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Acropolis

March 02, 2023

For other uses, see Acropolis (disambiguation).

An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens, yet every Greek city had an acropolis of its own. Acropolises were used as religious centers and places of worship, forts, and places in which the royal and high-status resided. Acropolises became the nuclei of large cities of classical ancient times, and served as important centers of a community. Some well-known acropolises have become the centers of tourism in present-day, and, especially, the Acropolis of Athens has been a revolutionary center for the studies of ancient Greece since the Mycenaean period. Many of them have become a source of revenue for Greece, and represent some great technology during the period.[1]

Acropolis of Athens in Athens, Greece

Origin

An acropolis is defined by the Greek definition of ἀκρόπολις, akropolis; from akros (άκρος) or akron (άκρον) meaning “highest; edge; extremity”, and polis (πόλις) meaning “city.” The plural of acropolis (ακρόπολη) is acropolises, also commonly as acropoleis and acropoles, and ακροπόλεις in Greek. This word was first used in the 14th century BCE,[citation needed] in the context of Mycenaean kings and community. The term acropolis is also used to describe the central complex of overlapping structures, such as plazas and pyramids, in many Maya cities, including Tikal and Copán. Acropolis is also the term used by archaeologists and historians for the urban Castro culture settlements located in Northwestern Iberian hilltops.

 
Acropolis of Lindos, on the island of Rhodes, Greece

It is primarily associated with the Greek cities of Athens, Argos (with Larisa), Thebes (with Cadmea), Corinth (with its Acrocorinth), and Rhodes (with its Acropolis of Lindos). It may also be applied generically to all such citadels including Rome, Carthage, Jerusalem, Celtic Bratislava, Asia Minor, or Castle Rock in Edinburgh. An example in Ireland is the Rock of Cashel. In Central Italy, many small rural communes still cluster at the base of a fortified habitation known as rocca of the commune. Other parts of the world have developed other names for the high citadel, or alcázar, which often have reinforced a naturally strong site. Because of this, many cultures have included acropolises in their societies, however, do not use the same name for them.

Differing acropoleis

The acropolis of a city was used in many ways, with regards to ancient time and through references. Because an acropolis was built at the highest part of a city, it served as a highly functional form of protection—a fortress—as well as being a home to the royal of a city, and a center for religion through the worshipping of different gods.[2] There have been many classical and ancient acropolises, including the most commonly-known, Acropolis of Athens, as well as the Tepecik Acropolis at Patara, Ankara Acropolis, Acropolis of La Blanca, Acropolis at the Maya Site in Guatemala, and the Acropolis at Halieis.

 
The Parthenon in Athens

The most famous example is the Athenian Acropolis, which is a collection of structures featuring a citadel on the highest part of land in ancient (and modern-day) Athens, Greece. Many notable structures at this site were constructed in the 5th century BCE, including the Propylaea, Erechtheion, and the Temple of Athena.[3] The Temple is also commonly known as the Parthenon, which is derived from the divine Athena Parthenos.[3] There were often dances, music, and plays held at this acropolis, and it served as a community center for the city of Athens. This acropolis became a prime tourist destination by the second century AD during the Roman Empire, and was known as "the Greece of Greece," as coined by an unknown poet.[2] Although originating in the mainland of Greece, use of this acropolis model quickly spread to Greek colonies such as the Dorian Lato on Crete during the Archaic Period.

The Tepecik Acropolis at Patara served as a harbor to nearby communities and naval forces, such as Antigonos I Monopthalmos and Demetrios Poliorketes, and combined land and sea.[4] Its fortification wall and Bastion date back to the Classical period.[4] The acropolis was constructed in the fourth century BCE by the Hekatomnids that ultimately led to its seizure in 334 BCE by Alexander the Great.[4] The acropolis contributed significantly to the overall development that took place during the Hellenistic empires.[4] This acropolis was the earliest place of settlement, probably dating back to the third millennium BCE.[4] During excavations that took place in 1989, ceramic items, terracotta figurines, coins, bone and stone objects were found that date to the fourth century BCE.[4] The fortification wall and bastion that are built at this acropolis uses a style of masonry, commonly known as the Greek word ἔμπλεκτον (meaning "woven").[4] This style of masonry was likely used for weight-bearing purposes.

