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Bratislava

March 03, 2023

For the region, see Bratislava Region.

Bratislava (/ˌbrætɪˈslɑːvə/, also US: /ˌbrɑːt-/;[3][4] Slovak: [ˈbracislaʋa] (listen); German: Preßburg/Pressburg [ˈprɛsbʊrk] (listen); Hungarian: Pozsony) is the capital and largest city of Slovakia. Officially, the population of the city is about 475,000; however, it is estimated to be more than 660,000 — approximately 140% of the official figures.[5] Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia at the foot of the Little Carpathians, occupying both banks of the River Danube and the left bank of the River Morava. Bordering Austria and Hungary, it is one of the two only national capitals that border two sovereign states, the other one being Singapore.[6]

Bratislava
Capital city
Bratislava montage. From top left to right: View of Bratislava, View of Old Town, Financial District, Old Town streets, Blue Church, Grassalkovich Palace.
Flag
Coat of arms
Wordmark
Nicknames: 
Beauty on the Danube, Little Big City, Blava
Bratislava
Location of Bratislava in Slovakia
Bratislava
Bratislava (Bratislava Region)
Bratislava
Bratislava (Europe)
Coordinates: 48°08′38″N 17°06′35″E / 48.14389°N 17.10972°E / 48.14389; 17.10972Coordinates: 48°08′38″N 17°06′35″E / 48.14389°N 17.10972°E / 48.14389; 17.10972
Country Slovakia
RegionBratislava
First mentioned907
Government
 • MayorMatúš Vallo
Area
 • Capital city367.584 km2 (141.925 sq mi)
 • Urban
853.15 km2 (329.40 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,053 km2 (792.66 sq mi)
Elevation
134 m (440 ft)
Population
 (2021[1])
 • Capital city census
475,503
 • Capital city estimate
666,000
 • Capital city estimate density1,812/km2 (4,690/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Bratislavčan (m), Bratislavčanka (f) (sk) Bratislavan (en)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
8XX XX
Area code421 2
Car plateBA, BL, BT
GRP (Metro)[2]2019
 – Total€26.4 billion
($30B)
 – Per capita€40,000
($44780)
Websitewww.bratislava.sk/

The city's history has been influenced by people of many nations and religions, including Austrians, Bulgarians, Croats, Czechs, Germans, Hungarians, Jews, Romani and Slovaks.[7] It was the coronation site and legislative center and capital of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1563 to 1783;[8] eleven Hungarian kings and eight queens were crowned in St Martin's Cathedral. Most Hungarian parliament assemblies were held here from the 17th century until the Hungarian Reform Era, and the city has been home to many Hungarian, German and Slovak historical figures.

Today Bratislava is the political, cultural and economic centre of Slovakia. It is the seat of the Slovak president, the parliament and the Slovak Executive. It has several universities, and many museums, theatres, galleries and other cultural and educational institutions.[9] Many of Slovakia's large businesses and financial institutions have headquarters there.

GDP at purchasing power parity is about three times higher than in other Slovak regions.[10][11] Bratislava receives around 1 million tourists every year, mostly from the Czech Republic, Germany, and Austria.[12]

Etymology

See also: History of Bratislava § Etymology

The city received its contemporary name in 1919. Until then, it was mostly known in English as "Pressburg" (from its German name, Preßburg), since after 1526, it was dominated mostly by the Habsburg monarchy and the city had a relevant ethnic German population. That is the term from which the pre-1919 Slovak (Prešporok) and Czech (Prešpurk) names are derived.[13]

The linguist Ján Stanislav believed the city's Hungarian name, Pozsony, to be attributed to the surname Božan, likely a prince who owned the castle before 950. Although the Latin name was also based on the same surname, according to research by the lexicologist Milan Majtán, the Hungarian version was never officially represented in official records from the time in which the prince would have lived. All three versions, however, were related to those found in Slovak, Czech and German: Vratislaburgum (905), Braslavespurch and Preslavasburc (both 907).[14]

The medieval settlement Brezalauspurc (literally Braslav's castle) is sometimes attributed to Bratislava, but the actual location of Brezalauspurc is under scholarly debate. The city's modern name is credited to Pavol Jozef Šafárik's misinterpretation of Braslav as Bratislav in his analysis of medieval sources, which led him to invent the term Břetislaw, which later became Bratislav.[15]

During the revolution of 1918–1919, the name 'Wilsonov' or 'Wilsonstadt' (after US President Woodrow Wilson) was proposed by American Slovaks, as he supported national self-determination. The name Bratislava, which had been used only by some Slovak patriots, became official in March 1919 with the aim that a Slavic name could support demands for the city to be part of Czechoslovakia.[16]

Other alternative names of the city in the past include Greek: Ιστρόπολις, romanized: Istropolis (meaning "Danube City", also used in Latin), Czech: Prešpurk, French: Presbourg, Italian: Presburgo, Latin: Posonium, Romanian: Pojon, Croatian: Bratislava and Serbian: Братислава.

In older documents, confusion can be caused by the Latin forms Bratislavia, Wratislavia etc., which refer to Wrocław, Poland, not Bratislava. The Polish city has a similar etymology despite spelling differences.[17]

History

Main article: History of Bratislava
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Bratislava.
 
An original Biatec and its replica on a former 5-koruna coin

The first known permanent settlement of the area began with the Linear Pottery Culture, around 5000 BC in the Neolithic era. About 200 BC, the Celtic Boii tribe founded the first significant settlement, a fortified town known as an oppidum. They also established a mint, producing silver coins known as biatecs.[18]

The area fell under Roman influence from the 1st to the 4th century AD and was made part of the Danubian Limes, a border defence system.[19] The Romans introduced grape growing to the area and began a tradition of winemaking, which survives to the present.[20]

The Slavs arrived from the East between the 5th and 6th centuries during the Migration Period.[21] As a response to onslaughts by Avars, the local Slavic tribes rebelled and established Samo's Empire (623–658), the first known Slavic political entity. In the 9th century, the castles at Bratislava (Brezalauspurk) and Devín (Dowina) were important centres of the Slavic states: the Principality of Nitra and Great Moravia.[22] Scholars have debated the identification as fortresses of the two castles built in Great Moravia, based on linguistic arguments and because of the absence of convincing archaeological evidence.[23][24]

The first written reference to a settlement named "Brezalauspurc" dates to 907 and is related to the Battle of Pressburg, during which a Bavarian army was defeated by the Hungarians. It is connected to the fall of Great Moravia, already weakened by its own inner decline[25] and under the attacks of the Hungarians.[26] The exact location of the battle remains unknown, and some interpretations place it west of Lake Balaton.[27]

In the 10th century, the territory of Pressburg (what would later become Pozsony county) became part of Hungary (called the "Kingdom of Hungary" from 1000). It developed as a key economic and administrative centre on the kingdom's frontier.[28] This strategic position destined the city to be the site of frequent attacks and battles, but also brought it economic development and high political status. It was granted its first known "town privileges" in 1291 by the Hungarian King Andrew III,[29] and was declared a free royal town in 1405 by King Sigismund. In 1436 he authorized the town to use its own coat of arms.[30]

The Kingdom of Hungary was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Mohács in 1526. The Ottomans besieged and damaged Pressburg, but failed to conquer it.[31] Owing to Ottoman advances into Hungarian territory, the city was designated the new capital of Hungary in 1536, after becoming part of the Habsburg monarchy and marking the beginning of a new era. The city became a coronation town and the seat of kings, archbishops (1543), the nobility and all major organisations and offices. Between 1536 and 1830, eleven Hungarian kings and queens were crowned at St. Martin's Cathedral.[32] The 17th century was marked by anti-Habsburg uprisings, fighting with the Ottomans, floods, plagues and other disasters, which diminished the population.[33]

Pressburg flourished during the 18th-century reign of Queen Maria Theresa,[34] becoming the largest and most important town in Hungary.[35] The population tripled; many new palaces,[34] monasteries, mansions, and streets were built, and the city was the centre of social and cultural life of the region.[36] Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gave a concert in 1762 in the Pálffy Palace. Joseph Haydn performed in 1784 in the Grassalkovich Palace. Ludwig van Beethoven was a guest in 1796 in the Keglević Palace.[37][38]

  •  

    The earliest known depiction of Pressburg Castle, 14th century

  •  

    Pressburg (Bratislava) in 1588

  •  

    Pressburg (Bratislava) in the 17th century

  •  

    Coronation of Maria Theresa in 1741

  •  

    Bratislava in the 19th century

  •  

    Bratislava in 1915

The city started to lose its importance under the reign of Maria Theresa's son Joseph II,[34] especially after the crown jewels were taken to Vienna in 1783 in an attempt to strengthen the relations between Austria and Hungary. Many central offices subsequently moved to Buda, followed by a large segment of the nobility.[39] The first newspapers in Hungarian and Slovak were published here: Magyar hírmondó in 1780, and Presspurske Nowiny in 1783.[40] In the course of the 18th century, the city became a centre for the Slovak national movement.

The city's 19th-century history was closely tied to the major events in Europe. The Peace of Pressburg between Austria and France was signed here in 1805.[41] Theben Castle was ruined by Napoleon's French troops during an invasion of 1809.[42] In 1825 the Hungarian National Learned Society (the present Hungarian Academy of Sciences) was founded in Pressburg using a donation from István Széchenyi. In 1843 Hungarian was proclaimed the official language in legislation, public administration, and education by the Diet in the city.[43]

As a reaction to the Revolutions of 1848, Ferdinand V signed the so-called April laws, which included the abolition of serfdom, at the Primate's Palace.[44] The city chose the revolutionary Hungarian side, but was captured by the Austrians in December 1848.[45]

Industry developed rapidly in the 19th century. The first horse-drawn railway in the Kingdom of Hungary,[46] from Pressburg to Szentgyörgy (Svätý Jur), was built in 1840.[47] A new line to Vienna using steam locomotives was opened in 1848, and a line to Pest in 1850.[48] Many new industrial, financial and other institutions were founded; for example, the first bank in present-day Slovakia was founded in 1842.[49] The city's first permanent bridge over the Danube, Starý most, was built in 1891.[50]

Before World War I, the city had a population that was 42% German, 41% Hungarian and 15% Slovak (1910 census, the population was influenced by Magyarization[citation needed]). The first post war census in 1919 declared the city's ethnic composition at 36% German, 33% Slovak and 29% Hungarian but this may have reflected changing self-identification, rather than an exchange of peoples. Many people were bi- or trilingual and multicultural. After World War I and the formation of Czechoslovakia on October 28, 1918, the city was incorporated into the new state despite its representatives' reluctance.[51] The dominant Hungarian and German population tried to prevent annexation of the city to Czechoslovakia and declared it a free city. However, the Czechoslovak Legions occupied the city on January 1, 1919, and made it part of Czechoslovakia, against the wish of the local population, on reasons of its economic importance for the new state.[51] The city became the seat of Slovakia's political organs and organizations and became Slovakia's capital on 4 February.[52] On February 12, 1919, the German and Hungarian population started a protest against the Czechoslovak occupation. According to Marcell Jankovics, lawyer, publicist and member of the Hungarian Parliament, the Czechoslovak Legions opened fire on the unarmed demonstrators.[53] Slovak sources do not deny the shooting, but add that the Legionaries were defending themselves from violent and aggressive behavior of the demonstrators. A contemporary Slovak language newspaper reported that "a mob spat on our soldiers, tore down badges from their hats, physically attacked them and shot on them from windows."[54][55][56]

On March 27, 1919, the name Bratislava was officially adopted for the first time to replace the previous Slovak name Prešporok.[57] Left without any protection after the retreat of the Hungarian army, many Hungarians were expelled or fled.[58] Czechs and Slovaks moved their households to Bratislava. Education in Hungarian and German was radically reduced in the city.[59] By the 1930 Czechoslovak census, the Hungarian population of Bratislava had decreased to 15.8% (see the Demographics of Bratislava article for more details).

