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Communist Party of India (Maoist)

May 08, 2023

The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a Marxist–Leninist–Maoist[7][8] banned communist political party and militant organization[9] in India which aims to overthrow the "semi-colonial and semi-feudal Indian state" through protracted people's war. It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War (People's War Group) and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI). The party has been designated as a terrorist organisation in India under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act since 2009.[10][11][12][13]

Communist Party of India (Maoist)
AbbreviationCPI (Maoist)
General SecretaryNambala Keshava Rao
Founded21 September 2004
Merger of • Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War
 • Maoist Communist Centre of India
 • Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari
Student wing • All India Revolutionary Students Federation
 • Radical Students Union
Youth wingRadical Youth League
Women's wingKrantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan
Paramilitary wings • People's Liberation Guerrilla Army: 9,000–10,000 (September 2013)
 • People's Militia (armed with bows, arrows and machetes): 38,000
Trade union wingSingareni Karmika Samakya
Cultural organisationChetna Natya Manch
Ideology
Political positionFar-left
Colours  Red
Motives
Active region(s)India
(mainly in Red Corridor)
Status
Annual revenue and means of revenueRs. 140 – 250 crores[3]
 • Abductions, extortions of landowners and companies[4][5][6]

In 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh referred to the Maoists as "the single biggest internal security challenge" for India,[4][14] and said that the "deprived and alienated sections of the population" form the backbone of the Maoist movement in India.[15] The government officials have declared that, in 2013, 76 districts in the country were affected by "left wing extremism", with another 106 districts in ideological influence.[16] In 2020, the activities of the party began to increase again in Telangana and other areas.[17] Chhattishgarh is often affected by the party's militant activities.

History

The Communist Party of India (Maoist) was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War (People's War Group), and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI). The merger was announced on 14 October the same year. In the merger a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile People's War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao, alias "Ganapathi", as general secretary.[18] Further, on May Day 2014, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari merged into the CPI (Maoist).[19]

Ideology

The CPI (Maoist) observes that the Indian state is being "run by a collaboration of imperialists, the comprador bourgeoisie and feudal lords."[20] According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal, the two factions of the Party adhered to differing strands of communism prior to their 2004 merger, although "both organizations shared their belief in the 'annihilation of class enemies' and in extreme violence as a means to secure organizational goals." The People's War Group (PWG) maintained a Marxist–Leninist stance, while the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI) took a Maoist stance. After the merger, the PWG secretary of Andhra Pradesh announced that the newly formed CPI-Maoist would follow Marxism–Leninism–Maoism as its "ideological basis guiding its thinking in all spheres of its activities." Included in this ideology is a commitment to "protracted armed struggle" to undermine and to seize power from the state.[18] On May Day 2014, Ganapathy and Ajith (Secretary of the CPI (ML) Naxalbari) also issued a joint statement stating that "the unified party would [continue to] take Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its guiding ideology."[19]

The ideology of the party is contained in a "Party Programme." In the document, the Maoists denounce globalisation as a war on the people by market fundamentalists and the caste system as a form of social oppression.[21] The CPI (Maoist) claim that they are conducting a "people's war", a strategic approach developed by Mao Zedong during the guerrilla warfare phase of the Communist Party of China. Their eventual objective is to install a "people's government" via a New Democratic Revolution.[21]

Location and prominence

CPI(M) currently operates in the forest belt around central India in the states of Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Odisha. It is present even in remote regions of Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh, as well as in Bihar and the tribal-dominated areas in the borderlands of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Odisha. The CPI (Maoist) aims to consolidate its power in this area and establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone from which to advance the people's war in other parts of India.[18] A 2005 Frontline cover story called the Bhamragad Taluka, where the Madia Gond Adivasis live, the heart of the Maoist-affected region in Maharashtra.[22] Recently, the Indian government has claimed that in 2013, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal experienced [ideological] "influence" of "Left Wing Extremism"; while claiming that armed activity by the "Left Wing" extremists was noticed in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal.[16]

Organisation

The current General Secretary of CPI (Maoist) is Nambala Keshava Rao alias Basavaraj.[23] He was appointed after Muppala Lakshmana Rao, who uses the alias "Ganapathy".[24] The party hierarchy consists of the Regional Bureaus, which look after two or three states each, the State Committees, the Zonal Committees, the District Committees, and the "dalams" (armed squads).[25] Communist writer Jan Myrdal noted that the CPI (Maoist) also organises events like "The Leadership Training Programme" to endure the forces of the state.[26]

Politburo

As per the communist party policies the highest decision making body of the CPI (Maoist) is the Politburo, with thirteen or fourteen members, six of whom were killed or arrested between 2007 and 2010.[27] Prashant Bose alias "Kishan-da" and Katakam Sudarshan alias Anand,[28] are the two most prominent Politburo members of CPI (Maoist). B. Sudhakar alias "Kiran" is another Politburo member of CPI (Maoist).[29] Shamsher Singh Sheri alias Karam Singh, who died of Cerebral Malaria-Jaundice on 30 October 2005, was also the party's Politburo member.[30] Between 2005 and 2011, the State captured several Politburo members of the party, which includes – Sushil Roy alias Som, Narayan Sanyal alias N. Prasad, Pramod Mishra, Amitabh Bagchi, Kobad Ghandy, Baccha Prasad Singh, Anukul Chandra Naskar[31] and Akhilesh Yadav.[32] Ashutosh Tudu[27] and Anuj Thakur[33] are another two of the arrested Politburo members of the party. Arvind Ji alias Deo Kumar Singh, a politburo member died in heart attack on 21, March 2018.[34] Among those killed, Cherukuri Rajkumar alias "Azad"[35][36][37] and Mallojula Koteswara Rao alias "Kishenji",[37][38] were two past members of the CPI (Maoist)'s Politburo. Politburo member Akkiraju Haragopal alias Ramkrishna died in October 2021 due to illness.[39]