The Acropolis at Halieis dates back to the Neolithic and Classical periods.[5] It included a fortified wall, sanctuary of Apollo (two temples, an altar, a race course), and necropolis (cemetery).[5] This acropolis was the highest point of fortification on the south edge at Halieis. There was a small open-air cult space, including an altar and monuments.[5]

The Ankara Acropolis, which was set in modern-day Turkey, is a historically prominent space that has changed over time through the urban development of the country from the Phrygian period.[6] This acropolis was well known as a spot for holy worshipping, and was symbolic of the time. It has also been a place that has historically recognized the legislative changes that Turkey has faced.[6]  

The Acropolis of La Blanca was created in Guatemala as a small, ancient Maya settlement and archaeological site that is located adjacent to the Salsipuedes River.[7] This acropolis developed as a place of residence for the city of La Blanca's rulers.[7] Its main period of usage was during the Classical period of 600 AD to 850 AD, as the city developed as a commercial place of trade among a number of nearby settlements.[7]

The Mayan Acropolis site in Guatemala included a burial site and vaulted tombs of the highest status royal.[8] This funerary structure was integrated into this sacred landscape, and illustrated the prosperity of power between the royal figures of Pedras Negras in Guatemala.[8]

Modern-day uses

Tourism

Acropolises today have become the epicenters of tourism and attraction sites in many modern-day Greek cities. The Athenian Acropolis, in particular, is the most famous, and has the best vantage point in Athens, Greece. Today, tourists can purchase tickets to visit the Athenian Acropolis, including walking, sightseeing, and bus tours, as well as a classic Greek dinner.

Cultural ties

Because of its classical Hellenistic and Greco-Roman style, the ruins of Mission San Juan Capistrano's Great Stone Church in California, United States has been called an American Acropolis.[9] The civilization developed its religious, educational, and cultural aspects of the acropolis, and is used today as a location that holds events, such as operas.

The neighborhood of Morningside Heights in New York City is commonly referred to as the "Academic Acropolis" due to its high elevation and the concentration of educational institutions in the area, including Columbia University and its affiliates, Barnard College, Teachers College, Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America; Manhattan School of Music; Bank Street College of Education; and New York Theological Seminary.[10] The analogy is also aided by the neoclassical architecture of the Columbia University campus, which was designed by McKim, Mead & White in the early 20th century.[11]

