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Hoxhaism

March 12, 2023

Hoxhaism (/ˈhɒdʒə.ɪzəm/ HOJ-ə-iz-əm) is a variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the Chinese Communist Party and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.[1] The ideology is named after Enver Hoxha, a notable Albanian communist leader, who served as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour.

Translated works by Albanian leader Enver Hoxha

Overview

Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin, the organization of the Soviet Union under Stalinism,[2] and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionist—it defines currents such as Eurocommunism as anti-communist movements.[3]

Critical of the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and Yugoslavia, Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three "social imperialist" and condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the Warsaw Pact in response.[4] Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue socialism by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries,[5] although Hoxha personally held the view that Titoism was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice.[6][7]

The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti-revisionists, mainly in Latin America (such as the Popular Liberation Army and the Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador as well as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil), but they also had a significant international following in general.[citation needed] Today there's still a strong Hoxhaist presence in several Latin American countries, notably Ecuador where the PCMLE has significiant support through its electoral front the Popular Unity Movement and influence within Ecuadorian trade unions.[8][9][10]

Following the fall of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1991, many Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an international conference founded in 1994 and the publication Unity and Struggle.[11]

The term Hoxhaism is rarely employed by the organizations which are associated with this trend, with Hoxhaists viewing Hoxha's theoretical contributions to Marxism as strictly an augmentation of anti-revisionism rather than a distinct ideology. Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism–Leninism or Stalinism.[12]

List of Hoxhaist parties

Active

Historical

See also

References

  1. ^ Communism for Know-It-Alls. Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. 2008. p. 23.
  2. ^ Pridham, Geoffrey (2000). The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comparative Approach. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 9780826450388.
  3. ^ Hoxha, Enver (August 1979). "The Marxist-Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism". Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania.
  4. ^ Hoxha, Enver (1978). "I: The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism". Imperialism and the Revolution. Tirana, Albnaia.
  5. ^ "A Brief Guide to Hoxhaism". The Red Star Vanguard. 11 June 2011. from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  6. ^ Hoxha, Enver. "Enver Hoxha: Eurocommunism is Anticommunism". from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  7. ^ Hoxha, Enver (1960). "Reject the Revisionist Theses of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti-Marxist Stand of Krushchev's Group! Uphold Marxism-Leninism!". Naim Frasheri Publishing House.
  8. ^ "¿"Sí" o "No"? ¿Qué se necesita para que gane una de estas opciones en el referendo el 5 de febrero en Ecuador?". CNN (in Spanish). 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  9. ^ Narváez, Erik Mozo (2015-05-28). "Un punto de inflexión en la historia de la Federación Nacional de Estudiantes Universitarios (Públicos) del Ecuador – FEUE Nacional –". Erik Mozo Narváez. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  10. ^ Marcha, PCMLE, Semanario En (2011-10-25). "Formación de la FESE". Semanario En Marcha - PCMLE (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  11. ^ "Communist Declaration to the Workers of the World". www.revolutionarydemocracy.org. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
  12. ^ "Revolutionary Spirit: The Marxist-Leninist Guide to Leftist Factions". Revolutionary Spirit. 2010-02-27. Retrieved 2023-01-08.

External links

  • enver-hoxha.net
  • Enver Hoxha. His life and his works
  • Communist International (Stalinist-Hoxhaist)
  • Revolutionary Democracy
  • "Alliance!" Marxist-Leninist (North America)
  • The Espresso Stalinist
  • Enver Hoxha Archive