Central Committee

The Central Committee of the CPI (Maoist) takes command from the Politburo and passes on the information to its members, and has 32 members. During an interview in 2010, Anand told media personnels that out of the 45 members of the Central Committee of CPI (Maoist), 8 has been arrested and 22 has been killed by the agencies of the Indian government.[40] Anuradha Ghandy, who died on 12 April 2008, was an eminent member of CPI (Maoist)'s Central Committee.[41] Kadari Satyanarayan Reddy alias "Kosa", Thippiri Tirupathi alias "Devuji", Malla Raji Reddy[42] and Mallujola Venugopal alias "Bhupati" are another three cadres and Central Committee members of the party.[43] Madvi Hidma is the youngest Central Committee member of the party. As of 22 September 2011, nine of the Central Committee members were jailed, which includes – Moti Lal Soren, Vishnu, Varanasi Subramanyam, Shobha, Misir Besra, Jhantu Mukherjee, Vijay Kumar Arya.[32][44] One more Central Committee member, Ravi Sharma, was also captured later.[45] Ginugu Narsimha Reddy alias Jampanna surrendered to police in December 2017.[46] Varkapur Chandramouli,[37] Patel Sudhakar Reddy,[37] Narmada Akka,[29] and Milind Teltumbde who were killed by armed forces. Another Central Committee member Haribhushan died due to Covid. Another CC member B.G. Krishnamoorthy alias BGK, Vijay was arrested in 2021 November along with another PLGA Savithri by Kerala ATS.[47]

Publication division

The CPI (Maoist) has a "publication division". Besides volunteering as a Politburo member of the party, B. Sudhakar alias "Kiran" also works for its publication division.[29]

Military Commissions

The Central Military Commission (CMC) is the main armed body of the CPI (Maoist), and it is constructed by its Central Committee. In addition to the CMC, the party has also raised state military commissions.[48]: 105, 106  The CMC is headed by Nambala Keshava Rao alias Basavaraj.[49] Anand[50] and Arvind Ji[51] are another two members of the organisation's CMC. Anuj Thakur is an arrested member of the CMC of the party.[33] Kishenji[52] and Chandramouli[37] were also the members of the CPI (Maoist)'s CMC.

Technical Committee

Central Technical Committee (CTC) is given the responsibility of fabricating weapons and explosives. The Technical Committee consists of few selected members having special knowledge on science and research and works under the direct supervision of the Central Military Commission (CMC) of the Party. Sadanala Ramakrishna, a senior Maoist leader was the Secretary of the Committee who was arrested in February 2012 in Kolkata.[53][54]

Estimated strength

The military wings of the founding organisations, the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (the military wing of the MCCI) and the People's Guerrilla Army (the military wing of the PWG), also underwent a merger. The name of the unified military organisation is the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA), and it is grouped into three sections — the Basic, the Secondary and the Main squad.[18] All the PLGA members are volunteers and they do not receive any wages.[55] During his stay in the guerrilla zones, Jan Myrdal noted that the female cadres of CPI (Maoist) constituted about 40% of its PLGA, and held numerous "command positions";[56] but currently, the female members comprises 60% of the Maoist cadres,[57] and women commanders heads 20 of the 27 divisions of the guerrilla zones.[58]

P.V. Ramana, of the Observer Research Foundation in Delhi, estimates the Naxilities' current strength at 9,000–10,000 armed fighters, with access to about 6,500 firearms.[59] The analyses, as of September 2013, suggested that the estimated number of PLGA members has decreased from 10,000 − 12,000[57] to 8,000 − 9,000.[60] But, Gautam Navlakha has suggested that the PLGA has strengthened over the past few years, and has mustered 12 companies and over 25 platoons and a supply platoon in 2013 as compared to 8 companies and 13 platoons of 2008.[58] The People's Militia which is armed with bows, arrows, and machetes is and is believed to logistically assist the PLGA is estimated to be around 38,000.[61]

Medical units

The Maoists had structured "medical units" in the villages of Bastar,[62] and the CPI (Maoist) operates "mobile medical units."[48]: 101  Rahul Pandita writes:

"In the field of health as well, the Maoists often fill in large gaps left by the state. Their mobile medical units cover large distances to offer primary health care to tribals.... Various training camps are held regularly on preventive measures against diseases such as diarrhoea or malaria. The grass-root doctors in the medical squads can administer vaccines, identify a number of diseases through symptoms, and treat injuries that are not severe. Some can even conduct simple blood tests to arrive at a diagnosis. This is a significant advantage in such areas."[48]: 101–102 

Furthermore, the CPI (Maoist)'s medical services squads also move from village to village and provides "basic medical training" to selected young tribal people which enables them to identify frequently occurring diseases through their presages so that they can also distribute vaccines to the patients.[48]: 102 

Frontal organisations

The frontal organisations of the party include the Radical Youth League, Rythu Coolie Sangham, Radical Students Union, Singareni Karmika Samakya, Viplava Karmika Samakhya, Porattam Kerala, Ayyankali pada Kerala, Njattuvela Kerala and All India Revolutionary Students Federation,[63] Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan,[55] and Chetna Natya Manch.[64]

Strategy

Governance tactics

The "organising principles" of the Maoists are sketched out from the Chinese Communist Revolution and the Vietnam War. The CPI (Maoist) has organised Dandakaranya into ten divisions, each comprising three area committees; and every Area Committee is composed of several Janatana Sarkars (people's governments). The party says that a Janatana Sarkar is established by the election procedure involving a group of villages, and has nine departments — agriculture, trade and industry, economic, justice, defence, health, public relations, education and culture, and jungle.[65] The Janatana Sarkar provides education up to primary level in the subjects of mathematics, social science, politics, and Hindi, in the "camp schools" using the textbooks published by the party in Gondi. They also use DVDs to educate the children in the streams of science and history.[66]

In their efforts to intimidate their political adversaries and consolidate control, the Maoists tax local villagers, extort businesses, abduct and kill "class enemies" such as government officials and police officers, and regulate the flow of aid and goods.[4] To help fill their ranks, the Maoists force each family under their domain to supply one family member, and threaten those who resist with violence.[67]

The organisation has been holding "Public Courts", which have been described as kangaroo courts,[68][69] against their opponents. These "courts" function in the areas under de facto Maoist control.[70] The Maoists have also taken care to demolish government institutions under their de facto jurisdiction.[71] They have also demolished railroad tracks and school buildings that are often used as temporary camps by security forces.[72]

Military strategies and tactics

The CPI (Maoist) rejects "engagement" with what it terms as the "prevailing bourgeois democracy" and focuses on capturing political power through protracted armed struggle based on guerrilla warfare.[73] This strategy entails building up bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones, and then into "liberated zones", in addition to encircling cities.[18]

The military hardware used by Maoists, as indicated through a number of seizures, include RDX cable wires, gelignite sticks, detonators, country-made weapons, INSAS rifles, AK-47s, SLRs, and improvised explosive devices.[74] The Maoists condemn the accusations that they manage arms through China, Myanmar and Bangladesh.[75] On the subject, Ganapathy says, "Our weapons are mainly country-made. All the modern weapons we have are mainly seized from the government armed forces when we attack them."[75]

