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Rhizome

January 26, 2023

For other uses, see Rhizome (disambiguation).

In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (/ˈraɪzoʊm/; from Ancient Greek ῥίζωμα (rhízōma) 'mass of roots',[1] from ῥιζόω (rhizóō) 'cause to strike root')[2] is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks.[3] Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards.[4]

An antique spurge plant, Euphorbia antiquorum, sending out white rhizomes
Stolons growing from nodes from a corm of Crocosmia

A rhizome is the main stem of the plant that runs underground horizontally.[5] A stolon is similar to a rhizome, but a stolon sprouts from an existing stem, has long internodes, and generates new shoots at the end, such as in the strawberry plant. In general, rhizomes have short internodes, send out roots from the bottom of the nodes, and generate new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes.

A stem tuber is a thickened part of a rhizome or stolon that has been enlarged for use as a storage organ.[6] In general, a tuber is high in starch, e.g. the potato, which is a modified stolon. The term "tuber" is often used imprecisely and is sometimes applied to plants with rhizomes.

If a rhizome is separated each piece may be able to give rise to a new plant. The plant uses the rhizome to store starches, proteins, and other nutrients. These nutrients become useful for the plant when new shoots must be formed or when the plant dies back for the winter.[4] This is a process known as vegetative reproduction and is used by farmers and gardeners to propagate certain plants. This also allows for lateral spread of grasses like bamboo and bunch grasses. Examples of plants that are propagated this way include hops, asparagus, ginger, irises, lily of the valley, cannas, and sympodial orchids.

Stored rhizomes are subject to bacterial and fungal infections, making them unsuitable for replanting and greatly diminishing stocks. However, rhizomes can also be produced artificially from tissue cultures. The ability to easily grow rhizomes from tissue cultures leads to better stocks for replanting and greater yields.[7] The plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid have been found to help induce and regulate the growth of rhizomes, specifically in rhubarb. Ethylene that was applied externally was found to affect internal ethylene levels, allowing easy manipulations of ethylene concentrations.[8] Knowledge of how to use these hormones to induce rhizome growth could help farmers and biologists to produce plants grown from rhizomes, and more easily cultivate and grow better plants.

Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface, including some Iris species, and ferns, whose spreading stems are rhizomes. Plants with underground rhizomes include gingers, bamboo, snake plant, the Venus flytrap, Chinese lantern, western poison-oak,[9] hops, and Alstroemeria, and the weeds Johnson grass, Bermuda grass, and purple nut sedge. Rhizomes generally form a single layer, but in giant horsetails, can be multi-tiered.[10]

Turmeric rhizome, whole and ground into a spice

Many rhizomes have culinary value, and some, such as zhe'ergen, are commonly consumed raw.[11] Some rhizomes that are used directly in cooking include ginger,[12] turmeric,[13] galangal,[14] fingerroot, and lotus.

See also

References

  1. ^ ῥίζωμα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  2. ^ ῥιζόω
  3. ^ "rhizome | Description, Functions, & Examples". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  4. ^ a b Jang, Cheol Seong; et al. (2006). "Functional classification, genomic organization, putatively cis-acting regulatory elements, and relationship to quantitative trait loci, of sorghum genes with rhizome-enriched expression". Plant Physiology. 142 (3): 1148–1159. doi:10.1104/pp.106.082891. PMC 1630734. PMID 16998090.
  5. ^ Clarke, Richard L. W. (2000). "Root Versus Rhizome: An 'Epistemological Break' in Francophone Caribbean Thought". Journal of West Indian Literature. 9 (1): 12–41. ISSN 0258-8501. JSTOR 23019767.
  6. ^ Stern, Kingsley R. (2002). Introductory Plant Biology (10th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-290941-2.
  7. ^ Nayak, Sanghamitra; Naik, Pradeep Kumar (2006). "Factors effecting in vitro microrhizome formation and growth in Curcuma longa L. and improved field performance of micropropagated plants". Science Asia. 32: 31–37. doi:10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2006.32.031.
  8. ^ Rayirath, Usha P; et al. (2011). "Role of ethylene and jasmonic acid on rhizome induction and growth in rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum L.)". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 105 (2): 253–263. doi:10.1007/s11240-010-9861-y. S2CID 6630060.
  9. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.). . GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009.
  10. ^ Husby, C. (2003). . Florida International University. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009.
  11. ^ Lim, T.K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants (11th ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-26061-7.[page needed]
  12. ^ "Ginger | plant". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  13. ^ "turmeric | Description, History, & Uses". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  14. ^ "Chinese Ginger. Alpinia Galanga, Willd". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 1891 (49): 5–9. 1891. doi:10.2307/4114957. ISSN 0366-4457. JSTOR 4114957.

