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Common raccoon dog

The common raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), also called the Chinese or Asian raccoon dog to distinguish it from the Japanese raccoon dog, is a small, heavy-set, fox-like canid native to East Asia. Named for its raccoon-like face markings, it is most closely related to foxes. Common raccoon dogs feed on many animals and plant matter, and are unusual among canids (dogs, foxes, and other members of the family Canidae) in that they hibernate during cold winters and can climb trees. They are widespread in their native range, and are invasive in Europe where they were introduced for the fur trade. The similar Japanese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes viverrinus, the tanuki), native to Japan, is the only other living member of the genus Nyctereutes.[2] Other names for the common raccoon dog include mangut (its Evenki name),[3] and neoguri (its Korean name).

Common raccoon dog
In Ukraine
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Nyctereutes
Species:
N. procyonoides
Binomial name
Nyctereutes procyonoides
(Gray, 1834)
Common raccoon dog range
Blue – native area (including range of Japanese raccoon dog)
Red – area of introduction
Synonyms
  • Canis procyonoides Gray, 1834
  • Canis viverrinus Temminck, 1838
  • Nyctereutes albus Hornaday, 1904
  • Nyctereutes sinensis Brass, 1904
  • Nyctereutes amurensis Matschie, 1907
  • Nyctereutes stegmanni Matschie, 1907

The common raccoon dog is named for the resemblance of its masked face to that of the North American common raccoon (Procyon lotor). The closest relatives of the common raccoon dogs are the true foxes, not the raccoon, which is one of the musteloids, and not closely related. Among the Canidae, the common raccoon dog shares the habit of regularly climbing trees only with the North American gray fox, which is neither a true fox nor a close relative of the common raccoon dog.[4][5][6][7]

Due to the fur trade, the common raccoon dog has been widely introduced in Europe, where it has been treated as a potentially hazardous invasive species.[8] In Scandinavia, it is called "marten-dog" (Swedish: mårdhund, Norwegian and Danish: mårhund).[8] In Europe, since 2019, the common raccoon dog has been included on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[9] This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[10]

Description edit

 
Raccoon dog skull.

Common raccoon dog skulls greatly resemble those of South American foxes, particularly crab-eating foxes, though genetic studies reveal they are not closely related.[4] Their skulls are small, but sturdily built and moderately elongated, with narrow zygomatic arches. The projections of the skull are well-developed, the sagittal crest being particularly prominent in old animals.

Reflecting their omnivorous diets, common raccoon dogs have small and weak canines and carnassials, flat molars, and relatively long intestines – (1.5–2.0 times longer than other canids). They have long torsos and short legs. Total lengths can range from 45 to 71 cm (18 to 28 in). The tail, at 12 to 18 cm (4.7 to 7.1 in) long, is short, amounting to less than a third of the animal's total length and hangs below the tarsal joints without touching the ground. The ears are short and protrude only slightly from the fur.

Weights fluctuate according to season: in March they weigh 3 kg (6.6 lb), while in August to early September males average 6.5–7 kg (14–15 lb), with some individuals attaining a maximal weight of 9–10 kg (20–22 lb).[3] Specimens from Japanese and Russian studies have been shown to be on average larger than those from Chinese studies.[11]

 
The distinctly raccoon-like markings of a raccoon dog's face.

The winter fur is long and thick with dense underfur and coarse guard hairs measuring 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in length. The winter fur protects common raccoon dogs from low temperatures ranging down to −20 to −25 °C (−4 to −13 °F). It is of a dirty, earth-brown, or brownish-grey colour with black guard hairs. The tail is darker than the torso. A dark stripe is present on the back, which broadens on the shoulders, forming a cross shape. The abdomen is yellowish-brown, while the chest is dark brown or blackish. The muzzle is covered in short hair, which increases in length and quantity behind the eyes. The cheeks are coated with long, whiskery hairs. The summer fur is brighter and reddish straw-coloured.[3]

A rare white colour type occurs in China.[12] They can also come in a yellow colour.[13]

Ecology edit

Diet edit

Common raccoon dogs are omnivores that feed on insects, rodents, amphibians, birds, fish, reptiles, mollusks, crabs, sea urchins, human garbage, carrion, and eggs, as well as fruits, nuts, and berries.[14][15][16][17] Among the rodents targeted by common raccoon dogs, voles seem to predominate in swampy areas, but are replaced with gerbils in flatland areas such as Astrakhan. Frogs are the most commonly taken amphibians; in the Voronezh region, they frequently eat fire-bellied toads, while European spadefoot toads are usually taken in Ukraine. Common raccoon dogs are able to eat toads that have toxic skin secretions by producing copious amounts of saliva to dilute the toxins.[18] They prey on waterfowl, passerines, and migrating birds. Grouse are commonly hunted in their introduced range, and many instances of pheasant predation are recorded in the Ussuri territory.

Common raccoon dogs eat beached fish and fish trapped in small water bodies. They rarely catch fish during the spawning season, but eat many during the spring thaw. In their southern range, they eat young tortoises and their eggs. Insectivorous mammals hunted by common raccoon dogs include shrews, hedgehogs, and, on rare occasions, moles and desmans. In the Ussuri territory, large moles are their primary source of food. Plant food is highly variable, and includes bulbs, rhizomes, oats, millets, maize, nuts, fruits, berries, grapes, melons, watermelons, pumpkins, and tomatoes.[3]

Common raccoon dogs adapt their diets to the season; in late autumn and winter they feed mostly on rodents, carrion, and feces, while fruit, insects, and amphibians predominate in spring. In summer they eat fewer rodents, and mainly target nesting birds, fruits, grains, and vegetables.[3]

Predators edit

Wolves are the main predators of common raccoon dogs, killing large numbers of them in spring and summer, though attacks have been reported in autumn, too. In Tatarstan, wolf predation can account for more than half of[18] dog deaths, while in northwestern Russia, it can amount to almost two-thirds. Red foxes kill common raccoon dog pups, and have been known to bite adults to death.

Both foxes and European badgers compete with common raccoon dogs for food, and have been known to kill them if common raccoon dogs enter their burrows. Eurasian lynxes rarely attack them. Birds of prey known to take[18] dogs include golden eagles, white-tailed eagles, goshawks, and eagle owls.[3]

Behaviour edit

Reproduction and development edit

 
Raccoon dog pup.

The mating season begins from early February to late April, depending on location. Common raccoon dogs are monogamous animals, with pair formations usually occurring in autumn. Captive males, however, have been known to mate with four or five females. Males will fight briefly, but not fatally, for mates.[3] Copulation occurs during the night, or at dawn, and typically will last 6–9 minutes.[19] Estrus lasts from a few hours to six days, during which females may mate up to five times. Females enter estrus again after 20–24 days, even when pregnant.