The CPI (Maoist)'s General Secretary says that they keep on appealing to the "lower-level personnel" in the paramilitary and police forces not to attack them, but rather "join hands with the masses" and "consciously" point their guns towards whom the Maoists view as "real enemies." They further claims that "only when the government forces come to attack us [Maoists] carrying guns do we attack them in self-defence."[48]: 48–49  In Jharkhand, the police have also seized posters from various places which read, "Policemen keep away from the green hunt and try to be friends of poor. Police jawan, do not obey orders of the senior officials, instead join the people's army."[76]

Funding

Some sources claim that the funding for the Maoists comes from abductions, extortion and by setting up unofficial administrations to collect taxes in rural areas where official government appears absent.[4][5][6] Poppy cultivation is another suspected source of funding for Maoists in the Ghagra area of Gumla district in Jharkhand and in parts of Gumla, Kishanganj and Purnia districts in Bihar where security forces claim that opium fields are hidden among maize crops.[6] Reports from Debagarh district in Odisha indicate that the Maoists also support hemp cultivation to help fund their activities.[6]

Legal status

The party is regarded as a "left-wing extremist entity" and a terrorist outfit by the Indian government. Several of their members have been arrested under the now-defunct Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act.[18][77] The group is officially banned by the state governments of Odisha,[78] Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh, among others. The party has protested these bans.[79] The Indian government, led by the United Progressive Alliance, banned the CPI (Maoist) under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) as a terrorist organisation[80] on 22 June 2009. On 22 June 2009, the central home ministry, keeping in mind the growing unlawful activities by the group, banned it under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).[81] Earlier, the union home minister, P. Chidambaram had asked the West Bengal Chief Minister, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, to ban the Maoists following the Lalgarh Violence.[82] Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) and all its formations and front organisations have been banned by the Government of India.[83]

Controversies

Opposition

The Party is regarded as a serious security threat by the Indian government.[84] It says it will combine improved policing with socio-economic measures to defuse grievances that fuel the Maoist cause.[67] In 2005, Chhattisgarh State sponsored an anti-Maoist movement called the Salwa Judum. The group, which the BBC alleges is "government backed",[85] an allegation rejected by the Indian government[86][87] has come under criticism for "perpetrating atrocities and abuse against women",[88] using child soldiers,[70] burning people alive,[89] and the looting of property and destruction of homes.[90] These allegations were rejected by a fact-finding commission of the National Human Rights Commission of India, appointed by the Supreme Court of India, who determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribes against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.[91][92] The camps are guarded by police officers, paramilitary forces and child soldiers[67][70] empowered with the official title "special police officer" (SPO).[70][93] However, on 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court of India declared the Salwa Judum as illegal and unconstitutional. The court directed the Chhattisgarh government to recover all the firearms given to the militia along with the ammunition and accessories. It also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities of Salwa Judum.[94] But, the state government did not abide by the Supreme Court's decision. In August 2013, the Supreme Court of India asked the state government to explain that "why its failure to execute the July 2011 order of disbanding the SPOs not considered as contempt of court.".[95] In March 2019, a municipal school teacher, Yogendra Meshram was killed by the Maoists in Korchi, which was vehemently protested by locals. The Maoist leadership later apologized for the killing stating it to be a mistake and that Meshram was innocent wrongly suspected to be a police informer.[96]

International connections

The CPI (Maoist) maintains dialogue with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) who control most of Nepal in the Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia (CCOMPOSA), according to several intelligence sources and think tanks.[18] These links are, however, denied by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist-Centre)[97]

While under detention in June 2009, a suspected Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) operative indicated that the LeT and the CPI (Maoist) had attempted to co-ordinate activities in Jharkhand state.[98] But, Ganapathy has denied any links between CPI (Maoist) and LeT, stating that the allegations are "only mischievous, calculated propaganda by the police officials, bureaucrats and leaders of the reactionary political parties" to malign the Maoists' image with the aim of labeling them as terrorists in order to justify "their brutal terror campaign against Maoists and the people in the areas of armed agrarian struggle."[24] Kishenji also criticised LeT for having "wrong" and "anti-people" policies; though he said that the Maoists may consider backing up a few of their demands, if LeT will halt its "terrorist acts".[99]

Reports in 2010 indicate that the Communist Party of the Philippines, Southeast Asia's longest-lived communist insurgent group, has been reported to have engaged in training activities for guerrilla warfare with Indian Maoists.[100]

The Indian Maoists deny operational links with foreign groups, such as the Nepalese Maoists, but do claim comradeship.[101] Some members of the Indian government accept this,[102] while others argue that operational links do exist, with training coming from Sri-Lankan Maoists and small arms from China.[103] China denies any suggestion that it supports foreign Maoist rebels, citing improvements in relations between India and China, including movement towards resolving their border disputes. Maoists in Nepal, India, and the Philippines are less reticent about their shared goals.[104]

Indian Government's paramilitary offensive against the CPI (Maoist)

Main article: Operation Green Hunt

In September 2009, an all-out offensive was launched by the Government of India's paramilitary forces and the state's police forces against the CPI (Maoist) is termed by the Indian media as the "Operation Green Hunt".[105]

On 3 January 2013, government issued a statement that it is deploying 10,000 more central paramilitary personnel in Bastar, Odisha and some parts of Jharkhand.[106] On 8 June 2014, the Minister of Home Affairs officially approved the deployment of another 10,000 troops from the paramilitary forces to fight against the Maoists in Chhattisgarh.[107] The count of personnel from State Armed Police Forces involved in counter-Maoism operations in the Red corridor is estimated to number around 200,000.[60] Along with firearms, the armed forces' personnel use satellite phones, unmanned aerial vehicles and Air Force helicopters.[60]

In 2011, the Indian Army while denying its direct role in the offensive operations accepted that it has been training the paramilitary personnel to fight against the Maoists, however, the Maoists have objected to the Army's stationing in the Red corridor.[108] On 30 May 2013, the Indian Air Force's Air Chief Marshal declared that apart from the currently operating MI-17 helicopters, the Indian Force has decided to induce a unit of MI-17V5 helicopters to "provide full support to anti-Naxal operations."[109] In August 2014, the Ministry of Home Affairs had stated that 2,000 personnel from the Nagaland's Indian Reserve Battalions (IRB) were deployed in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations against the Maoists in Bastar.[110]

Since the start of the operation: 2,266 Maoist militants have been killed, 10,181 have been arrested and 9,714 have surrendered.[111]

