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Jair Bolsonaro

January 01, 1970

"Bolsonaro" redirects here. For the surname, see Bolsonaro (surname).

Jair Messias Bolsonaro (Brazilian Portuguese: [ʒaˈiʁ meˈsi.ɐz bowsoˈnaɾu]; born 21 March 1955) is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who served as the 38th president of Brazil from 2019 to 2023. He previously served as member of Brazil's Chamber of Deputies from 1991 to 2018.

His Excellency
Jair Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro in 2019
President of Brazil
In office
1 January 2019 – 1 January 2023
Vice PresidentHamilton Mourão
Preceded byMichel Temer
Succeeded byLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Further offices held
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
1 February 1991 – 31 December 2018
ConstituencyRio de Janeiro
Councillor of Rio de Janeiro
In office
1 January 1989 – 31 January 1991
ConstituencyAt-large
Personal details
Born (1955-03-21) 21 March 1955 (age 69)
Glicério, São Paulo, Brazil
Political partyPL (since 2021)
Other political
affiliations
See list
Spouses
Rogéria Nantes Braga
​
​
(m. 1978; div. 1997)​
Ana Cristina Valle
​
​
(m. 1997; div. 2007)​
​
(m. 2007)​
Children5, including Flávio, Carlos, and Eduardo
Alma materMilitary Academy of Agulhas Negras
Signature
Military service
Branch/serviceBrazilian Army
Years of service1973–1988
RankCaptain
Commands
  • 21st Field Artillery Group
  • 9th Field Artillery Group
  • 8th Parachutist Field Artillery Group
Jair Bolsonaro's voice
On TV Brasil
Recorded February 2022

Bolsonaro began serving in the Brazilian Army in 1973 and graduated from the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras in 1977. He rose to publicity in 1986 after he wrote an article for Veja magazine criticizing low wages for military officers, after which he was arrested and detained for fifteen days. He left the army and was elected to the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro two years later. In 1990, Bolsonaro was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a representative for the state of Rio de Janeiro. During his 27-year tenure as a congressman, he became known for his national conservatism. Bolsonaro entered the 2018 Brazilian presidential election, during which he started to advocate economically liberal and pro-market policies.[1] He led in the 7 October first round results and defeated Fernando Haddad in the 28 October runoff.

Bolsonaro focused on domestic affairs in his first months as president, dealing primarily with the fallout of the 2014 Brazilian economic crisis. The economy recovered slowly, while crime rates fell sharply during the first year.[2][3] He rolled back protections for Indigenous groups in the Amazon rainforest[4] and facilitated its deforestation.[5] Bolsonaro's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was criticized across the political spectrum after he sought to downplay the pandemic and its effects, opposed quarantine measures, and dismissed two health ministers, while the death toll increased rapidly.[6]

In the runoff of the 2022 general election, Bolsonaro lost to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[7] On 8 January 2023, his supporters stormed federal government buildings, calling for a coup d'état. On 30 June, the Superior Electoral Court blocked Bolsonaro from seeking office until 2030 for attempting to undermine the validity of the election through his unfounded claims of voter fraud, and for abusing his power by using government communication channels to both promote his campaign and to allege fraud. Testimonies from military officials showed that Bolsonaro had allegedly planned a self-coup with the military to keep himself in power.

A polarizing and controversial politician, Bolsonaro's views and comments, which have been described as far-right and populist, drew both praise and criticism in Brazil.[8][9][10][11] He is a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage,[12][13] abortion,[14] affirmative action,[15] drug liberalization, and secularism.[16] In foreign policy, he has advocated closer relations with Israel and with the United States;[17][18] later in his presidency, he also made efforts to improve relations with the BRICS countries.[19][20][21]

Early life

Bolsonaro was born on 21 March 1955 in Glicério, São Paulo,[22] in southeast Brazil, to Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro and Olinda Bonturi.[23][24] His family is mostly of Italian descent, with German ancestry as well. On his father's side, he is the great-grandson of Italians from Veneto and Calabria.[25] Bolsonaro's paternal grandfather's family comes from Veneto, more precisely Anguillara Veneta, in the province of Padua. His great-grandfather, Vittorio Bolzonaro (the surname was originally written with a "z"), was born on 12 April 1878. Vittorio's parents immigrated to Brazil when he was ten, together with his siblings, Giovanna and Tranquillo.[26][25] His German ancestry came from his father's maternal grandfather, Carl "Carlos" Hintze, born in Hamburg around 1876, who immigrated to Brazil in 1883.[25] His maternal grandparents were born in Lucca, in Tuscany, and went to live in Brazil in the 1890s.[25] On 21 January 2022, his mother Olinda Bonturi Bolsonaro died at age 94. His father Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro died in 1995.[27]

Bolsonaro spent most of his childhood moving around São Paulo with his family, living in Ribeira, Jundiaí, and Sete Barras, before settling in Eldorado, in the state's southern region, in 1966, where he grew up with his five brothers.[28] His first name is a tribute to Jair da Rosa Pinto, a football player for Palmeiras, with whom he shares a birthday.[29][30]

Military career

 
Jair (left) with his parents at the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras in 1979
 
Bolsonaro in 1986

In his final years in high school, Bolsonaro was admitted to the Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército (the prep school of the Brazilian Army), which he entered in 1973. In 1974, he went to the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras (Brazil's main military academy), graduating in 1977 as an artillery officer. He served in the 9th Field Artillery Group, in Nioaque, Mato Grosso do Sul. Later he studied at the Army Physical Training School in Rio de Janeiro and served in the 21st Field Artillery Group and the 8th Paratrooper Field Artillery Group, from the Paratrooper Brigade, both in the same city. His superior officers said he was "aggressive" and had "excessive ambition to get financial and economical gain".[8][31]

The assessment referred to Bolsonaro's attempt to mine gold in Bahia state; according to him, the activity was only a "hobby and mental hygiene". In 1987, he studied in the Officers Improvement School, where he made the Artillery Advanced Course. Bolsonaro's first rise to publicity came in 1986 when he gave an interview to the news magazine Veja. He complained about low military salaries and claimed that the High Command was firing officers due to budgetary cuts and not because they were displaying 'deviations of conduct', as the command was telling the press.[32] Despite being reprimanded by his superiors, Bolsonaro received praise from fellow officers and wives of military men, becoming a household name for hardliners and right-wingers who were growing disenchanted with Brazil's new civilian democratic government.[33]

In October 1987, Bolsonaro faced a new accusation. Veja reported that, with an Army colleague, he had plans to plant bombs in military units in Rio de Janeiro. After Bolsonaro called the allegation "a fantasy", the magazine published, in its next issue, sketches in which the plan was detailed. The drawings had allegedly been made by Bolsonaro. Official records unearthed by the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo in 2018 detailed the case. After an investigation by an administrative military bureau named Justification Board, Bolsonaro was unanimously considered guilty. According to this board, Bolsonaro had a "serious personality deviation and a professional deformation", "lack of moral courage to leave the Army" and "lied throughout the process" when denying frequent contacts with Veja. The Supreme Military Court then analyzed the case. The general in charge of reporting the case voted to acquit Bolsonaro, arguing that he had already been penalized for the initial Veja article, that there was no testimonial evidence of his plans to plant bombs, and that there were "deep contradictions in the four graphological exams", two of which failed to conclude that Bolsonaro was the author of the sketches. Bolsonaro was acquitted by the majority of the court (9 v 4 votes). In December 1988, just after this ruling, he left the Army to begin his political career. He served in the military for 15 years, reaching the rank of captain.[34]

Early political career

Councilor of Rio de Janeiro (1989–1991)

 
Bolsonaro as Rio de Janeiro city councilor in March 1990. In October of the same year, he was elected Federal Deputy for the city.

Bolsonaro entered politics in 1988, elected city councilor in Rio de Janeiro, representing the Christian Democratic Party (PDC). According to the biography by his son Flávio, Bolsonaro "was a candidate for councilor because it happened to be the only option he had at the moment to avoid persecution by some superiors. His entry into politics happened by chance, for his desire was to continue in his military career".[35]

Bolsonaro spent only two years in the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro. He was described as a quiet, discreet and conservative councilor, and showed little participation.[36] His term as councilor was used mainly to give visibility to military causes, such as retirement benefits for former officers.[35]

Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro (1991–2018)

In the 1990 elections, Bolsonaro was elected a federal deputy for the Christian Democratic Party. He served seven consecutive terms, from 1991 to 2018. He has been affiliated with several other Brazilian political parties over the years. In 2014, he was the congressman who gained the most votes in Rio de Janeiro, with 465,000.[37]

Bolsonaro's name was listed on the "Lista de Furnas [pt]", a list detailing a corruption and money laundering scheme involving the state-owned electricity company, Eletrobras Furnas.[38] He received housing assistance for deputies who do not have residences in Brasilia despite having an apartment in the southwest of Brasilia. He has later admitted that he considers this practice of his "immoral."[39] He has also been accused of engaging in fuel allowance fraud.[40]

In his 27 years of service in the Brazilian National Congress, Bolsonaro put forward one constitutional amendment and at least 171 bills, two of which became law.[41] Bolsonaro, who claims to be persecuted by the left-wing parties, said most congressmen do not vote according to their agenda, but "by who the author of the bill is".[42]

In January 2018, Bolsonaro abandoned the Social Christian Party and switched to the Social Liberal Party (PSL).[citation needed] After his arrival, the PSL adopted conservative and right-wing positions, and its social liberal group Livres announced its departure from the PSL.[43][44]

Presidential campaign (2018)

Main article: Jair Bolsonaro 2018 presidential campaign

On 22 July 2018, the PSL nominated Bolsonaro for president in the 2018 election.[45] The Brazilian Labour Renewal Party also endorsed him. His coalition name was "Brazil above everything, God above everyone" (Brasil acima de tudo, Deus acima de todos).[46][47] Though contested by two lawsuits, the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil deferred them and his candidacy was made official on 6 August.[48] In August, Bolsonaro announced that Antônio Hamilton Mourão, a retired army general, would be his running mate.[49]

 
Bolsonaro supporters in London, 7 October 2018

According to political pundits, Bolsonaro moderated his tone early in the campaign, taking a less aggressive and confrontational style. Economically, he started to support less government intervention in the economy (in contrast to the past, when he defended developmentalist policies). On the other hand, he maintained his tough stance on crime and his defense of "traditional family values".[50] Bolsonaro also said he planned to cut taxes across the board, particularly on inheritances and businesses, to generate growth and tackle unemployment.[51] He also promised more austerity measures and cuts in government spending, but had difficulty naming the areas where he would make cuts. He also said he would work to diminish the federal government's size and bureaucracy by enacting a wide variety of deregulation measures.[52] Bolsonaro's promises to restore security amid record high crime and to stamp out Brazil's rampant political corruption won him huge popular support.[53] In October, he announced he would name Paulo Guedes, a liberal economist, as his finance minister.[54]

On 9 August 2018, Bolsonaro attended the first presidential debate of the year, organized by the TV network Rede Bandeirantes.[55] A week later, there was another debate at RedeTV![56] On 28 August, he gave an interview to Jornal Nacional, Brazil's highest-rated primetime news program, at Rede Globo.[57] Bolsonaro was the first presidential candidate to raise over R$1 million in donations from the public during the 2018 campaign. In the first 59 days, he amassed an average of R$17,000 per day.[58]

After the Workers' Party candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was arrested in April 2018, Bolsonaro became the frontrunner according to all major opinion polls.[59][60] A Datafolha poll from September showed Bolsonaro as the leading candidate in the first round with 28% of vote intentions, though runoff scenarios showed him losing to Geraldo Alckmin, Fernando Haddad, and Ciro Gomes and tying with Marina Silva.[61] Another Datafolha poll, conducted the week before election day, showed a considerable surge for Bolsonaro, who had 40% of vote intentions, or 36% when null or blank vote intentions were included. Haddad came in second with 25% and Gomes third with 15%.[62]

 
Bolsonaro is known for his finger-gun gesture, which he used during the presidential campaign.

