overthrew the Estado Novo the demands for a workers democracy were quashed by the center left Socialist Party 1974 The 1974 Ethiopian coup d etat 1978 The Saur Revolution leads to the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the start of the Afghan conflict 1979 The New Jewel Movement overthrow s Eric Gairy s government in Grenada creating the People s Revolutionary Government 1983 The Upper Voltan coup d etat led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaore Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso Blaise Compaore led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d etat which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far left policies 1996 2006 Nepalese Civil War Unsuccessful edit 1871 Paris Commune 1915 1920 Jungle Movement of Gilan 1916 Easter Rising 1918 Finnish Civil War 1918 1925 Canadian Labour Revolt 1918 Aster Revolution 1918 1919 German Revolution of 1918 19 1918 Red Week 1918 Luxembourg communist revolution 1918 1920 Estonian War of Independence 1919 1923 Irish soviets 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic 1919 Bender Uprising 1920 Georgian coup attempt 1921 Prostina rebellion 1923 September Uprising 1923 Hamburg Uprising 1924 Tatarbunary Uprising 1924 Estonian coup d etat attempt 1932 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising 1935 Brazilian communist uprising 1936 1937 Spanish Revolution of 1936 1942 1954 Hukbalahap Rebellion 1946 1951 Telangana Rebellion 1948 1949 Jeju uprising 1948 1989 Communist insurgency in Burma 1948 1960 Malayan Emergency 1948 Madiun Affair 1960 1996 Guatemalan Civil War 1962 1990 Communist insurgency in Sarawak 1964 present Colombian conflict 1965 1983 Communist insurgency in Thailand 1967 present Naxalite Maoist insurgency 1968 1989 Communist insurgency in Malaysia 1969 present New People s Army rebellion 1970 Teoponte Guerrilla 1971 JVP insurrection 1971 Sudanese coup d etat 1972 1974 Araguaia Guerrilla War 1972 present Maoist insurgency in Turkey 1975 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d etat 1979 1992 Salvadoran Civil War 1980 present Internal conflict in Peru 1982 Amol uprising 1987 1989 JVP insurrection 2021 present Myanmar civil war 2021 present 2021 present Eswatini protestsTable of revolutions edit Start date End date Duration Event s State Rebel group Revolutionary base area Deaths Result Notes18 March 1871 28 May 1871 72 days 14 Paris Commune 14 15 nbsp France nbsp Communards National Guards Paris 7 544 killed overall 16 17 Revolt suppressed 18 Disbanding the Second National Guardby the French government1 October 1915 19 5 June 1920 20 4 years 249 days Jangal Movement nbsp Qajar Iran Jangal revolutionaries 21 22 Gilan province Establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic 19 a 24 April 1916 29 April 1916 6 days Easter Rising nbsp United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland nbsp Irish rebel forces Irish Citizen Army 24 Dublin 485 killed 25 26 27 Unconditional surrender of rebel forces 28 execution of most leaders 29 b 7 November 1917 7 November 1917 1 day 30 October Revolution nbsp Russia nbsp Bolsheviks nbsp Petrograd Soviet nbsp Left SRs nbsp Red Guards nbsp Anarchists 31 Petrograd Few wounded Red Guard soldiers 32 Bolshevik victoryStart of the Russian Civil War 33 27 January 1918 15 May 1918 109 days Finnish Civil War nbsp Finland nbsp Finnish Reds nbsp Soviet Russia Finland 38 300 killed 34 Finnish Whites victory2 August 1918 11 June 1925 6 years 314 days Canadian Labour Revolt nbsp Canada One Big Union 35 Communist Party of Canada Canada Failure of the revolt28 October 1918 31 October 1918 4 days Aster Revolution nbsp Austria Hungary nbsp Kingdom of Hungary nbsp Hungarian National Council Hungarian Social Democratic Party Soldiers Councils Hungary Revolutionary victory Hungary terminated Austria Hungary End of the First World War in Hungary Establishment of First Hungarian People s Republic 36 37 29 October 1918 11 