Notable attacks

Main article: Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
  • On 12 June 2009, at least 29 members of the Indian Police were killed[112][113] in an ambush attack by Maoist rebels in Rajnandgaon, 90 km (56 mi) from Raipur (India's Chhattisgarh state).[114]
  • On 15 February 2010, several of the guerrilla commanders of CPI (Maoist), all of whom are believed to be female, killed 24 personnel of the Eastern Frontier Rifles at Silda in West Bengal.[48]: 97–98  The attack was directed by Kishenji,[115] and after the Maoist raid at the paramilitary camp, Kishenji addressed the news media saying, "We have not started it (violence) and we will not stop it first. Let us see whether the central government is honest about a solution and we will definitely co–operate.... This is the answer to Chidambaram's 'Operation Green Hunt' and unless the Centre stop this inhuman military operation, we are going to answer the Centre this way only."[116]
  • On 6 April 2010, the Maoists ambushed and killed 76 paramilitary personnel who fell into a trap laid by the lurking Maoists. The CPI (Maoist) described the incident as a "direct consequence" of the Operation Green Hunt stating that "We have been surrounded by paramilitary battalions. They are setting fire to the forests and making adivasis (tribals) flee. In this situation, we have no other alternative (but to stage attacks)."[117]
  • On 25 May 2013, the CPI (Maoist) ambushed a convoy of the Indian National Congress at Bastar, and killed 27 people including Mahendra Karma, Nand Kumar Patel and Vidya Charan Shukla.[118] While regretting the death of a few "innocent Congress [INC] functionaries" during the incident, they hold the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress' policies which they view as "anti-people" in nature, as directly responsible for the attack.[119] Later, 14 Maoist who had allegedly participated in the ambush[120] were gunned down in Odisha by the Special Operation Group with the assistance of Border Security Force.[121]
  • On 3 April 2021, twenty-two soldiers were killed in a Maoist ambush on the border of Bijapur and Sukma districts in southern Chhattisgarh. Those killed included 14 Chhattisgarh policemen and seven jawans of the CRPF, including six members of its elite CoBRA unit, specially trained to take on Maoist guerillas.[122]
  • On 4 January 2022, CPI (Maoist) attacked former BJP MLA of Manoharpur Gurucharan Nayak in West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Nayak escaped but the Maoists slit the throat of his two bodyguards, snatched their AK-47 rifles and fled. The two bodyguards died in the incident.[123]

See also

References

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External links

  • An exclusive interview to The Hindu by Azad, spokesperson of the Communist Party of India (Maoist), The Hindu
  • Interview With Communist Party of India (Maoist) Spokesperson Azad, The Hindu
  • Interview With Comrade Ganapathy, General Secretary (GS), CPI (Maoist) given to Swedish writer Jan Myrdal and Gautam Navlakha, January 2010
  • The French journalist, Vanessa's conversation with Narmada and several other Comrades, OPEN
  • What is daily life inside a Maoist forest hideout like? — BBC
  • India's Red Tide — SBS Dateline
  • International Campaign Against War on the People in India
  • , Tehelka
  • The heart of India is under attack, The Guardian