The first round of the election occurred on 7 October 2018. Bolsonaro finished in first place with 46% of the popular vote (49.2 million). Since he failed to win over 50%, he faced the second-place finisher, Haddad, in a runoff held on 28 October 2018.[63] After the first round, when his victory looked certain, Bolsonaro gave a speech by videolink to thousands of supporters who gathered at Paulista Avenue, in São Paulo. In the speech, he threatened to arrest, purge or kill "reds" and "petralhas" (a derogatory term for Workers' Party members), and promised that members of the social movements MST and MTST would be treated as "terrorists". He said: "This time, the clean-up will be even greater. This group ["reds"], if they want to stay, will have to abide by our laws ... These red outlaws will be banned from our homeland. Either they go overseas, or they go to jail ... Petralhada, you all go to the edge of the beach. It will be a cleaning never seen in the history of Brazil".[64][65] The "edge of the beach", a Bolsonaro aide later confirmed, was a reference to a Navy base at Restinga da Marambaia, in Rio de Janeiro State, where the Brazilian military dictatorship tortured and killed dissidents.[66] The speech was widely condemned by rivals, journalists and politicians.[67][68][69][70]

Bolsonaro won the runoff election with 55.13% of the votes, and was elected the 38th president of Brazil.[71][72][73] He took office on 1 January 2019.[74] During the campaign, academics repeatedly raised concerns about the consequences of Bolsonaro's rise for Brazilian democracy. In the news magazine Foreign Policy, Federico Finchelstein, a historian at the New School for Social Research who specializes in fascism, wrote, "Bolsonaro's vocabulary recalls the rhetoric behind Nazi policies of persecution and victimization. But does sounding like a Nazi make him a Nazi? Insomuch as he believes in holding elections, he is not there yet. However, things could change quickly if he gains power."[75] Jason Stanley, a Yale philosopher who has published widely on Nazism, said that Bolsonaro "uses more tactics associated to fascism than [the] American president Donald Trump".[76] Harvard's Steven Levitsky said that Bolsonaro "is clearly authoritarian", but not a fascist.[77] Similar concerns were raised by analysts in Portugal[78] and Brazil.[79] Others, such as Marxist historian Perry Anderson, dismissed the "fascist" and "populist" labels altogether.[80]

Another highly controversial aspect of the campaign was the alleged use of illegal digital communication strategies by some of Bolsonaro's most important financial supporters. According to an investigation by Folha de S.Paulo, one of Brazil's bestselling newspapers, "Bolsonaro has been getting an illegal helping hand from a group of Brazilian entrepreneurs who are bankrolling a campaign to bombard WhatsApp users with fake news about Haddad."[81] The suspicions led to a formal investigation by electoral authorities and the Federal Police; Bolsonaro and allies denied any wrongdoing.[82] Another controversial point was that Taíse Feijó, an adviser in Bolsonaro's government, was among those paid to feed fake news to his supporters.[83]

Stabbing attack during campaign

 
The moment Bolsonaro was attacked at the Juiz de Fora rally

Bolsonaro was stabbed in the abdomen on 6 September 2018 while campaigning and interacting with supporters in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais.[84] At first, his son Flávio Bolsonaro stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in the hospital,[85] but he later said the wounds seemed worse than initially thought[86] and his father most likely would not be able to start campaigning personally before the end of the first round.[87] He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation had reached parts of the liver, lung, and intestine. He also said that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at the hospital with severe hypotension (his blood pressure was 10/3, equivalent to 100/30 mmHg), but that he had since stabilized.[88][89][84] The attack was condemned by most of the other candidates in the presidential race, and by then president Michel Temer.[90] The day after the attack, Bolsonaro was transferred to the Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital in São Paulo, after a request from his family. According to the doctors, he was in an "extremely stable" condition.[91]

Police arrested the attacker and identified him as Adélio Bispo de Oliveira, who, according to security agents, claimed he was on "a mission from God".[92] He had been a member of the Socialism and Liberty Party from 2007 to 2014. His social media posts included political criticisms of both Bolsonaro and Temer.[93] But an initial Federal Police investigation concluded that Adélio had no help from political organizations and acted alone.[94] A medical report produced for a second investigation concluded that Bispo is mentally disturbed, having a "permanent paranoid delusional disorder" which, according to Brazilian law, prevents him from being considered legally liable for his actions.[95] In a May 2019 decision, the Federal Court found Bispo not liable. Bolsonaro did not appeal the decision.[96]

On 29 September, a month after the attack, Bolsonaro was released from the hospital and returned to his home in Rio de Janeiro. His condition prevented him from returning to the campaign trail for the remainder of the first round of the presidential election.[97] The first federal police investigation into the attack concluded that the attacker acted alone, but the investigation "leaves out many issues".[98] Bolsonaro said he did not observe "any effort by former minister Sergio Moro to resolve the matter."[96] Joaquim de Carvalho has said that the police left out of their investigation the search for information by a mastermind of the attack or even a self-attack. For this, expert medical examination of Bolsonaro and review of the medical records would be needed.[99]

Personal motto

Bolsonaro's personal motto, which he established in 2016, is John 8:32: "The truth will set you free".[100][101][102]

Protests

Main article: Ele Não movement

The same weekend he left the hospital, thousands of people took the streets in dozens of cities in Brazil to protest against Bolsonaro and his political stances, chanting "Ele não" ("Not him").[103] There were also rallies in support of the candidate in sixteen states.[104]

Presidency (2019–2022)

Main article: Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro
 
Michel Temer with Bolsonaro and his wife Michelle during the inauguration on 1 January 2019

Bolsonaro was sworn in as President of the Republic on 1 January 2019, succeeding Michel Temer.[105] Bolsonaro began to get his cabinet together before his inauguration, choosing economist Paulo Guedes as his Economy minister and astronaut Marcos Pontes as his Science and Technology minister.[106] Bolsonaro initially said his cabinet would be composed of 15 members; this figure later rose to 22 when he announced his final minister, Ricardo Salles, in December. His predecessor, Michel Temer, had a cabinet of 29 members.[107]

Bolsonaro's initial cabinet was composed of 16 ministers, two cabinet-level positions, and four presidential secretaries, including Chief of Staff Onyx Lorenzoni.[107] Bolsonaro's ministers included Operation Car Wash judge Sérgio Moro as Justice minister and congresswoman Tereza Cristina as minister of Agriculture.[108][109] Bolsonaro placed many army officers in key positions in his cabinet. Before his inauguration, he said he would fill positions in his government based only on technical qualifications and skills rather than ideological sympathy; however, many appointees clashed ideologically with the government during his presidency and fell out of favor with Bolsonaro.[110] By June 2020, the ministers of Justice and Education, the Secretary of Government, the head of the postal service and other government officials had already resigned.[111]

Early in his administration, Bolsonaro focused primarily on domestic and economic issues, ranging from tax reform to changes in social security, but he faced an uphill battle with Congress.[112] Bolsonaro stripped the indigenous affairs agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous lands, arguing that those territories have tiny, isolated populations who would be controlled by NPOs, and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. Critics feared that such integration would force Brazilian Amerindians to suffer cultural assimilation.[4] Argentine President Mauricio Macri was the first foreign leader Bolsonaro received on a state visit to Brasília after he became president.[113]

 
Bolsonaro in 2020

The second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela took place nine days after Bolsonaro's inauguration. The disputed results of the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election led to the Venezuelan presidential crisis, as the National Assembly rejected the results, considered Maduro an illegitimate ruler since his first term of office ended, and appointed Juan Guaidó as acting president. Bolsonaro did not attend Maduro's inauguration and recognized Guaidó as the legitimate ruler of Venezuela, alongside Mauricio Macri from Argentina and Donald Trump from the US, among others.[114] He said that "We will continue doing everything possible to re-establish order, democracy and freedom there".[115]

After his first year in power, Bolsonaro's popularity steadily declined. A Datafolha survey, published on 21 May 2019, showed that 34% of respondents described Bolsonaro's administration as "great or good"; 26% as "regular", 36% as "bad or awful", while 4% did not respond. This was the first time more Brazilians rejected the politics of Bolsonaro than affirmed it.[116] Meanwhile, after allegations of campaign-finance fraud, Bolsonaro fired Gustavo Bebianno, a top adviser and general secretary for the president. His party was accused of diverting public campaign funds to candidates who did not run for office.[117] In November 2019, Bolsonaro left the Social Liberal Party due to conflicts with its leadership. He attempted to form his own party, Alliance for Brazil (Portuguese: Aliança pelo Brasil),[118] but it failed to gather enough signatures to register at the Superior Electoral Court for the 2020 Brazilian municipal elections or the 2022 Brazilian general election, leaving Bolsonaro without a party until 2021.[119][120]

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, Bolsonaro and his administration were accused of downplaying the crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid-2020.[121] Bolsonaro claimed that COVID-19 was no deadlier than "the flu" and that his priority was the nation's economic recovery rather than the health crisis.[122] In fact, as of early 2021, the Brazilian economy was bouncing back, albeit somewhat slowly and inconsistently, as the pandemic was still threatening to undo any economic recovery.[123] Bolsonaro continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it a "fantasy" created by the media.[124][125]

In August 2020, in the middle of the pandemic, Bolsonaro's approval rating showed signs of recovery, reaching its highest level since his inauguration.[126] In November 2020, he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available, but he later said he would support any possible vaccine if the Brazilian Health Agency deemed it safe.[127] In the same broadcast, he called face masks "the last taboo to fall".[127] In 2020, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), an international non-governmental organization that investigates crime and corruption, gave Bolsonaro its Person of the Year Award, which "recognizes the individual who has done the most in the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption". Bolsonaro received the award for "surrounding himself with corrupt figures, using propaganda to promote his populist agenda, undermining the justice system, and waging a destructive war against the Amazon region that has enriched some of the country's worst land owners."[128]

 
Bolsonaro and Trump at the G20 meeting in 2019

In early 2021, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell again, mostly due to the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination controversies, and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch.[129] Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID, Bolsonaro held a political rally in Brasília; while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, who were wearing masks, he did not.[130] In June 2021, nationwide protests erupted against Bolsonaro's response to the pandemic; in São Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100,000 protesters on the streets.[131] In July, YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus. YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether; one that was removed had shown Brazil's former health minister, Eduardo Pazuello, comparing the virus to HIV.[132] In other videos, Bolsonaro criticized efforts to stop the spread of the virus, such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine.[133]

By the end of June 2021, more members of the opposition started to call for his impeachment over his handling of the pandemic and spreading misinformation. The opposition signed a document with multiple accusations, such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus, and at least 20 other grievances.[134][135] In July 2021, Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government's greatest achievement was "two and a half years without corruption".[136] In the same month, a scandal dubbed "vaccine-gate" emerged. After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs, Bolsonaro's government made a deal to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price.[137] It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for the vaccine[138] and that the irregularities were not found in the prices of the vaccines, but in a payment of $45 million to a company in Singapore.[139] In response, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorized a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro.[140]

 
Bolsonaro and Orbán in Budapest, Hungary, in 2022

In March 2021, Bolsonaro replaced Defense Minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto; like Bolsonaro, Netto lionized the 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil. A day later, the leaders of the army, air force, and navy all resigned.[141] In April, Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would "go into the streets" if he ordered them.[142] In mid-August, the military conducted a ten-minute tank parade in Brasília, with Bolsonaro in attendance. The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years, but tanks had never been sent to the capital before. The parade was announced only a day in advance, and passed by the national congressional building, where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro's proposed election-related changes hours later. The lawmakers ultimately rejected the changes.[143][144]

On 28 July 2021, Bolsonaro appointed Ciro Noguiera, a senator who was implicated in the Odebrecht corruption case, as his chief of staff.[145] In early August 2021, Bolsonaro threatened to respond with unconstitutional measures to an investigation over his baseless allegations of fraud vulnerabilities in Brazil's electronic voting system, because he deemed that investigation unconstitutional. Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes had approved the investigation.[146] In mid-August 2021, Bolsonaro warned of a potential "institutional rupture", while urging the Brazilian Senate to charge de Moraes and another Supreme Court Judge, Luis Roberto Barroso, the leader of the electoral court.[147] On 26 October 2021, a senate committee approved a report calling for Bolsonaro to face criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, for his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic.[148]

Without a political party, Bolsonaro began to negotiate his entrance in one in preparation for the 2022 Brazilian general election (as the 1988 Brazilian Constitution does not allow independent politicians).[149] He negotiated with the Progressistas (PP), of which he was a member from 1995 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2016,[150] and the Social Christian Party (PSC), of which he was a member from 2016 to 2018,[151] the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB),[152] Brazilian Woman's Party (PMB),[153] Christian Democracy (DC), Party of National Mobilization (PMN),[151] the Republicans and Patriot (PATRI).[154] On 30 November 2021, Bolsonaro and his son Senator Flávio Bolsonaro joined the Liberal Party (PL).[150] According to political analysts, the choice represents the consolidation of the alliance of Bolsonaro with the Centrão,[155] a large bloc of parties without consistent ideological orientation that supports different sides of the political spectrum to gain political privileges—PL being one of them. Bolsonaro previously made deals with the Centrão for support in Congress.[156] On 23 June 2022, Bolsonaro defended his former Minister of Education, Milton Ribeiro, after the latter was arrested on corruption charges.[157]