The gestation period lasts 61–70 days, with pups being born in April–May. Litter sizes typically consist of 6–8 pups, though 15–16 pups can be born in exceptional cases. First-time mothers typically give birth to fewer pups than older ones. Males take an active role in raising the pups.[3] This male role is very significant, as demonstrated by early releases in 1928 of pregnant females without males, resulting in very limited success at introduction, while later releases of pairs from 1929 until the 1960s resulted in the common raccoon dog's now-extensive introduced European range.[20]

At birth, pups weigh 60–110 g (2.1–3.9 oz), and are blind and covered in short, dense, soft wool lacking guard hairs. Their eyes open after 9–10 days, with the teeth erupting after 14–16 days. Guard hairs begin to grow after 10 days, and first appear on the hips and shoulders. After two weeks, they lighten in colour, with black tones remaining only around the eyes. Lactation lasts for 45–60 days, though pups begin eating food brought to them as early as the age of three weeks to one month. They reach their full size at the age of 4.5 months. Pups leave their parents in late August–September. By October, the pups, which by then resemble adults, unite in pairs. Sexual maturity is reached at 8–10 months. Their longevity is largely unknown; animals 6–7 years of age have been encountered in the wild, while captive specimens have been known to live for 11 years.[3]

Hibernation edit

Common raccoon dogs are the only canids known to hibernate. In early winter, they increase their subcutaneous fat by 18–23% and their internal fat by 3–5%. Animals failing to reach these fat levels usually do not survive the winter. During their hibernation, their metabolism decreases by 25%. In areas such as Primorsky Krai and their introduced range, common raccoon dogs hibernate only during severe snowstorms. In December, their physical activity decreases once snow depth reaches 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in), and limit the range from their burrows to no more than 150–200 m (490–660 ft). Their daily activities increase during February when the females become receptive, and when food is more available.[3]

Vocalizations edit

Like foxes, they do not bark, uttering instead a growl, followed by a long-drawn, melancholy whine. Captive specimens have been known to utter daily a very different kind of sound when hungry, described as a sort of mewing plaint.[21][failed verification] Males fighting for females may yelp and growl.[3]

Subspecies edit

As of 2005,[22] four subspecies are recognised by MSW3:

Subspecies Trinomial authority Description Range Synonyms
Chinese raccoon dog
N. p. procyonoides
Nominate subspecies

 

1834, Gray Eastern China kalininensis (Sorokin, 1958)
sinensis (Brass, 1904)
stegmanni (Matschie, 1907)
Korean raccoon dog
N. p. koreensis

 

1922, Mori Korean Peninsula
Yunnan raccoon dog
N. p. orestes
1923, Thomas Southeastern China, northern Vietnam
Ussuri raccoon dog
N. p. ussuriensis

 

1907, Matschie Distinguished from N. p. procyonides by its larger size and denser, longer hair.[3] After being introduced to western USSR, it now occurs throughout Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. Russia (Siberian Ussuri and Amur territories), northeastern China, North Korea; introduced to Europe amurensis (Matschie, 1907)

The Japanese raccoon dog was also considered a subspecies (N. p. viverrinus), but is currently thought to represent a distinct species.

Expanded range and invasive species edit

 
Raccoon dog sleeping.
 
Raccoon dog in Finland

From 1928 to 1958, 10,000 raccoon dogs of the N. p. ussuriensis subspecies were introduced in 76 districts, territories, and republics of the Soviet Union in an attempt to improve their fur quality. Primorye in the Russian Far East was the first region to be colonised, with individuals being transplanted from islands in the Sea of Japan. By 1934, common raccoon dogs were introduced into Altai, the Northern Caucasus, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan (then known as Kirgizia), Tatarstan, Kalinin (now Tver Oblast), Penza, and Orenburg regions. In the following year, they were further introduced into Leningradsky District (Krasnodar Krai), Murmansk, Novosibirsk, and Bashkortostan.

Common raccoon dogs in Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Trans-Baikaliya, and Altai did not fare well, due to harsh winters and scarce food. Common raccoon dogs also fared badly in the mountainous regions of the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Moldova. However, successful introductions occurred in the Baltic states, European Russia (particularly in then-Kalinin, now Tver Oblast; Novgorod, Pskov, and Smolensk regions), in central Russia (Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Gorkiy (now Nizhny Novgorod), Vladimir, Ryazan Oblasts, etc.) as well as in the Chernozem belt of Voronezh, Tambov, and Kursk; the lower Volga Region, and the level parts of Northern Caucasus and Dagestan. In Ukraine, the greatest numbers of raccoon dogs were established in Poltava, Kherson, and Lugansk.[3]

In 1948, 35 common raccoon dogs were introduced into Latvia. The population increased rapidly. In 1960, Latvia officially reported a total of 4,210 common raccoon dogs were hunted.[23]

The common raccoon dog is now abundant throughout Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and has been reported as far away as Denmark, Norway, and Sweden,[8] Belarus, Poland, Germany,[24] Netherlands,[25] Belgium,[26] Luxembourg, France, Switzerland,[27] Czech Republic,[28] Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria,[29] Serbia, and Moldova.

In response, Denmark set a goal of zero breeding for common raccoon dogs by 2015.[30] However, by 2018, it had become fully established in Jutland (the mainland of Denmark, directly connected to Germany), with further projects mainly aimed at limiting or preventing its spread on the Danish islands.[31]

In June 2021, a study commissioned by the United Kingdom's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs identified the common raccoon dog as one of 20 invasive species likely to spread to the UK.[32]

Diseases and parasites edit

Coronaviruses edit

A virus similar to SARS-CoV was isolated from Himalayan palm civets (Paguma larvata), a common raccoon dog, and humans working in a live-animal market in Guangdong, China in May 2003.[33]

Common raccoon dogs, as well as masked palm civets, were originally believed to be the natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus. However, genetic analysis has since convinced most experts that bats are the natural hosts.[34] Raccoon dogs were most likely only transient accidental hosts.[35]

According to German virologist Christian Drosten, the common raccoon dog is the most likely intermediate host for transmission of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 to humans, as common raccoon dogs are bred in China in fur farming.[36][37][38]

An early locus of COVID-19 transmission was the Huanan live animal market, and even before the pandemic, the place was identified as a likely site for zoonosis (diseases hopping to humans from other species). There were over a thousand common raccoon dogs for sale in the market, and about nine thousand other animals.[39] Samples collected in the market in early 2020 showed high levels of SARS-CoV-2 and common raccoon dog genetic material (often both in the same samples), especially from a stall ("Stall 29") that kept a cage of raccoon-dogs on top of a cage containing poultry, optimum conditions for the virus to hop the species barrier. The existence of such a stall has been contested by Chinese authorities;[39][40] the stall had been photographed in 2014 by Edward C. Holmes, an Australian virologist who visited the market while working with local researchers, and while a guest professor with the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) from 2014 to 2020; it had also been filmed by a local in December 2019 and posted on Weibo.[41][42][40] Common raccoon dogs are known to be able to catch and spread COVID-19 easily.[42]

These samples were swabs of surfaces in the market; samples from the actual animals in the market would be more conclusive but were not collected.[41][42] The market was closed on January 1,[39] and the animals had been removed before public-health authorities from the Chinese Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention came in.[42][40] Although the samples do not definitively prove that the raccoon dog is the "missing" intermediate animal host in the bat-to-human transmission chain, it does show that common raccoon dogs were present in the Huanan market at the time of the initial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, in areas that were also positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and substantially strengthens this hypothesis as the proximal origin of the pandemic.[42][41]

Some Chinese researchers had published a preprint analysis of these samples in February 2022, concluding that the coronavirus in the samples had likely been brought in by humans, not the animals on sale,[42] but omissions in the analysis had raised questions,[39] and the raw sample data had not yet been released.[41][42] As academic journals often require that the raw data be published prior to review, academics had been expecting the publication of the raw data behind the preprint paper.[39] No raw genetic data had previously been accessible to any academics not working at Chinese institutions until the genetic sequences from some of the market swabs were uploaded to an international database.[41][42] Florence Débarre, a researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research, stumbled across the samples on March 4, 2023,[41] and brought them to the attention of others. An international team of researchers assembled to analyse the new data, but when they reached out to the Chinese researchers[41] from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention who uploaded the data,[42] there was no reply and the samples were removed from the public database by the uploaders. Analysis of the downloaded sequences is proceeding without Chinese collaboration, as of March 16, 2023.[41] On March 14, the international group of researchers presented a preliminary analysis at a meeting of the World Health Organization’s Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens, at which several of the Chinese researchers were present. Shortly afterwards, changes in the status of the preprint suggested that it is now under review for print publication.[42] The international research team welcomed the move and hoped the Chinese team's paper would be revised to include the full genetic data, saying they would also be publishing an analysis and hoped that, as scientists, they would work together on the issues.[39]