May 08, 2023
communist, party, india, maoist, marxist, leninist, maoist, banned, communist, political, party, militant, organization, india, which, aims, overthrow, semi, colonial, semi, feudal, indian, state, through, protracted, people, founded, september, 2004, through,. The Communist Party of India Maoist is a Marxist Leninist Maoist 7 8 banned communist political party and militant organization 9 in India which aims to overthrow the semi colonial and semi feudal Indian state through protracted people s war It was founded on 21 September 2004 through the merger of the Communist Party of India Marxist Leninist People s War People s War Group and the Maoist Communist Centre of India MCCI The party has been designated as a terrorist organisation in India under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act since 2009 10 11 12 13 Communist Party of India Maoist AbbreviationCPI Maoist General SecretaryNambala Keshava RaoFounded21 September 2004Merger of Communist Party of India Marxist Leninist People s War Maoist Communist Centre of India Communist Party of India Marxist Leninist NaxalbariStudent wing All India Revolutionary Students Federation Radical Students UnionYouth wingRadical Youth LeagueWomen s wingKrantikari Adivasi Mahila SangathanParamilitary wings People s Liberation Guerrilla Army 9 000 10 000 September 2013 People s Militia armed with bows arrows and machetes 38 000Trade union wingSingareni Karmika SamakyaCultural organisationChetna Natya ManchIdeologyCommunismMarxism Leninism MaoismPolitical positionFar leftColours RedMotivesOverthrow of the government of Republic of India by means of armed rebellion citation needed Establishment of a Maoist regime in India citation needed To destroy the state machinery and establish the Indian People s Democratic Federative Republic 1 Active region s India mainly in Red Corridor StatusDesignated as a terrorist organisation by India 2 Designated as unlawful association by the Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh governmentsAnnual revenue and means of revenueRs 140 250 crores 3 Abductions extortions of landowners and companies 4 5 6 Politics of IndiaPolitical partiesElectionsIn 2006 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh referred to the Maoists as the single biggest internal security challenge for India 4 14 and said that the deprived and alienated sections of the population form the backbone of the Maoist movement in India 15 The government officials have declared that in 2013 76 districts in the country were affected by left wing extremism with another 106 districts in ideological influence 16 In 2020 the activities of the party began to increase again in Telangana and other areas 17 Chhattishgarh is often affected by the party s militant activities Contents 1 History 2 Ideology 3 Location and prominence 4 Organisation 4 1 Politburo 4 2 Central Committee 4 3 Publication division 4 4 Military Commissions 4 5 Technical Committee 4 6 Estimated strength 4 7 Medical units 4 8 Frontal organisations 5 Strategy 5 1 Governance tactics 5 2 Military strategies and tactics 6 Funding 7 Legal status 8 Controversies 8 1 Opposition 9 International connections 10 Indian Government s paramilitary offensive against the CPI Maoist 11 Notable attacks 12 See also 13 References 14 External linksHistory EditThe Communist Party of India Maoist was founded on 21 September 2004 through the merger of the Communist Party of India Marxist Leninist People s War People s War Group and the Maoist Communist Centre of India MCCI The merger was announced on 14 October the same year In the merger a provisional central committee was constituted with the erstwhile People s War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao alias Ganapathi as general secretary 18 Further on May Day 2014 the Communist Party of India Marxist Leninist Naxalbari merged into the CPI Maoist 19 Ideology EditThe CPI Maoist observes that the Indian state is being run by a collaboration of imperialists the comprador bourgeoisie and feudal lords 20 According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal the two factions of the Party adhered to differing strands of communism prior to their 2004 merger although both organizations shared their belief in the annihilation of class enemies and in extreme violence as a means to secure organizational goals The People s War Group PWG maintained a Marxist Leninist stance while the Maoist Communist Centre of India MCCI took a Maoist stance After the merger the PWG secretary of Andhra Pradesh announced that the newly formed CPI Maoist would follow Marxism Leninism Maoism as its ideological basis guiding its thinking in all spheres of its activities Included in this ideology is a commitment to protracted armed struggle to undermine and to seize power from the state 18 On May Day 2014 Ganapathy and Ajith Secretary of the CPI ML Naxalbari also issued a joint statement stating that the unified party would continue to take Marxism Leninism Maoism as its guiding ideology 19 The ideology of the party is contained in a Party Programme In the document the Maoists denounce globalisation as a war on the people by market fundamentalists and the caste system as a form of social oppression 21 The CPI Maoist claim that they are conducting a people s war a strategic approach developed by Mao Zedong during the guerrilla warfare phase of the Communist Party of China Their eventual objective is to install a people s government via a New Democratic Revolution 21 Location and prominence EditCPI M currently operates in the forest belt around central India in the states of Chhattisgarh Bihar Jharkhand Maharashtra Odisha It is present even in remote regions of Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh as well as in Bihar and the tribal dominated areas in the borderlands of Chhattisgarh Maharashtra West Bengal and Odisha The CPI Maoist aims to consolidate its power in this area and establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone from which to advance the people s war in other parts of India 18 A 2005 Frontline cover story called the Bhamragad Taluka where the Madia Gond Adivasis live the heart of the Maoist affected region in Maharashtra 22 Recently the Indian government has claimed that in 2013 Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Gujarat Haryana Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Odisha Punjab Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal experienced ideological influence of Left Wing Extremism while claiming that armed activity by the Left Wing extremists was noticed in Andhra Pradesh Bihar Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Odisha and West Bengal 16 Organisation EditThe current General Secretary of CPI Maoist is Nambala Keshava Rao alias Basavaraj 23 He was appointed after Muppala Lakshmana Rao who uses the alias Ganapathy 24 The party hierarchy consists of the Regional Bureaus which look after two or three states each the State Committees the Zonal Committees the District Committees and the dalams armed squads 25 Communist writer Jan Myrdal noted that the CPI Maoist also organises events like The Leadership Training Programme to endure the forces of the state 26 Politburo Edit As per the communist party policies the highest decision making body of the CPI Maoist is the Politburo with thirteen or fourteen members six of whom were killed or arrested between 2007 and 2010 27 Prashant Bose alias Kishan da and Katakam Sudarshan alias Anand 28 are the two most prominent Politburo members of CPI Maoist B Sudhakar alias Kiran is another Politburo member of CPI Maoist 29 Shamsher Singh Sheri alias Karam Singh who died of Cerebral Malaria Jaundice on 30 October 2005 was also the party s Politburo member 30 Between 2005 and 2011 the State captured several Politburo members of the party which includes Sushil Roy alias Som Narayan Sanyal alias N Prasad Pramod Mishra Amitabh Bagchi Kobad Ghandy Baccha Prasad Singh Anukul Chandra Naskar 31 and Akhilesh Yadav 32 Ashutosh Tudu 27 and Anuj Thakur 33 are another two of the arrested Politburo members of the party Arvind Ji alias Deo Kumar Singh a politburo member died in heart attack on 21 March 2018 34 Among those killed Cherukuri Rajkumar alias Azad 35 36 37 and Mallojula Koteswara Rao alias Kishenji 37 38 were two past members of the CPI Maoist s Politburo Politburo member Akkiraju Haragopal alias Ramkrishna died in October 2021 due to illness 39 Central Committee Edit The Central Committee of the CPI Maoist takes command from the Politburo and passes on the information to its members and has 32 members During an interview in 2010 Anand told media personnels that out of the 45 members of the Central