August 1919 287 days German Revolution of 1918 19 38 39 nbsp German Empire 1918 nbsp German Republic 1918 1919 nbsp Communist revolutionaries SPD until 9 Nov 1918 nbsp USPD from 9 Nov 1918 38 nbsp Spartacus League 40 nbsp KPD IKD 41 Revolutionary Stewards 42 FVdGSoviet Republics nbsp People s State of Bavaria until March 1919 nbsp Bavarian Soviet Republic 43 44 45 nbsp Bremen Soviet Republic 46 Saxon Soviet Republic 47 nbsp Wurzburg Soviet Republic nbsp Alsace Lorraine Soviet Republic Various regions of Germany 150 196 48 Fall of the German Empire Suppression of leftist uprisings including the Spartacist uprising End of the First World War Establishment of the Weimar Republic9 November 1918 14 November 1918 6 days Red Week nbsp Netherlands nbsp Faction of the Social Democratic Workers Party 49 No revolution10 November 1918 50 14 January 1919 66 days Luxembourg communist revolution nbsp Luxembourg Assorted communists socialists and liberals French Army victory 50 Abdication of Marie Adelaide 1919 Luxembourg referendum28 November 1918 2 February 1920 51 1 year 67 days Estonian War of Independence nbsp Estonia nbsp Estonian Worker s Commune 52 nbsp RSFSR nbsp Red Latvian Riflemen 3 988 killed 53 54 55 Treaty of Tartu 51 Independence of Estonia 51 Vidzeme gained by the Republic of Latvia29 January 1919 56 24 May 1923 4 years 116 days Irish soviets 57 58 59 nbsp United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1919 1921 nbsp Irish Free State 1921 1923 nbsp Irish soviets Ireland Soviets shutdownMajority of individuals involved arrested c 23 March 1919 1 August 1919 132 days Hungarian Soviet Republic d 39 nbsp Hungarian Republic nbsp Hungarian Soviet Republic 60 Hungary 6 670 killed 61 Collapse of the Hungarian Soviet RepublicRomanian occupation of most of HungaryTreaty of TrianonMiklos Horthy takes power as Regent of Hungary e 27 May 1919 27 May 1919 1 day Bender Uprising nbsp Romania nbsp Red Guards nbsp Ukrainian SSR Tighina 150 63 Romanian French victory2 May 1920 3 May 1920 2 days 1920 Georgian coup attempt nbsp Democratic Republic of Georgia nbsp Georgian Bolsheviks Georgia Several killed Government Victory 64 65 66 Treaty of Moscow signed 67 1 March 1921 11 July 1921 133 days Mongolian Revolution of 1921 nbsp Bogd Khanate of Mongolia nbsp Outer Mongolia nbsp Mongolian People s Party 68 Outer Mongolia Mongolian communist victory 69 70 Collapse of the Bogd KhanateEnd of Chinese control over MongoliaCreation of the Mongolian People s Republic2 February 1921 5 April 1921 63 days Prostina rebellion nbsp Italy Civilians led by Ante Ciliga 71 nbsp Communist Party of Italy Istria Unknown Government victory Civilians arrestedVillage of Segotici burned to the ground f 3 March 1921 73 8 April 1921 74 37 days Labin mining strike and rebellion nbsp Italy nbsp Labin Republic Istria 5 75 Government victory Strike suppressedMiners acquitted of crimes 76 g 14 September 1923 29 September 1923 16 days September Uprising nbsp Bulgaria nbsp BCPBZNS nbsp Anarchists 841 killed 77 Bulgarian government victory Rebellion crushed rebels withdraw to the Balkan Mountains23 October 1923 78 24 October 1923 2 days Hamburg Uprising nbsp Weimar Republic nbsp Communist Party of Germany Hamburg 99 killed 78 Government victory15 September 1924 79 18 September 1924 80 4 days Tatarbunary Uprising nbsp Romania nbsp Tatarbunary Revolutionary Committee 81 Tatarbunary 3 000 killed 80 Revolt quelled by the Romanian government1 December 1924 1 December 1924 1 day 82 1924 Estonian coup attempt nbsp Estonia nbsp Communist Party of Estonia 83 84 151 killed Estonian government victory1 August 1927 85 86 1 October 1949 87 88 22 years 62 days Chinese Civil War Chinese Communist Revolution 87 nbsp China nbsp Chinese Communist Party nbsp Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army 1927 1937 85 nbsp People s Liberation Army 1946 1950 89 nbsp Communist controlled China cca 8 million Communist victory Beginning of the Cross Strait conflict