The New York Times was not able to reach the Chinese scientists for comment by the 16th,[41] but George Gao, the former head of the CCDC and lead author on the February 2022 preprint, told Science that there was "nothing new" in the raw data, and refused to answer questions about why his research team had removed it from the database.[39] On 17 March, the WHO director-general said that the data should have been shared three years earlier, and called on China to be more transparent in its data-sharing.[42] There exists further data from further samples which has not yet been made public.[41] Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO’s COVID-19 technical lead, called for it to be made public immediately.[42]

The Chinese government has long insisted that the virus originated outside China,[42] and until June 2021 denied that live animals were traded at the Huanan market.[39]

Other viruses edit

The introduction of the common raccoon dog to Europe is thought to have brought with it infected ticks that introduced the Asian tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus.[43][failed verification]

Cases of common raccoon dogs carrying rabies are known from the lower Volga, Voronezh, and Lithuania.[3][citation needed]

Canine distemper occurs in common raccoon dogs inhabiting the northern Caucasus.[3][citation needed]

Bacteria edit

Captive common raccoon dogs in Soviet state animal farms were recorded to carry paratyphoid, anthrax, and tuberculosis.[3][citation needed]

Eukaryotes edit

Apicomplexa edit

Massive epizootics of piroplasmosis were recorded in Ukraine and Tartary.[3][citation needed]

Worms edit

Raccoon dogs carry 32 different parasitic worms, including eight trematode species, 17 species of nematodes, seven cestodes, and particularly Echinococcus.[3][44]

Arthropods edit

Ticks include Dermacentor pictus, Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus, I. crenulatus, and Acarus siro.[3]

Six species of fleas are known to be carried by them, including Chaetopsylla trichosa, C. globiceps, Paraceras melis, Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis and Pulex irritans.[3][citation needed]

Although they can be infected with mange, it does not pose a significant threat to their populations as it does with foxes.[3]

Relationships with humans edit

Game and crop damage edit

Common raccoon dogs are harmful to game bird populations, particularly in floodplains and the shorelines of estuaries, where they feed almost exclusively on eggs and chicks during the spring period. Birds amount to 15–20% of their diets in Lithuania, 46% on the Oka River floodlands, and 48.6% in the Voronezh Reserve. They are also harmful to the muskrat trade, destroying their nests and eating their young. In Ukraine, common raccoon dogs are harmful to kitchen gardens, melon cultivations, vineyards, and corn seedlings.[3]

Hunting edit

 
A caged raccoon dog.

Common raccoon dogs are typically hunted from November until the snow deepens. In the Far East, they are hunted at night using Laikas and mongrels. In the 19th century, the Goldi and Oroch people fastened bells to the collars of their common raccoon dog hounds. In their introduced range, common raccoon dogs are usually caught incidentally during hunts for other species. Hunting with dogs is the most efficient method in common raccoon dog hunts, having success rates of 80–90%, as opposed to 8–10% with guns and 5–7% with traps. Unless they retreat in their burrows, hunted common raccoon dogs can be quickly strangled by hunting dogs. Traps are usually set at their burrows, along the shores of water bodies, and around marshes and ponds.[3]

In Finland, 60,000–70,000 common raccoon dogs were hunted in 2000, increasing to 170,000 in 2009 and 164,000 in 2010. Hunting of common raccoon dogs in Hungary began in 1997, with an annual catch of one to nine animals. In Poland, 6,200 were shot in 2002–2003. Annual Swedish and Danish common raccoon dog hunts usually result in the capture of two to seven individuals. Between 18,000 and 70,000 Japanese raccoon dogs were killed in Japan from the post-WWII period to 1982. Japan intensified its common raccoon dog culling starting in the 1970s, averaging 4,529 kills annually between 1990 and 1998. The numbers killed have since decreased.[4]

Fur use edit

 
Jacket with raccoon dog fur trimming.

When used on clothing, the fur of the common raccoon dog is often called "murmansky" or "tanuki" fur. In the United States, it is marketed as "Asiatic raccoon", and in Northern Europe as "Finn raccoon".[45] Generally, the quality of the pelt is based on the silkiness of the fur, as its physical appeal depends upon the guard hairs being erect, which is only possible in silkier furs. Small common raccoon dog pelts with silky fur command higher prices than large, coarse-furred ones. Due to their long and coarse guard hairs and their woolly fur fibre, which has a tendency to felt or mat, common raccoon dog pelts are used almost exclusively for fur trimmings. Japanese raccoon dog pelts, though smaller than other geographic variants, are the most valued variety, with specimens from Amur and Heilongjiang coming close behind, while Korean and southern Chinese are the least valued.[46] When raised in captivity, common raccoon dogs can produce 100 g (3.5 oz) of wool of slightly lesser quality than that of goats.[3]

In the Japanese islands, the natives employed common raccoon dog skin to make bellows, to decorate their drums, and for winter headgear.[21] Russian trade in common raccoon dogs was quite developed in the Primorye and Ussuri areas in the 1880s. The world trade of common raccoon dog pelts during 1907–1910 amounted to 260,000–300,000, of which an estimated 20,000 (5–8%) came from Russia, though more recent figures estimate a lesser number of 5,000–6,000; 12,000 common raccoon dogs were caught in the 1930s. In their introduced range, licensed trade of common raccoon dogs began in 1948–1950, with restrictions being removed in 1953–1955.

 
Chinese raccoon dog pelts on sale in Milan, Italy.

After the trade began, the number of catches increased sharply; from 1953–1961, it fluctuated between 30,000 and 70,000. In the latter year, about 10,000 were taken from their natural range in the Far East, while 56,000 were taken in their introduced range. Of the 56,000, 6,500 came from Belarus, 5,000 in Ukraine, 4,000 each for Latvia, Lithuania, and Krasnodar, 3,700 in Kalinin, 2,700 in Pskov, and 2,300 in Astrakhan, while 1,000–2,000 pelts each were produced in Vologod, Moscow, Leningrad, Novogrod, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, Azerbaijan, Estonia, and Dagestan. Fewer than 1,000 pelts were produced in all remaining republics and districts. Successful common raccoon dog introductions in Kalinin resulted in animals with denser and softer fur: The length of guard and top hairs increased by 7.96%, that of the underfur increased by 5.3%. The thickness of the guard and top hairs decreased by 3.41%. The density of the fur increased by 11.3%. They also became darker in colour, with black-brown pelts occurring in 8% of specimens, as opposed to 3% in their homeland.[3]

Captive breeding of common raccoon dogs was initiated in 1928 in the Far East, with 15 state farms keeping them in 1934. Common raccoon dogs were the principal furbearers farmed during the early years of collective farms, particularly in Ukraine. By the 1940s, this practice lessened in popularity, as the common raccoon dogs required almost the same types of food as silver foxes, which were more valuable.[3] An investigation by three animal protection groups into the Chinese fur trade in 2004 and part of 2005 asserts approximately 1.5 million common raccoon dogs are raised for fur in China.[47] The common raccoon dog comprises 11% of all animals hunted in Japan.[48] Twenty percent of domestically produced fur in Russia is from the common raccoon dog.[49]

Misrepresentation as artificial fur edit

In several widely publicized incidents, clothing advertised and sold as having synthetic faux fur, were documented as actually containing real fur from common raccoon dogs.