Excavations

Much of the modern-day uses of acropolises have been discovered through excavations that have developed over the course of many years. For example, the Athenian Acropolis includes a Great Temple that holds the Parthenon, a specific space for ancient worship. Through today's findings and research, the Parthenon treasury is able to be recognized as the west part of the structure (the Erechtheion), as well as the Parthenon itself.[3] Most excavations have been able to provide archaeologists with samples of pottery, ceramics, and vessels. The excavation of the Acropolis of Halieis produced remains that provided context that dated the Acropolis at Halieis from the Final Neolithic period through the first Early Helladic period.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Eyewitness: Ancient Greece. Eyewitness. pp. 30–40.
  2. ^ a b Lefkowitz R., Mary (2020). The "Wooden" Horse on the Athenian Acropolis. Hesperia: The Journal of The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Vol 89. No. 3. pp. 588, 589.
  3. ^ a b c Z. van Rookhujzen, Jan (2020). The Parthenon Treasury on the Acropolis of Athens. American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 124 No. 1. pp. 3, 6.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Dundar, Erkan and K. Rauh, Nicholas (2017). The North Bastion on the Tepecik Acropolis at Patara: Dating "Early Hellenstic" Fortification Walls in Southwestern Anatolia. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 86. No. 3. pp. 509, 510, 513, 517.
  5. ^ a b c d J. Pullen, David (2000). The Prehistoric Remains of the Acropolis at Halieis: A Final Report. Hesperia: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Vol. 69 No. 2. pp. 133, 134, 135.
  6. ^ a b Sahin Güçhan, Neriman; Demiröz, Merve (2021). "Urban Conservation Legacy of the Turkish Planning System: Tracing Spatial Change in the Ankara Acropolis, from 1923 Onwards". Planning Perspectives. 36 (2): 337–362. doi:10.1080/02665433.2020.1753102. S2CID 218820478.
  7. ^ a b c Montuori, R.; Gilabert-Sansalvador, L.; L. Rosado-Torres, A. (2020). "3D Printing for Dissemination of Maya Architectural Heritage: The Acropolis of La Blanca (Guatemala)" (PDF). The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Spatial Information Sciences. XLIV–M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  8. ^ a b Fitzsimmons L., James; Scherer, Andrew; D. Houston, Stephen; L. Escobedo, Héctor (2003). "Guardian of the Acropolis: The Sacred Space of a Royal Burial at Piedras Negras, Guatemala". Latin American Antiquity. 14 (4): 449–468. doi:10.2307/3557578. JSTOR 3557578. S2CID 163269121.
  9. ^ Hill, Veronica (2008). "American Acropolis: Tour the majestic Great Stone Church at Mission San Juan Capistrano". Daily Press. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  10. ^ Gregory, Steven (2019). "Making the "American Acropolis": On Verticality, Hierarchy, and the Obduracy of Manhattan Schist". Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 110 (1): 78–97. doi:10.1080/24694452.2019.1625746. S2CID 201401410.
  11. ^ Cohen, Brigid (5 May 2022). Musical Migration and Imperial New York: Early Cold War Scenes. University of Chicago Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-226-81801-6.

External links

  • Acropolis: description, photo album
  •   Media related to Acropolis at Wikimedia Commons
  • The Acropolis of Athens (Greek Government website)
  • The Acropolis Restoration Project (Greek Government website)
  • The Acropolis: A Walk Through History
  • The Parthenon Frieze (Hellenic Ministry of Culture web site)
  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Acropolis, Athens