External links

  •   Media related to Rhizomes at Wikimedia Commons
  • The Rhizome Collective for sustainable living

January 26, 2023
rhizome, other, uses, disambiguation, botany, dendrology, rhizome, from, ancient, greek, ῥίζωμα, rhízōma, mass, roots, from, ῥιζόω, rhizóō, cause, strike, root, modified, subterranean, plant, stem, that, sends, roots, shoots, from, nodes, also, called, creepin. For other uses see Rhizome disambiguation In botany and dendrology a rhizome ˈ r aɪ z oʊ m from Ancient Greek ῥizwma rhizōma mass of roots 1 from ῥizow rhizoō cause to strike root 2 is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks 3 Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards 4 An antique spurge plant Euphorbia antiquorum sending out white rhizomes Stolons growing from nodes from a corm of Crocosmia A rhizome is the main stem of the plant that runs underground horizontally 5 A stolon is similar to a rhizome but a stolon sprouts from an existing stem has long internodes and generates new shoots at the end such as in the strawberry plant In general rhizomes have short internodes send out roots from the bottom of the nodes and generate new upward growing shoots from the top of the nodes A stem tuber is a thickened part of a rhizome or stolon that has been enlarged for use as a storage organ 6 In general a tuber is high in starch e g the potato which is a modified stolon The term tuber is often used imprecisely and is sometimes applied to plants with rhizomes If a rhizome is separated each piece may be able to give rise to a new plant The plant uses the rhizome to store starches proteins and other nutrients These nutrients become useful for the plant when new shoots must be formed or when the plant dies back for the winter 4 This is a process known as vegetative reproduction and is used by farmers and gardeners to propagate certain plants This also allows for lateral spread of grasses like bamboo and bunch grasses Examples of plants that are propagated this way include hops asparagus ginger irises lily of the valley cannas and sympodial orchids Stored rhizomes are subject to bacterial and fungal infections making them unsuitable for replanting and greatly diminishing stocks However rhizomes can also be produced artificially from tissue cultures The ability to easily grow rhizomes from tissue cultures leads to better stocks for replanting and greater yields 7 The plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid have been found to help induce and regulate the growth of rhizomes specifically in rhubarb Ethylene that was applied externally was found to affect internal ethylene levels allowing easy manipulations of ethylene concentrations 8 Knowledge of how to use these hormones to induce rhizome growth could help farmers and biologists to produce plants grown from rhizomes and more easily cultivate and grow better plants Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface including some Iris species and ferns whose spreading stems are rhizomes Plants with underground rhizomes include gingers bamboo snake plant the Venus flytrap Chinese lantern western poison oak 9 hops and Alstroemeria and the weeds Johnson grass Bermuda grass and purple nut sedge Rhizomes generally form a single layer but in giant horsetails can be multi tiered 10 Turmeric rhizome whole and ground into a spice Many rhizomes have culinary value and some such as zhe ergen are commonly consumed raw 11 Some rhizomes that are used directly in cooking include ginger 12 turmeric 13 galangal 14 fingerroot and lotus See also EditAspen Corm Mycorrhiza Tuber BulbReferences Edit ῥizwma Liddell Henry George Scott Robert A Greek English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ῥizow rhizome Description Functions amp Examples Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 15 June 2021 a b Jang Cheol Seong et al 2006 Functional classification genomic organization putatively cis acting regulatory elements and relationship to quantitative trait loci of sorghum genes with rhizome enriched expression Plant Physiology 142 3 1148 1159 doi 10 1104 pp 106 082891 PMC 1630734 PMID 16998090 Clarke Richard L W 2000 Root Versus Rhizome An Epistemological Break in Francophone Caribbean Thought Journal of West Indian Literature 9 1 12 41 ISSN 0258 8501 JSTOR 23019767 Stern Kingsley R 2002 Introductory Plant Biology 10th ed McGraw Hill ISBN 0 07 290941 2 Nayak Sanghamitra Naik Pradeep Kumar 2006 Factors effecting in vitro microrhizome formation and growth in Curcuma longa L and improved field performance of micropropagated plants Science Asia 32 31 37 doi 10 2306 scienceasia1513 1874 2006 32 031 Rayirath Usha P et al 2011 Role of ethylene and jasmonic acid on rhizome induction and growth in rhubarb Rheum rhabarbarum L Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 105 2 253 263 doi 10 1007 s11240 010 9861 y S2CID 6630060 Hogan C Michael 2008 Stromberg Nicklas ed Western Poison oak Toxicodendron diversilobum GlobalTwitcher Archived from the original on 21 July 2009 Husby C 2003 Ecology and Physiology of the Giant Horsetails Florida International University Archived from the original on 14 July 2009 Lim T K 2016 Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants 11th ed Springer ISBN 978 3 319 26061 7 page needed Ginger plant Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 15 December 2020 turmeric Description History amp Uses Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 15 December 2020 Chinese Ginger Alpinia Galanga Willd Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 1891 49 5 9 1891 doi 10 2307 4114957 ISSN 0366 4457 JSTOR 4114957 External links Edit Media related to Rhizomes at Wikimedia Commons The Rhizome Collective for sustainable living Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rhizome amp oldid 1106917226, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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