h 22 January 1932 91 February 1932 11 days 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising nbsp Republic of El Salvador nbsp Communist Party of El SalvadorPipil rebels Western El Salvador AhuachapanLa LibertadSanta AnaSonsonate 10 000 40 000 92 Revolt suppressed ethnocide of Pipil people 93 i 23 November 1935 27 November 1935 5 days Brazilian communist uprising of 1935 nbsp Brazil nbsp National Liberation Alliance nbsp Brazilian Communist Party 94 Natal Recife and Rio de Janeiro 150 killed Government victory19 July 1936 25 May 1937 311 days 95 Spanish Revolution of 1936 nbsp Spain nbsp CNT FAI 96 97 nbsp UGT 98 Various regions of Spain primarily Madrid Catalonia Aragon Andalusia and parts of Levante Spain Suppressed after ten month period 22 June 1941 99 29 November 1945 4 years 161 days Yugoslav People s Liberation War nbsp Yugoslavia nbsp Yugoslav Partisans 850 000 1 200 000 100 Yugoslav Partisan Allied victory Defeat of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in the BalkansDefeat and overthrow of the Independent State of Croatia Government of National Salvation Chetniks and other Axis collaborators 101 Communist led Partisans abolish the Yugoslav Serb monarchy 102 Establishment of Federal People s Republic of Yugoslavia under the rule of Josip Broz Tito29 March 1942 103 2 September 1945 3 years 158 days Hukbalahap Rebellion First phase nbsp Japan nbsp Philippines nbsp Hukbalahap 104 Central Luzon Huk victory End of the Japanese occupation in 1945Tension rises between the U S backed government and the Huks 105 Rebellion resumes in 194616 September 1942 106 August 1945 2 years 320 days National Liberation Movement 106 nbsp Albanian Kingdom nbsp National Anti Fascist Liberation Movement 107 Albania Establishment of the People s Socialist Republic of Albania9 September 1944 9 September 1944 1 day 1944 Bulgarian coup d etat nbsp Bulgaria nbsp Fatherland Front nbsp BCP NOVA BZNS Fatherland Front victory Abolishment of the monarchy on 8 September 1946Establishment of the People s Republic of Bulgaria on 15 September 1946 16 August 1945 30 August 1945 15 days August Revolution 108 nbsp Empire of Vietnam nbsp Việt Minh Northern Central and Southern Vietnam Việt Minh victory Abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại 109 Abolishment of the Vietnamese monarchy 110 Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam6 September 1945 111 25 June 1950 4 years 293 days Korean Revolution j nbsp Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Communist Party of Korea 1945 1946 113 New People s Party of Korea 1946 1946 113 nbsp Workers Party of South Korea 1946 1949 114 nbsp Workers Party of North Korea 1946 1949 115 nbsp Workers Party of Korea from 1949 116 Proclamation of the Democratic People s Republic of Korea in 1948 117 Start of the Korean War k May 1946 17 May 1954 120 8 years 17 days Hukbalahap Rebellion Second phase nbsp Republic of the Philippines nbsp Communist Party of the Philippines 121 nbsp People s Liberation Army Central Luzon Nearly 6 000 killed Philippine government victory End of the rebellionCapture of Luis Taruc in 1954Beginning of communist insurgency in the Philippines in the 1960s4 July 1946 122 25 October 1951 123 5 years 114 days Telangana Rebellion nbsp nbsp Hyderabad State 1946 1948 nbsp Union of India 1948 1951 124 125 nbsp Telangana peasants nbsp Andhra Mahasabha nbsp Communist Party of India Withdrawal of rebellion Dissolution of Hyderabad State 126 Dissolution of communes and guerrilla squadsLand reforms are enactedBan on the Communist Party of India lifted 127 19 December 1946 1 August 1954 7 years 226 days First Indochina War nbsp French Indochina nbsp DR Vietnam nbsp Việt Minh nbsp Lao Issara 1945 1949 nbsp Pathet Lao 1949 1954 128 nbsp Khmer Issarak 128 nbsp United Issarak Front 1950 1954 129 400 000 842 707 total killed 130 page needed 131 page needed 132 DR Vietnam allied victory 133 1954 Geneva ConferenceDeparture of the French from