March 12, 2023
hoxhaism, variant, anti, revisionist, marxism, leninism, that, developed, late, 1970s, split, anti, revisionist, movement, appearing, after, ideological, dispute, between, chinese, communist, party, party, labour, albania, 1978, ideology, named, after, enver, . Hoxhaism ˈ h ɒ dʒ e ɪ z em HOJ e iz em is a variant of anti revisionist Marxism Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti revisionist movement appearing after the ideological dispute between the Chinese Communist Party and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978 1 The ideology is named after Enver Hoxha a notable Albanian communist leader who served as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour Translated works by Albanian leader Enver Hoxha Contents 1 Overview 2 List of Hoxhaist parties 2 1 Active 2 2 Historical 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksOverview EditThis section relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin the organization of the Soviet Union under Stalinism 2 and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionist it defines currents such as Eurocommunism as anti communist movements 3 Critical of the United States the Soviet Union China and Yugoslavia Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three social imperialist and condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 before withdrawing Albania from the Warsaw Pact in response 4 Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue socialism by different paths dictated by the conditions in those countries 5 although Hoxha personally held the view that Titoism was anti Marxist in overall practice 6 7 The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti revisionists mainly in Latin America such as the Popular Liberation Army and the Marxist Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador as well as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil but they also had a significant international following in general citation needed Today there s still a strong Hoxhaist presence in several Latin American countries notably Ecuador where the PCMLE has significiant support through its electoral front the Popular Unity Movement and influence within Ecuadorian trade unions 8 9 10 Following the fall of the People s Socialist Republic of Albania in 1991 many Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an international conference founded in 1994 and the publication Unity and Struggle 11 The term Hoxhaism is rarely employed by the organizations which are associated with this trend with Hoxhaists viewing Hoxha s theoretical contributions to Marxism as strictly an augmentation of anti revisionism rather than a distinct ideology Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism Leninism or Stalinism 12 List of Hoxhaist parties EditActive Edit Albania Communist Party of Albania Reorganised Party of Labour of Albania Bangladesh Communist Party of Bangladesh Marxist Leninist Benin Communist Party of Benin Marxist Leninist Communist Party of Benin Bolivia Revolutionary Communist Party Brazil Revolutionary Communist Party Burkina Faso Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party Chile Chilean Revolutionary Communist Party Chilean Communist Party Proletarian Action Colombia Communist Party of Colombia Marxist Leninist Popular Liberation Army Cote d Ivoire Revolutionary Communist Party of Cote d Ivoire Denmark Workers Communist Party Dominican Republic Communist Party of Labour Ecuador Marxist Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador Group of Popular Combatants France Workers Communist Party of France Greece Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918 1955 India Revolutionary Democracy Organization Iran Labour Party of Iran Italy Communist Platform Mali Malian Party of Labour Mexico Communist Party of Mexico Marxist Leninist Nicaragua Marxist Leninist Popular Action Movement Peru Communist Party of Peru Marxist Leninist Serbia Revolutionary Alliance of Labour of Serbia Spain Communist Party of Spain Marxist Leninist Marxist Leninist Party Communist Reconstruction Togo Communist Party of Togo Tunisia Workers Party Turkey Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey Marxist Leninist Communist Party United Kingdom Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain Marxist Leninist United States American Party of Labor Uruguay Marxist Leninist Communist Party of Uruguay Venezuela Marxist Leninist Communist Party of VenezuelaHistorical Edit Albania Party of Labour of Albania Bolivia Communist Party Marxist Leninist of Bolivia Canada Communist Party of Canada Marxist Leninist Denmark Communist Party of Denmark Marxist Leninists Ethiopia Marxist Leninist League of Tigray Tigray People s Liberation Front Ethiopian People s Revolutionary Democratic Front Faroe Islands Advancement for the Islands Marxist Leninist Germany Communist Party of Germany Marxists Leninists Communist Party of Germany Roter Morgen Greece Organisation of Communists Marxists Leninists of Greece Movement for a United Communist Party of Greece Iceland Communist Unity Marxist Leninist India Communist Chadar Party of India Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India Marxist Leninist Harbhajan Sohi Ireland Communist Party of Ireland Marxist Leninist Japan Japanese Communist Party Left Faction Netherlands Workers Party of the Netherlands build up organisation New Zealand Communist Party of New Zealand Norway Communist Workers League Marxist Leninist League Marxist Leninist Group Revolution Poland Communist Party of Poland Mijal Portugal Communist Party Reconstructed Spain Communist Party of Spain Marxist Leninist Suriname Communist Party of Suriname Sweden Communist Party in Sweden Trinidad and Tobago Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Communist Party of Turkey Marxist Leninist Movement United Kingdom Communist League of Great Britain Communist Party of Britain Marxist Leninist United States Revolutionary Organization of Labor Marxist Leninist Party USA Venezuela Red Flag PartySee also EditEnver Hoxha International Conference of Marxist Leninist Parties and Organizations Unity amp Struggle Juche Party of Labour of Albania People s Socialist Republic of Albania Sino Albanian splitReferences Edit Communism for Know It Alls Filiquarian Publishing LLC 2008 p 23 Pridham Geoffrey 2000 The Dynamics of Democratization A Comparative Approach Bloomsbury Publishing p 70 ISBN 9780826450388 Hoxha Enver August 1979 The Marxist Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism Institute of Marxist Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania Hoxha Enver 1978 I The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism Imperialism and the Revolution Tirana Albnaia A Brief Guide to Hoxhaism The Red Star Vanguard 11 June 2011 Archived from the original on 25 May 2014 Retrieved 23 May 2014 Hoxha Enver Enver Hoxha Eurocommunism is Anticommunism Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 Retrieved 23 May 2014 Hoxha Enver 1960 Reject the Revisionist Theses of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti Marxist Stand of Krushchev s Group Uphold Marxism Leninism Naim Frasheri Publishing House Si o No Que se necesita para que gane una de estas opciones en el referendo el 5 de febrero en Ecuador CNN in Spanish 2023 01 19 Retrieved 2023 01 24 Narvaez Erik Mozo 2015 05 28 Un punto de inflexion en la historia de la Federacion Nacional de Estudiantes Universitarios Publicos del Ecuador FEUE Nacional Erik Mozo Narvaez Retrieved 2023 01 24 Marcha PCMLE Semanario En 2011 10 25 Formacion de la FESE Semanario En Marcha PCMLE in Spanish Retrieved 2023 01 24 Communist Declaration to the Workers of the World www revolutionarydemocracy org Retrieved 2023 01 24 Revolutionary Spirit The Marxist Leninist Guide to Leftist Factions Revolutionary Spirit 2010 02 27 Retrieved 2023 01 08 External links Editenver hoxha net Enver Hoxha multilingual website Enver Hoxha His life and his works Communist International Stalinist Hoxhaist Revolutionary Democracy Alliance Marxist Leninist North America The Espresso Stalinist Enver Hoxha Archive Retrieved from https 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