On 22 December 2006, MSNBC reported Macy's had pulled from its shelves and its website two styles of Sean John hooded jackets, originally advertised as featuring faux fur, after an investigation concluded garments were actually made from common raccoon dog.[50]

On 24 April 2008, the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) filed a false-advertising complaint with the US Federal Trade Commission alleging at least 20 retailers in the U.S. had been mislabeling common raccoon dog fur. They assert 70% of fur garments they tested were common raccoon dog, but were mislabeled as faux fur, coyote, rabbit, or other animals.[51] In December 2009, Lord & Taylor announced new regulations banning the sale of common raccoon dog fur in its stores.[52]

On 19 March 2013, three U.S. retailers settled lawsuits with the U.S. government following an investigation that confirmed they had been selling common raccoon dog fur, but labeling it as fake (‘faux’) fur. Neiman Marcus, DrJays.com, and Eminent (Revolve Clothing) reached settlements with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission that do not incur financial penalties unless they mislabel the fur again.[53][54]

On 19 September 2014, the HSUS announced Kohl's had been selling common raccoon dog fur as faux fur.[55]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Kauhala, K.; Saeki, M. (2016). "Nyctereutes procyonoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T14925A85658776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14925A85658776.en. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
  2. ^ Kim, Sang-In; Oshida, Tatsuo; Lee, Hang; Min, Mi-Sook; Kimura, Junpei (2015). "Evolutionary and biogeographical implications of variation in skull morphology of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Mammalia: Carnivora)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 116 (4): 856–872. doi:10.1111/bij.12629. ISSN 1095-8312.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Heptner, V.G.; Naumov, N.P., eds. (1998). "Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves, and Bears)". Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II. USA: Science Publishers, Inc. Part 1a. ISBN 1-886106-81-9.
  4. ^ a b c Kauhala, K.; Saeki, M. (2004). (PDF). Canid Species Accounts. Pridobljeno: IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-19. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
  5. ^ Macdonald, David W.; Sillero-Zubir, Claudio (24 June 2004). The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191523359. from the original on 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  6. ^ Ikeda, Hiroshi (August 1986). "Old, new tricks: Asia's raccoon, a venerable member of the canid family is pushing into new frontiers". Natural History. 95 (8): 40, 44.
  7. ^ . Waza.org. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on 2015-04-10. Retrieved 2015-04-09.
  8. ^ a b c Sweden says open season on raccoon dogs 2009-09-05 at the Wayback Machine. UPI.com (2009-09-04). Retrieved on 2011-01-27.
  9. ^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  10. ^ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species". from the original on 2017-03-03.
  11. ^ Ward, Oscar C.; Wurster-Hill, Doris H. (23 October 1990). "Nyctereutes procyonoides". Mammalian Species. The American Society of Mammalogists (358): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3504213. JSTOR 3504213. Issue 358.
  12. ^ Yan, S.Q.; Bai, C.Y.; Qi, S.M.; Li, M.L.; Si, S.; Li, Y.M.; Sun, J.H. (2015). "Cloning and association analysis of KIT and EDNRB polymorphisms with dominant white coat color in the Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides)". Genet. Mol. Res. 14 (2): 6549–6554. doi:10.4238/2015.June.12.8. PMID 26125860.
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Further reading edit

External links edit

  • —detailed authoritative article on the website of The Canid Specialist Group (CSG) of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
  • —a long way to Europe
  • —article on raccoon dogs
  • —basic information, image