2022 presidential election

Main article: 2022 Brazilian general election

In a runoff presidential election on 30 October, Bolsonaro was defeated by former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who took 50.9% of the votes cast.[158] Lula had won the most votes in the first round of the election on 2 October, receiving 48.43% of the votes cast: Bolsonaro received 43.20%.[159][160] In a press conference at the Palácio da Alvorada on 1 November, Bolsonaro did not acknowledge his defeat but stated that he would "comply with the Constitution". Regarding the protests by his supporters, he referred to them as "the fruit of indignation and a sense of injustice of how the electoral process unfolded", while calling on them to remain peaceful and not block roads. Shortly after his speech, the Supreme Court stated that by authorizing the transition of power he had recognized the results,[161][162] paving the way for the transition two days after Lula was recognized as the winner.[163][164] Bolsonaro left for the United States on 30 December to avoid taking part in the swearing-in ceremony of Lula, leaving Vice President Hamilton Mourão as the acting President.[165]

Post-presidency (2023–present)

On December 30, 2022, one day before Bolsonaro's term ended, he arrived in Florida and resided in Kissimmee for a couple of months.[166][167] On 8 January 2023, his supporters attacked the buildings of the Supreme Court of Brazil, the National Congress of Brazil and the Planalto Presidential Palace in an attempt to instigate a military coup d'état and reinstate Bolsonaro as president.[168] While the riots were going on, President Lula blamed Bolsonaro in a press conference.[168][169] Bolsonaro condemned the protesters in a tweet on 9 January,[170] and denied responsibility.[169] In February 2023, Bolsonaro announced that he would be returning to Brazil in March.[171] This would be the first time Bolsonaro returned to the country since December 2022.[172] Bolsonaro had entered the United States on a diplomatic visa which expired on 31 January, but the family applied for tourist visas to extend their stay in Florida.[173]

Bolsonaro returned to Brazil in March 2023 for the first time since his supporters stormed the Supreme Court, Congress, and the presidential palace two months before. Bolsonaro has stated that he returned to the country to help his party and asserted that he intended to campaign for the 2024 elections.[174] On 14 April 2023, Supreme Court judge Alexandre de Moraes ordered Bolsonaro to submit himself for questioning with the Brazilian Federal Police over the storming of the Congress.[175] On 30 June 2023, the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court barred Bolsonaro from running for public office until 2030 as a result of his attempts to undermine the validity of Brazil's 2022 democratic election, as well as for abuse of power with regards to using government channels to promote his campaign.[176][177] The decision applies to municipal, state and federal elections for the next eight years. He was prosecuted for several allegations of fraud in the 2022 Brazilian elections and situations linked to the January 8 attack on federal government buildings. The decision came after a 5–2 vote in favor of conviction. Following the decision, Bolsonaro stated his intentions to appeal.[177][178] On 31 October 2023, Bolsonaro was again convicted by the Superior Electoral Court over abuse of power for using official Brazil's Independence Day ceremony to promote himself as a candidate which is banned under the Brazilian law. Former Minister of Defence Walter Braga Netto, who also attended the ceremony, and also ran for vice president on Bolsonaro's ticket, was convicted by the Court and ruled disqualified, like Bolsonaro, to run for any office for the next eight years.[179]

In February 2024, the Brazilian Federal Police raided former government officials and ordered Bolsonaro to hand in his passport over accusations that he and his allies tried to overturn the results of the 2022 election and planned a coup d'etat.[180] In March 2024, witness documents released by the Superior Electoral Court were made public. According to two military officials, Bolsonaro had plotted to overturn the 2022 results and presented top military officials a plan to carry out a coup with the goal of keeping him in power. In his testimony, former Brazilian Army commander Marco Antônio Freire Gomes said that he had warned Bolsonaro the army would not tolerate "any act of institutional rupture", and further added that Bolsonaro's actions could result in his arrest. Former Brazilian Air Force commander Carlos Baptista Júnior testified that he tried to dissuade Bolsonaro of "any extreme measure" and expressed his belief that Freire Gomes was instrumental in avoiding the use of a legal document that Bolsonaro presented in several meetings in December 2022 to overturn the results of the election. Baptista Júnior further said that the then Brazilian Navy commander Almir Garnier told Bolsonaro he would put his troops at his disposal, and commented: "If the commander [Freire Gomes] had agreed, possibly, a coup d'etat attempt would have taken place."[181][182][183]

In late March 2024, The New York Times released a footage from internal security cameras in the Hungarian embassy in Brasilia showing Bolsonaro and his aides and bodyguards entering the building on February 12 and leaving the place on February 14. This happened after his Brazilian and Italian passports were confiscated, and Bolsonaro was prohibited from leaving the country due to an investigation about an alleged plot to carry out a military coup in Brazil. Bolsonaro was welcomed by Hungarian ambassador to Brazil Miklós Halmai who reportedly sent the embassy's local employees a message to work from home during those dates.[184] Following the report, the Brazilian Supreme Court gave Bolsonaro a 48-hours deadline to explain his stay in the embassy,[185] and the Federal Police announced it was opening an investigation into the incident; which could have been viewed as an attempt to escape justice via diplomatic asylum, since embassies are typically considered inviolable and host countries cannot enforce their law inside them without permission.[186] Media commentators and people on social media speculated this hypothesis was likely to be true citing Bolsonaro and Hungarian prime-minister Viktor Órban are both far-right politicans who share a personal friendship, and Hungary's previous granting of asylum to sanctioned former Macedonian prime minister Nikola Gruevski.[187][188] Additionally, Itamaraty (Brazil's Foreign Ministry) summoned Halmai to give explanations about Bolsonaro's two-nights stay in the embassy.[189]

On 19 March 2024, federal police formally accused Bolsanaro of fraud on his COVID-19 vaccine records.[190]

Political positions

 
Bolsonaro supported the European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement, which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.

Bolsonaro's political views have been described as Brazilian nationalist and right-wing populist in nature, and he himself as an advocate of far-right politics.[191][192] His supporters say that his views are more aligned with traditional right-wing conservatism.[193] His electorate is mainly formed by adults above the age of 34, the working middle to upper class (mainly in the southeast region of the country), conservatives in general, college graduates, some centrists and the Christian right.[194] According to some polls, Bolsonaro's main support comes from the southeast, central-west, and south regions of Brazil. His voters are usually male and white, with a noticeable gender gap, with Bolsonaro polling poorly among female voters (mustering only 18% support with this demographic).[103][195][196] Just before the 2018 election, however, it was reported that female support for him had risen to 27%.[197]

Bolsonaro is viewed as an anti-abortion,[198] anti-establishment, and pro-gun politician, voicing opposition to most forms of gun laws in Brazil, arguing that law-abiding citizens have the right to self-defense, especially those living in rural areas.[199] According to The Washington Post, "Homicides hit a record high of 63,880 last year ... Bolsonaro's solution is zero tolerance. He has called for police to use more lethal force and wants to relax gun laws so that average citizens can defend themselves."[5] Bolsonaro often rejects accusations made against him of misogyny and homophobia, and says he is not far-right but simply right-wing.[200]

Bolsonaro is known for his strong opposition to left-wing politics. Most notably, he has been a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage,[12] environmental regulations,[201] abortion,[14] affirmative action (particularly racial quotas),[15] as well as immigration,[202] particularly from Haiti, Africa and the Middle East, which he once called "the scum of humanity".[192] He has also opposed drug liberalization,[16] land reforms,[203] and secularism at the federal level,[16] among other things.[204] Additionally, he made statements in defense of the Brazilian military regime,[205] (a dictatorship known for constant human rights violations).[206] He argues that torture is a "legitimate practice" and says that he would try to pass new legislation regarding the introduction of life imprisonment to the Brazilian penal code.[207] Bolsonaro supports the privatization of state-owned companies and advocates free-market policies,[208] although critics have stated that his policy-making record does not in fact show him to be a supporter of economic liberalism.[209]

 
Bolsonaro and Charles, then Prince of Wales, in October 2019

In a 2017 interview with journalist Claudio Dantas Sequeira from O Antagonista, Bolsonaro said that his views are directly aligned with the centrist to right-wing United States citizens' views on gun ownership, abortion, gender politics, and trade, despite the "left-leaning media frenzy" against him. He reiterated that he intends to reverse some disarmament laws, improve public security, and also improve trade ties with the United States, which he said were broken during Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's and Dilma Rousseff's administrations.[210]

During his long political career, Bolsonaro expressed views regarded as being far-right.[211] He has made statements that some people considered insulting, homophobic,[212] violence-inciting,[213][214][215] misogynistic, sexist,[216][214][215] racist,[217][214][215] or anti-refugee.[218] Other controversial political stances expressed by Bolsonaro have been the defense of the death penalty, which is banned under the Constitution of Brazil of 1988, and of radical interventionism in Brazil by the military, along with an imposition of a Brazilian military government.[16][219]

Journalist Glenn Greenwald called Bolsonaro "the most misogynistic, hateful elected official in the democratic world".[220] News.com.au wondered whether Bolsonaro was "the world's most repulsive politician".[217] British news magazine The Economist referred to him as a "radical", "religious nationalist", a "right-wing demagogue", and "apologist of dictators".[221] Federico Finchelstein, scholar on fascism and populism, has considered Bolsonaro, as he would link violence to austerity and neoliberal economic ideas, to be the most similar leader to Augusto Pinochet to come out from the young South American democracies.[222] Leonardo Fontes, a postdoctoral researcher at the Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning, characterized Bolsonaro's economic views as authoritarian neoliberalism.[223]

Bolsonaro is an open admirer of former U.S. President Donald Trump. During Bolsonaro's campaign, some observers saw similarities between the two's ideals, hardline attacks and a reputation for incendiary rhetoric, as well as social media presence. Because of this, Bolsonaro has been called the Brazilian equivalent of Trump or the "Trump of the Tropics".[224]

Honorific order given to Olavo de Carvalho

On 1 May 2019, Bolsonaro awarded Olavo de Carvalho, a Brazilian conservative writer and far-right conspiracy theorist,[225][226] the Order of Rio Branco honorific order. Carvalho, who wrote books about leftist politics in Brazil and modern issues in general, was openly admired by Bolsonaro and sarcastically called by journalists his guru.[227][228][229][230] Carvalho was sometimes harshly critical of Bolsonaro, even calling him "dumb".[231][232][233][234]

Views on the Brazilian military dictatorship

 
Bolsonaro and his son Eduardo hold up a Brazilian flag during a ceremony to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1964 military coup d'état, 1 April 2014.

Throughout his political career, Bolsonaro has made several admiring comments about the U.S.–supported Brazilian military dictatorship which ruled the country from 1964 to 1985. He said in 1993, eight years after the return of democracy, that the military regime had "led to a more sustainable and prosperous Brazil".[8] Bolsonaro has publicly referred to the military dictatorship as a "glorious" period in Brazil's history,[235] and that under the military dictatorship, Brazil enjoyed "20 years of order and progress".[235] In December 2008, Bolsonaro said that "the error of the dictatorship was that it tortured, but did not kill".[236]

Bolsonaro has also repeatedly made admiring comments about a number of other Latin American dictatorships. He praised Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori as a role model for his use of military intervention via self-coup against the judiciary and legislature.[8] In a 1998 interview with Veja magazine, Bolsonaro praised the Chilean dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, and said the Pinochet regime, which killed over 3,000 Chilean citizens, "should have killed more people".[237] In 1999, Bolsonaro said that Hugo Chávez represented "hope for Latin America", comments that became a matter of controversy during the 2018 campaign, when Bolsonaro presented himself as a harsh critic of Chavismo.[238] In 2019, already in power, Bolsonaro commended Paraguayan dictator Alfredo Stroessner as a "visionary" and "statesman", drawing immediate criticism, particularly due to multiple allegations of pedophilia against Stroessner.[239][240] The comments were made in front of Paraguayan president Mario Abdo Benítez, himself a child of Stroessner's personal secretary, Mario Abdo Benítez Sr.[241]

Speaking before his vote in favor of President Dilma Rousseff's impeachment amid the massive corruption scandal, Bolsonaro paid homage to Colonel Brilhante Ustra, an agent of Brazil's military dictatorship, and announced on the floor of the Chamber of Deputies that he was dedicating his pro-impeachment vote to Ustra's memory. Ustra had headed the DOI-CODI torture unit where Rousseff was allegedly tortured during the military dictatorship. Left-wing deputy Jean Wyllys spat at him after his statement during the same session. The congressman claimed to have suffered homophobic offenses from Jair Bolsonaro and his allies.[242][243]

In a TV interview with Câmera Aberta in the 1990s, Bolsonaro said that if he ever became president, he would use this as an opportunity to shut down the National Congress and instigate a military coup himself. As of 2018, he appeared to have changed his mind, and said that if someone becomes the head of the country, it would be through voting.[244] In March 2019, Bolsonaro stated that the 1964 coup d'état, which overthrew President João Goulart,[245] was not a coup, and that 31 March, the day the coup was installed, should be "properly commemorated".[246][247][248]

Foreign policy

See also: List of international presidential trips made by Jair Bolsonaro
 
Bolsonaro with former United Kingdom Prime Minister Boris Johnson, 20 September 2021