IndochinaState of Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia achieve independenceVietnam was partitioned between North controlled by the Việt Minh and South controlled by the State of Vietnam Start of the Vietnam War l 21 February 1948 134 25 February 1948 135 5 days 1948 Czechoslovak coup d etat nbsp Czechoslovak Republic nbsp Communist Party of Czechoslovakia pro communist faction of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party Appointment of a communist dominated government 135 2 April 1948 136 16 April 1989 137 41 years 15 days Communist insurgency in Burma nbsp Union of Burma 1948 1962 nbsp Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma 1962 1988 nbsp Union of Burma 1988 1989 nbsp Communist Party of Burma 1948 1989 nbsp Communist Party Burma 1948 1978 Shan State Communist Party 1956 1958 138 Communist Party of Arakan 1962 1986 nbsp Shan State 3 000 killed Burmese government victory 137 3 April 1948 139 140 13 May 1949 141 1 year 41 days Jeju uprising 142 nbsp United States Army Military Government in Korea until August 1948 nbsp South Korea from August 1948 nbsp Workers Party of South Korea Jeju Island 30 000 100 000 killed 143 141 144 Uprising suppressed 141 m 16 June 1948 31 July 1960 12 years 46 days Malayan Emergency nbsp Federation of Malaya nbsp Federated Malay States nbsp Malayan Communist Party nbsp Malayan National Liberation Army British Malaya 11 107 147 148 British allied victory Independence of the Federation of Malaya on 31 August 1957Insurgency continues18 September 1948 149 19 December 1948 150 93 days Madiun Affair nbsp Indonesia nbsp People s Democratic Front 151 PKIPSPBISOBSIPesindo Madiun 1 920 killed 152 153 Rebellion suppressed26 July 1953 154 155 1 January 1959 156 155 5 years 160 days Cuban Revolution 157 nbsp Cuba nbsp 26th of July Movement 158 nbsp Student Revolutionary Directorate nbsp Second National Front of Escambray 3 000 159 26 July Movement victory Overthrow of Fulgencio Batista s governmentEstablishment of a government led by Fidel CastroEscambray rebellion 160 161 n 1 November 1955 30 April 1975 164 19 years 181 days Vietnam War nbsp South Vietnam nbsp Viet Cong nbsp People s Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam Memot District 1966 72 Lộc Ninh 1972 75 1 326 494 3 447 494 165 Communist victory23 May 1959 2 December 1975 16 years 194 days Laotian Civil War nbsp Laos nbsp Lao People s Party nbsp Pathet Lao nbsp North Vietnam Xam Neua 20 000 62 000 killed 166 Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory Establishment of the Lao People s Democratic RepublicEnd of the Kingdom of LaosSmall scale insurgency by anti Pathet Lao factions o 13 November 1960 29 December 1996 167 36 years 47 days Guatemalan Civil War nbsp Guatemala nbsp URNG p from 1982 nbsp PGT 168 until 1998 nbsp MR 13 168 1960 1971 nbsp FAR 1960 1971 EGP 1971 1996 ORPA 169 1979 1996 Guatemala Between 140 000 200 000 dead and missing estimated 170 171 172 Peace accord signed in 19964 February 1961 25 April 1974 13 years 81 days Angolan War of Independence nbsp Portuguese Angola nbsp MPLA Province of Angola 12 990 killed 173 174 Angolan victory 175 176 Military stalemate 177 MPLA FNLA and UNITA political victoryCarnation RevolutionAlvor Agreement and Angolan independence in 197519 July 1961 17 July 1979 17 years 364 days Nicaraguan Revolution nbsp Nicaragua nbsp FSLN EPSMAP ML 1978 1979 MILPAS nbsp Panama 1978 1979 178 179 North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region 30 000 killed FSLN military victory in 1979 Overthrow of Somoza government in 1979Insurgency of the ContrasFSLN junta led by Daniel Ortega take power of Nicaragua in 1981 180 Electoral victory of FSLN in 1984 q c December 1962 3 November 1990 181 182 27 years 338 days Communist insurgency in Sarawak nbsp Malaysia nbsp North Kalimantan Communist Party 182 North Kalimantan People s Army Sarawak 400 500 killed Government victory Peace Declaration of Sri Aman in 1973 183 