Committee of CPI Maoist 8 has been arrested and 22 has been killed by the agencies of the Indian government 40 Anuradha Ghandy who died on 12 April 2008 was an eminent member of CPI Maoist s Central Committee 41 Kadari Satyanarayan Reddy alias Kosa Thippiri Tirupathi alias Devuji Malla Raji Reddy 42 and Mallujola Venugopal alias Bhupati are another three cadres and Central Committee members of the party 43 Madvi Hidma is the youngest Central Committee member of the party As of 22 September 2011 nine of the Central Committee members were jailed which includes Moti Lal Soren Vishnu Varanasi Subramanyam Shobha Misir Besra Jhantu Mukherjee Vijay Kumar Arya 32 44 One more Central Committee member Ravi Sharma was also captured later 45 Ginugu Narsimha Reddy alias Jampanna surrendered to police in December 2017 46 Varkapur Chandramouli 37 Patel Sudhakar Reddy 37 Narmada Akka 29 and Milind Teltumbde who were killed by armed forces Another Central Committee member Haribhushan died due to Covid Another CC member B G Krishnamoorthy alias BGK Vijay was arrested in 2021 November along with another PLGA Savithri by Kerala ATS 47 Publication division Edit The CPI Maoist has a publication division Besides volunteering as a Politburo member of the party B Sudhakar alias Kiran also works for its publication division 29 Military Commissions Edit The Central Military Commission CMC is the main armed body of the CPI Maoist and it is constructed by its Central Committee In addition to the CMC the party has also raised state military commissions 48 105 106 The CMC is headed by Nambala Keshava Rao alias Basavaraj 49 Anand 50 and Arvind Ji 51 are another two members of the organisation s CMC Anuj Thakur is an arrested member of the CMC of the party 33 Kishenji 52 and Chandramouli 37 were also the members of the CPI Maoist s CMC Technical Committee Edit Central Technical Committee CTC is given the responsibility of fabricating weapons and explosives The Technical Committee consists of few selected members having special knowledge on science and research and works under the direct supervision of the Central Military Commission CMC of the Party Sadanala Ramakrishna a senior Maoist leader was the Secretary of the Committee who was arrested in February 2012 in Kolkata 53 54 Estimated strength Edit The military wings of the founding organisations the People s Liberation Guerrilla Army the military wing of the MCCI and the People s Guerrilla Army the military wing of the PWG also underwent a merger The name of the unified military organisation is the People s Liberation Guerrilla Army PLGA and it is grouped into three sections the Basic the Secondary and the Main squad 18 All the PLGA members are volunteers and they do not receive any wages 55 During his stay in the guerrilla zones Jan Myrdal noted that the female cadres of CPI Maoist constituted about 40 of its PLGA and held numerous command positions 56 but currently the female members comprises 60 of the Maoist cadres 57 and women commanders heads 20 of the 27 divisions of the guerrilla zones 58 P V Ramana of the Observer Research Foundation in Delhi estimates the Naxilities current strength at 9 000 10 000 armed fighters with access to about 6 500 firearms 59 The analyses as of September 2013 suggested that the estimated number of PLGA members has decreased from 10 000 12 000 57 to 8 000 9 000 60 But Gautam Navlakha has suggested that the PLGA has strengthened over the past few years and has mustered 12 companies and over 25 platoons and a supply platoon in 2013 as compared to 8 companies and 13 platoons of 2008 58 The People s Militia which is armed with bows arrows and machetes is and is believed to logistically assist the PLGA is estimated to be around 38 000 61 Medical units EditThe Maoists had structured medical units in the villages of Bastar 62 and the CPI Maoist operates mobile medical units 48 101 Rahul Pandita writes In the field of health as well the Maoists often fill in large gaps left by the state Their mobile medical units cover large distances to offer primary health care to tribals Various training camps are held regularly on preventive measures against diseases such as diarrhoea or malaria The grass root doctors in the medical squads can administer vaccines identify a number of diseases through symptoms and treat injuries that are not severe Some can even conduct simple blood tests to arrive at a diagnosis This is a significant advantage in such areas 48 101 102 Furthermore the CPI Maoist s medical services squads also move from village to village and provides basic medical training to selected young tribal people which enables them to identify frequently occurring diseases through their presages so that they can also distribute vaccines to the patients 48 102 Frontal organisations Edit The frontal organisations of the party include the Radical Youth League Rythu Coolie Sangham Radical Students Union Singareni Karmika Samakya Viplava Karmika Samakhya Porattam Kerala Ayyankali pada Kerala Njattuvela Kerala and All India Revolutionary Students Federation 63 Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan 55 and Chetna Natya Manch 64 Strategy EditGovernance tactics Edit The organising principles of the Maoists are sketched out from the Chinese Communist Revolution and the Vietnam War The CPI Maoist has organised Dandakaranya into ten divisions each comprising three area committees and every Area Committee is composed of several Janatana Sarkars people s governments The party says that a Janatana Sarkar is established by the election procedure involving a group of villages and has nine departments agriculture trade and industry economic justice defence health public relations education and culture and jungle 65 The Janatana Sarkar provides education up to primary level in the subjects of mathematics social science politics and Hindi in the camp schools using the textbooks published by the party in Gondi They also use DVDs to educate the children in the streams of science and history 66 In their efforts to intimidate their political adversaries and consolidate control the Maoists tax local villagers extort businesses abduct and kill class enemies such as government officials and police officers and regulate the flow of aid and goods 4 To help fill their ranks the Maoists force each family under their domain to supply one family member and threaten those who resist with violence 67 The organisation has been holding Public Courts which have been described as kangaroo courts 68 69 against their opponents These courts function in the areas under de facto Maoist control 70 The Maoists have also taken care to demolish government institutions under their de facto jurisdiction 71 They have also demolished railroad tracks and school buildings that are often used as temporary camps by security forces 72 Military strategies and tactics Edit The CPI Maoist rejects engagement with what it terms as the prevailing bourgeois democracy and focuses on capturing political power through protracted armed struggle based on guerrilla warfare 73 This strategy entails building up bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones and then into liberated zones in addition to encircling cities 18 The military hardware used by Maoists as indicated through a number of seizures include RDX cable wires gelignite sticks detonators country made weapons INSAS rifles AK 47s SLRs and improvised explosive devices 74 The Maoists condemn the accusations that they manage arms through China Myanmar and Bangladesh 75 On the subject Ganapathy says Our weapons are mainly country made All the modern weapons we have are mainly seized from the government armed forces when we attack them 75 The CPI Maoist s General Secretary says that they keep on appealing to the lower level personnel in the paramilitary and police forces not to attack them but rather join hands with the masses and consciously point their guns towards whom the Maoists view as real enemies They further claims that only when the government forces come to attack us Maoists carrying guns do we attack them in self defence 48 48 49 In Jharkhand the police have also seized posters from various places which read Policemen keep away from the green hunt and try to be friends of poor Police jawan do not obey orders of the senior officials instead join the people s army 76 Funding EditSome sources claim that the funding for the Maoists comes from abductions extortion and by setting up unofficial administrations to collect taxes in rural areas where official government appears absent 4 5 6 Poppy cultivation is another suspected source of funding for Maoists in the Ghagra area of Gumla district in Jharkhand and in parts