During the 2018 presidential campaign, Bolsonaro said he would make considerable changes to Brazil's foreign relations, saying that the "Itamaraty needs to be in service of the values that were always associated with the Brazilian people". He also said that the country should stop "praising dictators" and attacking democracies, such as the United States, Israel and Italy.[249] In early 2018, he affirmed that his "trip to the five democratic countries the United States, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan showed who we will be and we would like to join good people". Bolsonaro showed distrust towards China throughout the presidential campaign claiming they "[want to] buy Brazil",[250][251] although Brazil recorded a US$20 billion trade surplus with China in 2018, and China is only the 13th largest source of foreign direct investment into Brazil.[252] Bolsonaro said he wished to continue to do business with the Chinese but he also said that Brazil should "make better [economic] deals" with other countries, with no "ideological agenda" behind it.[200] His stance towards China has also been interpreted by some[who?] as an attempt to curry favor with the Trump administration to garner concessions from the US.[252] However, Bolsonaro mostly changed his position on China after he took office, saying that the two countries were "born to walk together" during his visit to Beijing in October 2019.[253][254] He also said that Brazil would stay out of the ongoing China-U.S. trade war.[253] According to Oliver Stuenkel, Bolsonaro's stance on global politics evolved from anti-China to anti-Western during his presidency.[255] In 2022, he praised the role of BRICS during the 2007–2008 financial crisis and described BRICS cooperation as a "factor of stability and prosperity in the international situation".[21]

Bolsonaro said that his first international trip as president would be to Israel.[256] Bolsonaro also said that the State of Palestine "is not a country, so there should be no embassy here", adding that "you don't negotiate with terrorists."[256] The announcement was warmly received by the prime minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, who welcomed Bolsonaro to Israel in March 2019 during the final weeks of a re-election campaign,[257] but was met with condemnation from the Arab League, which warned Bolsonaro it could damage diplomatic ties.[258] "I love Israel," Bolsonaro said in Hebrew at a welcoming ceremony, with Netanyahu at his side, at Tel Aviv's Ben-Gurion airport.[259]

 
Bolsonaro with Chinese President Xi Jinping in October 2019

Bolsonaro also praised U.S. President Donald Trump and his foreign policy,[249] and has been called "the tropical Trump".[260] His son Eduardo has indicated that Brazil should distance itself from Iran, sever ties with Nicolás Maduro's government in Venezuela and relocate Brazil's embassy in Israel to Jerusalem, although he never committed to his plan to move the embassy and instead opened a trade office in the city.[261][262] Bolsonaro is widely considered the most pro-American candidate in Brazil since the 1980s. PSL members said that if elected, he would dramatically improve relations between the United States and Brazil.[18] During an October 2017 campaign rally in Miami, he saluted the American flag and led chants of "USA! USA!" to a large crowd.[263] U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton praised Bolsonaro as a "like-minded" partner and said his victory was a "positive sign" for Latin America.[264] Bolsonaro had a fractious relationship with U.S. President Joe Biden,[265] and subsequently deepened ties with Russia, emphasising his neutrality over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[20]

At the regional level, Bolsonaro praised Argentine President Mauricio Macri for ending the 12-year rule of Néstor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, which he saw as similar to Lula and Rousseff. Although he does not have plans to leave the Mercosur, he criticized it for prioritizing ideological issues over economic ones.[266] A staunch anti-communist, Bolsonaro has condemned Cuba's former leader Fidel Castro and the current regime in that island.[267][268]

Bolsonaro praised British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, saying that he had learned from Churchill: "Patriotism, love for your fatherland, respect for your flag – something that has been lost over the last few years here in Brazil ... and governing through example, especially at that difficult moment of the Second World War."[267] Bolsonaro said he was open to the possibility of hosting a U.S. military base in Brazil to counter Russian influence in the region.[269] With the intention to persuade Trump to make Brazil a NATO member in March 2019, Bolsonaro said: "the discussions with the United States will begin in the coming months".[270][271][272][273]

 
Bolsonaro with Russian President Vladimir Putin in November 2019

With formal U.S. support for Brazil's entry to OECD in May 2019, Bolsonaro said, "currently, all 36 members of the organization support the entry of the country, fruit of confidence in the new Brazil being built, more free, open and fair".[274][275][276] In October 2019, on a state visit to China, he announced the end of the need for visas for Chinese and Indian entry into Brazil. Brazil had already removed the need for visas for people from the U.S., Canada, Japan, and Australia.[277]

Environment and climate change

 
The deforestation rate in Brazil surged by 72% during Bolsonaro's time in office, reflecting that Amazon development was his key policy position.[278][279]

Brazil has the world's largest tropical rainforest in the Amazon basin. According to The Washington Post, "Bolsonaro is a powerful supporter of agribusiness ... and is likely to favor profits over preservation. ... Bolsonaro has chafed at foreign pressure to safeguard the Amazon rainforest, and he served notice to international nonprofit groups such as the World Wide Fund for Nature that he will not tolerate their agendas in Brazil. He has also come out strongly against lands reserved for indigenous tribes. Bolsonaro advisers additionally say that he plans to expand nuclear and hydroelectric power into the Amazon."[5]

Bolsonaro rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. He repeatedly threatened to withdraw from the Paris Agreement during his campaign.[280][281] Even before taking office, he backed out of Brazil's offer to host the 2019 UN Climate Change Conference.[282] Ernesto Araújo, the new Minister of Foreign Affairs appointed by Bolsonaro, has called global warming a plot by "cultural Marxists",[283] and eliminated the Climate Change Division of the ministry.[281] Two departments of the Ministry of the Environment dealing with climate change in Brazil and mitigation and one dealing with deforestation were also eliminated.[281]

In April 2019, the American Museum of Natural History canceled an event honoring Bolsonaro after facing heavy public criticism, including from New York Mayor Bill de Blasio. The museum's directorate justified its decision in a statement, "With mutual respect for the work and goals of our organizations, we jointly agreed that the Museum is not the optimal location for the Brazilian-Am. Chamber of Commerce gala dinner. This traditional event will go forward at another location on the original date and time."[284] Bolsonaro supported plans to open the Reserva Nacional do Cobre e Associados (Renca) Amazonian reserve in Brazil's northern states of Pará and Amapá to commercial mining.[285]

 
Bolsonaro, French President Emmanuel Macron and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman at the 2019 G20 Osaka summit

Destruction of the Amazon rainforest increased by 88% for the month of June 2019, during Bolsonaro's first year as president, as compared with the previous year, according to the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Bolsonaro rejected the agency's data as false. The INPE director was fired after he rebutted Bolsonaro's criticism of the institute.[286][287][288][289] The Bolsonaro administration decreased government efforts to combat illegal logging, ranching and mining in the Amazon. Government enforcement actions such as fines, warnings and the confiscation or destruction of illegal equipment in protected areas decreased by 20% in the first half of 2018 compared to the first half of 2017.[290]

His damage to the Amazon has widely been described by indigenous groups, human rights groups, politicians, academics and journalists as an ecocide and a genocide.[291][292][293][294] Indigenous chiefs and human rights organizations have submitted an Article 15 communication to the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and genocide for harm to Indigenous people and destruction of the Amazon.[295][296][297] Another has been submitted for ecocide by indigenous chiefs.[298][299]

Christianity and secularism

Bolsonaro is a member of the Catholic Church (while his wife and one of his sons are Evangelical Christians)[300] and is registered as one with the Superior Electoral Court. In 2016, he had himself baptised along with three of his sons Flávio, Carlos and Eduardo in the Jordan River by a Pentecostal church. Sociologist Christina Vital of the Fluminense Federal University stated that this act was more than an expression of conversion to Evangelicalism and was meant to create an ambiguous religious identity, through which the Bolsonaro family could appeal to the various groups of voters.[301]

Bolsonaro reportedly attended a Baptist church for 10 years.[302] In a 2017 speech, Bolsonaro stated, "God above everything. There is no such thing as a secular state. The state is Christian, and any minority that is against this has to change, if they can."[303] He later evolved his position to keeping the country a secular state during the first round of the Brazilian presidential elections: "We are going to make a government for everyone, regardless of religion. Even for atheists. We have almost 5% of atheists in Brazil, and they have the same needs that others have."[304]

Views on women

In an interview with Zero Hora in 2015, Bolsonaro argued that men and women should not receive the same salaries, because women get pregnant, adding that he believes federal law mandating paid maternity leave harms work productivity.[305] Bolsonaro has denied saying that women should receive less than men; he claims it was statistical data by IBGE.[306] In a public speech in April 2017, Bolsonaro said he had five children, that the first four were male and that for the fifth he produced a daughter out of "a moment of weakness".[307]

 
Bolsonaro arguing with Federal Deputy Maria do Rosário in the Chamber of Deputies, 14 September 2016

Bolsonaro provoked controversy for a series of remarks made to and about Federal Deputy and former Human Rights Minister Maria do Rosário. During a Congressional debate, Bolsonaro said that minors should be treated as adults if they commit heinous crimes such as murder or rape, to which Maria do Rosário responded by calling him a "rapist".[308][309][310] Bolsonaro then stated that Congresswoman Rosário was "not worth raping; she is very ugly".[216] The remarks drew considerable condemnation throughout Brazil. In the aftermath of these remarks, Bolsonaro was tried and convicted in a Federal court in September 2015 on counts of hedonic damages against Rosário.[311] In June 2016, the Federal Supreme Court responded to a complaint filed by the Attorney General and decided to open two criminal actions against Bolsonaro. The Supreme Court ruled that he had potentially incited rape and defamed the honor of his fellow Deputy. He faced a penalty of up to six months of jail and a fine.[312] Ultimately in August 2017, an appellate court upheld a lower court's verdict which found Bolsonaro guilty and sentenced him to pay a fine to Rosário of R$10,000 (roughly equivalent to US$2,500).[313] This lawsuit was dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court as Bolsonaro was inaugurated as president in 2019 and acquired immunity from prosecution.[314]

Views on homosexuality

 
Gay Pride parade in São Paulo, June 2011

In May 2002, after then-President Fernando Henrique Cardoso attended a pro-gay-marriage gathering, Bolsonaro said, "If I see two men kissing in the street, I will beat them."[315] He later publicly defended beating gay children, saying, "If your child starts to become like that, a little bit gay, you take a whip and you change their behavior." He also said, "If a kid hangs out with someone who uses marijuana, he'll end up snorting, and if he hangs out with gay person, he definitely is going to turn into a faggot."[316]

In a June 2011 interview with Playboy, Bolsonaro said, "I would be incapable of loving a gay son", and added that he would prefer any gay son of his "to die in an accident".[317] In an interview that same month with Jornal de Notícias, Bolsonaro linked homosexuality to pedophilia, saying, "many of the children who are adopted by gay couples will be abused by these couples".[318] He further argued that Brazil does not need legislation specifically targeting homophobia, because "most homosexuals are murdered by their respective pimps at hours when good citizens are already asleep".[16] In British actor Stephen Fry's 2013 documentary Out There, Bolsonaro said, "no father is ever proud of having a gay son" and "we Brazilians do not like homosexuals".[319]

 
Bolsonaro and his son, Eduardo, together with fellow congressman Marco Feliciano, watching as a couple of protesters for LGBT rights kiss on the floor of the Committee on Culture of the Chamber of Deputies, May 2016

In a March 2016 video interview for Vice with Elliot Page, an openly lesbian actress at the time, Page asked Bolsonaro whether he should have been beaten as a child (alluding to Bolsonaro's public statements that gay children should be beaten). Bolsonaro replied, "You are very nice. If I were a cadet in the military academy and saw you on the street, I would whistle at you. All right? You are very pretty."[320] Bolsonaro added, "Over time, due to liberal habits, drugs, with women also working, the number of homosexuals has really increased."[320]

On 9 November 2017, the Court of Justice for the State of Rio de Janeiro sentenced Bolsonaro to pay a fine of R$150,000 for hate speech because of televised comments he made in 2011 to the CQC TV program, when Bolsonaro stated that "there is no risk" of his family producing a homosexual child because his children had a "good education". Judge Luciana Teixeira said that the deputy had abused his right of free expression to commit a wrongful act. "You cannot deliberately attack and humiliate, ignoring the principles of equality, just because you invoke freedom of expression," said the judge.[321]

However, on 11 January 2016, when he began to present himself as a pre-candidate to the Presidency of Brazil, Bolsonaro began to moderate his discourse on gay people by publishing a video on his official YouTube channel:

I have nothing to do with anyone's behavior. If the man and the woman later decide to live with their partner, to form a couple, to live with a same-sex person, go and be happy. But we cannot admit that, by our omission in the Parliament, children become homosexuals in the future, or have such homosexual behavior in the future, by the influence of school. That is inadmissible.[322]

Since then, Bolsonaro states he has nothing against gays and that he fights only the "gay kit" in schools.[323] On 4 October 2018, for example, Bolsonaro said:

Each person, after a certain age, owner of their acts, will take care of their life. For six-year-old children, it cannot be. A father does not want to come home and see his son playing with a doll by the influence of school. Homosexuals will be happy if I become president.[324]

That same month, shortly before the first round of the Brazilian presidential elections, he said: "We are going to make a government for everybody. For gays, and some gays are fathers, who are mothers. It is a work for everyone".[304] After being elected president, when asked by William Bonner in the Jornal Nacional about what he would say to those who are more prejudiced and aggressive against gays, Bolsonaro replied: "The aggression against a fellow man has to be punished in the way of law. And if [such aggression is committed] for a reason like this, you have to have your sentence increased."[325]

Views on political violence

 
Bolsonaro visits the Federal Senate, March 2016.