184 Dissolution of the Sarawak Communist Organisation North Kalimantan Communist Party SCO NKCP 181 13 August 1963 185 15 August 1963 3 days Trois Glorieuses nbsp Congo Congolese trade unions 186 Congolese Youth UnionConfederation generale aefienne du travailArmed Forces of the Republic of the Congo 186 Uprising successful Fulbert Toulou ousted from power 187 Alphonse Massamba Debat chosen as prime minister 188 National Revolution Movement formed as the single ruling party 189 r 27 May 1964 192 Present 59 years 316 days Colombian conflict 193 194 nbsp Colombia nbsp ELN 1964 195 196 197 nbsp FARC dissidents 2016 198 nbsp EPL Los Pelusos 1967 199 200 201 FARIP 202 nbsp FARC 1964 2017 203 nbsp ERP 1985 2007 204 205 nbsp CGSB 1987 1990 206 207 208 nbsp M 19 1974 1990 209 nbsp MOEC 1964 1995 210 nbsp MAQL 1984 1991 211 212 ERC 1964 1992 213 nbsp ERG 1964 2008 214 215 nbsp PRT 1964 1991 216 217 Colombia with spillovers into Venezuela 220 000 killed 218 219 220 Ongoing Colombia FARC peace deal in 2016Start of Catatumbo campaign in 20181965 1983 18 years 1 day Communist insurgency in Thailand nbsp Thailand nbsp Communist Party of Thailand nbsp Malayan Communist Party 221 nbsp Pathet Lao 222 223 nbsp Khmer Rouge until 1978 1979 1983 222 223 Nakhon Phanom Province 6 762 killed 224 225 Thai government victory Amnesty declared on 23 April 1980 by the Thai governmentOrder 66 2523 signed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda 226 Communist insurgency declines and ends in 198318 May 1967 Present 56 years 325 days Naxalbari uprising Naxalite Maoist insurgency nbsp India nbsp Communist Party of India Maoist nbsp People s Liberation Guerrilla Army Red corridor Since 1997 13 060 14 552 227 228 Ongoing s 17 June 1968 2 December 1989 21 years 169 days 229 230 Communist insurgency in Malaysia nbsp Malaysia nbsp Malayan Communist Party nbsp Malayan National Liberation Army Malay Peninsula and Sarawak 231 367 Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed Dissolution of the Malayan Communist Party MCP 232 233 Insurgency continues in Sarawak until 1990 234 181 17 January 1968 17 April 1975 7 years 91 days Cambodian Civil War nbsp Cambodia nbsp Communist Party of Kampuchea nbsp Khmer Rouge Ratanakiri Province 275 000 310 000 killed Communist victory t 29 March 1969 Present 235 55 years 9 days New People s Army rebellion nbsp Philippines nbsp Communist Party of the Philippines 236 nbsp New People s Army Samar 43 000 killed up to 2008 237 63 973 killed Ongoing 238 u 22 June 1969 240 22 June 1969 1 day Corrective Move nbsp South Yemen nbsp Marxist faction of the NLF No deaths 241 Coup successful 242 Overthrow of Al Shaabi and his alliesNasserists purged from the National Liberation FrontSouth Yemen becomes a socialist state with Salim Rubai Ali as president 241 21 October 1969 21 October 1969 1 day 1969 Somali coup d etat nbsp Somali Republic nbsp Supreme Revolutionary Council Mogadishu Supreme Revolutionary Council victory 243 Somali Republic deposedSomali Democratic Republic established19 July 1970 244 1 November 1970 106 days Teoponte Guerrilla nbsp Bolivia nbsp Guerrilla de Teoponte Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional 244 Teoponte Municipality Bolivian government victory5 April 1971 June 1971 62 days 1971 JVP insurrection nbsp Dominion of Ceylon nbsp JVP nbsp State of Augestan Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa Province Official 1 200Estimated 4 000 5 000 245 246 Ceylonese government victory 247 248 Rebel leaders were captured and the remaining members surrenderedCeylonese government re established control of the entire islandExpulsion of North Korean diplomats19 July 1971 22 July 1971 4 days 249 1971 Sudanese coup d etat nbsp Democratic Republic of Sudan Revolutionary Council nbsp Sudanese Communist Party Rebel military units Khartoum Coup attempt fails Nimeiry government restoredAnti communist purges by government forcesExecution of rebelling officersExecution of