of Gumla Kishanganj and Purnia districts in Bihar where security forces claim that opium fields are hidden among maize crops 6 Reports from Debagarh district in Odisha indicate that the Maoists also support hemp cultivation to help fund their activities 6 Legal status EditThe party is regarded as a left wing extremist entity and a terrorist outfit by the Indian government Several of their members have been arrested under the now defunct Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act 18 77 The group is officially banned by the state governments of Odisha 78 Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh among others The party has protested these bans 79 The Indian government led by the United Progressive Alliance banned the CPI Maoist under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act UAPA as a terrorist organisation 80 on 22 June 2009 On 22 June 2009 the central home ministry keeping in mind the growing unlawful activities by the group banned it under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act UAPA 81 Earlier the union home minister P Chidambaram had asked the West Bengal Chief Minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee to ban the Maoists following the Lalgarh Violence 82 Maoist Communist Centre MCC and all its formations and front organisations have been banned by the Government of India 83 Controversies EditOpposition Edit The Party is regarded as a serious security threat by the Indian government 84 It says it will combine improved policing with socio economic measures to defuse grievances that fuel the Maoist cause 67 In 2005 Chhattisgarh State sponsored an anti Maoist movement called the Salwa Judum The group which the BBC alleges is government backed 85 an allegation rejected by the Indian government 86 87 has come under criticism for perpetrating atrocities and abuse against women 88 using child soldiers 70 burning people alive 89 and the looting of property and destruction of homes 90 These allegations were rejected by a fact finding commission of the National Human Rights Commission of India appointed by the Supreme Court of India who determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribes against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them 91 92 The camps are guarded by police officers paramilitary forces and child soldiers 67 70 empowered with the official title special police officer SPO 70 93 However on 5 July 2011 the Supreme Court of India declared the Salwa Judum as illegal and unconstitutional The court directed the Chhattisgarh government to recover all the firearms given to the militia along with the ammunition and accessories It also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities of Salwa Judum 94 But the state government did not abide by the Supreme Court s decision In August 2013 the Supreme Court of India asked the state government to explain that why its failure to execute the July 2011 order of disbanding the SPOs not considered as contempt of court 95 In March 2019 a municipal school teacher Yogendra Meshram was killed by the Maoists in Korchi which was vehemently protested by locals The Maoist leadership later apologized for the killing stating it to be a mistake and that Meshram was innocent wrongly suspected to be a police informer 96 International connections EditThe CPI Maoist maintains dialogue with the Communist Party of Nepal Maoist Centre who control most of Nepal in the Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia CCOMPOSA according to several intelligence sources and think tanks 18 These links are however denied by the Communist Party of Nepal Maoist Centre 97 While under detention in June 2009 a suspected Lashkar e Taiba LeT operative indicated that the LeT and the CPI Maoist had attempted to co ordinate activities in Jharkhand state 98 But Ganapathy has denied any links between CPI Maoist and LeT stating that the allegations are only mischievous calculated propaganda by the police officials bureaucrats and leaders of the reactionary political parties to malign the Maoists image with the aim of labeling them as terrorists in order to justify their brutal terror campaign against Maoists and the people in the areas of armed agrarian struggle 24 Kishenji also criticised LeT for having wrong and anti people policies though he said that the Maoists may consider backing up a few of their demands if LeT will halt its terrorist acts 99 Reports in 2010 indicate that the Communist Party of the Philippines Southeast Asia s longest lived communist insurgent group has been reported to have engaged in training activities for guerrilla warfare with Indian Maoists 100 The Indian Maoists deny operational links with foreign groups such as the Nepalese Maoists but do claim comradeship 101 Some members of the Indian government accept this 102 while others argue that operational links do exist with training coming from Sri Lankan Maoists and small arms from China 103 China denies any suggestion that it supports foreign Maoist rebels citing improvements in relations between India and China including movement towards resolving their border disputes Maoists in Nepal India and the Philippines are less reticent about their shared goals 104 Indian Government s paramilitary offensive against the CPI Maoist EditMain article Operation Green Hunt In September 2009 an all out offensive was launched by the Government of India s paramilitary forces and the state s police forces against the CPI Maoist is termed by the Indian media as the Operation Green Hunt 105 On 3 January 2013 government issued a statement that it is deploying 10 000 more central paramilitary personnel in Bastar Odisha and some parts of Jharkhand 106 On 8 June 2014 the Minister of Home Affairs officially approved the deployment of another 10 000 troops from the paramilitary forces to fight against the Maoists in Chhattisgarh 107 The count of personnel from State Armed Police Forces involved in counter Maoism operations in the Red corridor is estimated to number around 200 000 60 Along with firearms the armed forces personnel use satellite phones unmanned aerial vehicles and Air Force helicopters 60 In 2011 the Indian Army while denying its direct role in the offensive operations accepted that it has been training the paramilitary personnel to fight against the Maoists however the Maoists have objected to the Army s stationing in the Red corridor 108 On 30 May 2013 the Indian Air Force s Air Chief Marshal declared that apart from the currently operating MI 17 helicopters the Indian Force has decided to induce a unit of MI 17V5 helicopters to provide full support to anti Naxal operations 109 In August 2014 the Ministry of Home Affairs had stated that 2 000 personnel from the Nagaland s Indian Reserve Battalions IRB were deployed in counter insurgency and counter terrorism operations against the Maoists in Bastar 110 Since the start of the operation 2 266 Maoist militants have been killed 10 181 have been arrested and 9 714 have surrendered 111 Notable attacks EditMain article Timeline of the Naxalite Maoist insurgency On 12 June 2009 at least 29 members of the Indian Police were killed 112 113 in an ambush attack by Maoist rebels in Rajnandgaon 90 km 56 mi from Raipur India s Chhattisgarh state 114 On 15 February 2010 several of the guerrilla commanders of CPI Maoist all of whom are believed to be female killed 24 personnel of the Eastern Frontier Rifles at Silda in West Bengal 48 97 98 The attack was directed by Kishenji 115 and after the Maoist raid at the paramilitary camp Kishenji addressed the news media saying We have not started it violence and we will not stop it first Let us see whether the central government is honest about a solution and we will definitely co operate This is the answer to Chidambaram s Operation Green Hunt and unless the Centre stop this inhuman military operation we are going to answer the Centre this way only 116 On 6 April 2010 the Maoists ambushed and killed 76 paramilitary personnel who fell into a trap laid by the lurking Maoists The CPI Maoist described the incident as a direct consequence of the Operation Green Hunt stating that We have been surrounded by paramilitary battalions They are setting fire to the forests and making adivasis tribals flee In this situation we have no other alternative but to stage attacks 117 On 25 May 2013 the CPI Maoist ambushed a convoy of the Indian National Congress at Bastar and killed 27 people including Mahendra Karma Nand Kumar Patel and Vidya Charan Shukla 118 While regretting the death of a few innocent Congress INC functionaries during the incident they hold the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress policies which