On multiple occasions, Bolsonaro has publicly endorsed physical violence as a legitimate and necessary form of political action. In 1999, when he was 44 years old and a representative in the Brazilian Congress, Bolsonaro said during a TV interview that the only way of "changing" Brazil was by "killing thirty thousand people, beginning with Fernando Henrique Cardoso" (then President of Brazil).[326] During the 2018 campaign, he stated during a rally in Acre that the local "petralhas" (a derogatory term for members of the Workers' Party) would be "shot"; according to his aides, the statement was a "joke".[327] One week before the second round, Bolsonaro said during a speech that in his administration "petralhas" and "reds" (i.e. leftists) would be arrested, purged or taken to the "corner of the beach", a term that was later revealed to mean a Navy base where dissidents of the Brazilian military dictatorship were murdered.[66]

In 1999, talking about Chico Lopes, a former president of the Brazilian Central Bank who invoked his right to remain silent during a Congress hearing, Bolsonaro declared himself in favor of torture in this sort of situation.[328] Asked about this phrase years later, Bolsonaro said: "Ask the father of a kidnapped child what he would like him to do to discover [where the kid is]. You have to take brutal measures, which some consider torture".[329]

Views on race

Throughout his political career, Bolsonaro has made numerous statements that have been described as racist.[330] In 2011, when asked by Afro-Brazilian singer Preta Gil on TV show Custe o Que Custar (CQC) what he would do if one of his sons had a Black girlfriend, he answered that he "would not discuss promiscuity" and that there was "no such risk", because his children were "very well educated". Bolsonaro later claimed that he was misunderstood and denied promoting racism, although he stood by his attacks on gay people.[331]

In 2017, in an event at the Hebraica club in Rio de Janeiro, Bolsonaro promised to abolish all indigenous and Quilombola territories in Brazil, saying that he would not cede "a centimiter" of land to these groups. He also claimed to have visited a quilombo, a settlement formed by descendants of enslaved people, accusing Afro-Brazilians who lived there of being lazy and unproductive. The politician also claimed that the "least heavy" of the quilombolas weighed seven arrobas, a unit of measure that is used in Brazil to weigh cattle.[332] These comments have been criticized as an attempt to dehumanize Black Brazilians.[333]

Bolsonaro is a strong opponent of affirmative action, and has criticized the Brazilian racial quotas system in universities as a way of dividing society that is at odds with equality between citizens.[334] In 2011, he was accused of racism after questioning the capabilities of Black and indigenous graduates who benefitted from affirmative action, claiming that he would not fly on an airplane piloted by one of them, nor accept a doctor who was admitted to a university through racial quotas to perform surgery on him.[15]

Birth control for the poor

Bolsonaro provoked considerable controversy for public remarks made in July 2008, where he proposed to provide poor people with birth control methods, who he suggested might be too uneducated to understand family planning education. Bolsonaro said:

I wish Brazil had a family planning program. It's not even worthy to talk about education when most of these [poor] people are not prepared to receive education, therefore they won't educate themselves. Only rigid birth control can save us from chaos. An educated man and woman will hardly desire an extra child with the sole purpose of engaging in a social welfare assistance program [as it is nowadays]. We need to adopt a rigid birth control policy. We can't make demagogic speeches any longer, proposing bills and means of government to support these poor people [who] are increasingly proliferating throughout the country. ... People who aren't prepared to have children, shouldn't have them. This is what I stand for and I'm not worried about getting votes in the future. It's past time to discuss a policy to contain this demographic explosion, otherwise, we'll keep voting in this Chamber only matters such as Bolsa Família, loans for the poor, gas vouchers, etc. Methods [of birth control] have to be provided for those who, unfortunately, are ignorant and have no means to control their offspring. Because we [as upper-middle class] can control ours. Poor people don't control [theirs].[335][336][337][338]

As a Congressman, Bolsonaro put forward three bills trying to remove "virtually all" legal restrictions to surgical sterilization via the public health system, including the reduction of "the minimum age of sterilization to 21 years".[339] None of the bills were voted through.

Elections

Bolsonaro has endorsed conspiracy theories of voter fraud in past elections, including claims that attempts were made to rig the 2018 presidential election against him;[340] he has also questioned the outcome of the 2020 United States presidential election.[341] During his presidency, he has repeatedly challenged the legitimacy of electronic voting and advocated the use of paper ballots in the 2022 election.[342] Bolsonaro said that he would not accept the results of the 2022 election if electoral reforms were not implemented.[341][343] Most experts on Brazilian politics, including Defense Minister Celso Amorim, questioned the likelihood of a coup attempt, and polls found that few Bolsonaro supporters would likely endorse a coup.[342][341] In May 2022, Central Intelligence Agency director William Burns warned Bolsonaro against any further attacks on Brazil's electoral system.[343] The 2022 election occurred days after the success of far-right politician Giorgia Meloni in the 2022 Italian general election,[344] with analysts noting that Bolsonaro performed better than expected during the first round of elections and that his party's success had the potential to moderate Lula's government if Lula won the election.[345][346]

Personal life

 
Bolsonaro and two of his sons, Eduardo and Flávio, in the late 1980s

Bolsonaro has been married three times and has five children. His first wife was Rogéria Nantes Braga (with whom he has three sons: Flávio, Carlos and Eduardo). His second marriage was with Ana Cristina Valle (with whom he has a son, Renan). In 2007, he married his third and current wife Michelle de Paula Firmo Reinaldo (with whom he has a daughter, Laura).[347][348]

While working in Congress, Bolsonaro hired Michelle as a secretary and over the next two years she received unusual promotions and her salary more than tripled. He was forced to fire her after the Supreme Federal Court ruled that nepotism is illegal in the public administration.[349][350] As of 2018, Bolsonaro and his wife lived in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro.[351]

Bolsonaro has three granddaughters, two by his son Flávio[352] and one by his son Eduardo.[353] Eduardo and Flávio Bolsonaro are evangelical Protestant Christians and members of the Baptist Church in Brazil.[354] On October 25, 2018, Bolsonaro was presented with an honorary black belt by Robson Gracie despite never having trained Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[355]

Honours and awards

National honors

 
Bolsonaro wearing several Brazilian orders, decorations and medals with white tie and the presidential sash during the enthronement ceremony of Japanese Emperor Naruhito, October 2019

Awards

  • One of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in 2019 and 2020[363][364]
  • Brazilian-American Chamber of Commerce's 2019 Person of the Year[365]
  • OCCRP's 2020 Person of the Year "for his role in promoting organized crime and corruption"[366]
  • On 25 October 2021, Bolsonaro was recognized as an honorary citizen by the city council of Anguillara Veneta, Italy, his paternal grandfather's hometown.[367] This aroused reactions in Italy.[368]

Electoral history

Presidential

Election First round Second round
Votes % Position Result Votes % Position Result
2018 49,276,990 46.0 No. 1 Run-off 57,797,847 55.1 No. 1 Elected
2022 51,072,345 43.20 No. 2 Run-off 58,206,354 49.1 No. 2 Not Elected

Chamber of Deputies

Election
Party Votes % Position in Rio de Janeiro State Result
1990 PDC 67,041 n/a n/a Elected[369]
1994 PPR 111,927 2.5 No. 3 Elected[370]
1998 PPB 102,893 1.4 No. 10 Elected[371]
2002 PPB 88,945 1.1 No. 21[372] Elected[373]
2006 PP 99,700 1.2 No. 14[374] Elected[375]
2010 PP 120,646 1.5 No. 11[376] Elected[377]
2014 PP 464,572 6.1 No. 1[376] Elected[378]

In popular culture

Bolsonaro is the topic of the main story on the September 25, 2022 episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver.[379][380]