common, raccoon, confused, with, raccoon, coon, common, raccoon, nyctereutes, procyonoides, also, called, chinese, asian, raccoon, distinguish, from, japanese, raccoon, small, heavy, like, canid, native, east, asia, named, raccoon, like, face, markings, most, . Not to be confused with Raccoon or Coon dog The common raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides also called the Chinese or Asian raccoon dog to distinguish it from the Japanese raccoon dog is a small heavy set fox like canid native to East Asia Named for its raccoon like face markings it is most closely related to foxes Common raccoon dogs feed on many animals and plant matter and are unusual among canids dogs foxes and other members of the family Canidae in that they hibernate during cold winters and can climb trees They are widespread in their native range and are invasive in Europe where they were introduced for the fur trade The similar Japanese raccoon dog Nyctereutes viverrinus the tanuki native to Japan is the only other living member of the genus Nyctereutes 2 Other names for the common raccoon dog include mangut its Evenki name 3 and neoguri its Korean name Common raccoon dogIn UkraineConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraFamily CanidaeGenus NyctereutesSpecies N procyonoidesBinomial nameNyctereutes procyonoides Gray 1834 Common raccoon dog rangeBlue native area including range of Japanese raccoon dog Red area of introductionSynonymsCanis procyonoides Gray 1834 Canis viverrinus Temminck 1838 Nyctereutes albus Hornaday 1904 Nyctereutes sinensis Brass 1904 Nyctereutes amurensis Matschie 1907 Nyctereutes stegmanni Matschie 1907The common raccoon dog is named for the resemblance of its masked face to that of the North American common raccoon Procyon lotor The closest relatives of the common raccoon dogs are the true foxes not the raccoon which is one of the musteloids and not closely related Among the Canidae the common raccoon dog shares the habit of regularly climbing trees only with the North American gray fox which is neither a true fox nor a close relative of the common raccoon dog 4 5 6 7 Due to the fur trade the common raccoon dog has been widely introduced in Europe where it has been treated as a potentially hazardous invasive species 8 In Scandinavia it is called marten dog Swedish mardhund Norwegian and Danish marhund 8 In Europe since 2019 the common raccoon dog has been included on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern the Union list 9 This implies that this species cannot be imported bred transported commercialized or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union 10 Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 2 1 Diet 2 2 Predators 3 Behaviour 3 1 Reproduction and development 3 2 Hibernation 3 3 Vocalizations 4 Subspecies 5 Expanded range and invasive species 6 Diseases and parasites 6 1 Coronaviruses 6 2 Other viruses 6 3 Bacteria 6 4 Eukaryotes 6 4 1 Apicomplexa 6 4 2 Worms 6 4 3 Arthropods 7 Relationships with humans 7 1 Game and crop damage 7 2 Hunting 7 3 Fur use 7 3 1 Misrepresentation as artificial fur 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksDescription edit nbsp Raccoon dog skull Common raccoon dog skulls greatly resemble those of South American foxes particularly crab eating foxes though genetic studies reveal they are not closely related 4 Their skulls are small but sturdily built and moderately elongated with narrow zygomatic arches The projections of the skull are well developed the sagittal crest being particularly prominent in old animals Reflecting their omnivorous diets common raccoon dogs have small and weak canines and carnassials flat molars and relatively long intestines 1 5 2 0 times longer than other canids They have long torsos and short legs Total lengths can range from 45 to 71 cm 18 to 28 in The tail at 12 to 18 cm 4 7 to 7 1 in long is short amounting to less than a third of the animal s total length and hangs below the tarsal joints without touching the ground The ears are short and protrude only slightly from the fur Weights fluctuate according to season in March they weigh 3 kg 6 6 lb while in August to early September males average 6 5 7 kg 14 15 lb with some individuals attaining a maximal weight of 9 10 kg 20 22 lb 3 Specimens from Japanese and Russian studies have been shown to be on average larger than those from Chinese studies 11 nbsp The distinctly raccoon like markings of a raccoon dog s face The winter fur is long and thick with dense underfur and coarse guard hairs measuring 120 millimetres 4 7 in in length The winter fur protects common raccoon dogs from low temperatures ranging down to 20 to 25 C 4 to 13 F It is of a dirty earth brown or brownish grey colour with black guard hairs The tail is darker than the torso A dark stripe is present on the back which broadens on the shoulders forming a cross shape The abdomen is yellowish brown while the chest is dark brown or blackish The muzzle is covered in short hair which increases in length and quantity behind the eyes The cheeks are coated with long whiskery hairs The summer fur is brighter and reddish straw coloured 3 A rare white colour type occurs in China 12 They can also come in a yellow colour 13 Ecology editDiet edit Common raccoon dogs are omnivores that feed on insects rodents amphibians birds fish reptiles mollusks crabs sea urchins human garbage carrion and eggs as well as fruits nuts and berries 14 15 16 17 Among the rodents targeted by common raccoon dogs voles seem to predominate in swampy areas but are replaced with gerbils in flatland areas such as Astrakhan Frogs are the most commonly taken amphibians in the Voronezh region they frequently eat fire bellied toads while European spadefoot toads are usually taken in Ukraine Common raccoon dogs are able to eat toads that have toxic skin secretions by producing copious amounts of saliva to dilute the toxins 18 They prey on waterfowl passerines and migrating birds Grouse are commonly hunted in their introduced range and many instances of pheasant predation are recorded in the Ussuri territory Common raccoon dogs eat beached fish and fish trapped in small water bodies They rarely catch fish during the spawning season but eat many during the spring thaw In their southern range they eat young tortoises and their eggs Insectivorous mammals hunted by common raccoon dogs include shrews hedgehogs and on rare occasions moles and desmans In the Ussuri territory large moles are their primary source of food Plant food is highly variable and includes bulbs rhizomes oats millets maize nuts fruits berries grapes melons watermelons pumpkins and tomatoes 3 Common raccoon dogs adapt their diets to the season in late autumn and winter they feed mostly on rodents carrion and feces while fruit insects and amphibians predominate in spring In summer they eat fewer rodents and mainly target nesting birds fruits grains and vegetables 3 Predators edit Wolves are the main predators of common raccoon dogs killing large numbers of them in spring and summer though attacks have been reported in autumn too In Tatarstan wolf predation can account for more than half of 18 dog deaths while in northwestern Russia it can amount to almost two thirds Red foxes kill common raccoon dog pups and have been known to bite adults to death Both foxes and European badgers compete with common raccoon dogs for food and have been known to kill them if common raccoon dogs enter their burrows Eurasian lynxes rarely attack them Birds of prey known to take 18 dogs include golden eagles white tailed eagles goshawks and eagle owls 3 Behaviour editReproduction and development edit nbsp Raccoon dog pup The mating season begins from early February to late April depending on location Common raccoon dogs are monogamous animals with pair formations usually occurring in autumn Captive males however have been known to mate with four or five females Males will fight briefly but not fatally for mates 3 Copulation occurs during the night or at dawn and typically will last 6 9 minutes 19 Estrus lasts from a few hours to six days during which females may mate up to five times Females enter estrus again after 20 24 days even when pregnant The gestation period lasts 61 70 days with pups being born in April May Litter sizes typically consist of 6 8 pups though 15 16 pups can be born in exceptional cases First time mothers typically give birth to fewer pups than older ones Males take an active role in raising the pups 3 This male role is very significant as demonstrated by early releases in 1928 of pregnant females without males resulting in very limited success at introduction while later releases of pairs from 1929 until the 1960s resulted in the common raccoon dog s now extensive introduced European range 20 At birth pups weigh 60 110 g 2 1 3 9 oz and are blind and covered in short dense soft wool lacking guard hairs Their eyes open after 9 10 days with the teeth erupting after 14 16 days Guard hairs begin to grow after 10 days and first appear on the hips and shoulders After two weeks they lighten in colour with black tones remaining only around the eyes Lactation lasts for 45 60 days though pups begin eating food brought to them as early as the age of three weeks to one month They reach their full size at the age of 4 5 months Pups leave their parents in late August September By October the pups which by then resemble adults unite in pairs Sexual maturity is reached at 8 10 months Their longevity is largely unknown animals 6 7 years of age have been encountered in the wild while captive specimens have been known