 
Bratislava was bombarded by the United States Army Air Forces, during the Nazi Occupation in 1944

In 1938, Nazi Germany annexed neighbouring Austria in the Anschluss; later that year it also annexed the still-separate from Bratislava Petržalka and Devín boroughs on ethnic grounds, as these had many ethnic Germans.[60][61] Bratislava was declared the capital of the first independent Slovak Republic on March 14, 1939, but the new state quickly fell under Nazi influence. In 1941–1942 and 1944–1945, the new Slovak government cooperated in deporting most of Bratislava's approximately 15,000 Jews;[62] they were transported to concentration camps, where most were killed or died before the end of the war in the Holocaust.[63]

Bratislava was bombarded by the Allies, occupied by German troops in 1944, and eventually taken by troops of the Soviet 2nd Ukrainian Front on 4 April 1945.[60][64] At the end of World War II, most of Bratislava's ethnic Germans were evacuated by the German authorities. A few returned after the war, but were soon expelled without their properties under the Beneš decrees,[65] part of a widespread expulsion of ethnic Germans from eastern Europe.

 
Iron Curtain memorial in Bratislava

After the Communist Party seized power in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the city became part of the Eastern Bloc. The city annexed new land, and the population rose significantly, becoming 90% Slovak. Large residential areas consisting of high-rise prefabricated panel buildings, such as those in the Petržalka borough, were built. The Communist government also built several new grandiose buildings, such as the Most Slovenského národného povstania bridge and the Slovak Radio headquarters.

In 1968, after the unsuccessful Czechoslovak attempt to liberalise the Communist regime, the city was occupied by Warsaw Pact troops. Shortly thereafter, it became capital of the Slovak Socialist Republic, one of the two states of the federalized Czechoslovakia.

Bratislava's dissidents anticipated the fall of Communism with the Bratislava candle demonstration in 1988, and the city became one of the foremost centres of the anti-Communist Velvet Revolution in 1989.[66]

In 1993, the city became the capital of the newly formed Slovak Republic following the Velvet Divorce.[67]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Bratislava
 
Map of Bratislava
 
Satellite view of Bratislava

Bratislava is situated in southwestern Slovakia, within the Bratislava Region. Its location on the borders with Austria and Hungary makes it the only national capital that borders between two countries. It is only 18 kilometres (11.2 mi) from the border with Hungary and only 60 kilometres (37.3 mi) from the Austrian capital Vienna.[68]

The city has a total area of 367.58 square kilometres (141.9 sq mi), making it the second-largest city in Slovakia by area (after the township of Vysoké Tatry).[69] Bratislava straddles the Danube River, along which it had developed and for centuries the chief transportation route to other areas. The river passes through the city from the west to the southeast. The Middle Danube basin begins at Devín Gate in western Bratislava. Other rivers are the Morava River, which forms the northwestern border of the city and enters the Danube at Devín, the Little Danube, and the Vydrica, which enters the Danube in the borough of Karlova Ves.

The Carpathian mountain range begins in city territory with the Little Carpathians (Malé Karpaty). The Záhorie and Danubian lowlands stretch into Bratislava. The city's lowest point is at the Danube's surface at 126 metres (413 ft) above mean sea level, and the highest point is Devínska Kobyla at 514 metres (1,686 ft). The average altitude is 140 metres (460 ft).[70]

Climate

Bratislava lies in the north temperate zone and has a moderately continental climate[71] (original/US Köppen–Geiger climate classification Cfb[72]/Dfb, Trewartha climate classification DCbo, USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 7b[73]) with mean annual temperature (1990–2009)[74] of around 10.5 °C (50.9 °F), average temperature of 21 °C (70 °F) in the warmest month and −1 °C (30 °F) in the coldest month, four distinct seasons[71] and precipitation spread rather evenly throughout the year. It is often windy with a marked variation between hot summers and cold, humid winters. The city is in one of the warmest and driest parts of Slovakia.[75]

Recently, the transitions from winter to summer and summer to winter have been rapid, with short autumn and spring periods. Snow occurs less frequently than previously.[71] Extreme temperatures (1981–2013) – record high: 39.4 °C (102.9 °F),[76] record low: −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F). Some areas, particularly Devín and Devínska Nová Ves, are vulnerable to floods from the Danube and Morava rivers.[77] New flood protection has been built on both banks.[78]

Climate data for Bratislava (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		19.1
(66.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		30.3
(86.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		36.3
(97.3) 		38.2
(100.8) 		39.3
(102.7) 		34.0
(93.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		21.3
(70.3) 		17.9
(64.2) 		39.3
(102.7)
Average high °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.0
(80.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		3.3
(37.9) 		15.4
(59.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		11.0
(51.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		15.9
(60.6) 		10.4
(50.7) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		10.5
(50.9)
Average low °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		1.3
(34.3) 		5.4
(41.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −24.6
(−12.3) 		−20
(−4) 		−15.1
(4.8) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−2
(28) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−8
(18) 		−12
(10) 		−20
(−4) 		−24.6
(−12.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 39
(1.5) 		37
(1.5) 		38
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		55
(2.2) 		57
(2.2) 		53
(2.1) 		59
(2.3) 		55
(2.2) 		38
(1.5) 		54
(2.1) 		46
(1.8) 		565
(22.2)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 10.7
(4.2) 		5.7
(2.2) 		1.6
(0.6) 		0.2
(0.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		1.8
(0.7) 		4.0
(1.6) 		24.2
(9.5)
Average relative humidity (%) 83 78 71 64 67 66 64 65 73 78 83 85 73
Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.1 81.9 151.9 204.0 263.5 270.0 275.9 269.7 207.0 142.6 60.0 46.5 2,038.1
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 3 1 1 4
Source: Pogodaiklimat.ru,[79] Climatemps[80] and Weather Atlas[81]

Location

Cityscape and architecture

See also: List of palaces in Bratislava
 
Hviezdoslav Square
 
Main Square

The cityscape of Bratislava is characterized by medieval towers and grandiose 20th-century buildings, but it underwent profound changes in a construction boom at the start of the 21st century.[82]

Most historical buildings are concentrated in the Old Town. Bratislava's Town Hall is a complex of three buildings erected in the 14th–15th centuries and now hosts the Bratislava City Museum. Michael's Gate is the only gate that has been preserved from the medieval fortifications, and it ranks among the oldest of the town's buildings;[83] the narrowest house in Europe is nearby.[84] The University Library building, erected in 1756, was used by the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1802 to 1848.[85] Much of the significant legislation of the Hungarian Reform Era (such as the abolition of serfdom and the foundation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) was enacted there.[85]

The historic centre is characterized by many baroque palaces. The Grassalkovich Palace, built around 1760, is now the residence of the Slovak president, and the Slovak government now has its seat in the former Archiepiscopal Palace.[86] In 1805, diplomats of emperors Napoleon and Francis II signed the fourth Peace of Pressburg in the Primate's Palace, after Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Austerlitz.[87] Some smaller houses are historically significant; composer Johann Nepomuk Hummel was born in an 18th-century house in the Old Town.

 
St. Martin's Cathedral
 
Church of St. Elisabeth

Notable cathedrals and churches include the Gothic St. Martin's Cathedral built in the 13th–16th centuries, which served as the coronation church of the Kingdom of Hungary between 1563 and 1830.[88] The Franciscan Church, dating to the 13th century, has been a place of knighting ceremonies and is the oldest preserved sacral building in the city.[89] The Church of St. Elizabeth, better known as the Blue Church due to its colour, is built entirely in the Hungarian Secessionist style. Bratislava has one surviving functioning synagogue, out of the three major ones existing before the holocaust.

A curiosity is the underground (formerly ground-level) restored portion of the Jewish cemetery where 19th-century Rabbi Moses Sofer is buried, located at the base of the castle hill near the entrance to a tram tunnel.[90] The only military cemetery in Bratislava is Slavín, unveiled in 1960 in honour of Soviet Army soldiers who fell during the liberation of Bratislava in April 1945. It offers an excellent view of the city and the Little Carpathians.[91][92]

Other prominent 20th-century structures include the Most Slovenského národného povstania (Bridge of the Slovak national uprising) across the Danube featuring a UFO-like tower restaurant, Slovak Radio's inverted-pyramid-shaped headquarters, and the uniquely designed Kamzík TV Tower with an observation deck and rotating restaurant. In the early 21st century, new edifices have transformed the traditional cityscape. At the beginning of the 21st century, a construction boom has spawned new public structures,[93] such as the Most Apollo and a new building of the Slovak National Theatre,[94] as well as private real-estate development.[95]

Bratislava Castle

Main article: Bratislava Castle

One of the most prominent structures in the city is Bratislava Castle (Bratislavský hrad), situated on a plateau 85 metres (279 ft) above the Danube. The castle hill site has been inhabited since the transitional period between the Stone and Bronze ages[96] and has been the acropolis of a Celtic town, part of the Roman limes Romanus, a huge Slavic fortified settlement, and a political, military and religious centre for Great Moravia.[97] A stone castle was not constructed until the 10th century, when the area was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, however, in the 9th century a pre-romanesque stone basilica, was standing in the area of the hillfort.

The castle was converted into a Gothic anti-Hussite fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1430, became a Renaissance castle in 1562,[98] and was rebuilt in 1649 in the baroque style. Under Queen Maria Theresa, the castle became a prestigious royal seat. In 1811, the castle was inadvertently destroyed by fire and lay in ruins until the 1950s,[99] when it was rebuilt mostly in its former Theresian style. In the 1940s, it was planned to demolish the castle ruins and replace them with a new university complex. However, it was never realised, and in the 1960s, reconstruction began. Nowadays, it serves ceremonial purposes and as a historical museum of the Slovak National Museum.

Devín Castle

Main article: Devín Castle
 
Ruins of Devín Castle. In 1809, Napoleon's troops blew up the castle.
 
View from Devín Castle

The ruined and recently renovated Devín Castle is in the borough of Devín, on top of a rock where the Morava River, which forms the border between Austria and Slovakia, enters the Danube. It is one of the most important Slovak archaeological sites and contains a museum dedicated to its history.[100] Due to its strategic location, Devín Castle was a very important frontier castle of Great Moravia and the early Hungarian state. It was destroyed by Napoleon's troops in 1809. It is an important symbol of Slovak and Slavic history.[101]

Rusovce

Rusovce mansion, with its English park, is in the Rusovce borough. The house was originally built in the 17th century and was turned into an English neo-Gothic-style mansion in 1841–1844.[102] The borough is also known for the ruins of the Roman military camp Gerulata, part of limes Romanus, a border defence system. Gerulata was built and used between the 1st and 4th centuries AD.[103]

Parks and lakes

Further information: Parks and gardens in Bratislava
 
Kuchajda lake

Due to its location in the foothills of the Little Carpathians and its riparian vegetation on the Danubian floodplains, Bratislava has forests close to the city centre. The total amount of public green space is 46.8 square kilometres (18.1 sq mi), or 110 square metres (1,200 sq ft) per inhabitant.[104] The largest city park is Horský park (literally, Mountainous Park), in the Old Town. Bratislavský lesný park (Bratislava Forest Park) is located in the Little Carpathians and includes many locales popular among visitors, such as Železná studienka and Koliba. The Forest Park covers an area of 27.3 square kilometres (10.5 sq mi), of which 96% is forested mostly with oak and mixed oak/hornbeam forest, and contains original flora and fauna such as European badgers, red foxes, wild boar and red and roe deer. On the right bank of the Danube, in the borough of Petržalka, is Janko Kráľ Park founded in 1774–76.[105] A new city park is planned for Petržalka between the Malý Draždiak and Veľký Draždiak lakes.[95]

Bratislava's zoological park is located in Mlynská dolina, near the headquarters of Slovak Television. The zoo, founded in 1960, currently houses 152 species of animals, including the rare white lion and white tiger. The Botanical Gardens, which belong to Comenius University, can be found on the Danube riverfront and house more than 120 species of domestic and foreign origin.[106]

The city has a number of natural and man-made lakes, most of which are used for recreation. Examples include Štrkovec lake in Ružinov, Kuchajda in Nové Mesto, Zlaté Piesky and the Vajnory lakes in the north-east, and Rusovce lake in the south, which is popular with nudists.[107]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bratislava
 
High-rise apartments in Bratislava
2021 census results[108]
District Population Ethnic group Population
Bratislava I–V 475,577 Slovaks 407,358
Bratislava I 46,432 Hungarians 11,167
Bratislava II 112,001 Czechs 5,031
Bratislava III 76,694 Ukrainians 1524
Bratislava IV 105,154 Germans 750
Bratislava V 122,296 Other/undeclared 47,239


From the city's origin until the 19th century, Germans were the dominant ethnic group.[13] By the end of World War I, 42% of the population of Pressburg spoke German as their native language, 40% Hungarian, and 15% Slovak.[13]

After the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, Bratislava remained a multi-ethnic city, but with a different demographic trend. Due to Slovakization,[109][110] the proportion of Slovaks and Czechs increased in the city, while the proportion of Germans and Hungarians fell. In 1938, 59% of population were Slovaks or Czechs, while Germans represented 22% and Hungarians 13% of the city's population.[111] The creation of the first Slovak Republic in 1939 brought other changes, most notably the expulsion of many Czechs and the deportation or flight of the Jews during the Holocaust.[13][112] In 1945, most of the Germans were evacuated. After the restoration of Czechoslovakia, the Beneš decrees (partly revoked in 1948) collectively punished ethnic German and Hungarian minorities by expropriation and deportation to Germany, Austria, and Hungary for their alleged collaborationism with Nazi Germany and Hungary against Czechoslovakia.[63][113][114]

The city thereby obtained its clearly Slovak character.[63] Hundreds of citizens were expelled during the communist oppression of the 1950s, with the aim of replacing "reactionary" people with the proletarian class.[13][63] Since the 1950s, the Slovaks have been the dominant ethnicity in the town, making up around 90% of the city's population.[13]

Politics

See also: Mayor of Bratislava, Boroughs and localities of Bratislava, and International relations of Bratislava
 
The building of National Council of the Slovak Republic

Bratislava is the seat of the Slovak parliament, presidency, ministries, supreme court (Slovak: Najvyšší súd), and central bank. It is the seat of the Bratislava Region and, since 2002, also of the Bratislava Self-Governing Region. The city also has many foreign embassies and consulates.