several Sudanese Communist Party leadersConsolidation of Nimeiry s controlc April 1972 c October 1974 2 years 214 days 250 Araguaia Guerrilla War nbsp Federative Republic of Brazil nbsp Communist Party of Brazil 250 Goias and Tocantins 250 90 killed 251 Military dictatorship victory Successful counter insurgency operationGuerrillas failed to gain popular supportGuerrilla forces exterminated24 April 1972 Present 51 years 349 days Maoist insurgency in Turkey nbsp Turkey nbsp Communist Party of Turkey Marxist Leninist nbsp Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey nbsp MKP HKO PHG Tunceli Province 252 500 Maoists killed Ongoing25 April 1974 25 April 1974 1 day 253 Carnation Revolution nbsp Estado Novo nbsp Armed Forces Movement 5 killed Coup successful Dissolution of the Estado NovoBeginning of the Portuguese transition to democracy 254 End of the Portuguese Colonial War and independence of Angola Cape Verde Guinea Bissau Mozambique and Sao Tome and PrincipeIndonesian invasion of East TimorFar left demands latterly quashed by the Socialist Party 255 12 September 1974 12 September 1974 1 day 1974 Ethiopian coup d etat nbsp Ethiopia nbsp Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces Police and Territorial Army 256 Coup successful 257 Emperor Haile Selassie is placed under arrest and is taken to the Fourth Division Army headquarters 258 259 Derg suspends constitutionBeginning of the civil war v 7 November 1975 263 7 November 1975 1 day 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d etat Bengali স প ই জ ন ট ব প লব Sepoy Janata Biplob nbsp Bangladesh nbsp Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal 264 Biplobi Shainik Sangstha 265 Successful coup Death of Khaled Mosharraf w 27 April 1978 267 28 April 1978 2 days Saur Revolution nbsp Afghanistan nbsp People s Democratic Party of Afghanistan Afghanistan 2 000 268 PDPA victory Overthrow and execution of Mohammed Daoud Khan and his family 267 Purging and killing of Daoud s supporters 269 Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 270 Eventual Soviet military intervention x 13 March 1979 272 13 March 1979 1 day 273 274 New Jewel Movement nbsp Grenada nbsp New Jewel Movement 272 Installation of the People s Revolutionary Government 273 15 October 1979 16 January 1992 12 years 94 days Salvadoran Civil War nbsp El Salvador nbsp FMLN nbsp FPL BLP LP 28 nbsp ERP nbsp RN FAPU nbsp PRTC MLP nbsp PCES 87 795 killed 275 Chapultepec Peace Accords 276 y 17 May 1980 279 280 Present 281 43 years 326 days Internal conflict in Peru nbsp Peru nbsp Communist Party of Peru Shining Path 282 nbsp People s Guerrilla Army nbsp Militarized Communist Party of Peru 283 nbsp Red Mantaro Base Committee nbsp Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement 284 1982 1997 Ayacucho Region 70 000 killed 285 286 287 Ongoing z 25 January 1982 25 January 1982 1 day 1982 Amol uprising nbsp Iran nbsp Union of Iranian Communists Sarbedaran Amol County 80 300 killed Iranian government victory4 August 1983 4 August 1983 1 day Upper Voltan coup d etat 288 289 nbsp Upper Volta nbsp Left wing armed forces faction led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaore 13 killed Thomas Sankara installed as the President of Upper VoltaFormation of Burkina Faso aa 15 April 1987 29 December 1987 259 days 1987 1989 JVP insurrection nbsp Sri Lanka nbsp Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya Patriotic People s Armed Troops 60 000 80 000 killed 293 294 Sri Lankan Government victory Execution of Rohana WijeweeraEmergency conditions in South western and Central provinces liftedInsurgency declined following the fall of the Eastern bloc13 February 1996 21 November 2006 10 years 282 days Nepalese Civil War nbsp Nepal nbsp Communist Party of Nepal Maoist 295 People s Liberation Army Nepal Rapti Zone 17 800 killed overall 296 Comprehensive Peace Accord 297 ab 20 June 2021 Present 2 years 292 days 2021 2023 Eswatini protests nbsp Eswatini nbsp