to live for 11 years 3 Hibernation edit Common raccoon dogs are the only canids known to hibernate In early winter they increase their subcutaneous fat by 18 23 and their internal fat by 3 5 Animals failing to reach these fat levels usually do not survive the winter During their hibernation their metabolism decreases by 25 In areas such as Primorsky Krai and their introduced range common raccoon dogs hibernate only during severe snowstorms In December their physical activity decreases once snow depth reaches 15 20 cm 5 9 7 9 in and limit the range from their burrows to no more than 150 200 m 490 660 ft Their daily activities increase during February when the females become receptive and when food is more available 3 Vocalizations edit Like foxes they do not bark uttering instead a growl followed by a long drawn melancholy whine Captive specimens have been known to utter daily a very different kind of sound when hungry described as a sort of mewing plaint 21 failed verification Males fighting for females may yelp and growl 3 Subspecies editAs of 2005 update 22 four subspecies are recognised by MSW3 Subspecies Trinomial authority Description Range SynonymsChinese raccoon dogN p procyonoidesNominate subspecies nbsp 1834 Gray Eastern China kalininensis Sorokin 1958 sinensis Brass 1904 stegmanni Matschie 1907 Korean raccoon dogN p koreensis nbsp 1922 Mori Korean PeninsulaYunnan raccoon dogN p orestes 1923 Thomas Southeastern China northern VietnamUssuri raccoon dogN p ussuriensis nbsp 1907 Matschie Distinguished from N p procyonides by its larger size and denser longer hair 3 After being introduced to western USSR it now occurs throughout Northern Central and Eastern Europe Russia Siberian Ussuri and Amur territories northeastern China North Korea introduced to Europe amurensis Matschie 1907 The Japanese raccoon dog was also considered a subspecies N p viverrinus but is currently thought to represent a distinct species Expanded range and invasive species edit nbsp Raccoon dog sleeping nbsp Raccoon dog in FinlandFrom 1928 to 1958 10 000 raccoon dogs of the N p ussuriensis subspecies were introduced in 76 districts territories and republics of the Soviet Union in an attempt to improve their fur quality Primorye in the Russian Far East was the first region to be colonised with individuals being transplanted from islands in the Sea of Japan By 1934 common raccoon dogs were introduced into Altai the Northern Caucasus Armenia Kyrgyzstan then known as Kirgizia Tatarstan Kalinin now Tver Oblast Penza and Orenburg regions In the following year they were further introduced into Leningradsky District Krasnodar Krai Murmansk Novosibirsk and Bashkortostan Common raccoon dogs in Irkutsk Novosibirsk Trans Baikaliya and Altai did not fare well due to harsh winters and scarce food Common raccoon dogs also fared badly in the mountainous regions of the Caucasus Central Asia and Moldova However successful introductions occurred in the Baltic states European Russia particularly in then Kalinin now Tver Oblast Novgorod Pskov and Smolensk regions in central Russia Moscow Yaroslavl Vologda Gorkiy now Nizhny Novgorod Vladimir Ryazan Oblasts etc as well as in the Chernozem belt of Voronezh Tambov and Kursk the lower Volga Region and the level parts of Northern Caucasus and Dagestan In Ukraine the greatest numbers of raccoon dogs were established in Poltava Kherson and Lugansk 3 In 1948 35 common raccoon dogs were introduced into Latvia The population increased rapidly In 1960 Latvia officially reported a total of 4 210 common raccoon dogs were hunted 23 The common raccoon dog is now abundant throughout Finland Estonia Latvia and Lithuania and has been reported as far away as Denmark Norway and Sweden 8 Belarus Poland Germany 24 Netherlands 25 Belgium 26 Luxembourg France Switzerland 27 Czech Republic 28 Hungary Romania Bulgaria 29 Serbia and Moldova In response Denmark set a goal of zero breeding for common raccoon dogs by 2015 30 However by 2018 it had become fully established in Jutland the mainland of Denmark directly connected to Germany with further projects mainly aimed at limiting or preventing its spread on the Danish islands 31 In June 2021 a study commissioned by the United Kingdom s Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs identified the common raccoon dog as one of 20 invasive species likely to spread to the UK 32 Diseases and parasites editCoronaviruses edit A virus similar to SARS CoV was isolated from Himalayan palm civets Paguma larvata a common raccoon dog and humans working in a live animal market in Guangdong China in May 2003 33 Common raccoon dogs as well as masked palm civets were originally believed to be the natural reservoirs of severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus However genetic analysis has since convinced most experts that bats are the natural hosts 34 Raccoon dogs were most likely only transient accidental hosts 35 According to German virologist Christian Drosten the common raccoon dog is the most likely intermediate host for transmission of SARS CoV 1 and SARS CoV 2 to humans as common raccoon dogs are bred in China in fur farming 36 37 38 An early locus of COVID 19 transmission was the Huanan live animal market and even before the pandemic the place was identified as a likely site for zoonosis diseases hopping to humans from other species There were over a thousand common raccoon dogs for sale in the market and about nine thousand other animals 39 Samples collected in the market in early 2020 showed high levels of SARS CoV 2 and common raccoon dog genetic material often both in the same samples especially from a stall Stall 29 that kept a cage of raccoon dogs on top of a cage containing poultry optimum conditions for the virus to hop the species barrier The existence of such a stall has been contested by Chinese authorities 39 40 the stall had been photographed in 2014 by Edward C Holmes an Australian virologist who visited the market while working with local researchers and while a guest professor with the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention CCDC from 2014 to 2020 it had also been filmed by a local in December 2019 and posted on Weibo 41 42 40 Common raccoon dogs are known to be able to catch and spread COVID 19 easily 42 These samples were swabs of surfaces in the market samples from the actual animals in the market would be more conclusive but were not collected 41 42 The market was closed on January 1 39 and the animals had been removed before public health authorities from the Chinese Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention came in 42 40 Although the samples do not definitively prove that the raccoon dog is the missing intermediate animal host in the bat to human transmission chain it does show that common raccoon dogs were present in the Huanan market at the time of the initial SARS CoV 2 outbreak in areas that were also positive for SARS CoV 2 RNA and substantially strengthens this hypothesis as the proximal origin of the pandemic 42 41 Some Chinese researchers had published a preprint analysis of these samples in February 2022 concluding that the coronavirus in the samples had likely been brought in by humans not the animals on sale 42 but omissions in the analysis had raised questions 39 and the raw sample data had not yet been released 41 42 As academic journals often require that the raw data be published prior to review academics had been expecting the publication of the raw data behind the preprint paper 39 No raw genetic data had previously been accessible to any academics not working at Chinese institutions until the genetic sequences from some of the market swabs were uploaded to an international database 41 42 Florence Debarre a researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research stumbled across the samples on March 4 2023 41 and brought them to the attention of others An international team of researchers assembled to analyse the new data but when they reached out to the Chinese researchers 41 from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention who uploaded the data 42 there was no reply and the samples were removed from the public database by the uploaders Analysis of the downloaded sequences is proceeding without Chinese collaboration as of March 16 2023 update 41 On March 14 the international group of researchers presented a preliminary analysis at a meeting of the World Health Organization s Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens at which several of the Chinese researchers were present Shortly afterwards changes in the status of the preprint suggested that it is now under review for print publication 42 The international research team welcomed the move and hoped the Chinese team s paper would be revised to include the full genetic data saying they would also be publishing an analysis and hoped that as scientists they would work together on the issues 39 The New York Times was not able to reach the Chinese scientists for comment by the 16th 41 but George Gao the former head of the CCDC and lead author on the February 2022 preprint told Science that there was nothing new in the raw data and refused to answer questions about why his research team had removed it from the database 39 On 17 March the WHO director general said that the data should have been shared three years earlier and called on China to be more transparent in its data sharing 42 There exists further data from further samples which has not yet been made public 41 Maria Van Kerkhove the WHO s COVID 19 technical lead called for it to be made public immediately 