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January 01, 1970
jair, bolsonaro, bolsonaro, redirects, here, surname, bolsonaro, surname, jair, messias, bolsonaro, brazilian, portuguese, ʒaˈiʁ, meˈsi, bowsoˈnaɾu, born, march, 1955, brazilian, politician, retired, military, officer, served, 38th, president, brazil, from, 20. Bolsonaro redirects here For the surname see Bolsonaro surname Jair Messias Bolsonaro Brazilian Portuguese ʒaˈiʁ meˈsi ɐz bowsoˈnaɾu born 21 March 1955 is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who served as the 38th president of Brazil from 2019 to 2023 He previously served as member of Brazil s Chamber of Deputies from 1991 to 2018 His ExcellencyJair BolsonaroBolsonaro in 2019President of BrazilIn office 1 January 2019 1 January 2023Vice PresidentHamilton MouraoPreceded byMichel TemerSucceeded byLuiz Inacio Lula da SilvaFurther offices heldMember of the Chamber of DeputiesIn office 1 February 1991 31 December 2018ConstituencyRio de JaneiroCouncillor of Rio de JaneiroIn office 1 January 1989 31 January 1991ConstituencyAt largePersonal detailsBorn 1955 03 21 21 March 1955 age 69 Glicerio Sao Paulo BrazilPolitical partyPL since 2021 Other politicalaffiliationsSee list Independent 2019 2021 PSL 2018 2019 PSC 2016 2018 PP 2005 2016 DEM 2005 PTB 2003 2005 PP 1995 2003 PPR 1993 1995 PP 1993 PDC 1988 1993 SpousesRogeria Nantes Braga m 1978 div 1997 wbr Ana Cristina Valle m 1997 div 2007 wbr Michelle de Paula m 2007 wbr Children5 including Flavio Carlos and EduardoAlma materMilitary Academy of Agulhas NegrasSignatureMilitary serviceBranch serviceBrazilian ArmyYears of service1973 1988RankCaptainCommands21st Field Artillery Group 9th Field Artillery Group 8th Parachutist Field Artillery GroupJair Bolsonaro s voice source source On TV BrasilRecorded February 2022 Bolsonaro began serving in the Brazilian Army in 1973 and graduated from the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras in 1977 He rose to publicity in 1986 after he wrote an article for Veja magazine criticizing low wages for military officers after which he was arrested and detained for fifteen days He left the army and was elected to the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro two years later In 1990 Bolsonaro was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a representative for the state of Rio de Janeiro During his 27 year tenure as a congressman he became known for his national conservatism Bolsonaro entered the 2018 Brazilian presidential election during which he started to advocate economically liberal and pro market policies 1 He led in the 7 October first round results and defeated Fernando Haddad in the 28 October runoff Bolsonaro focused on domestic affairs in his first months as president dealing primarily with the fallout of the 2014 Brazilian economic crisis The economy recovered slowly while crime rates fell sharply during the first year 2 3 He rolled back protections for Indigenous groups in the Amazon rainforest 4 and facilitated its deforestation 5 Bolsonaro s response to the COVID 19 pandemic in Brazil was criticized across the political spectrum after he sought to downplay the pandemic and its effects opposed quarantine measures and dismissed two health ministers while the death toll increased rapidly 6 In the runoff of the 2022 general election Bolsonaro lost to Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva 7 On 8 January 2023 his supporters stormed federal government buildings calling for a coup d etat On 30 June the Superior Electoral Court blocked Bolsonaro from seeking office until 2030 for attempting to undermine the validity of the election through his unfounded claims of voter fraud and for abusing his power by using government communication channels to both promote his campaign and to allege fraud Testimonies from military officials showed that Bolsonaro had allegedly planned a self coup with the military to keep himself in power A polarizing and controversial politician Bolsonaro s views and comments which have been described as far right and populist drew both praise and criticism in Brazil 8 9 10 11 He is a vocal opponent of same sex marriage 12 13 abortion 14 affirmative action 15 drug liberalization and secularism 16 In foreign policy he has advocated closer relations with Israel and with the United States 17 18 later in his presidency he also made efforts to improve relations with the BRICS countries 19 20 21 Contents 1 Early life 2 Military career 3 Early political career 3 1 Councilor of Rio de Janeiro 1989 1991 3 2 Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro 1991 2018 4 Presidential campaign 2018 4 1 Stabbing attack during campaign 4 2 Personal motto 4 3 Protests 5 Presidency 2019 2022 5 1 2022 presidential election 6 Post presidency 2023 present 7 Political positions 7 1 Honorific order given to Olavo de Carvalho 7 2 Views on the Brazilian military dictatorship 7 3 Foreign policy 7 4 Environment and climate change 7 5 Christianity and secularism 7 6 Views on women 7 7 Views on homosexuality 7 8 Views on political violence 7 9 Views on race 7 10 Birth control for the poor 7 11 Elections 8 Personal life 9 Honours and awards 9 1 National honors 9 2 Awards 10 Electoral history 10 1 Presidential 10 2 Chamber of Deputies 11 In popular culture 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksEarly lifeBolsonaro was born on 21 March 1955 in Glicerio Sao Paulo 22 in southeast Brazil to Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro and Olinda Bonturi 23 24 His family is mostly of Italian descent with German ancestry as well On his father s side he is the great grandson of Italians from Veneto and Calabria 25 Bolsonaro s paternal grandfather s family comes from Veneto more precisely Anguillara Veneta in the province of Padua His great grandfather Vittorio Bolzonaro the surname was originally written with a z was born on 12 April 1878 Vittorio s parents immigrated to Brazil when he was ten together with his siblings Giovanna and Tranquillo 26 25 His German ancestry came from his father s maternal grandfather Carl Carlos Hintze born in Hamburg around 1876 who immigrated to Brazil in 1883 25 His maternal grandparents were born in Lucca in Tuscany and went to live in Brazil in the 1890s 25 On 21 January 2022 his mother Olinda Bonturi Bolsonaro died at age 94 His father Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro died in 1995 27 Bolsonaro spent most of his childhood moving around Sao Paulo with his family living in Ribeira Jundiai and Sete Barras before settling in Eldorado in the state s southern region in 1966 where he grew up with his five brothers 28 His first name is a tribute to Jair da Rosa Pinto a football player for Palmeiras with whom he shares a birthday 29 30 Military career nbsp Jair left with his parents at the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras in 1979 nbsp Bolsonaro in 1986 In his final years in high school Bolsonaro was admitted to the Escola Preparatoria de Cadetes do Exercito the prep school of the Brazilian Army which he entered in 1973 In 1974 he went to the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras Brazil s main military academy graduating in 1977 as an artillery officer He served in the 9th Field Artillery Group in Nioaque Mato Grosso do Sul Later he studied at the Army Physical Training School in Rio de Janeiro and served in the 21st Field Artillery Group and the 8th Paratrooper Field Artillery Group from the Paratrooper Brigade both in the same city His superior officers said he was aggressive and had excessive ambition to get financial and economical gain 8 31 The assessment referred to Bolsonaro s attempt to mine gold in Bahia state according to him the activity was only a hobby and mental hygiene In 1987 he studied in the Officers Improvement School where he made the Artillery Advanced Course Bolsonaro s first rise to publicity came in 1986 when he gave an interview to the news magazine Veja He complained about low military salaries and claimed that the High Command was firing officers due to budgetary cuts and not because they were displaying deviations of conduct as the command was telling the press 32 Despite being reprimanded by his superiors Bolsonaro received praise from fellow officers and wives of military men becoming a household name for hardliners and right wingers who were growing disenchanted with Brazil s new civilian democratic government 33 In October 1987 Bolsonaro faced a new accusation Veja reported that with an Army colleague he had plans to plant bombs in military units in Rio de Janeiro After Bolsonaro called the allegation a fantasy the magazine published in its next issue sketches in which the plan was detailed The drawings had allegedly been made by Bolsonaro Official records unearthed by the newspaper O Estado de S Paulo in 2018 detailed the case After an investigation by an administrative military bureau named Justification Board Bolsonaro was unanimously considered guilty According to this board Bolsonaro had a serious personality deviation and a professional deformation lack of moral courage to leave the Army and lied throughout the process when denying frequent contacts with Veja The Supreme Military Court then analyzed the case The general in charge of reporting the case voted to acquit Bolsonaro arguing that he had already been penalized for the initial Veja article that there was no testimonial evidence of his plans to plant bombs and that there were deep contradictions in the four graphological exams two of which failed to conclude that Bolsonaro was the author of the sketches Bolsonaro was acquitted by the majority of the court 9 v 4 votes In December 1988 just after this ruling he left the Army to begin his political career He served in the military for 15 years reaching the rank of captain 34 Early political careerCouncilor of Rio de Janeiro 1989 1991 nbsp Bolsonaro as Rio de Janeiro city councilor in March 1990 In October of the same year he was elected Federal Deputy for the city Bolsonaro entered politics in 1988 elected city councilor in Rio de Janeiro representing the Christian Democratic Party PDC According to the biography by his son Flavio Bolsonaro was a candidate for councilor because it happened to be the only option he had at the moment to avoid persecution by some superiors His entry into politics happened by chance for his desire was to continue in his military career 35 Bolsonaro spent only two years in the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro He was described as a quiet discreet and conservative councilor and showed little participation 36 His term as councilor was used mainly to give visibility to military causes such as retirement benefits for former officers 35 Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro 1991 2018 In the 1990 elections Bolsonaro was elected a federal deputy for the Christian Democratic Party He served seven consecutive terms from 1991 to 2018 He has been affiliated with several other Brazilian political parties over the years In 2014 he was the congressman who gained the most votes in Rio de Janeiro with 465 000 37 Bolsonaro s name was listed on the Lista de Furnas pt a list detailing a corruption and money laundering scheme involving the state owned electricity company Eletrobras Furnas 38 He received housing assistance for deputies who do not have residences in Brasilia despite having an apartment in the southwest of Brasilia He has later admitted that he considers this practice of his immoral 39 He has also been accused of engaging in fuel allowance fraud 40 In his 27 years of service in the Brazilian National Congress Bolsonaro put forward one constitutional amendment and at least 171 bills two of which became law 41 Bolsonaro who claims to be persecuted by the left wing parties said most congressmen do not vote according to their agenda but by who the author of the bill is 42 In January 2018 Bolsonaro abandoned the Social Christian Party and switched to the Social Liberal Party PSL citation needed After his arrival the PSL adopted conservative and right wing positions and its social liberal group Livres announced its departure from the PSL 43 44 Presidential campaign 2018 Main article Jair Bolsonaro 2018 presidential campaign On 22 July 2018 the PSL nominated Bolsonaro for president in the 2018 election 45 The Brazilian Labour Renewal Party also endorsed him His coalition name was Brazil above everything God above everyone Brasil acima de tudo Deus acima de todos 46 47 Though contested by two lawsuits the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil deferred them and his candidacy was made official on 6 August 48 In August Bolsonaro announced that Antonio Hamilton Mourao a retired army general would be his running mate 49 nbsp Bolsonaro supporters in London 7 October 2018 According to political pundits Bolsonaro moderated his tone early in the campaign taking a less aggressive and confrontational style Economically he started to support less government intervention in the economy in contrast to the past when he defended developmentalist policies On the other hand he maintained his tough stance on crime and his defense of traditional family values 50 Bolsonaro also said he planned to cut taxes across the board particularly on inheritances and businesses to generate growth and tackle unemployment 51 He also promised more austerity measures and cuts in government spending but had difficulty naming the areas where he would make cuts He also said he would work to diminish the federal government s size and bureaucracy by enacting a wide variety of deregulation measures 52 Bolsonaro s promises to restore security amid record high crime and to stamp out Brazil s rampant political corruption won him huge popular support 53 In October he announced he would name Paulo Guedes a liberal economist as his finance minister 54 On 9 August 2018 Bolsonaro attended the first presidential debate of the year organized by the TV network Rede Bandeirantes 55 A week later there was another debate at RedeTV 56 On 28 August he gave an interview to Jornal Nacional Brazil s highest rated primetime news program at Rede Globo 57 Bolsonaro was the first presidential candidate to raise over R 1 million in donations from the public during the 2018 campaign In the first 59 days he amassed an average of R 17 000 per day 58 After the Workers Party candidate Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was arrested in April 2018 Bolsonaro became the frontrunner according to all major opinion polls 59 60 A Datafolha poll from September showed Bolsonaro as the leading candidate in the first round with 28 of vote intentions though runoff scenarios showed him losing to Geraldo Alckmin Fernando Haddad and Ciro Gomes and tying with Marina Silva 61 Another Datafolha poll conducted the week before election day showed a considerable surge for Bolsonaro who had 40 of vote intentions or 36 when null or blank vote intentions were included Haddad came in second with 25 and Gomes third with 15 62 nbsp Bolsonaro is known for his finger gun gesture which he used during the presidential campaign The first round of the election occurred on 7 October 2018 Bolsonaro finished in first place with 46 of the popular vote 49 2 million Since he failed to win over 50 he faced the second place finisher Haddad in a runoff held on 28 October 2018 63 After the first round when his victory looked certain Bolsonaro gave a speech by videolink to thousands of supporters who gathered at Paulista Avenue in Sao Paulo In the speech he threatened to arrest purge or kill reds and petralhas a derogatory term for Workers Party members and promised that members of the social movements MST and MTST would be treated as terrorists He said This time the clean up will be even greater This group reds if they want to stay will have to abide by our laws These red outlaws will be banned from our homeland Either they go overseas or they go to jail Petralhada you all go to the edge of the beach It will be a cleaning never seen in the history of Brazil 64 65 The edge of the beach a Bolsonaro aide later confirmed was a reference to a Navy base at Restinga da Marambaia in Rio de Janeiro State where the Brazilian military dictatorship tortured and killed dissidents 66 The speech was widely condemned by rivals journalists and politicians 67 68 69 70 Bolsonaro won the runoff election with 55 13 of the votes and was elected the 38th president of Brazil 71 72 73 He took office on 1 January 2019 74 During the campaign academics repeatedly raised concerns about the consequences of Bolsonaro s rise for Brazilian democracy In the news magazine Foreign Policy Federico Finchelstein a historian at the New School for Social Research who specializes in fascism wrote Bolsonaro s vocabulary recalls the rhetoric behind Nazi policies of persecution and victimization But does sounding like a Nazi make him a Nazi Insomuch as he believes in holding elections he is not there yet However things could change quickly if he gains power 75 Jason Stanley a Yale philosopher who has published widely on Nazism said that Bolsonaro uses more tactics associated to fascism than the American president Donald Trump 76 Harvard s Steven Levitsky said that Bolsonaro is clearly authoritarian but not a fascist 77 Similar concerns were raised by analysts in Portugal 78 and Brazil 79 Others such as Marxist historian Perry Anderson dismissed the fascist and populist labels altogether 80 Another highly controversial aspect of the campaign was the alleged use of illegal digital communication strategies by some of Bolsonaro s most important financial supporters According to an investigation by Folha de S Paulo one of Brazil s bestselling newspapers Bolsonaro has been