they view as anti people in nature as directly responsible for the attack 119 Later 14 Maoist who had allegedly participated in the ambush 120 were gunned down in Odisha by the Special Operation Group with the assistance of Border Security Force 121 On 3 April 2021 twenty two soldiers were killed in a Maoist ambush on the border of Bijapur and Sukma districts in southern Chhattisgarh Those killed included 14 Chhattisgarh policemen and seven jawans of the CRPF including six members of its elite CoBRA unit specially trained to take on Maoist guerillas 122 On 4 January 2022 CPI Maoist attacked former BJP MLA of Manoharpur Gurucharan Nayak in West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand Nayak escaped but the Maoists slit the throat of his two bodyguards snatched their AK 47 rifles and fled The two bodyguards died in the incident 123 See also EditList of organisations banned by the Government of India Anti revisionism Operation Steeplechase Revolutionary Internationalist Movement List of communist parties List of Naxalite and Maoist groups in India Red Ant Dream Deo Kumar Singh Ganapathy Maoist References Edit Myrdal Jan 5 May 2014 Appendix III Red Star Over India As the Wretched of the Earth are Rising Impressions Reflections and Preliminary Inferences Kolkata Archana Das and Subrata Das on behalf of Setu Prakashani pp 183 184 ISBN 978 93 80677 20 0 OCLC 858528997 The Dandakaranya Janathana Circars of today are the basis for the Indian People s Democratic Federal Republic of tomorrow In any social revolution including the Indian New Democratic Revolution the most crucial central and main question is that of state power Our party is striving to establish area wise power by mobilising people politically into the protracted people s war building the people s army in the form of guerrilla army and destroying the state machinery of the enemy ruling classes It is a part of this revolutionary process that it is establishing Janathana Sarkars in Dandakaranya CPI Maoist included in list of terrorist organizations to avoid any ambiguity Press Information Bureau Tikku Aloke 20 July 2013 Maoists raise Rs 140 250 crore a year through extortion protection rackets Hindustan Times Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 Retrieved 10 November 2013 a b c d Robinson Simon 29 May 2008 India s Secret War Time Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 a b Zissis Carin 27 November 2008 Backgrounder Terror Groups in India Council on Foreign Relations Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 Retrieved 29 January 2010 a b c d Srivastava Devyani 2009 Terrorism amp Armed Violence in India PDF IPCS Special Report Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies 71 7 11 Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 Retrieved 22 March 2023 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Deepak Kapoor AVSM PVSM SM VSM Chief of Army Staff India 2009 South Asia Defence And Strategic Year Book Pentagon Press pp 62 63 ISBN 978 8182743991 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Dahat Pavan 10 September 2017 CPI Maoist commander Hidma promoted to Central Committee The Hindu Retrieved 27 April 2019 Marxist Communist Party of India October December 2005 Maoism An Exercise in Anarchism cpim org Maoists fourth deadliest terror outfit after Taliban IS Boko Haram Report The Times of India 16 September 2016 Most terrorists in India are Hindus the ones whom we have conveniently labelled Maoist instead of Hindu 4 April 2015 Most extremists in India are not Muslim they are Hindu Are Most Terrorists in India Muslims 4 February 2022 India s Naxalite Rebellion The red heart of India The Economist London 5 November 2009 Retrieved 30 January 2010 Lancaster John 13 May 2006 India s Ragtag Band of Maoists Takes Root Among Rural Poor Washington Post Foreign Service Retrieved 30 August 2013 a b India Maoist Conflict Map 2014 New Delhi SATP 2014 Retrieved 26 October 2014 The return of the Maoists in Telangana The Hindu London 8 August 2020 Retrieved 31 August 2020 a b c d e f g Communist Party of India Maoist CPI Maoist South 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CPI Maoist spoke to Open on issues ranging from the Government s proposed anti Maoist offensive to Islamist Jihadist movements Dandakaranya OPEN Retrieved 1 June 2013 Mohan Vishwa 7 April 2010 A band of eight that calls the shots The Times of India Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 Retrieved 7 April 2010 Myrdal Jan 5 May 2014 The Negative Possibility Red Star Over India As the Wretched of the Earth are Rising Impressions Reflections and Preliminary Inferences Kolkata Archana Das and Subrata Das on behalf of Setu Prakashani p 138 ISBN 978 93 80677 20 0 OCLC 858528997 Yes that The Iron Heel will use its murderous might in India to trample down any threat to its power as it has in so many other countries these last centuries is clear Of course I hope that the Communist Party of India Maoist will be able to survive this onslaught The statements of the General Secretary and what I read in texts such as The Leadership Training Programme gave me some hope a b Das Ashok Bhattacharya Snigdhendu 21 March 2010 Will take revenge if Azad is harmed Hindustan Times Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 Retrieved 8 April 2010 Bhattacharya Ravik 23 November 2012 Hardline strategist to replace Kishenji Hindustan Times Kolkata Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 Retrieved 31 May 2013 a b c Maitra Pradip Kumar 27 December 2012 Woman naxal leader killed in Gadchiroli Hindustan Times Archived from the original on 1 January 2013 Retrieved 31 May 2013 2005 12 15 document CPN M Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 15 December 2005 Retrieved 29 August 2013 Comrade Shamsher Singh Sheri alias comrade Sher Shing Sheri alias com K S a Central Committee and Polit Bureau member of Communist Party of India Maoist has passed away from us by dangerous diseases Cerebral Malaria Jaundice He attained martyrdom on Oct 30 2005 It is not only a great loss of CPI Maoist but also a great loss of the whole proletarian s revolution The untimely demise of comrade Karam Singh has caused a serious loss to the ongoing revolutionary struggles in India and the world as well Police arrest Maoist politburo member in Assam Firstpost 10 May 2013 Retrieved 29 July 2019 a b Jain Bharti 22 September 2011 Ganapathy Kishanji on top of government s most wanted Maoists list The Economic Times New Delhi Retrieved 1 June 2013 a b Mishra Alok K N 29 May 2013 Maoist politburo member arrested girlfriend flees The Times of India Ranchi The Times Group Retrieved 22 August 2013 Jharkhand s top Maoist commander Arvindji died of heart attack Police hindustantimes com 21 March 2018 Retrieved 9 April 2018 Kumar G Arun Paithari Raghu 3 July 2010 Maoist No 3 Azad killed in Andhra The Times of India Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Retrieved 26 October 2013 Azad s killing Some unanswered questions Rediff Retrieved 31 May 2013 a b c d e Bernard D Mello 3 December 2011 Indian Republic Killing Its Own Children Kishenji Fought for a Better 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2013 Retrieved 22 August 2013 Arrest of top leader hobbles Naxals deccanherald com March 2012 Retrieved 22 April 2019 Reddy K Srinivas 2 March 2012 Maoist weapon units busted in Kolkata Mumbai The Hindu Retrieved 22 April 2019 a b Roy Arundhati 29 March 2010 Walking with the Comrades Outlook Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Myrdal Jan 5 May 2014 Red Star Over India As the Wretched of the Earth are Rising Impressions Reflections and Preliminary Inferences Kolkata Archana Das and Subrata Das on behalf of Setu Prakashani ISBN 978 93 80677 20 0 OCLC 858528997 Young women represent about 40 percent of the Guerrilla Army of the People s Liberation Many of them have command positions Photo Jan Myrdal a b Majumdar Ushinor 19 September 2013 Top Maoist Leader Ganapathi Admits To Leadership Crisis In Party Tehelka archived from the original on 16 October 2013 retrieved 10 October 2013 a b Navlakha Gautam 30 March 2014 Ambush amplifies a struggle Sanhati 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with Narmada and several other Comrades OPEN What is daily life inside a Maoist forest hideout like BBC India s Red Tide SBS Dateline International Campaign Against War on the People in India Are We The Enemy You Fear Tehelka The heart of India is under attack The Guardian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Communist Party of India Maoist amp oldid 1153690222, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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