42 The Chinese government has long insisted that the virus originated outside China 42 and until June 2021 denied that live animals were traded at the Huanan market 39 Other viruses edit The introduction of the common raccoon dog to Europe is thought to have brought with it infected ticks that introduced the Asian tick borne meningoencephalitis virus 43 failed verification Cases of common raccoon dogs carrying rabies are known from the lower Volga Voronezh and Lithuania 3 citation needed Canine distemper occurs in common raccoon dogs inhabiting the northern Caucasus 3 citation needed Bacteria edit Captive common raccoon dogs in Soviet state animal farms were recorded to carry paratyphoid anthrax and tuberculosis 3 citation needed Eukaryotes edit Apicomplexa edit Massive epizootics of piroplasmosis were recorded in Ukraine and Tartary 3 citation needed Worms edit Raccoon dogs carry 32 different parasitic worms including eight trematode species 17 species of nematodes seven cestodes and particularly Echinococcus 3 44 Arthropods edit Ticks include Dermacentor pictus Ixodes ricinus I persulcatus I crenulatus and Acarus siro 3 Six species of fleas are known to be carried by them including Chaetopsylla trichosa C globiceps Paraceras melis Ctenocephalides felis C canis and Pulex irritans 3 citation needed Although they can be infected with mange it does not pose a significant threat to their populations as it does with foxes 3 Relationships with humans editGame and crop damage edit Common raccoon dogs are harmful to game bird populations particularly in floodplains and the shorelines of estuaries where they feed almost exclusively on eggs and chicks during the spring period Birds amount to 15 20 of their diets in Lithuania 46 on the Oka River floodlands and 48 6 in the Voronezh Reserve They are also harmful to the muskrat trade destroying their nests and eating their young In Ukraine common raccoon dogs are harmful to kitchen gardens melon cultivations vineyards and corn seedlings 3 Hunting edit nbsp A caged raccoon dog Common raccoon dogs are typically hunted from November until the snow deepens In the Far East they are hunted at night using Laikas and mongrels In the 19th century the Goldi and Oroch people fastened bells to the collars of their common raccoon dog hounds In their introduced range common raccoon dogs are usually caught incidentally during hunts for other species Hunting with dogs is the most efficient method in common raccoon dog hunts having success rates of 80 90 as opposed to 8 10 with guns and 5 7 with traps Unless they retreat in their burrows hunted common raccoon dogs can be quickly strangled by hunting dogs Traps are usually set at their burrows along the shores of water bodies and around marshes and ponds 3 In Finland 60 000 70 000 common raccoon dogs were hunted in 2000 increasing to 170 000 in 2009 and 164 000 in 2010 Hunting of common raccoon dogs in Hungary began in 1997 with an annual catch of one to nine animals In Poland 6 200 were shot in 2002 2003 Annual Swedish and Danish common raccoon dog hunts usually result in the capture of two to seven individuals Between 18 000 and 70 000 Japanese raccoon dogs were killed in Japan from the post WWII period to 1982 Japan intensified its common raccoon dog culling starting in the 1970s averaging 4 529 kills annually between 1990 and 1998 The numbers killed have since decreased 4 Fur use edit nbsp Jacket with raccoon dog fur trimming When used on clothing the fur of the common raccoon dog is often called murmansky or tanuki fur In the United States it is marketed as Asiatic raccoon and in Northern Europe as Finn raccoon 45 Generally the quality of the pelt is based on the silkiness of the fur as its physical appeal depends upon the guard hairs being erect which is only possible in silkier furs Small common raccoon dog pelts with silky fur command higher prices than large coarse furred ones Due to their long and coarse guard hairs and their woolly fur fibre which has a tendency to felt or mat common raccoon dog pelts are used almost exclusively for fur trimmings Japanese raccoon dog pelts though smaller than other geographic variants are the most valued variety with specimens from Amur and Heilongjiang coming close behind while Korean and southern Chinese are the least valued 46 When raised in captivity common raccoon dogs can produce 100 g 3 5 oz of wool of slightly lesser quality than that of goats 3 In the Japanese islands the natives employed common raccoon dog skin to make bellows to decorate their drums and for winter headgear 21 Russian trade in common raccoon dogs was quite developed in the Primorye and Ussuri areas in the 1880s The world trade of common raccoon dog pelts during 1907 1910 amounted to 260 000 300 000 of which an estimated 20 000 5 8 came from Russia though more recent figures estimate a lesser number of 5 000 6 000 12 000 common raccoon dogs were caught in the 1930s In their introduced range licensed trade of common raccoon dogs began in 1948 1950 with restrictions being removed in 1953 1955 nbsp Chinese raccoon dog pelts on sale in Milan Italy After the trade began the number of catches increased sharply from 1953 1961 it fluctuated between 30 000 and 70 000 In the latter year about 10 000 were taken from their natural range in the Far East while 56 000 were taken in their introduced range Of the 56 000 6 500 came from Belarus 5 000 in Ukraine 4 000 each for Latvia Lithuania and Krasnodar 3 700 in Kalinin 2 700 in Pskov and 2 300 in Astrakhan while 1 000 2 000 pelts each were produced in Vologod Moscow Leningrad Novogrod Smolensk Yaroslavl Azerbaijan Estonia and Dagestan Fewer than 1 000 pelts were produced in all remaining republics and districts Successful common raccoon dog introductions in Kalinin resulted in animals with denser and softer fur The length of guard and top hairs increased by 7 96 that of the underfur increased by 5 3 The thickness of the guard and top hairs decreased by 3 41 The density of the fur increased by 11 3 They also became darker in colour with black brown pelts occurring in 8 of specimens as opposed to 3 in their homeland 3 Captive breeding of common raccoon dogs was initiated in 1928 in the Far East with 15 state farms keeping them in 1934 Common raccoon dogs were the principal furbearers farmed during the early years of collective farms particularly in Ukraine By the 1940s this practice lessened in popularity as the common raccoon dogs required almost the same types of food as silver foxes which were more valuable 3 An investigation by three animal protection groups into the Chinese fur trade in 2004 and part of 2005 asserts approximately 1 5 million common raccoon dogs are raised for fur in China 47 The common raccoon dog comprises 11 of all animals hunted in Japan 48 Twenty percent of domestically produced fur in Russia is from the common raccoon dog 49 Misrepresentation as artificial fur edit In several widely publicized incidents clothing advertised and sold as having synthetic faux fur were documented as actually containing real fur from common raccoon dogs On 22 December 2006 MSNBC reported Macy s had pulled from its shelves and its website two styles of Sean John hooded jackets originally advertised as featuring faux fur after an investigation concluded garments were actually made from common raccoon dog 50 On 24 April 2008 the Humane Society of the United States HSUS filed a false advertising complaint with the US Federal Trade Commission alleging at least 20 retailers in the U S had been mislabeling common raccoon dog fur They assert 70 of fur garments they tested were common raccoon dog but were mislabeled as faux fur coyote rabbit or other animals 51 In December 2009 Lord amp Taylor announced new regulations banning the sale of common raccoon dog fur in its stores 52 On 19 March 2013 three U S retailers settled lawsuits with the U S government following an investigation that confirmed they had been selling common raccoon dog fur but labeling it as fake faux fur Neiman Marcus DrJays com and Eminent Revolve Clothing reached settlements with the U S Federal Trade Commission that do not incur financial penalties unless they mislabel the fur again 53 54 On 19 September 2014 the HSUS announced Kohl s had been selling common raccoon dog fur as faux fur 55 See also editJapanese raccoon dog Raccoon in JapanReferences edit Kauhala K Saeki M 2016 Nyctereutes procyonoides IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T14925A85658776 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T14925A85658776 en Retrieved 2022 02 19 Kim Sang In Oshida Tatsuo Lee Hang Min Mi Sook Kimura Junpei 2015 Evolutionary and biogeographical implications of variation in skull morphology of raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides Mammalia Carnivora Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116 4 856 872 doi 10 1111 bij 12629 ISSN 1095 8312 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Heptner V G Naumov N P eds 1998 Sirenia and Carnivora Sea cows Wolves and Bears Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol II USA Science Publishers Inc Part 1a ISBN 1 886106 81 9 a b c Kauhala K Saeki M 2004 Raccoon Dog PDF Canid Species Accounts Pridobljeno IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group Archived from the original PDF on 2009 02 19 Retrieved 2009 04 15 Macdonald David W Sillero Zubir Claudio 24 June 2004 The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids Oxford University Press ISBN 9780191523359 Archived from the original on 2023 03 17 Retrieved 2016 02 16 Ikeda Hiroshi August 1986 