The current local government (Mestská samospráva)[115] structure has been in place since 1990.[116] It is composed of a mayor (primátor),[117] a city board (Mestská rada),[118] a city council (Mestské zastupiteľstvo),[119] city commissions (Komisie mestského zastupiteľstva),[120] and a city magistrate's office (Magistrát).[121]

 
Grassalkovich Palace, seat of the president of Slovakia

The mayor, based at the Primate's Palace, is the city's top executive officer and is elected to a four-year term of office. The current mayor of Bratislava is Matúš Vallo, who won the election held on November 10, 2018, as an independent candidate. The city council is the city's legislative body, responsible for issues such as budget, local ordinances, city planning, road maintenance, education, and culture.[122]

City Council

The Bratislava City Council is the legislature of the City of Bratislava. It has 45 members. The Council usually convenes once a month and consists of 45 members elected to four-year terms concurrent with the mayor's. Many of the council's executive functions are carried out by the city commission at the council's direction.[120] The city board is a 28-member body composed of the mayor and his deputies, the borough mayors, and up to ten city council members. The board is an executive and supervisory arm of the city council and also serves in an advisory role to the mayor.[118]

Administration

Administratively, Bratislava is divided into five districts: Bratislava I (the city centre), Bratislava II (eastern parts), Bratislava III (north-eastern parts), Bratislava IV (western and northern parts) and Bratislava V (southern parts on the right bank of the Danube, including Petržalka, the most densely populated residential area in Central Europe).[123]

 
Primate's Palace at Primate's Square, the seat of the city's mayor

For self-governance purposes, the city is divided into 17 boroughs, each of which has its own mayor (starosta) and council. The number of councillors in each depends on the size and population of the borough.[124] Each of the boroughs coincides with the city's 20 cadastral areas, except for two cases: Nové Mesto is further divided into the Nové Mesto and Vinohrady cadastral areas and Ružinov is divided into Ružinov, Nivy and Trnávka. Further unofficial division recognizes additional quarters and localities.


Economy

Main article: Economy of Bratislava
See also: List of tallest buildings in Bratislava
 
High-rise buildings at Mlynské Nivy, one of Bratislava's business districts
 
Business and shopping centre in Eurovea
 
New Danube waterfront
 
Digital Park administrative complex

The Bratislava Region is the wealthiest and most economically prosperous region in Slovakia, despite being the smallest by area and having the third smallest population of the eight Slovak regions. It accounts for about 26% of the Slovak GDP.[125]

The average monthly salary in the Bratislava region in 2022 was €1 908.[126]

According to GDP per capita, Bratislava was the sixth-richest region in the European Union in 2016.[127] However, analysts have noted that the Bratislava region's ranking is exaggerated for several reasons. The GDP of the Bratislava region takes into account the activities of companies with headquarters in the capital but who also have significant operations elsewhere. Moreover, Volkswagen Slovakia, the largest automaker in Slovakia, is located in the Bratislava region but is owned by VW, giving the impression that the area is extremely rich. As a result, almost 30 percent of Slovakia's GDP is created in Bratislava.[127]

The unemployment rate in Bratislava was 1.83% in December 2007.[128] Many governmental institutions and private companies have their headquarters in Bratislava. More than 75% of Bratislava's population works in the service sector, mainly composed of trade, banking, IT, telecommunications, and tourism.[129] The Bratislava Stock Exchange (BSSE), the organiser of the public securities market, was founded on 15 March 1991.[130]

Companies operating predominantly in Bratislava with the highest value added according to the 2018 Trend Top 200 ranking, include the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant, Slovnaft refinery (MOL), Eset (software developer), Asseco (software company), PPC Power (producer of heat and steam) and Trenkwalder personnel agency.[131]

Volkswagen Group took over and expanded the BAZ factory in 1991, and has since considerably expanded production beyond original Skoda Auto models.[132] Currently,[timeframe?] 68% of production is focused on SUVs: Audi Q7; VW Touareg; as well as the body and under-chassis of the Porsche Cayenne. Since 2012, production has also included the Volkswagen up!, SEAT Mii and Skoda Citigo.[133]

In recent years, service and high-tech-oriented businesses have prospered in Bratislava. Many global companies, including IBM, Dell, Lenovo, AT&T, SAP, Amazon, Johnson Controls, Swiss Re and Accenture, have built outsourcing and service centres here or plan to do so soon.[134] Reasons for the influx of multi-national corporations include proximity to Western Europe, skilled labour force and the high density of universities and research facilities.[135] Also Slovak IT companies included ESET, Sygic and Pixel Federation have headquarters in Bratislava.

Other large companies and employers with headquarters in Bratislava include Slovak Telekom, Orange Slovensko, Slovenská sporiteľňa, Tatra banka, Doprastav, Hewlett-Packard Slovakia, Slovnaft, Henkel Slovensko,[136] Slovenský plynárenský priemysel, Kraft Foods Slovakia, Whirlpool Slovakia, Železnice Slovenskej republiky, AeroMobil, and Tesco Stores Slovak Republic.

The Slovak economy's strong growth in the 2000s has led to a boom in the construction industry, and several major projects have been completed or are planned in Bratislava.[93] Areas attracting developers include the Danube riverfront, where two major projects are already finished: River Park in the Old Town, and Eurovea near the Apollo Bridge.[137][138] Other locations under development include the areas around the main railway and bus stations, the former industrial zone near the Old Town and in the boroughs of Petržalka, Nové Mesto and Ružinov.[123][139][140] It is expected that investors will spend €1.2 billion on new projects by 2010.[141] In 2010 the city had a balanced budget of €277 million, with one fifth used for investment.[142] Bratislava holds shares in 17 companies directly, including the city's public transport company Dopravný podnik Bratislava, the waste collection and disposal company named OLO (Odvoz a likvidácia odpadu), and the water utility.[143] The city also manages municipal organisations such as the city police (Mestská polícia), Bratislava City Museum and ZOO Bratislava.[144]

Tourism

See also: Tourism in Slovakia
 
The Prešporáčik tourist train in the Old Town
 
Čumil (Man at Work), an icon in the Old Town.
 
Group of tourists on a street
 
The Old Town Hall, the oldest city hall in the country

In 2006, Bratislava had 77 commercial accommodation facilities, of which 45 were hotels, with a total capacity of 9,940 beds.[145] A total of 986,201 visitors, 754,870 of whom were foreigners, stayed overnight. Altogether, visitors made 1,338,497 overnight stays.[145] However, a considerable share of visits is made by those who visit Bratislava for a single day, and their exact number is not known. The largest numbers of foreign visitors come from the Czech Republic, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Poland and Austria.[145]

Among other factors, the growth of low-cost airline flights to Bratislava, led by Ryanair, has led to conspicuous stag parties, primarily from the UK. While these are a boom to the city's tourism industry, cultural differences and vandalism have led to concern by local officials.[146] Reflecting the popularity of rowdy parties in Bratislava in the early to mid-2000s, the city was a setting in the 2004 comedy film Eurotrip, which was actually filmed in the city of Prague, the Czech Republic.

Shopping

 
Aupark shopping mall
 
Interior of Eurovea shopping mall
 
Central shopping mall

Bratislava has eight major shopping centres: Aupark, Avion Shopping Park, Bory Mall, Central, Eurovea, Nivy Centrum, Vivo! (formerly Polus City Center) and Shopping Palace.

A month before Christmas the Main Square in Bratislava is illuminated by a Christmas tree and the Christmas market stalls are officially opened. Around 100 booths are opened every year. It is opened most of the day as well as in the evening.[citation needed]

Culture

Bratislava is the cultural heart of Slovakia. Owing to its historical multi-cultural character, local culture is influenced by various ethnic and religious groups, including Germans, Slovaks, Hungarians, and Jews.[147] Bratislava enjoys numerous theatres, museums, galleries, concert halls, cinemas, film clubs, and foreign cultural institutions.[148]

Performing arts

 
The old Slovak National Theatre building on Hviezdoslav Square
 
The new building of Slovak National Theatre built in 2007

Bratislava is the seat of the Slovak National Theatre, housed in two buildings.[149] The first is a Neo-Renaissance theatre building situated in the Old Town at the end of Hviezdoslav Square. The new building, opened to the public in 2007, is on the riverfront.[94][149] The theatre has three ensembles: opera, ballet and drama.[149] Smaller theatres include the Bratislava Puppet Theatre, the Astorka Korzo '90 theatre, the Arena Theatre, L+S Studio, and the Naive Theatre of Radošina.

Music in Bratislava flourished in the 18th century and was closely linked to Viennese musical life. Mozart visited the town at the age of six. Among other notable composers who visited or lived in the town were Haydn, Liszt,[150] Bartók and Beethoven. It is also the birthplace of the composers Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ernő Dohnányi, and Franz Schmidt. Bratislava is home to both the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and the chamber orchestra, Capella Istropolitana. The city hosts several annual festivals, such as the Bratislava Music Festival and Bratislava Jazz Days.[151] The Wilsonic Festival, held annually since 2000, brings dozens of international musical acts to the city each year.[152] During the summer, various musical events take place as part of the Bratislava Cultural Summer at Bratislava Castle. Apart from musical festivals, it is possible to hear music ranging from underground to well known pop stars.[153]

Bratislava is home to two of Slovakia's national folk dance ensembles, Lúčnica and Slovenský ľudový umelecký kolektív (SĽUK).[154][155][156]

Museums and galleries

Main article: Museums and galleries of Bratislava
 
Slovak National Gallery
 
The Danubiana Meulensteen Art Museum, museum of modern art.

The Slovak National Museum (Slovenské národné múzeum), founded in 1961, has its headquarters in Bratislava on the riverfront in the Old Town, along with the Natural History Museum, which is one of its subdivisions. It is the largest cultural institution in Slovakia, and manages 16 specialized museums in Bratislava and beyond.[157] The Bratislava City Museum (Múzeum mesta Bratislavy), established in 1868, is the oldest museum in continuous operation in Slovakia.[158] Its primary goal is to chronicle Bratislava's history in various forms from the earliest periods using historical and archaeological collections. It offers permanent displays in eight specialised museums.