getting an illegal helping hand from a group of Brazilian entrepreneurs who are bankrolling a campaign to bombard WhatsApp users with fake news about Haddad 81 The suspicions led to a formal investigation by electoral authorities and the Federal Police Bolsonaro and allies denied any wrongdoing 82 Another controversial point was that Taise Feijo an adviser in Bolsonaro s government was among those paid to feed fake news to his supporters 83 Stabbing attack during campaign nbsp The moment Bolsonaro was attacked at the Juiz de Fora rally Bolsonaro was stabbed in the abdomen on 6 September 2018 while campaigning and interacting with supporters in Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais 84 At first his son Flavio Bolsonaro stated that his father s wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in the hospital 85 but he later said the wounds seemed worse than initially thought 86 and his father most likely would not be able to start campaigning personally before the end of the first round 87 He tweeted about his father s condition explaining that the perforation had reached parts of the liver lung and intestine He also said that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood arriving at the hospital with severe hypotension his blood pressure was 10 3 equivalent to 100 30 mmHg but that he had since stabilized 88 89 84 The attack was condemned by most of the other candidates in the presidential race and by then president Michel Temer 90 The day after the attack Bolsonaro was transferred to the Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital in Sao Paulo after a request from his family According to the doctors he was in an extremely stable condition 91 Police arrested the attacker and identified him as Adelio Bispo de Oliveira who according to security agents claimed he was on a mission from God 92 He had been a member of the Socialism and Liberty Party from 2007 to 2014 His social media posts included political criticisms of both Bolsonaro and Temer 93 But an initial Federal Police investigation concluded that Adelio had no help from political organizations and acted alone 94 A medical report produced for a second investigation concluded that Bispo is mentally disturbed having a permanent paranoid delusional disorder which according to Brazilian law prevents him from being considered legally liable for his actions 95 In a May 2019 decision the Federal Court found Bispo not liable Bolsonaro did not appeal the decision 96 On 29 September a month after the attack Bolsonaro was released from the hospital and returned to his home in Rio de Janeiro His condition prevented him from returning to the campaign trail for the remainder of the first round of the presidential election 97 The first federal police investigation into the attack concluded that the attacker acted alone but the investigation leaves out many issues 98 Bolsonaro said he did not observe any effort by former minister Sergio Moro to resolve the matter 96 Joaquim de Carvalho has said that the police left out of their investigation the search for information by a mastermind of the attack or even a self attack For this expert medical examination of Bolsonaro and review of the medical records would be needed 99 Personal motto Bolsonaro s personal motto which he established in 2016 is John 8 32 The truth will set you free 100 101 102 Protests Main article Ele Nao movement The same weekend he left the hospital thousands of people took the streets in dozens of cities in Brazil to protest against Bolsonaro and his political stances chanting Ele nao Not him 103 There were also rallies in support of the candidate in sixteen states 104 Presidency 2019 2022 Main article Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro nbsp Michel Temer with Bolsonaro and his wife Michelle during the inauguration on 1 January 2019 Bolsonaro was sworn in as President of the Republic on 1 January 2019 succeeding Michel Temer 105 Bolsonaro began to get his cabinet together before his inauguration choosing economist Paulo Guedes as his Economy minister and astronaut Marcos Pontes as his Science and Technology minister 106 Bolsonaro initially said his cabinet would be composed of 15 members this figure later rose to 22 when he announced his final minister Ricardo Salles in December His predecessor Michel Temer had a cabinet of 29 members 107 Bolsonaro s initial cabinet was composed of 16 ministers two cabinet level positions and four presidential secretaries including Chief of Staff Onyx Lorenzoni 107 Bolsonaro s ministers included Operation Car Wash judge Sergio Moro as Justice minister and congresswoman Tereza Cristina as minister of Agriculture 108 109 Bolsonaro placed many army officers in key positions in his cabinet Before his inauguration he said he would fill positions in his government based only on technical qualifications and skills rather than ideological sympathy however many appointees clashed ideologically with the government during his presidency and fell out of favor with Bolsonaro 110 By June 2020 the ministers of Justice and Education the Secretary of Government the head of the postal service and other government officials had already resigned 111 Early in his administration Bolsonaro focused primarily on domestic and economic issues ranging from tax reform to changes in social security but he faced an uphill battle with Congress 112 Bolsonaro stripped the indigenous affairs agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous lands arguing that those territories have tiny isolated populations who would be controlled by NPOs and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society Critics feared that such integration would force Brazilian Amerindians to suffer cultural assimilation 4 Argentine President Mauricio Macri was the first foreign leader Bolsonaro received on a state visit to Brasilia after he became president 113 nbsp Bolsonaro in 2020 The second inauguration of Nicolas Maduro in Venezuela took place nine days after Bolsonaro s inauguration The disputed results of the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election led to the Venezuelan presidential crisis as the National Assembly rejected the results considered Maduro an illegitimate ruler since his first term of office ended and appointed Juan Guaido as acting president Bolsonaro did not attend Maduro s inauguration and recognized Guaido as the legitimate ruler of Venezuela alongside Mauricio Macri from Argentina and Donald Trump from the US among others 114 He said that We will continue doing everything possible to re establish order democracy and freedom there 115 After his first year in power Bolsonaro s popularity steadily declined A Datafolha survey published on 21 May 2019 showed that 34 of respondents described Bolsonaro s administration as great or good 26 as regular 36 as bad or awful while 4 did not respond This was the first time more Brazilians rejected the politics of Bolsonaro than affirmed it 116 Meanwhile after allegations of campaign finance fraud Bolsonaro fired Gustavo Bebianno a top adviser and general secretary for the president His party was accused of diverting public campaign funds to candidates who did not run for office 117 In November 2019 Bolsonaro left the Social Liberal Party due to conflicts with its leadership He attempted to form his own party Alliance for Brazil Portuguese Alianca pelo Brasil 118 but it failed to gather enough signatures to register at the Superior Electoral Court for the 2020 Brazilian municipal elections or the 2022 Brazilian general election leaving Bolsonaro without a party until 2021 119 120 Throughout the COVID 19 pandemic in Brazil Bolsonaro and his administration were accused of downplaying the crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid 2020 121 Bolsonaro claimed that COVID 19 was no deadlier than the flu and that his priority was the nation s economic recovery rather than the health crisis 122 In fact as of early 2021 the Brazilian economy was bouncing back albeit somewhat slowly and inconsistently as the pandemic was still threatening to undo any economic recovery 123 Bolsonaro continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it a fantasy created by the media 124 125 In August 2020 in the middle of the pandemic Bolsonaro s approval rating showed signs of recovery reaching its highest level since his inauguration 126 In November 2020 he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available but he later said he would support any possible vaccine if the Brazilian Health Agency deemed it safe 127 In the same broadcast he called face masks the last taboo to fall 127 In 2020 the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project OCCRP an international non governmental organization that investigates crime and corruption gave Bolsonaro its Person of the Year Award which recognizes the individual who has done the most in the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption Bolsonaro received the award for surrounding himself with corrupt figures using propaganda to promote his populist agenda undermining the justice system and waging a destructive war against the Amazon region that has enriched some of the country s worst land owners 128 nbsp Bolsonaro and Trump at the G20 meeting in 2019 In early 2021 Bolsonaro s approval ratings fell again mostly due to the government s response to the COVID 19 pandemic vaccination controversies and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch 129 Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID Bolsonaro held a political rally in Brasilia while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards who were wearing masks he did not 130 In June 2021 nationwide protests erupted against Bolsonaro s response to the pandemic in Sao Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100 000 protesters on the streets 131 In July YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether one that was removed had shown Brazil s former health minister Eduardo Pazuello comparing the virus to HIV 132 In other videos Bolsonaro criticized efforts to stop the spread of the virus such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine 133 By the end of June 2021 more members of the opposition started to call for his impeachment over his handling of the pandemic and spreading misinformation The opposition signed a document with multiple accusations such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500 000 Brazilians from COVID 19 stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus and at least 20 other grievances 134 135 In July 2021 Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government s greatest achievement was two and a half years without corruption 136 In the same month a scandal dubbed vaccine gate emerged After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs Bolsonaro s government made a deal to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price 137 It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for the vaccine 138 and that the irregularities were not found in the prices of the vaccines but in a payment of 45 million to a company in Singapore 139 In response the Brazilian Supreme Court authorized a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro 140 nbsp Bolsonaro and Orban in Budapest Hungary in 2022 In March 2021 Bolsonaro replaced Defense Minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto like Bolsonaro Netto lionized the 1964 1985 military dictatorship in Brazil A day later the leaders of the army air force and navy all resigned 141 In April Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would go into the streets if he ordered them 142 In mid August the military conducted a ten minute tank parade in Brasilia with Bolsonaro in attendance The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years but tanks had never been sent to the capital before The parade was announced only a day in advance and passed by the national congressional building where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro s proposed election related changes hours later The lawmakers ultimately rejected the changes 143 144 On 28 July 2021 Bolsonaro appointed Ciro Noguiera a senator who was implicated in the Odebrecht corruption case as his chief of staff 145 In early August 2021 Bolsonaro threatened to respond with unconstitutional measures to an investigation over his baseless allegations of fraud vulnerabilities in Brazil s electronic voting system because he deemed that investigation unconstitutional Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes had approved the investigation 146 In mid August 2021 Bolsonaro warned of a potential institutional rupture while urging the Brazilian Senate to charge de Moraes and another Supreme Court Judge Luis Roberto Barroso the leader of the electoral court 147 On 26 October 2021 a senate committee approved a report calling for Bolsonaro to face criminal charges including crimes against humanity for his handling of the COVID 19 pandemic 148 Without a political party Bolsonaro began to negotiate his entrance in one in preparation for the 2022 Brazilian general election as the 1988 Brazilian Constitution does not allow independent politicians 149 He negotiated with the Progressistas PP of which he was a member from 1995 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2016 150 and the Social Christian Party PSC of which he was a member from 2016 to 2018 151 the Brazilian Labour Party PTB 152 Brazilian Woman s Party PMB 153 Christian Democracy DC Party of National Mobilization PMN 151 the Republicans and Patriot PATRI 154 On 30 November 2021 Bolsonaro and his son Senator Flavio Bolsonaro joined the Liberal Party PL 150 According to political analysts the choice represents the consolidation of the alliance of Bolsonaro with the Centrao 155 a large bloc of parties without consistent ideological orientation that supports different sides of the political spectrum to gain political privileges PL being one of them Bolsonaro previously made deals with the Centrao for support in Congress 156 On 23 June 2022 Bolsonaro defended his former Minister of Education Milton Ribeiro after the latter was arrested on corruption charges 157 2022 presidential election Main article 2022 Brazilian general election In a runoff presidential election on 30 October Bolsonaro was defeated by former president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva who took 50 9 of the votes cast 158 Lula had won the most votes in the first round of the election on 2 October receiving 48 43 of the votes cast Bolsonaro received 43 20 159 160 In a press conference at the Palacio da Alvorada on 1 November Bolsonaro did not acknowledge his defeat but stated that he would comply with the Constitution Regarding the protests by his supporters he referred to them as the fruit of indignation and a sense of injustice of how the electoral process unfolded while calling on them to remain peaceful and not block roads Shortly after his speech the Supreme Court stated that by authorizing the transition of power he had recognized the results 161 162 paving the way for the transition two days after Lula was recognized as the winner 163 164 Bolsonaro left for the United States on 30 December to avoid taking part in the swearing in ceremony of Lula leaving Vice President Hamilton Mourao as the acting President 165 Post presidency 2023 present On December 30 2022 one day before Bolsonaro s term ended he arrived in Florida and resided in Kissimmee for a couple of months 166 167 On 8 January 2023 his supporters attacked the buildings of the Supreme Court of Brazil the National Congress of Brazil and the Planalto Presidential Palace in an attempt to instigate a military coup d etat and reinstate Bolsonaro as president 168 While the riots were going on President Lula blamed Bolsonaro in a press conference 168 169 Bolsonaro condemned the protesters in a tweet on 9 January 170 and denied responsibility 169 In February 2023 Bolsonaro announced that he would be returning to Brazil in March 171 This would be the first time Bolsonaro returned to the country since December 2022 172 Bolsonaro had entered the United States on a diplomatic visa which expired on 31 January but the family applied for tourist visas to extend their stay in Florida 173 Bolsonaro returned to Brazil in March 2023 for the first time since his supporters stormed the Supreme Court Congress and the presidential palace two months before Bolsonaro has stated that he returned to the country to help his party and asserted that he intended to campaign for the 2024 elections 174 On 14 April 2023 Supreme Court judge Alexandre de Moraes ordered Bolsonaro to submit himself for questioning with the Brazilian Federal Police over the storming of the Congress 175 On 30 June 2023 the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court barred Bolsonaro from running for public office until 2030 as a result of his attempts to undermine the validity of Brazil s 2022 democratic election as well as for abuse of power with regards to using government channels to promote his campaign 176 177 The decision applies to municipal state and federal elections for the next eight years He was prosecuted for several allegations of fraud in the 2022 Brazilian elections and situations linked to the January 8 attack on federal government buildings The decision came after a 5 2 vote in favor of conviction Following the decision Bolsonaro stated his intentions to appeal 177 178 On 31 October 2023 Bolsonaro was again convicted by the Superior Electoral Court over abuse of power for using official Brazil s Independence Day ceremony to promote himself as a candidate which is banned under the Brazilian law Former