March 02, 2023
acropolis, other, uses, disambiguation, acropolis, settlement, upper, part, ancient, greek, city, especially, citadel, frequently, hill, with, precipitous, sides, mainly, chosen, purposes, defense, term, typically, used, refer, athens, every, greek, city, acro. For other uses see Acropolis disambiguation An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city especially a citadel and frequently a hill with precipitous sides mainly chosen for purposes of defense The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens yet every Greek city had an acropolis of its own Acropolises were used as religious centers and places of worship forts and places in which the royal and high status resided Acropolises became the nuclei of large cities of classical ancient times and served as important centers of a community Some well known acropolises have become the centers of tourism in present day and especially the Acropolis of Athens has been a revolutionary center for the studies of ancient Greece since the Mycenaean period Many of them have become a source of revenue for Greece and represent some great technology during the period 1 Acropolis of Athens in Athens Greece Contents 1 Origin 2 Differing acropoleis 3 Modern day uses 3 1 Tourism 3 2 Cultural ties 3 3 Excavations 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksOrigin EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message An acropolis is defined by the Greek definition of ἀkropolis akropolis from akros code ell promoted to code el akros code ell promoted to code el or akron code ell promoted to code el akron code ell promoted to code el meaning highest edge extremity and polis polis meaning city The plural of acropolis code ell promoted to code el akropolh code ell promoted to code el is acropolises code ell promoted to code el also commonly as acropoleis code ell promoted to code el and acropoles code ell promoted to code el and akropoleis code ell promoted to code el in Greek This word was first used in the 14th century BCE citation needed in the context of Mycenaean kings and community The term acropolis is also used to describe the central complex of overlapping structures such as plazas and pyramids in many Maya cities including Tikal and Copan Acropolis is also the term used by archaeologists and historians for the urban Castro culture settlements located in Northwestern Iberian hilltops Acropolis of Lindos on the island of Rhodes Greece It is primarily associated with the Greek cities of Athens Argos with Larisa Thebes with Cadmea Corinth with its Acrocorinth and Rhodes with its Acropolis of Lindos It may also be applied generically to all such citadels including Rome Carthage Jerusalem Celtic Bratislava Asia Minor or Castle Rock in Edinburgh An example in Ireland is the Rock of Cashel In Central Italy many small rural communes still cluster at the base of a fortified habitation known as rocca code ita promoted to code it of the commune Other parts of the world have developed other names for the high citadel or alcazar code spa promoted to code es which often have reinforced a naturally strong site Because of this many cultures have included acropolises in their societies however do not use the same name for them Differing acropoleis EditThe acropolis of a city was used in many ways with regards to ancient time and through references Because an acropolis was built at the highest part of a city it served as a highly functional form of protection a fortress as well as being a home to the royal of a city and a center for religion through the worshipping of different gods 2 There have been many classical and ancient acropolises including the most commonly known Acropolis of Athens as well as the Tepecik Acropolis at Patara Ankara Acropolis Acropolis of La Blanca Acropolis at the Maya Site in Guatemala and the Acropolis at Halieis The Parthenon in Athens The most famous example is the Athenian Acropolis which is a collection of structures featuring a citadel on the highest part of land in ancient and modern day Athens Greece Many notable structures at this site were constructed in the 5th century BCE including the Propylaea Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena 3 The Temple is also commonly known as the Parthenon which is derived from the divine Athena Parthenos 3 There were often dances music and plays held at this acropolis and it served as a community center for the city of Athens This acropolis became a prime tourist destination by the second century AD during the Roman Empire and was known as the Greece of Greece as coined by an unknown poet 2 Although originating in the mainland of Greece use of this acropolis model quickly spread to Greek colonies such as the Dorian Lato on Crete during the Archaic Period The Tepecik Acropolis at Patara served as a harbor to nearby communities and naval forces such as Antigonos I Monopthalmos and Demetrios Poliorketes and combined land and sea 4 Its fortification wall and Bastion date back to the Classical period 4 The acropolis was constructed in the fourth century BCE by the Hekatomnids that ultimately led to its seizure in 334 BCE by Alexander the Great 4 The acropolis contributed significantly to the overall development that took place during the Hellenistic empires 4 This acropolis was the earliest place of settlement probably dating back to the third millennium BCE 4 During excavations that took place in 1989 ceramic items terracotta figurines coins bone and stone objects were found that date to the fourth century BCE 4 The fortification wall and bastion that are built at this acropolis uses a style of masonry commonly known as the Greek word ἔmplekton code ell promoted to code el meaning woven 4 This style of masonry was likely used for weight bearing purposes The Acropolis at Halieis dates back to the Neolithic and Classical periods 5 It included a fortified wall sanctuary of Apollo two temples an altar a race course and necropolis cemetery 5 This acropolis was the highest point of fortification on