Old new tricks Asia s raccoon a venerable member of the canid family is pushing into new frontiers Natural History 95 8 40 44 Raccoon Dog Tanuki Waza org World Association of Zoos and Aquariums Archived from the original on 2015 04 10 Retrieved 2015 04 09 a b c Sweden says open season on raccoon dogs Archived 2009 09 05 at the Wayback Machine UPI com 2009 09 04 Retrieved on 2011 01 27 List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern Environment European Commission ec europa eu Archived from the original on 2019 08 19 Retrieved 2021 07 27 REGULATION EU No 1143 2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species Archived from the original on 2017 03 03 Ward Oscar C Wurster Hill Doris H 23 October 1990 Nyctereutes procyonoides Mammalian Species The American Society of Mammalogists 358 1 5 doi 10 2307 3504213 JSTOR 3504213 Issue 358 Yan S Q Bai C Y Qi S M Li M L Si S Li Y M Sun J H 2015 Cloning and association analysis of KIT and EDNRB polymorphisms with dominant white coat color in the Chinese raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides Genet Mol Res 14 2 6549 6554 doi 10 4238 2015 June 12 8 PMID 26125860 Han Jae Ik Yang Hyun Jeung Eui Bae Na Ki Jeong 2012 Altered expression of melanocortin 1 receptor MC1R in a yellow coloured wild raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides Veterinary Dermatology 23 3 187 e37 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3164 2012 01036 x PMID 22385104 Sutor Astrid Kauhala Kaarina Ansorge Hermann 2010 Diet of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides a canid with an opportunistic foraging strategy Acta Theriologica 55 2 165 176 doi 10 4098 j at 0001 7051 035 2009 S2CID 42426234 Kauhala K Kaunisto M Helle E 1993 Diet of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Finland Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 58 3 129 136 Archived from the original on 2020 07 24 Retrieved 2023 03 17 via Biodiversity Heritage Library Sasaki H Kawabata M 1994 Food habits of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus in a mountainous area of Japan Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan 19 1 1 8 doi 10 11238 jmammsocjapan 19 1 Carr Kelly 2004 Shefferly Nancy Myers Phil eds Nyctereutes procyonoides Animal Diversity Web Archived from the original on 2020 09 23 Retrieved 2023 03 17 a b c Alderton David 1998 Foxes Wolves and Wild Dogs of the World London Blandford p 119 ISBN 9780816057153 Valtonen M H Rajakoski E J Makela J I 1977 Reproductive features in the female raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides PDF Reproduction 51 2 517 NP doi 10 1530 jrf 0 0510517 PMID 563458 S2CID 35333050 Archived PDF from the original on 2018 07 19 Retrieved 2017 06 09 Alderton David 1998 Foxes Wolves and Wild Dogs of the World London Blandford p 121 ISBN 9780816057153 a b Smith Charles Hamilton amp Jardine William 1839 The natural history of dogs canidae or genus canis of authors including also the genera hyaena and proteles PDF Edinburgh W H Lizars Retrieved 2015 04 09 Wozencraft W C 2005 Order Carnivora In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 532 628 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Miervaldis Buss Janis Vanags 1987 Medibu saimnieciba Latvijas Mezi Latvia a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Drygala F Stier N Zoller H Boegelsack K Mix H M amp Roth M 2008 Habitat use of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in north eastern Germany Mammalian Biology Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 73 5 371 378 doi 10 1016 j mambio 2007 09 005 Title sic per journal website Pieters Janene 7 October 2016 Raccoon Dogs Spotted in Netherlands NL Times Archived from the original on 2023 03 17 Retrieved 2019 08 22 Invasive species in Belgium Nyctereutes procyonoides Invasive Alien Species in Belgium Belgian Biodiversity Platform 2019 Archived from the original on 2019 08 29 Retrieved 2019 08 22 Zimmermann F 2004 Monitoring der Raubtiere in der Schweiz 2004 PDF KORA Bericht Coordinated research projects for the conservation and management of carnivores in Switzerland Archived from the original PDF on 2011 10 03 Retrieved 2008 01 25 Kenety Brian 2 April 2012 Raccoon dogs invade Czech lands Lidovky Archived from the original on 2019 08 24 Retrieved 2019 08 24 Doycheva V Angelov I Popivanov I Doychinova T Shalamanov D 2015 Sstoyanie i perspektivi za kontrola na lajshmaniozata Current status and perspectives for control of leishmaniasis PDF Blgarski medicinski zhurnal Bulgarian medical journal in Bulgarian 9 2 10 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 11 14 Retrieved 2018 11 14 Marhund Nyctereutes procyonoides Lille rovdyr stor trussel Raccoon dog Small predator large threat in Danish The Danish Nature Agency Archived from the original on 2015 06 12 Elskovsyge skadedyr klar til at invadere Fyn in Danish TV2 Fyn 23 February 2018 Archived from the original on 2019 07 27 Retrieved 2019 07 27 Barkham Patrick 9 June 2021 Raccoon dogs may be Britain s next non native pest study finds The Guardian Archived from the original on 2021 06 09 Retrieved 2021 06 10 Guan Y Zheng B J He Y Q Liu X L Zhuang Z X Cheung C L Luo S W Li P H Zhang L J Guan Y J Butt K M 10 October 2003 Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China Science 302 5643 276 278 Bibcode 2003Sci 302 276G doi 10 1126 science 1087139 PMID 12958366 S2CID 10608627 Paules Catherine I Marston Hillary D Fauci Anthony S 23 January 2020 Coronavirus Infections More than Just the Common Cold JAMA 323 8 707 708 doi 10 1001 jama 2020 0757 PMID 31971553 Chan P K Chan M C 5 August 2013 Tracing the SARS coronavirus J Thorac Dis 5 Suppl 2 S118 5121 doi 10 3978 j issn 2072 1439 2013 06 19 PMC 3747522 PMID 23977431 Marderhunde als Zwischenwirt Drosten bringt neue Virusquelle ins Spiel Archived 2020 06 12 at the Wayback Machine auf n tv de vom 26 April 2020 Der Marderhund als Coronavirus Schleuder Archived 2020 05 05 at the Wayback Machine Deutsche Welle Cherry James D Krogstad Paul 2004 SARS The First Pandemic of the 21st Century Pediatric Research 56 1 1 5 doi 10 1203 01 PDR 0000129184 87042 FC PMC 7086556 PMID 15152053 a b c d e f g h Unearthed genetic sequences from China market may point to animal origin of COVID 19 www science org a b c Zimmer Carl 21 March 2022 He Goes Where the Fire Is A Virus Hunter in the Wuhan Market The New York Times a b c d e f g h i j Mueller Benjamin 17 March 2023 New Data Links Pandemic s Origins to Raccoon Dogs at Wuhan Market The New York Times a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wu Katherine J 17 March 2023 The Strongest Evidence Yet That an Animal Started the Pandemic The Atlantic Retrieved 2023 03 17 Mlera L Bloom M E 2018 the Asian tick borne meningoencephalitis virus Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 8 298 doi 10 3389 fcimb 2018 00298 PMC 6127651 PMID 30234026 Duscher Tanja Hodzic Adnan Glawischnig Walter Duscher Georg G 2017 The raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides and the raccoon Procyon lotor their role and impact of maintaining and transmitting zoonotic diseases in Austria Central Europe Parasitology Research 116 4 1411 1416 doi 10 1007 s00436 017 5405 2 ISSN 0932 0113 PMC 5360840 PMID 28229221 Fur Types in Brief Furcommission com Archived from the original on 2015 04 18 Retrieved 2015 04 09 Bachrach Max 1953 Fur a practical treatise 3rd ed New York Prentice Hall Hsieh Yi Yi Chiao Yu Fu Mark Rissi and Dr Barbara Maas Fun Fur A report on the Chinese fur industry Archived 2006 02 11 at the Wayback Machine Careforthewild com Quality of the Environment in Japan Env go jp 1995 Archived from the original on 2015 06 15 Retrieved 2015 04 09 Dronova Natalia and Shestakov Alexander Trapping a Living Conservation and Socio Economic Aspects of the Fur Trade in the Russian Far East Archived 2013 03 24 at the Wayback Machine TRAFFIC Europe Russia ISBN 978 2 96005 051 6 Sean John jackets were made with dog fur NBC News 22 December 2006 Archived from the original on 2013 12 28 Retrieved 2017 02 14 Investigation Shows Raccoon Dog Most Misrepresented Fur in America The Humane Society of the United States Archived from the original on 2014 07 14 Retrieved 2015 07 17 Donnelly Erin 3 December 2009 Lord amp Taylor Bans Raccoon Dog Fur StyleList Archived from the original on 2011 08 10 Retrieved 2015 04 09 Real fur masquerading as faux Cnbc com 20 March 2013 Archived from the original on 2015 04 17 Retrieved 2015 04 09 A faux faux fur kerfuffle at Nieman Marcus Marketplace org 20 March 2013 Archived from the original on 2016 01 05 Retrieved 2015 04 09 Kohl s sells real fur as faux again The Humane Society of the United States Humanesociety org Archived from the original on 2015 05 06 Retrieved 2015 04 09 Further reading editChisholm Hugh ed 1911 Raccoon dog Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 22 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 774 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Nyctereutes procyonoides nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nyctereutes procyonoides Raccoon Dog detailed authoritative article on the website of The Canid Specialist Group CSG of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUCN A track of Raccoon dog s introduction in Europe on GPSed com a long way to Europe World Conservation Union article on raccoon dogs Animal Planet basic information image Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Common raccoon dog amp oldid 1193118094, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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