The Slovak National Gallery, founded in 1948, offers the most extensive network of galleries in Slovakia. Two displays in Bratislava are next to one another at Esterházy Palace (Esterházyho palác, Eszterházy palota) and the Water Barracks (Vodné kasárne, Vizikaszárnya) on the Danube riverfront in the Old Town. The Bratislava City Gallery, founded in 1961, is the second-largest Slovak gallery of its kind. The gallery offers permanent displays at Pálffy Palace (Pálffyho palác, Pálffy palota) and Mirbach Palace (Mirbachov palác, Mirbach palota), in the Old Town.[159] Danubiana Art Museum, one of the youngest art museums in Europe, is near Čunovo waterworks.[160]

Media

As the national capital, Bratislava is home to national and many local media outlets. Notable TV stations based in the city include Slovak Television (Slovenská televízia), Markíza, JOJ and TA3. Slovak Radio (Slovenský rozhlas) has its seat in the centre, and many Slovak commercial radio stations are based in the city. National newspapers based in Bratislava include SME, Pravda, Nový čas, Hospodárske noviny and the English-language The Slovak Spectator. Two news agencies are headquartered there: the News Agency of the Slovak Republic (TASR) and the Slovak News Agency (SITA).

Sport

Main article: Sport in Bratislava
 
Tehelné pole
 
Štadión Pasienky
 
Ondrej Nepela Arena, ice-hockey and mixed use arena

Various sports and sports teams have a long tradition in Bratislava, with many teams and individuals competing in Slovak and international leagues and competitions.

Football is currently represented by the only club playing in the top Slovak football league, the Fortuna Liga. ŠK Slovan Bratislava, founded in 1919, has its home ground at the Tehelné pole stadium. ŠK Slovan is the most successful football club in Slovak history, being the only club from the former Czechoslovakia to win the European football competition the Cup Winners' Cup, in 1969.[161]FC Petržalka akadémia is the oldest of Bratislava's football clubs, founded in 1898, and is based at Stadium FC Petržalka 1898 in Petržalka (formerly at Pasienky in Nové Mesto and Štadión Petržalka in Petržalka). They are currently the only Slovak team to win at least one match in the UEFA Champions League group stage, with a 5–0 win over Celtic FC in the qualifying round being the most well-known, alongside a 3–2 win over FC Porto. Before then FC Košice in the 1997–98 season lost all six matches, despite being the first Slovak side since independence to play in the competition.

In 2010 Artmedia were relegated from the Corgon Liga under their new name of MFK Petržalka, finishing 12th and bottom. FC Petržalka akadémia currently competes in 5. liga after bankruptcy in summer 2014. Another known club from the city is FK Inter Bratislava. Founded in 1945, they have their home ground at Stadium ŠKP Inter Dúbravka in Dúbravka, (formerly at Štadión Pasienky) and currently plays in the 3. liga. There are many more clubs with long tradition and successful history despite the lack of success in last years, e.g. LP Domino Bratislava currently playing in 4. liga; FK Rača Bratislava competing in the 3. liga as well as Inter; FK ŠKP Inter Dúbravka Bratislava, following ŠKP Devín (successful team from the 1990s) and partially following the original Inter (original Inter bankrupted in 2009, sold the Corgoň Liga license to FK Senica and legally merged with FC ŠKP Dúbravka; current Inter has taken over the tradition, name, colours, fans etc., but legally is no successor of the original Inter); FC Tatran Devín, the club that was successful mostly at youth level and merged with ŠKP Bratislava in 1995; MŠK Iskra Petržalka, playing under the name ŠK Iskra Matadorfix Bratislava in the former 1st League (today 2nd) in 1997/98.

Bratislava is home to three winter sports arenas: Ondrej Nepela Winter Sports Stadium, V. Dzurilla Winter Sports Stadium, and Dúbravka Winter Sports Stadium. The HC Slovan Bratislava ice hockey team has represented Bratislava from the 2012–13 season in the Kontinental Hockey League. Slovnaft Arena, a part of Ondrej Nepela Winter Sports Stadium, is home to HC Slovan. The Ice Hockey World Championships in 1959 and 1992 were played in Bratislava, and the 2011 World Championship were held in Bratislava and Košice, for which a new arena was built.[162] The city also played host to the World Championship in 2019.

The Čunovo Water Sports Centre is a whitewater slalom and rafting area, close to the Gabčíkovo dam. It hosts several international and national canoe and kayak competitions annually.

In 1966, Bratislava named its new multi-sports stadium after tennis player Ladislav Hecht.[163][164]

The National Tennis Centre, which includes Aegon Arena, hosts various cultural, sporting and social events. Several Davis Cup matches have been played there, including the 2005 Davis Cup final. The city is represented in the top Slovak leagues in women's and men's basketball, women's handball and volleyball, and men's water polo. The Devín–Bratislava National run is the oldest athletic event in Slovakia,[165] and the Bratislava City Marathon has been held annually since 2006. A race track is located in Petržalka, where horse racing and dog racing events and dog shows are held regularly.

Bratislava is also the centre of rugby union in Slovakia.

Education and science

 
Universitas Istropolitana building
 
Comenius University headquarters at Šafárikovo námestie
 
Main Building Hall of the University of Economics

The first university in Bratislava, in the Kingdom of Hungary (and also in the territory of present-day Slovakia) was Universitas Istropolitana, founded in 1465 by King Matthias Corvinus. It was closed in 1490 after his death.[166]

Bratislava is the seat of the largest university (Comenius University, 27,771 students),[167] the largest technical university (Slovak University of Technology, 18,473 students),[168] and the oldest art schools (the Academy of Performing Arts and the Academy of Fine Arts and Design) in Slovakia. Other institutions of tertiary education are the public University of Economics and the first private college in Slovakia, City University of Seattle.[169] In total, about 56,000 students attend university in Bratislava.[170]

There are 65 public primary schools, nine private primary schools and ten religious primary schools.[171] Overall, they enroll 25,821 pupils.[171] The city's system of secondary education (some middle schools and all high schools) consists of 39 gymnasia with 16,048 students,[172] 37 specialized high schools with 10,373 students,[173] and 27 vocational schools with 8,863 students (data as of 2007).[174][175]

The Slovak Academy of Sciences is also based in Bratislava. However, the city is one of the few European capitals to have neither an observatory nor a planetarium. The nearest observatory is in Modra, 30 kilometres (19 mi) away, and the nearest planetarium is in Hlohovec, 70 kilometres (43 mi) away.

Transport

Main articles: Transport in Bratislava and Public Transport in Bratislava
See also: List of bridges in Bratislava city
 
Nivy mall is a mixed use complex with underground international bus station opened in 2021
 
Terminal building at Bratislava Airport (BTS)
 
Bratislava is also served by the Vienna International Airport located 49 kilometres (30.4 mi) west of the city centre.

The geographical position of Bratislava in Central Europe has long made it a natural crossroads for international trade traffic.[176]

Public transport in Bratislava is managed by Dopravný podnik Bratislava, a city-owned company. The transport system is known as Mestská hromadná doprava (MHD, Municipal Mass Transit) and employs buses, trams, and trolleybuses.[177] Most of the Bratislava public transport is coated in a typical color combination of red and black.

Bratislava is also part of an integrated system, IDS BK, connecting city public transport with other transport companies in the Bratislava region. Traveling with a single ticket is possible throughout the system network, both in Bratislava and to the nearby villages and cities, including 3 other districts of Senec, Malacky, and Pezinok.

As a rail hub, the city has direct connections to Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Croatia, Slovenia, and the rest of Slovakia. Bratislava-Petržalka railway station and Bratislava Main station are the principal railway stations.

The main bus station (Autobusová stanica Mlynské Nivy or AS Mlynské Nivy) is located at Mlynské Nivy, east of the city centre, and offers both bus connections to cities in Slovakia and international bus lines. A new bus station attached to a shopping mall, administration centre, and Bratislava's tallest skyscraper, Nivy Tower, was opened on the 30th of September 2021.[178]

The motorway system provides direct access to Brno in the Czech Republic, Vienna in Austria, Budapest in Hungary, Trnava, and other points in Slovakia. The A6 motorway between Bratislava and Vienna was opened in November 2007.[179]

The Port of Bratislava is one of the two international river ports in Slovakia. The port provides access to the Black Sea via the Danube and to the North Sea through the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal. Additionally, tourist lines operate from Bratislava's passenger port, including routes to Devín, Vienna, and elsewhere. In Bratislava there are currently six bridges standing over the Danube (ordered by the flow of the river): Most Lafranconi (Lafranconi Bridge), Most SNP (Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising), Starý most (The Old Bridge), Most Apollo (Apollo Bridge), Prístavný most (The Harbor Bridge) and Lužný most (The Floodplain bridge).

Bratislava's M. R. Štefánik Airport is the main international airport in Slovakia. The airport is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north-east of the city centre. It serves civil and governmental, scheduled and unscheduled domestic and international flights. The current runways support the landing for all common types of aircraft. It served 2,024,000 passengers in 2007.[180] Bratislava is also served by the Vienna International Airport located 49 kilometres (30.4 mi) west of the city centre.

 
Škoda 30 T tram in Bratislava
 
Twin City Liner express boat on the Danube, connecting Bratislava with Vienna
 
A typical red bus in Bratislava

International relations

 
Paparazzi statue in Bratislava's Old Town
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia

Twin towns – sister cities

Bratislava is twinned with:

* Numbers in parentheses list the year of twinning. The first agreement was signed with the city of Perugia in Italy on 18 July 1962.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Bratislava

Honorary citizens

People who have received the honorary citizenship of Bratislava are:

Date Name Notes
19 November 2009 Václav Havel (1936–2011) President of Czechoslovakia 1989–1992 and President of the Czech Republic 1993–2003[183]
26 September 2011 Major General Roy Martin Umbarger United States Army Officer[184]

Image gallery

See also

Notes

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  30. ^ Špiesz, "Bratislava v stredoveku", p. 132
  31. ^ Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 30
  32. ^ Lacika, "Bratislava", p. 62
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    Kováč et al., "Kronika Slovenska 1", p. 444
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References

  • Horváth, V.; Lehotská, D.; Pleva, J.; et al., eds. (1979). Dejiny Bratislavy (History of Bratislava) (in Slovak) (2nd ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia.
  • Janota, Igor (2006). Bratislavské rarity (Rarities of Bratislava) (in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: Vydavateľstvo PT. ISBN 80-89218-19-9.
  • Kováč, Dušan (2006). Bratislava 1939–1945 – Mier a vojna v meste (Bratislava 1939–1945 – Peace and war in the town) (in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: Vydavateľstvo PT. ISBN 80-89218-29-6.
  • Kováč, Dušan; et al. (1998). Kronika Slovenska 1 (Chronicle of Slovakia 1). Chronicle of Slovakia (in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: Fortuna Print. ISBN 80-7153-174-X.
  • Kováč, Dušan; et al. (1999). Kronika Slovenska 2 (Chronicle of Slovakia 2). Chronicle of Slovakia (in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: Fortuna Print. ISBN 80-88980-08-9.
  • Lacika, Ján (2000). Bratislava. Visiting Slovakia (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: DAJAMA. ISBN 80-88975-16-6.
  • Špiesz, Anton (2001). Bratislava v stredoveku (Bratislava in the Middle Ages) (in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: Perfekt. ISBN 80-8046-145-7.
  • Varga, Erzsébet (1995). Pozsony (in Hungarian) (1st ed.). Pozsony: Madách-Posonium. ISBN 80-7089-245-5.
  • Jankovics, Marcell (2000). Húsz esztendő Pozsonyban (Twenty years in Bratislava) (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Pozsony: Méry Ratio. ISBN 80-88837-34-0.

Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"

  • Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1601–1897 (parish A)
  • Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1606–1919 (parish A)

External links

Official sites

  • Official Tourism and Travel Guide to Bratislava
  • Official Slovak National Tourism Portal

Tourism and living information

  • Public urban transport in Bratislava

March 03, 2023
bratislava, region, region, ɑː, also, ɑː, slovak, ˈbracislaʋa, listen, german, preßburg, pressburg, ˈprɛsbʊrk, listen, hungarian, pozsony, capital, largest, city, slovakia, officially, population, city, about, however, estimated, more, than, approximately, off. For the region see Bratislava Region Bratislava ˌ b r ae t ɪ ˈ s l ɑː v e also US ˌ b r ɑː t 3 4 Slovak ˈbracislaʋa listen German Pressburg Pressburg ˈprɛsbʊrk listen Hungarian Pozsony is the capital and largest city of Slovakia Officially the population of the city is about 475 000 however it is estimated to be more than 660 000 approximately 140 of the official figures 5 Bratislava is in southwestern Slovakia at the foot of the Little Carpathians occupying both banks of the River Danube and the left bank of the River Morava Bordering Austria and Hungary it is one of the two only national capitals that border two sovereign states the other one being Singapore 6 BratislavaCapital cityBratislava montage From top left to right View of Bratislava View of Old Town Financial District Old Town streets Blue Church Grassalkovich Palace FlagCoat of armsWordmarkNicknames Beauty on the Danube Little Big City BlavaBratislavaLocation of Bratislava in SlovakiaShow map of SlovakiaBratislavaBratislava Bratislava Region Show map of Bratislava RegionBratislavaBratislava Europe Show map of EuropeCoordinates 48 08 38 N 17 06 35 E 48 14389 N 17 10972 E 48 14389 17 10972 Coordinates 48 08 38 N 17 06 35 E 48 14389 N 17 10972 E 48 14389 17 10972Country SlovakiaRegionBratislavaFirst mentioned907Government MayorMatus ValloArea Capital city367 584 km2 141 925 sq mi Urban853 15 km2 329 40 sq mi Metro2 053 km2 792 66 sq mi Elevation134 m 440 ft Population 2021 1 Capital city census475 503 Capital city estimate666 000 Capital city estimate density1 812 km2 4 690 sq mi Demonym s Bratislavcan m Bratislavcanka f sk Bratislavan en Time zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Postal code8XX XXArea code421 2Car plateBA BL BTGRP Metro 2 2019 Total 26 4 billion 30B Per capita 40 000 44780 Websitewww bratislava sk The city s history has been influenced by people of many nations and religions including Austrians Bulgarians Croats Czechs Germans Hungarians Jews Romani and Slovaks 7 It was the coronation site and legislative center and capital of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1563 to 1783 8 eleven Hungarian kings and eight queens were crowned in St Martin s Cathedral Most Hungarian parliament assemblies were held here from the 17th century until the Hungarian Reform Era and the city has been home to many Hungarian German and Slovak historical figures Today Bratislava is the political cultural and economic centre of Slovakia It is the seat of the Slovak president the parliament and the Slovak Executive It has several universities and many museums theatres galleries and other cultural and educational institutions 9 Many of Slovakia s large businesses and financial institutions have headquarters there GDP at purchasing power parity is about three times higher than in other Slovak regions 10 11 Bratislava receives around 1 million tourists every year mostly from the Czech Republic Germany and Austria 12 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Location 4 Cityscape and architecture 4 1 Bratislava Castle 4 2 Devin Castle 4 3 Rusovce 4 4 Parks and lakes 5 Demographics 6 Politics 6 1 City Council 6 2 Administration 7 Economy 7 1 Tourism 7 2 Shopping 8 Culture 8 1 Performing arts 8 2 Museums and galleries 8 3 Media 9 Sport 10 Education and science 11 Transport 12 International relations 12 1 Twin towns sister cities 13 Notable people 13 1 Honorary citizens 14 Image gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 17 1 Genealogical resources 18 External links 18 1 Official sites 18 2 Tourism and living informationEtymology EditSee also History of Bratislava Etymology The city received its contemporary name in 1919 Until then it was mostly known in English as Pressburg from its German name Pressburg since after 1526 it was dominated mostly by the Habsburg monarchy and the city had a relevant ethnic German population That is the term from which the pre 1919 Slovak Presporok and Czech Prespurk names are derived 13 The linguist Jan Stanislav believed the city s Hungarian name Pozsony to be attributed to the surname Bozan likely a prince who owned the castle before 950 Although the Latin name was also based on the same surname according to research by the lexicologist Milan Majtan the Hungarian version was never officially represented in official records from the time in which the prince would have lived All three versions however were related to those found in Slovak Czech and German Vratislaburgum 905 Braslavespurch and Preslavasburc both 907 14 The medieval settlement Brezalauspurc literally Braslav s castle is sometimes attributed to Bratislava but the actual location of Brezalauspurc is under scholarly debate The city s modern name is credited to Pavol Jozef Safarik s misinterpretation of Braslav as Bratislav in his analysis of medieval sources which led him to invent the term Bretislaw which later became Bratislav 15 During the revolution of 1918 1919 the name Wilsonov or Wilsonstadt after US President Woodrow Wilson was proposed by American Slovaks as he supported national self determination The name Bratislava which had been used only by some Slovak patriots became official in March 1919 with the aim that a Slavic name could support demands for the city to be part of Czechoslovakia 16 Other alternative names of the city in the past include Greek Istropolis romanized Istropolis meaning Danube City also used in Latin Czech Prespurk French Presbourg Italian Presburgo Latin Posonium Romanian Pojon Croatian Bratislava and Serbian Bratislava In older documents confusion can be caused by the Latin forms Bratislavia Wratislavia etc which refer to Wroclaw Poland not Bratislava The Polish city has a similar etymology despite spelling differences 17 History EditMain article History of Bratislava For a chronological guide see Timeline of Bratislava An original Biatec and its replica on a former 5 koruna coin The first known permanent settlement of the area began with the Linear Pottery Culture around 5000 BC in the Neolithic era About 200 BC the Celtic Boii tribe founded the first significant settlement a fortified town known as an oppidum They also established a mint producing silver coins known as biatecs 18 Gerulata The area fell under Roman influence from the 1st to the 4th century AD and was made part of the Danubian Limes a border defence system 19 The Romans introduced grape growing to the area and began a tradition of winemaking which survives to the present 20 The Slavs arrived from the East between the 5th and 6th centuries during the Migration Period 21 As a response to onslaughts by Avars the local Slavic tribes rebelled and established Samo s Empire 623 658 the first known Slavic political entity In the 9th century the castles at Bratislava Brezalauspurk and Devin Dowina were important centres of the Slavic states the Principality of Nitra and Great Moravia 22 Scholars have debated the identification as fortresses of the two castles built in Great Moravia based on linguistic arguments and because of the absence of convincing archaeological evidence 23 24 The first written reference to a settlement named Brezalauspurc dates to 907 and is related to the Battle of Pressburg during which a Bavarian army was defeated by the Hungarians It is connected to the fall of Great Moravia already weakened by its own inner decline 25 and under the attacks of the Hungarians 26 The exact location of the battle remains unknown and some interpretations place it west of Lake Balaton 27 In the 10th century the territory of Pressburg what would later become Pozsony county became part of Hungary called the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 It developed as a key economic and administrative centre on the kingdom s frontier 28 This strategic position destined the city to be the site of frequent attacks and battles but also brought it economic development and high political status It was granted its first known town privileges in 1291 by the Hungarian King Andrew III 29 and was declared a free royal town in 1405 by King Sigismund In 1436 he authorized the town to use its own coat of arms 30 The Kingdom of Hungary was defeated by the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Mohacs in 1526 The Ottomans besieged and damaged Pressburg but failed to conquer it 31 Owing to Ottoman advances into Hungarian territory the city was designated the new capital of Hungary in 1536 after becoming part of the Habsburg monarchy and marking the beginning of a new era The city became a coronation town and the seat of kings archbishops 1543 the nobility and all major organisations and offices Between 1536 and 1830 eleven Hungarian kings and queens were crowned at St Martin s Cathedral 32 The 17th century was marked by anti Habsburg uprisings fighting with the Ottomans floods plagues and other disasters which diminished the population 33 Pressburg flourished during the 18th century reign of Queen Maria Theresa 34 becoming the largest and most important town in Hungary 35 The population tripled many new palaces 34 monasteries mansions and streets were built and the city was the centre of social and cultural life of the region 36 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gave a concert in 1762 in the Palffy Palace Joseph Haydn performed in 1784 in the Grassalkovich Palace Ludwig van Beethoven was a guest in 1796 in the Keglevic Palace 37 38 The earliest known depiction of Pressburg Castle 14th century Pressburg Bratislava in 1588 Pressburg Bratislava in the 17th century Coronation of Maria Theresa in 1741 Bratislava in the 19th century Bratislava in 1915The city started to lose its importance under the reign of Maria Theresa s son Joseph II 34 especially after the crown jewels were taken to Vienna in 1783 in an attempt to strengthen the relations between Austria and Hungary Many central offices subsequently moved to Buda followed by a large segment of the nobility 39 The first newspapers in Hungarian and Slovak were published here Magyar hirmondo in 1780 and Presspurske Nowiny in 1783 40 In the course of the 18th century the city became a centre for the Slovak national movement The city s 19th century history was closely tied to the major events in Europe The Peace of Pressburg between Austria and France was signed here in 1805 41 Theben Castle was ruined by Napoleon s French troops during an invasion of 1809 42 In 1825 the Hungarian National Learned Society the present Hungarian Academy of Sciences was founded in Pressburg using a donation from Istvan Szechenyi In 1843 Hungarian was proclaimed the official language in legislation public administration and education by the Diet in the city 43 As a reaction to the Revolutions of 1848 Ferdinand V signed the so called April laws which included the abolition of serfdom at the Primate s Palace 44 The city chose the revolutionary Hungarian side but was captured by the Austrians in December 1848 45 Industry developed rapidly in the 19th century The first horse drawn railway in the Kingdom of Hungary 46 from Pressburg to Szentgyorgy Svaty Jur was built in 1840 47 A new line to Vienna using steam locomotives was opened in 1848 and a line to Pest in 1850 48 Many new industrial financial and other institutions were founded for example the first bank in present day Slovakia was founded in 1842 49 The city s first permanent bridge over the Danube Stary most was built in 1891 50 Before World War I the city had a population that was 42 German 41 Hungarian and 15 Slovak 1910 census the population was influenced by Magyarization citation needed The first post war census in 1919 declared the city s ethnic composition at 36 German 33 Slovak and 29 Hungarian but this may have reflected changing self identification rather than an exchange of peoples Many people were bi or trilingual and multicultural After World War I and the formation of Czechoslovakia on October 28 1918 the city was incorporated into the new state despite its representatives reluctance 51 The dominant Hungarian and German population tried to prevent annexation of the city to Czechoslovakia and declared it a free city However the Czechoslovak Legions occupied the city on January 1 1919 and made it part of Czechoslovakia against the wish of the local population on reasons of its economic importance for the new state 51 The city became the seat of Slovakia s political organs and organizations and became Slovakia s capital on 4 February 52 On February 12 1919 the German and Hungarian population started a protest against the Czechoslovak occupation According to Marcell Jankovics lawyer publicist and member of the Hungarian Parliament the Czechoslovak Legions opened fire on the unarmed demonstrators 53 Slovak sources do not deny the shooting but add that the Legionaries were defending themselves from violent and aggressive behavior of the demonstrators A contemporary Slovak language newspaper reported that a mob spat on our soldiers tore down badges from their hats physically attacked them and shot on them from windows 54 55 56 On March 27 1919 the name Bratislava was officially adopted for the first time to replace the previous Slovak name Presporok 57 Left without any protection after the retreat of the Hungarian army many Hungarians were expelled or fled 58 Czechs and Slovaks moved their households to Bratislava Education in Hungarian and German was radically reduced in the city 59 By the 1930 Czechoslovak census the Hungarian population of Bratislava had decreased to 15 8 see the Demographics of Bratislava article for more details Bratislava was