the south edge at Halieis There was a small open air cult space including an altar and monuments 5 The Ankara Acropolis which was set in modern day Turkey is a historically prominent space that has changed over time through the urban development of the country from the Phrygian period 6 This acropolis was well known as a spot for holy worshipping and was symbolic of the time It has also been a place that has historically recognized the legislative changes that Turkey has faced 6 The Acropolis of La Blanca was created in Guatemala as a small ancient Maya settlement and archaeological site that is located adjacent to the Salsipuedes River 7 This acropolis developed as a place of residence for the city of La Blanca s rulers 7 Its main period of usage was during the Classical period of 600 AD to 850 AD as the city developed as a commercial place of trade among a number of nearby settlements 7 The Mayan Acropolis site in Guatemala included a burial site and vaulted tombs of the highest status royal 8 This funerary structure was integrated into this sacred landscape and illustrated the prosperity of power between the royal figures of Pedras Negras in Guatemala 8 Modern day uses EditTourism Edit Acropolises today have become the epicenters of tourism and attraction sites in many modern day Greek cities The Athenian Acropolis in particular is the most famous and has the best vantage point in Athens Greece Today tourists can purchase tickets to visit the Athenian Acropolis including walking sightseeing and bus tours as well as a classic Greek dinner Cultural ties Edit Columbia University in Morningside Heights Manhattan Because of its classical Hellenistic and Greco Roman style the ruins of Mission San Juan Capistrano s Great Stone Church in California United States has been called an American Acropolis 9 The civilization developed its religious educational and cultural aspects of the acropolis and is used today as a location that holds events such as operas The neighborhood of Morningside Heights in New York City is commonly referred to as the Academic Acropolis due to its high elevation and the concentration of educational institutions in the area including Columbia University and its affiliates Barnard College Teachers College Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America Manhattan School of Music Bank Street College of Education and New York Theological Seminary 10 The analogy is also aided by the neoclassical architecture of the Columbia University campus which was designed by McKim Mead amp White in the early 20th century 11 Excavations Edit Much of the modern day uses of acropolises have been discovered through excavations that have developed over the course of many years For example the Athenian Acropolis includes a Great Temple that holds the Parthenon a specific space for ancient worship Through today s findings and research the Parthenon treasury is able to be recognized as the west part of the structure the Erechtheion as well as the Parthenon itself 3 Most excavations have been able to provide archaeologists with samples of pottery ceramics and vessels The excavation of the Acropolis of Halieis produced remains that provided context that dated the Acropolis at Halieis from the Final Neolithic period through the first Early Helladic period 5 See also EditAcropolis of Rhodes Acropolis Palaiokastro Idjang Tell archaeology HillfortReferences Edit Eyewitness Ancient Greece Eyewitness pp 30 40 a b Lefkowitz R Mary 2020 The Wooden Horse on the Athenian Acropolis Hesperia The Journal of The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Vol 89 No 3 pp 588 589 a b c Z van Rookhujzen Jan 2020 The Parthenon Treasury on the Acropolis of Athens American Journal of Archaeology Vol 124 No 1 pp 3 6 a b c d e f g Dundar Erkan and K Rauh Nicholas 2017 The North Bastion on the Tepecik Acropolis at Patara Dating Early Hellenstic Fortification Walls in Southwestern Anatolia Hesperia The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Vol 86 No 3 pp 509 510 513 517 a b c d J Pullen David 2000 The Prehistoric Remains of the Acropolis at Halieis A Final Report Hesperia The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Vol 69 No 2 pp 133 134 135 a b Sahin Guchan Neriman Demiroz Merve 2021 Urban Conservation Legacy of the Turkish Planning System Tracing Spatial Change in the Ankara Acropolis from 1923 Onwards Planning Perspectives 36 2 337 362 doi 10 1080 02665433 2020 1753102 S2CID 218820478 a b c Montuori R Gilabert Sansalvador L L Rosado Torres A 2020 3D Printing for Dissemination of Maya Architectural Heritage The Acropolis of La Blanca Guatemala PDF The International Archives of the Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV M Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 a b Fitzsimmons L James Scherer Andrew D Houston Stephen L Escobedo Hector 2003 Guardian of the Acropolis The Sacred Space of a Royal Burial at Piedras Negras Guatemala Latin American Antiquity 14 4 449 468 doi 10 2307 3557578 JSTOR 3557578 S2CID 163269121 Hill Veronica 2008 American Acropolis Tour the majestic Great Stone Church at Mission San Juan Capistrano Daily Press Retrieved 6 December 2021 Gregory Steven 2019 Making the American Acropolis On Verticality Hierarchy and the Obduracy of Manhattan Schist Annals of the American Association of Geographers 110 1 78 97 doi 10 1080 24694452 2019 1625746 S2CID 201401410 Cohen Brigid 5 May 2022 Musical Migration and Imperial New York Early Cold War Scenes University of Chicago Press p 82 ISBN 978 0 226 81801 6 External links EditAcropolis Museum Acropolis description photo album Media related to Acropolis at Wikimedia Commons The Acropolis of Athens Greek Government website The Acropolis Restoration Project Greek Government website The Acropolis A Walk Through History The Parthenon Frieze Hellenic Ministry of Culture web site UNESCO World Heritage Centre Acropolis Athens Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Acropolis amp oldid 1142323006, 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