Communist Party of Swaziland CPS 298 nbsp People s United Democratic Movement PUDEMO nbsp Ngwane National Liberatory Congress NNLC Swazi Democratic Party SWADEPA 299 nbsp Economic Freedom Fighters of Swaziland EFFSWA 299 African United Democratic Party AUDP Mass Democratic Movement MDM 300 Swaziland International Solidarity Forces 301 24 302 303 OngoingAugust 2021 304 305 Present 2 years 250 days Myanmar civil war 2021 present nbsp Myanmar nbsp People s Liberation Army Myanmar nbsp National Unity Government 306 307 308 Brotherhood Alliance Myanmar 45 264 killed 309 OngoingSee also edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Communist revolution Class conflict Communist state Communist societyNotes edit The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic was invaded and reincorporated into Qajar Iran in November 1921 23 While not explicitly Communist in Nature the Easter Rising of 1916 was supported by Marxist groups such as the Irish Citizen Army The Irish soviets declared during the revolutionary period of the Irish war of independence and the Irish civil war which were defeated by the Irish Free State forces Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 1918 1920 Hungarian Romanian War Led by Bela Kun 62 defeated after five months 45 About 400 participants of the Prostina rebellion were arrested and taken to the Pula remand prison Fascists and soldiers beat and mistreated arrested the anti fascists on the way and several people died as a result of the beatings Gradually the anti fascists were released from prison and later in the context of the process of wider political amnesty all were released 72 The anti fascist socialist Labin Republic uprising in modern day Labin Croatia which pushed out Mussolini s fascist forces and established a socialist society in the city and surrounding towns The Chinese Communist Revolution was the final stage of the Chinese Civil War that resulted in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in China in 1949 87 90 The uprising known as La matanza the slaughter was a Pipil and peasant rebellion led by Farabundo Marti The period from the end of Chōsen through the socialist People s Republic of Korea and the foundation of Democratic People s Republic of Korea to the beginning of the Korean War 112 As of 1992 the Democratic People s Republic of Korea no longer prescribes to Marxism Leninism 118 and as of 2009 is no longer a communist state 119 The defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1954 and brought the Communist Party of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh to power in North Vietnam A victory followed closely by the protracted guerrilla warfare dominated Vietnam War 1957 1975 which in turn led to the fall of Saigon and the driving out of occupying United States military forces there and the unification of North and South Vietnam by communist guerrilla forces into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam The conflict drastically changed neighboring Laos and Cambodia The Jeju uprising was notable for its extreme violence between 14 000 and 30 000 people 10 percent of Jeju s population were killed with some reports from Korean officials reporting numbers killed as high as 100 000 and 40 000 fled to Japan 145 146 Nationalistic revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara which overthrew former president Fulgencio Batista and instated a Marxist Leninist socialist regime later on in Cuba 162 Even though Batista had been elected for his first term he achieved power for his second term through a coup d etat 163 The Laotian Civil War resulting in the victory of the communist Pathet Lao Lao People s Revolutionary Party in Laos by 1975 eliminating a coalition government with anti communists led to the establishment of the communist administered Lao People s Democratic Republic Schmid Jongman 2005 Political terrorism Transaction Publishers p 564 ISBN 9781412815666 Archived from the original