bombarded by the United States Army Air Forces during the Nazi Occupation in 1944 In 1938 Nazi Germany annexed neighbouring Austria in the Anschluss later that year it also annexed the still separate from Bratislava Petrzalka and Devin boroughs on ethnic grounds as these had many ethnic Germans 60 61 Bratislava was declared the capital of the first independent Slovak Republic on March 14 1939 but the new state quickly fell under Nazi influence In 1941 1942 and 1944 1945 the new Slovak government cooperated in deporting most of Bratislava s approximately 15 000 Jews 62 they were transported to concentration camps where most were killed or died before the end of the war in the Holocaust 63 Bratislava was bombarded by the Allies occupied by German troops in 1944 and eventually taken by troops of the Soviet 2nd Ukrainian Front on 4 April 1945 60 64 At the end of World War II most of Bratislava s ethnic Germans were evacuated by the German authorities A few returned after the war but were soon expelled without their properties under the Benes decrees 65 part of a widespread expulsion of ethnic Germans from eastern Europe Iron Curtain memorial in Bratislava After the Communist Party seized power in Czechoslovakia in February 1948 the city became part of the Eastern Bloc The city annexed new land and the population rose significantly becoming 90 Slovak Large residential areas consisting of high rise prefabricated panel buildings such as those in the Petrzalka borough were built The Communist government also built several new grandiose buildings such as the Most Slovenskeho narodneho povstania bridge and the Slovak Radio headquarters In 1968 after the unsuccessful Czechoslovak attempt to liberalise the Communist regime the city was occupied by Warsaw Pact troops Shortly thereafter it became capital of the Slovak Socialist Republic one of the two states of the federalized Czechoslovakia Bratislava s dissidents anticipated the fall of Communism with the Bratislava candle demonstration in 1988 and the city became one of the foremost centres of the anti Communist Velvet Revolution in 1989 66 In 1993 the city became the capital of the newly formed Slovak Republic following the Velvet Divorce 67 Geography EditMain article Geography of Bratislava Map of Bratislava Satellite view of Bratislava Bratislava is situated in southwestern Slovakia within the Bratislava Region Its location on the borders with Austria and Hungary makes it the only national capital that borders between two countries It is only 18 kilometres 11 2 mi from the border with Hungary and only 60 kilometres 37 3 mi from the Austrian capital Vienna 68 The city has a total area of 367 58 square kilometres 141 9 sq mi making it the second largest city in Slovakia by area after the township of Vysoke Tatry 69 Bratislava straddles the Danube River along which it had developed and for centuries the chief transportation route to other areas The river passes through the city from the west to the southeast The Middle Danube basin begins at Devin Gate in western Bratislava Other rivers are the Morava River which forms the northwestern border of the city and enters the Danube at Devin the Little Danube and the Vydrica which enters the Danube in the borough of Karlova Ves The Carpathian mountain range begins in city territory with the Little Carpathians Male Karpaty The Zahorie and Danubian lowlands stretch into Bratislava The city s lowest point is at the Danube s surface at 126 metres 413 ft above mean sea level and the highest point is Devinska Kobyla at 514 metres 1 686 ft The average altitude is 140 metres 460 ft 70 Climate Edit Bratislava lies in the north temperate zone and has a moderately continental climate 71 original US Koppen Geiger climate classification Cfb 72 Dfb Trewartha climate classification DCbo USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 7b 73 with mean annual temperature 1990 2009 74 of around 10 5 C 50 9 F average temperature of 21 C 70 F in the warmest month and 1 C 30 F in the coldest month four distinct seasons 71 and precipitation spread rather evenly throughout the year It is often windy with a marked variation between hot summers and cold humid winters The city is in one of the warmest and driest parts of Slovakia 75 Recently the transitions from winter to summer and summer to winter have been rapid with short autumn and spring periods Snow occurs less frequently than previously 71 Extreme temperatures 1981 2013 record high 39 4 C 102 9 F 76 record low 24 6 C 12 3 F Some areas particularly Devin and Devinska Nova Ves are vulnerable to floods from the Danube and Morava rivers 77 New flood protection has been built on both banks 78 Climate data for Bratislava 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 19 8 67 6 19 1 66 4 25 0 77 0 30 3 86 5 33 4 92 1 36 3 97 3 38 2 100 8 39 3 102 7 34 0 93 2 30 0 86 0 21 3 70 3 17 9 64 2 39 3 102 7 Average high C F 2 7 36 9 5 1 41 2 10 3 50 5 16 7 62 1 21 8 71 2 24 9 76 8 27 5 81 5 27 0 80 6 21 7 71 1 15 6 60 1 8 2 46 8 3 3 37 9 15 4 59 7 Daily mean C F 0 4 31 3 1 2 34 2 5 5 41 9 11 0 51 8 16 0 60 8 19 1 66 4 21 3 70 3 20 7 69 3 15 9 60 6 10 4 50 7 4 9 40 8 0 7 33 3 10 5 50 9 Average low C F 3 4 25 9 2 3 27 9 1 3 34 3 5 4 41 7 10 2 50 4 13 4 56 1 15 4 59 7 15 0 59 0 11 0 51 8 6 1 43 0 1 8 35 2 1 9 28 6 6 0 42 8 Record low C F 24 6 12 3 20 4 15 1 4 8 4 4 24 1 2 28 3 0 37 4 7 0 44 6 5 0 41 0 2 0 28 4 8 18 12 10 20 4 24 6 12 3 Average precipitation mm inches 39 1 5 37 1 5 38 1 5 34 1 3 55 2 2 57 2 2 53 2 1 59 2 3 55 2 2 38 1 5 54 2 1 46 1 8 565 22 2 Average snowfall cm inches 10 7 4 2 5 7 2 2 1 6 0 6 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 8 0 7 4 0 1 6 24 2 9 5 Average relative humidity 83 78 71 64 67 66 64 65 73 78 83 85 73Mean monthly sunshine hours 65 1 81 9 151 9 204 0 263 5 270 0 275 9 269 7 207 0 142 6 60 0 46 5 2 038 1Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 3 1 1 4Source Pogodaiklimat ru 79 Climatemps 80 and Weather Atlas 81 Location EditCityscape and architecture EditSee also List of palaces in Bratislava Hviezdoslav Square Main Square The cityscape of Bratislava is characterized by medieval towers and grandiose 20th century buildings but it underwent profound changes in a construction boom at the start of the 21st century 82 Most historical buildings are concentrated in the Old Town Bratislava s Town Hall is a complex of three buildings erected in the 14th 15th centuries and now hosts the Bratislava City Museum Michael s Gate is the only gate that has been preserved from the medieval fortifications and it ranks among the oldest of the town s buildings 83 the narrowest house in Europe is nearby 84 The University Library building erected in 1756 was used by the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1802 to 1848 85 Much of the significant legislation of the Hungarian Reform Era such as the abolition of serfdom and the foundation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was enacted there 85 The historic centre is characterized by many baroque palaces The Grassalkovich Palace built around 1760 is now the residence of the Slovak president and the Slovak government now has its seat in the former Archiepiscopal Palace 86 In 1805 diplomats of emperors Napoleon and Francis II signed the fourth Peace of Pressburg in the Primate s Palace after Napoleon s victory in the Battle of Austerlitz 87 Some smaller houses are historically significant composer Johann Nepomuk Hummel was born in an 18th century house in the Old Town St Martin s Cathedral Church of St Elisabeth Notable cathedrals and churches include the Gothic St Martin s Cathedral built in the 13th 16th centuries which served as the coronation church of the Kingdom of Hungary between 1563 and 1830 88 The Franciscan Church dating to the 13th century has been a place of knighting ceremonies and is the oldest preserved sacral building in the city 89 The Church of St Elizabeth better known as the Blue Church due to its colour is built entirely in the Hungarian Secessionist style Bratislava has one surviving functioning synagogue out of the three major ones existing before the holocaust A curiosity is the underground formerly ground level restored portion of the Jewish cemetery where 19th century Rabbi Moses Sofer is buried located at the base of the castle hill near the entrance to a tram tunnel 90 The only military cemetery in Bratislava is Slavin unveiled in 1960 in honour of Soviet Army soldiers who fell during the liberation of Bratislava in April 1945 It offers an excellent view of the city and the Little Carpathians 91 92 Other prominent 20th century structures include the Most Slovenskeho narodneho povstania Bridge of the Slovak national uprising across the Danube featuring a UFO like tower restaurant Slovak Radio s inverted pyramid shaped headquarters and the uniquely designed Kamzik TV Tower with an observation deck and rotating restaurant In the early 21st century new edifices have transformed the traditional cityscape At the beginning of the 21st century a construction boom has spawned new public structures 93 such as the Most Apollo and a new building of the Slovak National Theatre 94 as well as private real estate development 95 Bratislava Castle Edit Main article Bratislava Castle Bratislava Castle One of the most prominent structures in the city is Bratislava Castle Bratislavsky hrad situated on a plateau 85 metres 279 ft above the Danube The castle hill site has been inhabited since the transitional period between the Stone and Bronze ages 96 and has been the acropolis of a Celtic town part of the Roman limes Romanus a huge Slavic fortified settlement and a political military and religious centre for Great Moravia 97 A stone castle was not constructed until the 10th century when the area was part of the Kingdom of Hungary however in the 9th century a pre romanesque stone basilica was standing in the area of the hillfort The castle was converted into a Gothic anti Hussite fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1430 became a Renaissance castle in 1562 98 and was rebuilt in 1649 in the baroque style Under Queen Maria Theresa the castle became a prestigious royal seat In 1811 the castle was inadvertently destroyed by fire and lay in ruins until the 1950s 99 when it was rebuilt mostly in its former Theresian style In the 1940s it was planned to demolish the castle ruins and replace them with a new university complex However it was never realised and in the 1960s reconstruction began Nowadays it serves ceremonial purposes and as a historical museum of the Slovak National Museum Devin Castle Edit Main article Devin Castle Ruins of Devin Castle In 1809 Napoleon s troops blew up the castle View from Devin Castle The ruined and recently renovated Devin Castle is in the borough of Devin on top of a rock where the Morava River which forms the border between Austria and Slovakia enters the Danube It is one of the most important Slovak archaeological sites and contains a museum dedicated to its history 100 Due to its strategic location Devin Castle was a very important frontier castle of Great Moravia and the early Hungarian state It was destroyed by Napoleon s troops in 1809 It is an important symbol of Slovak and Slavic history 101 Rusovce Edit Rusovce mansion with its English park is in the Rusovce borough The house was originally built in the 17th century and was turned into an English neo Gothic style mansion in 1841 1844 102 The borough is also known for the ruins of the Roman military camp Gerulata part of limes Romanus a border defence system Gerulata was built and used between the 1st and 4th centuries AD 103 Parks and lakes Edit Further information Parks and gardens in Bratislava Kuchajda lake Due to its location in the foothills of the Little Carpathians and its riparian vegetation on the Danubian floodplains Bratislava has forests close to the city centre The total amount of public green space is 46 8 square kilometres 18 1 sq mi or 110 square metres 1 200 sq ft per inhabitant 104 The largest city park is Horsky park literally Mountainous Park in the Old Town Bratislavsky lesny park Bratislava Forest Park is located in the Little Carpathians and includes many locales popular among visitors such as Zelezna studienka and Koliba The Forest Park covers an area of 27 3 square kilometres 10 5 sq mi of which 96 is forested mostly with oak and mixed oak hornbeam forest and contains original flora and fauna such as European badgers red foxes wild boar and red and roe deer On the right bank of the Danube in the borough of Petrzalka is Janko Kraľ Park founded in 1774 76 105 A new city park is planned for Petrzalka between the Maly Drazdiak and Veľky Drazdiak lakes 95 Bratislava s zoological park is located in Mlynska dolina near the headquarters of Slovak Television The zoo founded in 1960 currently houses 152 species of animals including the rare white lion and white tiger The Botanical Gardens which belong to Comenius University can be found on the Danube riverfront and house more than 120 species of domestic and foreign origin 106 The city has a number of natural and man made lakes most of which are used for recreation Examples include Strkovec lake in Ruzinov Kuchajda in Nove Mesto Zlate Piesky and the Vajnory lakes in the north east and Rusovce lake in the south which is popular with nudists 107 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Bratislava High rise apartments in Bratislava 2021 census results 108 District Population Ethnic group PopulationBratislava I V 475 577 Slovaks 407 358Bratislava I 46 432 Hungarians 11 167Bratislava II 112 001 Czechs 5 031Bratislava III 76 694 Ukrainians 1524Bratislava IV 105 154 Germans 750Bratislava V 122 296 Other undeclared 47 239From the city s origin until the 19th century Germans were the dominant ethnic group 13 By the end of World War I 42 of the population of Pressburg spoke German as their native language 40 Hungarian and 15 Slovak 13 After the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 Bratislava remained a multi ethnic city but with a different demographic trend Due to Slovakization 109 110 the proportion of Slovaks and Czechs increased in the city while the proportion of Germans and Hungarians fell In 