on January 14 2016 Retrieved January 1 2016 The URNG was the result of the merger of the left wing armed groups EGP ORPA FAR and PGT supported by the FDR of El Salvador and the Nicaragua NDF The PAC were local militias created by the Guatemalan Government The Nicaraguan Revolution that overthrew the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and brought the Sandinistas to power in Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990 Instability and the arresting of political opponents eventually led to left wing protests 190 and Massamba Debat relinquishing power to Marien Ngouabi who declared the People s Republic of the Congo under the control of the Congolese Workers Party 191 The Maoist revolution of India happened in 1977 It was defeated by the Indian National Congress then led by Indira Gandhi In India various Maoist oriented factions generally called Naxalites have waged armed struggles since the Naxalbari rebellion of 1967 Today the most prominent Naxalite group is the Communist Party of India Maoist The civil war in Cambodia ended with the Khmer Rouge revolution in 1975 The Communist Party of Cambodia and Pol Pot then ruled the country until 1979 Maoist styled Protracted People s War in the Philippines 239 The overthrow of Haile Selassie by Mengistu Haile Mariam who then set up one party Marxist Leninist rule in Ethiopia by the communist Workers Party of Ethiopia until they were defeated and expelled by the revolutionary democratic and Hoxhaist 260 261 Ethiopian People s Revolutionary Democratic Front during a subsequent civil war 262 After the new president Ziaur Rahman offered pay increases for the soldiers most soldiers lost interest in the ideals of the revolution 266 They were overthrown by the mujahideen in 1992 271 The FMLN mainly composed of Marxist Leninist guerrilla groups 277 fought against the U S backed military government which suppressed the rebel movement by framing and mass murdering alleged Marxist Leninist revolutionaries El Mozote massacre 278 The FMLN was inspired by the ideologies of Farabundo Marti and Vladimir Lenin The internal conflict in Peru comprised two rebellions by two different Marxist organizations One the Shining Path fought a bloody war beginning in 1980 with successive Peruvian governments both democratic and authoritarian in nature Another organization known as the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement MRTA named after an Incan warrior Tupac Amaru began their own rebellion in 1982 The MRTA and Shining Path quickly became bitter enemies and fought one another as well as the government of Peru Fighting goes on today with a small number of Shining Path cadres however the movement has mostly been crushed and only operates in a very remote jungle region The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was largely destroyed in 1997 after the Japanese embassy hostage crisis After the formation of Burkina Faso Thomas Sanka led many socialist policy implementations One example is the suppression of most of the powers held by tribal chiefs in Burkina Faso The chiefs were stripped of their rights to tribute payments and forced labour as well as having their land distributed amongst the peasantry 290 Blaise Compaore later led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d etat which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far left policies 291 292 The Maoist Unified Communist Party of Nepal fought a fairly successful revolutionary war against the autocratic King of Nepal In 2006 peace was declared and an agreement was reached that the Maoists would join an interim government References edit a b Lazar 2011 p 311 Stromas Alexander Faulkner Alexander Robert K Mahoney Alexander Daniel J eds 2003 Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century Oxford England Lanham Maryland Lexington Books p 18 ISBN 978 0 7391 0534 4 Calvert Peter 1990 Interpretation 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