1938 59 of population were Slovaks or Czechs while Germans represented 22 and Hungarians 13 of the city s population 111 The creation of the first Slovak Republic in 1939 brought other changes most notably the expulsion of many Czechs and the deportation or flight of the Jews during the Holocaust 13 112 In 1945 most of the Germans were evacuated After the restoration of Czechoslovakia the Benes decrees partly revoked in 1948 collectively punished ethnic German and Hungarian minorities by expropriation and deportation to Germany Austria and Hungary for their alleged collaborationism with Nazi Germany and Hungary against Czechoslovakia 63 113 114 The city thereby obtained its clearly Slovak character 63 Hundreds of citizens were expelled during the communist oppression of the 1950s with the aim of replacing reactionary people with the proletarian class 13 63 Since the 1950s the Slovaks have been the dominant ethnicity in the town making up around 90 of the city s population 13 Politics EditSee also Mayor of Bratislava Boroughs and localities of Bratislava and International relations of Bratislava The building of National Council of the Slovak Republic Bratislava is the seat of the Slovak parliament presidency ministries supreme court Slovak Najvyssi sud and central bank It is the seat of the Bratislava Region and since 2002 also of the Bratislava Self Governing Region The city also has many foreign embassies and consulates The current local government Mestska samosprava 115 structure has been in place since 1990 116 It is composed of a mayor primator 117 a city board Mestska rada 118 a city council Mestske zastupiteľstvo 119 city commissions Komisie mestskeho zastupiteľstva 120 and a city magistrate s office Magistrat 121 Grassalkovich Palace seat of the president of Slovakia Episcopal Summer Palace the seat of the government of Slovakia The mayor based at the Primate s Palace is the city s top executive officer and is elected to a four year term of office The current mayor of Bratislava is Matus Vallo who won the election held on November 10 2018 as an independent candidate The city council is the city s legislative body responsible for issues such as budget local ordinances city planning road maintenance education and culture 122 City Council Edit The Bratislava City Council is the legislature of the City of Bratislava It has 45 members The Council usually convenes once a month and consists of 45 members elected to four year terms concurrent with the mayor s Many of the council s executive functions are carried out by the city commission at the council s direction 120 The city board is a 28 member body composed of the mayor and his deputies the borough mayors and up to ten city council members The board is an executive and supervisory arm of the city council and also serves in an advisory role to the mayor 118 Administration Edit Administratively Bratislava is divided into five districts Bratislava I the city centre Bratislava II eastern parts Bratislava III north eastern parts Bratislava IV western and northern parts and Bratislava V southern parts on the right bank of the Danube including Petrzalka the most densely populated residential area in Central Europe 123 Primate s Palace at Primate s Square the seat of the city s mayor For self governance purposes the city is divided into 17 boroughs each of which has its own mayor starosta and council The number of councillors in each depends on the size and population of the borough 124 Each of the boroughs coincides with the city s 20 cadastral areas except for two cases Nove Mesto is further divided into the Nove Mesto and Vinohrady cadastral areas and Ruzinov is divided into Ruzinov Nivy and Trnavka Further unofficial division recognizes additional quarters and localities Bratislava s territorial divisions District Borough MapBratislava I Stare Mesto Bratislava II Ruzinov Vrakuna Podunajske wbr BiskupiceBratislava III Nove Mesto Raca VajnoryBratislava IV Dubravka Karlova Ves Devin Devinska wbr Nova Ves Lamac Zahorska wbr BystricaBratislava V Petrzalka Jarovce Rusovce CunovoEconomy EditMain article Economy of Bratislava See also List of tallest buildings in Bratislava National Bank of Slovakia High rise buildings at Mlynske Nivy one of Bratislava s business districts Business and shopping centre in Eurovea New Danube waterfront Digital Park administrative complex The Bratislava Region is the wealthiest and most economically prosperous region in Slovakia despite being the smallest by area and having the third smallest population of the eight Slovak regions It accounts for about 26 of the Slovak GDP 125 The average monthly salary in the Bratislava region in 2022 was 1 908 126 According to GDP per capita Bratislava was the sixth richest region in the European Union in 2016 127 However analysts have noted that the Bratislava region s ranking is exaggerated for several reasons The GDP of the Bratislava region takes into account the activities of companies with headquarters in the capital but who also have significant operations elsewhere Moreover Volkswagen Slovakia the largest automaker in Slovakia is located in the Bratislava region but is owned by VW giving the impression that the area is extremely rich As a result almost 30 percent of Slovakia s GDP is created in Bratislava 127 The unemployment rate in Bratislava was 1 83 in December 2007 128 Many governmental institutions and private companies have their headquarters in Bratislava More than 75 of Bratislava s population works in the service sector mainly composed of trade banking IT telecommunications and tourism 129 The Bratislava Stock Exchange BSSE the organiser of the public securities market was founded on 15 March 1991 130 Companies operating predominantly in Bratislava with the highest value added according to the 2018 Trend Top 200 ranking include the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant Slovnaft refinery MOL Eset software developer Asseco software company PPC Power producer of heat and steam and Trenkwalder personnel agency 131 Volkswagen Group took over and expanded the BAZ factory in 1991 and has since considerably expanded production beyond original Skoda Auto models 132 Currently timeframe 68 of production is focused on SUVs Audi Q7 VW Touareg as well as the body and under chassis of the Porsche Cayenne Since 2012 production has also included the Volkswagen up SEAT Mii and Skoda Citigo 133 In recent years service and high tech oriented businesses have prospered in Bratislava Many global companies including IBM Dell Lenovo AT amp T SAP Amazon Johnson Controls Swiss Re and Accenture have built outsourcing and service centres here or plan to do so soon 134 Reasons for the influx of multi national corporations include proximity to Western Europe skilled labour force and the high density of universities and research facilities 135 Also Slovak IT companies included ESET Sygic and Pixel Federation have headquarters in Bratislava Other large companies and employers with headquarters in Bratislava include Slovak Telekom Orange Slovensko Slovenska sporiteľna Tatra banka Doprastav Hewlett Packard Slovakia Slovnaft Henkel Slovensko 136 Slovensky plynarensky priemysel Kraft Foods Slovakia Whirlpool Slovakia Zeleznice Slovenskej republiky AeroMobil and Tesco Stores Slovak Republic The Slovak economy s strong growth in the 2000s has led to a boom in the construction industry and several major projects have been completed or are planned in Bratislava 93 Areas attracting developers include the Danube riverfront where two major projects are already finished River Park in the Old Town and Eurovea near the Apollo Bridge 137 138 Other locations under development include the areas around the main railway and bus stations the former industrial zone near the Old Town and in the boroughs of Petrzalka Nove Mesto and Ruzinov 123 139 140 It is expected that investors will spend 1 2 billion on new projects by 2010 141 In 2010 the city had a balanced budget of 277 million with one fifth used for investment 142 Bratislava holds shares in 17 companies directly including the city s public transport company Dopravny podnik Bratislava the waste collection and disposal company named OLO Odvoz a likvidacia odpadu and the water utility 143 The city also manages municipal organisations such as the city police Mestska policia Bratislava City Museum and ZOO Bratislava 144 Tourism Edit See also Tourism in Slovakia The Presporacik tourist train in the Old Town Cumil Man at Work an icon in the Old Town Group of tourists on a street The Old Town Hall the oldest city hall in the country In 2006 Bratislava had 77 commercial accommodation facilities of which 45 were hotels with a total capacity of 9 940 beds 145 A total of 986 201 visitors 754 870 of whom were foreigners stayed overnight Altogether visitors made 1 338 497 overnight stays 145 However a considerable share of visits is made by those who visit Bratislava for a single day and their exact number is not known The largest numbers of foreign visitors come from the Czech Republic Germany the United Kingdom Italy Poland and Austria 145 Among other factors the growth of low cost airline flights to Bratislava led by Ryanair has led to conspicuous stag parties primarily from the UK While these are a boom to the city s tourism industry cultural differences and vandalism have led to concern by local officials 146 Reflecting the popularity of rowdy parties in Bratislava in the early to mid 2000s the city was a setting in the 2004 comedy film Eurotrip which was actually filmed in the city of Prague the Czech Republic Shopping Edit Aupark shopping mall Interior of Eurovea shopping mall Central shopping mall Bratislava has eight major shopping centres Aupark Avion Shopping Park Bory Mall Central Eurovea Nivy Centrum Vivo formerly Polus City Center and Shopping Palace A month before Christmas the Main Square in Bratislava is illuminated by a Christmas tree and the Christmas market stalls are officially opened Around 100 booths are opened every year It is opened most of the day as well as in the evening citation needed Culture EditBratislava is the cultural heart of Slovakia Owing to its historical multi cultural character local culture is influenced by various ethnic and religious groups including Germans Slovaks Hungarians and Jews 147 Bratislava enjoys numerous theatres museums galleries concert halls cinemas film clubs and foreign cultural institutions 148 Performing arts Edit Slovak Philharmonic The old Slovak National Theatre building on Hviezdoslav Square The new building of Slovak National Theatre built in 2007 Bratislava is the seat of the Slovak National Theatre housed in two buildings 149 The first is a Neo Renaissance theatre building situated in the Old Town at the end of Hviezdoslav Square The new building opened to the public in 2007 is on the riverfront 94 149 The theatre has three ensembles opera ballet and drama 149 Smaller theatres include the Bratislava Puppet Theatre the Astorka Korzo 90 theatre the Arena Theatre L S Studio and the Naive Theatre of Radosina Music in Bratislava flourished in the 18th century and was closely linked to Viennese musical life Mozart visited the town at the age of six Among other notable composers who visited or lived in the town were Haydn Liszt 150 Bartok and Beethoven It is also the birthplace of the composers Johann Nepomuk Hummel Erno Dohnanyi and Franz Schmidt Bratislava is home to both the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and the chamber orchestra Capella Istropolitana The city hosts several annual festivals such as the Bratislava Music Festival and Bratislava Jazz Days 151 The Wilsonic Festival held annually since 2000 brings dozens of international musical acts to the city each year 152 During the summer various musical events take place as part of the Bratislava Cultural Summer at Bratislava Castle Apart from musical festivals it is possible to hear music ranging from underground to well known pop stars 153 Bratislava is home to two of Slovakia s national folk dance ensembles Lucnica and Slovensky ľudovy umelecky kolektiv SĽUK 154 155 156 Museums and galleries Edit Main article Museums and galleries of Bratislava Slovak National Gallery The Danubiana Meulensteen Art Museum museum of modern art The Slovak National Museum Slovenske narodne muzeum founded in 1961 has its headquarters in Bratislava on the riverfront in the Old Town along with the Natural History Museum which is one of its subdivisions It is the largest cultural institution in Slovakia and manages 16 specialized museums in Bratislava and beyond 157 The Bratislava City Museum Muzeum mesta Bratislavy established in 1868 is the oldest museum in continuous operation in Slovakia 158 Its primary goal is to chronicle Bratislava s history in various forms from the earliest periods using historical and archaeological collections It offers permanent displays in eight specialised museums The Slovak National Gallery founded in 1948 offers the most extensive network of galleries in Slovakia Two displays in Bratislava are next to one another at Esterhazy Palace Esterhazyho palac Eszterhazy palota and the Water Barracks Vodne kasarne Vizikaszarnya on the Danube riverfront in the Old Town The Bratislava City Gallery founded in 1961 is the second largest Slovak gallery of its kind The gallery offers permanent displays at Palffy Palace Palffyho palac Palffy palota and Mirbach Palace Mirbachov palac Mirbach palota in the Old Town 159 Danubiana Art Museum one of the youngest art museums in Europe is near Cunovo waterworks 160 Media Edit As the national capital Bratislava is home to national and many local media outlets Notable TV stations based in the city include Slovak Television Slovenska televizia Markiza JOJ and TA3 Slovak Radio Slovensky rozhlas has its seat in the centre and many Slovak commercial radio stations are based in the city National newspapers based in Bratislava include SME Pravda Novy cas Hospodarske noviny and the English language The Slovak Spectator Two news agencies are headquartered there the News Agency of the Slovak Republic TASR and the Slovak News Agency SITA Sport EditMain article Sport in Bratislava Tehelne pole Stadion Pasienky Ondrej Nepela Arena ice hockey and mixed use arena Various sports and sports teams have a long tradition in Bratislava with many teams and individuals competing in Slovak and international leagues and competitions Football is currently represented by the only club playing in the top Slovak football league the Fortuna Liga SK Slovan Bratislava founded in 1919 has its home ground at the Tehelne pole stadium SK Slovan is the most successful football club in Slovak history being the only club from the former Czechoslovakia to win the European football competition the Cup Winners Cup in 1969 161 FC Petrzalka akademia is the oldest of Bratislava s football clubs founded in 1898 and is based at Stadium FC Petrzalka 1898 in Petrzalka formerly at Pasienky in Nove Mesto and Stadion Petrzalka in Petrzalka They are currently the only Slovak team to win at least one match in the UEFA Champions League group stage with a 5 0 win over Celtic FC in the qualifying round being the most well known alongside a 3 2 win over FC Porto Before then FC Kosice in the 1997 98 season lost all six matches despite being the first Slovak side since independence to play in the competition In 2010 Artmedia were relegated from the Corgon Liga under their new name of MFK Petrzalka finishing 12th and bottom FC Petrzalka akademia currently competes in 5 liga after bankruptcy in summer 2014 Another known club from the city is FK Inter Bratislava Founded in 1945 they have their home ground at Stadium SKP Inter Dubravka in Dubravka formerly at Stadion Pasienky and currently plays in the 3 liga There are many more clubs with long tradition and successful history despite the lack of success in last years e g LP Domino Bratislava currently playing in 4 liga FK Raca Bratislava competing in the 3 liga as well as Inter FK SKP Inter Dubravka Bratislava following SKP Devin successful team from the 1990s and partially following the original Inter original Inter bankrupted in 2009 sold the Corgon Liga license to FK Senica and legally merged with FC SKP Dubravka current Inter has taken over the tradition name colours fans etc but legally is no successor of the original Inter FC Tatran Devin the club that was successful mostly at youth level and merged with SKP Bratislava in 1995 MSK Iskra Petrzalka playing under the name SK Iskra Matadorfix Bratislava in the former 1st League today 2nd in 1997 98 Bratislava is home to three winter sports arenas Ondrej Nepela Winter Sports Stadium V Dzurilla Winter Sports Stadium and Dubravka Winter Sports Stadium The HC Slovan Bratislava ice hockey team has represented Bratislava from the 2012 13 season in the Kontinental Hockey League Slovnaft Arena a part of Ondrej Nepela Winter Sports Stadium is home to HC Slovan The Ice Hockey World Championships in 1959 and 1992 were played in Bratislava and the 2011 World Championship were held in Bratislava and Kosice for which a new arena was built 162 The city also played host to the World Championship in 2019 The Cunovo Water Sports Centre is a whitewater slalom and rafting area close to the Gabcikovo dam It hosts several international and national canoe and kayak competitions annually In 1966 Bratislava named its new multi sports stadium after tennis player Ladislav Hecht 163 164 The National Tennis Centre which includes Aegon Arena hosts various cultural sporting and social events Several Davis Cup matches have been played there including the 2005 Davis Cup final The city is represented in the top Slovak leagues in women s and men s basketball women s handball and volleyball and men s water polo The Devin Bratislava National run is the oldest athletic event in Slovakia 165 and the Bratislava City Marathon has been held annually since 2006 A race track is located in Petrzalka where horse racing and dog racing events and dog shows are held regularly Bratislava is also the centre of rugby union in Slovakia Education and science Edit Universitas Istropolitana building Comenius University headquarters at Safarikovo namestie Main Building Hall of the University of Economics The first university in Bratislava in the Kingdom of Hungary and also in the territory of present day Slovakia was Universitas Istropolitana founded in 1465 by King Matthias Corvinus It was closed in 1490 after his death 166 Bratislava is the seat of the largest university Comenius University 27 771 students 167 the largest technical university Slovak University of Technology 18 473 students 168 and the oldest art schools the Academy of Performing Arts and the Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Slovakia Other institutions of tertiary education are the public University of Economics and the first private college in Slovakia City University of Seattle 169 In total about 56 000 students attend university in Bratislava 170 There are 65 public primary schools nine private primary schools and ten religious primary schools 171 Overall they enroll 25 821 pupils 171 The city s system of secondary education some middle schools and all high schools consists of 39 gymnasia with 16 048 students 172 37 specialized high schools with 10 373 students 173 and 27 vocational schools with 8 863 students data as of 2007 update 174 175 The Slovak Academy of Sciences is also based in Bratislava However the city is one of the few European capitals to have neither an observatory nor a planetarium The nearest observatory is in Modra 30 kilometres 19 mi away and the nearest planetarium is in Hlohovec 70 kilometres 43 mi away Transport EditMain articles Transport in Bratislava and Public Transport in Bratislava See also List of bridges in Bratislava city Nivy mall is a mixed use complex with underground international bus station opened in 2021 Terminal building at Bratislava Airport BTS Bratislava is also served by the Vienna International Airport located 49 kilometres 30 4 mi west of the city centre The geographical position of Bratislava in Central Europe has long made it a natural crossroads for international trade traffic 176 Public transport in Bratislava is managed by Dopravny podnik Bratislava a city owned company The transport system is known as Mestska hromadna doprava MHD Municipal Mass Transit and employs buses trams and trolleybuses 177 Most of the Bratislava public transport is coated in a typical color combination of red and black Bratislava is also part of an integrated system IDS BK connecting city public transport with other transport companies in the Bratislava region Traveling with a single ticket is possible throughout the system network both in Bratislava and to the nearby villages and cities including 3 other districts of Senec Malacky and Pezinok As a rail hub the city has direct connections to Austria Hungary the Czech Republic Poland Germany Croatia Slovenia and the rest of Slovakia Bratislava Petrzalka railway station and Bratislava Main station are the principal railway stations The main bus station Autobusova stanica Mlynske Nivy or AS Mlynske Nivy is located at Mlynske Nivy east of the city centre and offers both bus connections to cities in Slovakia and international bus lines A new bus station attached to a shopping mall administration centre and Bratislava s tallest skyscraper Nivy Tower was opened on the 30th of September 2021 178 The motorway system provides direct access to Brno in the Czech Republic Vienna in Austria Budapest in Hungary Trnava and other points in Slovakia The A6 motorway between Bratislava and Vienna was opened in November 2007 179 The Port of Bratislava is one of the two international river ports in Slovakia The port provides access to the Black Sea via the Danube and to the North Sea through the Rhine Main Danube Canal Additionally tourist lines operate from Bratislava s passenger port including routes to Devin Vienna and elsewhere In Bratislava there are currently six bridges standing over the Danube ordered by the flow of the river Most Lafranconi Lafranconi Bridge Most SNP Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising Stary most The Old Bridge Most Apollo Apollo Bridge Pristavny most The Harbor Bridge and Luzny most The Floodplain bridge Bratislava s M R Stefanik Airport is the main international airport in Slovakia The airport is located 9 kilometres 5 6 mi north east of the city centre It serves civil and governmental scheduled and unscheduled domestic and international flights The current runways support the landing for all common types of aircraft It served 2 024 000 passengers in 2007 180 Bratislava is also served by the Vienna International Airport located 49 kilometres 30 4 mi west of the city centre Skoda 30 T tram in Bratislava Twin City Liner express boat on the Danube connecting Bratislava with Vienna A typical red bus in BratislavaInternational relations Edit Paparazzi statue in Bratislava s Old Town See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia Twin towns sister cities Edit Bratislava is twinned with Brno Czech Republic 181 Szekesfehervar Hungary 181 Krakow Poland 181 Warsaw Poland 181 Perugia Italy 1962 181 Ljubljana Slovenia 1967 181 Yerevan Armenia 2001 182 Larnaca Cyprus 1989 182 Turku Finland 1976 182 Bremen Germany 1989 182 Alexandria Egypt 182 Kyiv Ukraine 181 Cleveland United States 182 Numbers in parentheses list the year of twinning The first agreement was signed with the city of Perugia in Italy on 18 July 1962 Notable people EditMain article List of people from Bratislava Honorary citizens Edit People who have received the honorary citizenship of Bratislava are Date Name Notes19 November 2009 Vaclav Havel 1936 2011 President of Czechoslovakia 1989 1992 and President of the Czech Republic 1993 2003 183 26 September 2011 Major General Roy Martin Umbarger United States Army Officer 184 Image gallery Edit Main entrance of the Bratislava Castle Hviezdoslav Square Primate s Square Michael s Gate Laurinc Gate Reformed church Church of Saint Stephen Trinitarian Church The Old Town of Bratislava Streets of the Old Town Bratislava Old Town The Rococo style House of the Good Shepherd home to the Museum of Clocks Laurinska Street Stara Trznica Market Hall the oldest indoor market in Bratislava Einsteinova street Danube promenade Embankment Danube river and the Slovak National Uprising Bridge Apollo Bridge Polus City Shopping Center Slovak Radio headquarters building CityShuttle train connects Bratislava with Austria s capital Vienna Refinery of Slovnaft in Bratislava Map of Bratislava in city centre Manhole cover in Bratislava Danube embankmentSee also EditApollo Arena Bratislava Central European Forum List of fountains in Bratislava List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia List of streets in BratislavaPortals Europe Slovakia European UnionNotes Edit Bratislava finds census results as positive Pravda sk Retrieved December 31 2021 Database National accounts Eurostat Wells John C 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Longman ISBN 978 1 4058 8118 0 Roach Peter 2011 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Slovakia Vysoka Skola Manazmentu VSM City University of Seattle 2005 Archived from the original on February 12 2008 Retrieved June 1 2007 Visit Bratislava Facts and Figures City of Bratislava 2007 Archived from the original PDF on March 5 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 a b Prehľad zakladnych skol v skolskom roku 2006 2007 PDF in Slovak Ustav informacii a prognoz skolstva 2006 Archived from the original PDF on February 27 2008 Retrieved 2008 02 15 Prehľad gymnazii v skolskom roku 2006 2007 PDF in Slovak Ustav informacii a prognoz skolstva Archived from the original PDF on February 27 2008 Retrieved 2008 02 15 Prehľad strednych odbornych skol v skolskom roku 2006 2007 PDF in Slovak Ustav informacii a prognoz skolstva Archived from the original PDF on February 27 2008 Retrieved 2008 02 15 Prehľad zdruzenych strednych skol v skolskom roku 2006 2007 PDF in Slovak Ustav informacii a prognoz skolstva Archived from the original PDF on February 27 2008 Retrieved 2008 02 14 Prehľad strednych 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sk Retrieved September 2 2019 a s Petit Press November 19 2009 Bratislava grants honorary citizenship to Vaclav Havel spectator sme sk a s Petit Press September 26 2011 American general to receive honorary citizenship of Bratislava spectator sme sk References EditHorvath V Lehotska D Pleva J et al eds 1979 Dejiny Bratislavy History of Bratislava in Slovak 2nd ed Bratislava Slovakia Janota Igor 2006 Bratislavske rarity Rarities of Bratislava in Slovak 1st ed Bratislava Slovakia Vydavateľstvo PT ISBN 80 89218 19 9 Kovac Dusan 2006 Bratislava 1939 1945 Mier a vojna v meste Bratislava 1939 1945 Peace and war in the town in Slovak 1st ed Bratislava Slovakia Vydavateľstvo PT ISBN 80 89218 29 6 Kovac Dusan et al 1998 Kronika Slovenska 1 Chronicle of Slovakia 1 Chronicle of Slovakia in Slovak 1st ed Bratislava Slovakia Fortuna Print ISBN 80 7153 174 X Kovac Dusan et al 1999 Kronika Slovenska 2 Chronicle of Slovakia 2 Chronicle of Slovakia in Slovak 1st ed Bratislava Slovakia Fortuna Print ISBN 80 88980 08 9 Lacika Jan 2000 Bratislava Visiting Slovakia 1st ed Bratislava Slovakia DAJAMA ISBN 80 88975 16 6 Spiesz Anton 2001 Bratislava v stredoveku Bratislava in the Middle Ages in Slovak 1st ed Bratislava Slovakia Perfekt ISBN 80 8046 145 7 Varga Erzsebet 1995 Pozsony in Hungarian 1st ed Pozsony Madach Posonium ISBN 80 7089 245 5 Jankovics Marcell 2000 Husz esztendo Pozsonyban Twenty years in Bratislava in Hungarian 2nd ed Pozsony Mery Ratio ISBN 80 88837 34 0 Genealogical resources Edit The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive Statny Archiv in Bratislava Slovakia Roman Catholic church records births marriages deaths 1601 1897 parish A Lutheran church records births marriages deaths 1606 1919 parish A External links EditBratislava at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Official sites Edit Official Tourism and Travel Guide to Bratislava Official Slovak National Tourism PortalTourism and living information Edit Public urban transport in Bratislava Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bratislava amp oldid 1142318986, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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