Minister of Defence Walter Braga Netto who also attended the ceremony and also ran for vice president on Bolsonaro s ticket was convicted by the Court and ruled disqualified like Bolsonaro to run for any office for the next eight years 179 In February 2024 the Brazilian Federal Police raided former government officials and ordered Bolsonaro to hand in his passport over accusations that he and his allies tried to overturn the results of the 2022 election and planned a coup d etat 180 In March 2024 witness documents released by the Superior Electoral Court were made public According to two military officials Bolsonaro had plotted to overturn the 2022 results and presented top military officials a plan to carry out a coup with the goal of keeping him in power In his testimony former Brazilian Army commander Marco Antonio Freire Gomes said that he had warned Bolsonaro the army would not tolerate any act of institutional rupture and further added that Bolsonaro s actions could result in his arrest Former Brazilian Air Force commander Carlos Baptista Junior testified that he tried to dissuade Bolsonaro of any extreme measure and expressed his belief that Freire Gomes was instrumental in avoiding the use of a legal document that Bolsonaro presented in several meetings in December 2022 to overturn the results of the election Baptista Junior further said that the then Brazilian Navy commander Almir Garnier told Bolsonaro he would put his troops at his disposal and commented If the commander Freire Gomes had agreed possibly a coup d etat attempt would have taken place 181 182 183 In late March 2024 The New York Times released a footage from internal security cameras in the Hungarian embassy in Brasilia showing Bolsonaro and his aides and bodyguards entering the building on February 12 and leaving the place on February 14 This happened after his Brazilian and Italian passports were confiscated and Bolsonaro was prohibited from leaving the country due to an investigation about an alleged plot to carry out a military coup in Brazil Bolsonaro was welcomed by Hungarian ambassador to Brazil Miklos Halmai who reportedly sent the embassy s local employees a message to work from home during those dates 184 Following the report the Brazilian Supreme Court gave Bolsonaro a 48 hours deadline to explain his stay in the embassy 185 and the Federal Police announced it was opening an investigation into the incident which could have been viewed as an attempt to escape justice via diplomatic asylum since embassies are typically considered inviolable and host countries cannot enforce their law inside them without permission 186 Media commentators and people on social media speculated this hypothesis was likely to be true citing Bolsonaro and Hungarian prime minister Viktor orban are both far right politicans who share a personal friendship and Hungary s previous granting of asylum to sanctioned former Macedonian prime minister Nikola Gruevski 187 188 Additionally Itamaraty Brazil s Foreign Ministry summoned Halmai to give explanations about Bolsonaro s two nights stay in the embassy 189 On 19 March 2024 federal police formally accused Bolsanaro of fraud on his COVID 19 vaccine records 190 Political positions nbsp Bolsonaro supported the European Union Mercosur Free Trade Agreement which would form one of the world s largest free trade areas Bolsonaro s political views have been described as Brazilian nationalist and right wing populist in nature and he himself as an advocate of far right politics 191 192 His supporters say that his views are more aligned with traditional right wing conservatism 193 His electorate is mainly formed by adults above the age of 34 the working middle to upper class mainly in the southeast region of the country conservatives in general college graduates some centrists and the Christian right 194 According to some polls Bolsonaro s main support comes from the southeast central west and south regions of Brazil His voters are usually male and white with a noticeable gender gap with Bolsonaro polling poorly among female voters mustering only 18 support with this demographic 103 195 196 Just before the 2018 election however it was reported that female support for him had risen to 27 197 Bolsonaro is viewed as an anti abortion 198 anti establishment and pro gun politician voicing opposition to most forms of gun laws in Brazil arguing that law abiding citizens have the right to self defense especially those living in rural areas 199 According to The Washington Post Homicides hit a record high of 63 880 last year Bolsonaro s solution is zero tolerance He has called for police to use more lethal force and wants to relax gun laws so that average citizens can defend themselves 5 Bolsonaro often rejects accusations made against him of misogyny and homophobia and says he is not far right but simply right wing 200 Bolsonaro is known for his strong opposition to left wing politics Most notably he has been a vocal opponent of same sex marriage 12 environmental regulations 201 abortion 14 affirmative action particularly racial quotas 15 as well as immigration 202 particularly from Haiti Africa and the Middle East which he once called the scum of humanity 192 He has also opposed drug liberalization 16 land reforms 203 and secularism at the federal level 16 among other things 204 Additionally he made statements in defense of the Brazilian military regime 205 a dictatorship known for constant human rights violations 206 He argues that torture is a legitimate practice and says that he would try to pass new legislation regarding the introduction of life imprisonment to the Brazilian penal code 207 Bolsonaro supports the privatization of state owned companies and advocates free market policies 208 although critics have stated that his policy making record does not in fact show him to be a supporter of economic liberalism 209 nbsp Bolsonaro and Charles then Prince of Wales in October 2019 In a 2017 interview with journalist Claudio Dantas Sequeira from O Antagonista Bolsonaro said that his views are directly aligned with the centrist to right wing United States citizens views on gun ownership abortion gender politics and trade despite the left leaning media frenzy against him He reiterated that he intends to reverse some disarmament laws improve public security and also improve trade ties with the United States which he said were broken during Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva s and Dilma Rousseff s administrations 210 During his long political career Bolsonaro expressed views regarded as being far right 211 He has made statements that some people considered insulting homophobic 212 violence inciting 213 214 215 misogynistic sexist 216 214 215 racist 217 214 215 or anti refugee 218 Other controversial political stances expressed by Bolsonaro have been the defense of the death penalty which is banned under the Constitution of Brazil of 1988 and of radical interventionism in Brazil by the military along with an imposition of a Brazilian military government 16 219 Journalist Glenn Greenwald called Bolsonaro the most misogynistic hateful elected official in the democratic world 220 News com au wondered whether Bolsonaro was the world s most repulsive politician 217 British news magazine The Economist referred to him as a radical religious nationalist a right wing demagogue and apologist of dictators 221 Federico Finchelstein scholar on fascism and populism has considered Bolsonaro as he would link violence to austerity and neoliberal economic ideas to be the most similar leader to Augusto Pinochet to come out from the young South American democracies 222 Leonardo Fontes a postdoctoral researcher at the Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning characterized Bolsonaro s economic views as authoritarian neoliberalism 223 Bolsonaro is an open admirer of former U S President Donald Trump During Bolsonaro s campaign some observers saw similarities between the two s ideals hardline attacks and a reputation for incendiary rhetoric as well as social media presence Because of this Bolsonaro has been called the Brazilian equivalent of Trump or the Trump of the Tropics 224 Honorific order given to Olavo de Carvalho On 1 May 2019 Bolsonaro awarded Olavo de Carvalho a Brazilian conservative writer and far right conspiracy theorist 225 226 the Order of Rio Branco honorific order Carvalho who wrote books about leftist politics in Brazil and modern issues in general was openly admired by Bolsonaro and sarcastically called by journalists his guru 227 228 229 230 Carvalho was sometimes harshly critical of Bolsonaro even calling him dumb 231 232 233 234 Views on the Brazilian military dictatorship nbsp Bolsonaro and his son Eduardo hold up a Brazilian flag during a ceremony to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1964 military coup d etat 1 April 2014 Throughout his political career Bolsonaro has made several admiring comments about the U S supported Brazilian military dictatorship which ruled the country from 1964 to 1985 He said in 1993 eight years after the return of democracy that the military regime had led to a more sustainable and prosperous Brazil 8 Bolsonaro has publicly referred to the military dictatorship as a glorious period in Brazil s history 235 and that under the military dictatorship Brazil enjoyed 20 years of order and progress 235 In December 2008 Bolsonaro said that the error of the dictatorship was that it tortured but did not kill 236 Bolsonaro has also repeatedly made admiring comments about a number of other Latin American dictatorships He praised Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori as a role model for his use of military intervention via self coup against the judiciary and legislature 8 In a 1998 interview with Veja magazine Bolsonaro praised the Chilean dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet and said the Pinochet regime which killed over 3 000 Chilean citizens should have killed more people 237 In 1999 Bolsonaro said that Hugo Chavez represented hope for Latin America comments that became a matter of controversy during the 2018 campaign when Bolsonaro presented himself as a harsh critic of Chavismo 238 In 2019 already in power Bolsonaro commended Paraguayan dictator Alfredo Stroessner as a visionary and statesman drawing immediate criticism particularly due to multiple allegations of pedophilia against Stroessner 239 240 The comments were made in front of Paraguayan president Mario Abdo Benitez himself a child of Stroessner s personal secretary Mario Abdo Benitez Sr 241 Speaking before his vote in favor of President Dilma Rousseff s impeachment amid the massive corruption scandal Bolsonaro paid homage to Colonel Brilhante Ustra an agent of Brazil s military dictatorship and announced on the floor of the Chamber of Deputies that he was dedicating his pro impeachment vote to Ustra s memory Ustra had headed the DOI CODI torture unit where Rousseff was allegedly tortured during the military dictatorship Left wing deputy Jean Wyllys spat at him after his statement during the same session The congressman claimed to have suffered homophobic offenses from Jair Bolsonaro and his allies 242 243 In a TV interview with Camera Aberta in the 1990s Bolsonaro said that if he ever became president he would use this as an opportunity to shut down the National Congress and instigate a military coup himself As of 2018 update he appeared to have changed his mind and said that if someone becomes the head of the country it would be through voting 244 In March 2019 Bolsonaro stated that the 1964 coup d etat which overthrew President Joao Goulart 245 was not a coup and that 31 March the day the coup was installed should be properly commemorated 246 247 248 Foreign policy See also List of international presidential trips made by Jair Bolsonaro nbsp Bolsonaro with former United Kingdom Prime Minister Boris Johnson 20 September 2021 During the 2018 presidential campaign Bolsonaro said he would make considerable changes to Brazil s foreign relations saying that the Itamaraty needs to be in service of the values that were always associated with the Brazilian people He also said that the country should stop praising dictators and attacking democracies such as the United States Israel and Italy 249 In early 2018 he affirmed that his trip to the five democratic countries the United States Israel Japan South Korea and Taiwan showed who we will be and we would like to join good people Bolsonaro showed distrust towards China throughout the presidential campaign claiming they want to buy Brazil 250 251 although Brazil recorded a US 20 billion trade surplus with China in 2018 and China is only the 13th largest source of foreign direct investment into Brazil 252 Bolsonaro said he wished to continue to do business with the Chinese but he also said that Brazil should make better economic deals with other countries with no ideological agenda behind it 200 His stance towards China has also been interpreted by some who as an attempt to curry favor with the Trump administration to garner concessions from the US 252 However Bolsonaro mostly changed his position on China after he took office saying that the two countries were born to walk together during his visit to Beijing in October 2019 253 254 He also said that Brazil would stay out of the ongoing China U S trade war 253 According to Oliver Stuenkel Bolsonaro s stance on global politics evolved from anti China to anti Western during his presidency 255 In 2022 he praised the role of BRICS during the 2007 2008 financial crisis and described BRICS cooperation as a factor of stability and prosperity in the international situation 21 Bolsonaro said that his first international trip as president would be to Israel 256 Bolsonaro also said that the State of Palestine is not a country so there should be no embassy here adding that you don t negotiate with terrorists 256 The announcement was warmly received by the prime minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu who welcomed Bolsonaro to Israel in March 2019 during the final weeks of a re election campaign 257 but was met with condemnation from the Arab League which warned Bolsonaro it could damage diplomatic ties 258 I love Israel Bolsonaro said in Hebrew at a welcoming ceremony with Netanyahu at his side at Tel Aviv s Ben Gurion airport 259 nbsp Bolsonaro with Chinese President Xi Jinping in October 2019 Bolsonaro also praised U S President Donald Trump and his foreign policy 249 and has been called the tropical Trump 260 His son Eduardo has indicated that Brazil should distance itself from Iran sever ties with Nicolas Maduro s government in Venezuela and relocate Brazil s embassy in Israel to Jerusalem although he never committed to his plan to move the embassy and instead opened a trade office in the city 261 262 Bolsonaro is widely considered the most pro American candidate in Brazil since the 1980s PSL members said that if elected he would dramatically improve relations between the United States and Brazil 18 During an October 2017 campaign rally in Miami he saluted the American flag and led chants of USA USA to a large crowd 263 U S National Security Advisor John Bolton praised Bolsonaro as a like minded partner and said his victory was a positive sign for Latin America 264 Bolsonaro had a fractious relationship with U S President Joe Biden 265 and subsequently deepened ties with Russia emphasising his neutrality over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 20 At the regional level Bolsonaro praised Argentine President Mauricio Macri for ending the 12 year rule of Nestor and Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner which he saw as similar to Lula and Rousseff Although he does not have plans to leave the Mercosur he criticized it for prioritizing ideological issues over economic ones 266 A staunch anti communist Bolsonaro has condemned Cuba s former leader Fidel Castro and the current regime in that island 267 268 Bolsonaro praised British Prime Minister Winston Churchill saying that he had learned from Churchill Patriotism love for your fatherland respect for your flag something that has been lost over the last few years here in Brazil and governing through example especially at that difficult moment of the Second World War 267 Bolsonaro said he was open to the possibility of hosting a U S military base in Brazil to counter Russian influence in the region 269 With the intention to persuade Trump to make Brazil a NATO member in March 2019 Bolsonaro said the discussions with the United States will begin in the coming months 270 271 272 273 nbsp Bolsonaro with Russian President Vladimir Putin in November 2019 With formal U S support for Brazil s entry to OECD in May 2019 Bolsonaro said currently all 36 members of the organization support the entry of the country fruit of confidence in the new Brazil being built more free open and fair 274 275 276 In October 2019 on a state visit to China he announced the end of the need for visas for Chinese and Indian entry into Brazil Brazil had already removed the need for visas for people from the U S Canada Japan and Australia 277 Environment and climate change nbsp The deforestation rate in Brazil surged by 72 during Bolsonaro s time in office reflecting that Amazon development was his key policy position 278 279 Brazil has the world s largest tropical rainforest in the Amazon basin According to The Washington Post Bolsonaro is a powerful supporter of agribusiness and is likely to favor profits over preservation Bolsonaro has chafed at foreign pressure to safeguard the Amazon rainforest and he served notice to international nonprofit groups such as the World Wide Fund for Nature that he will not tolerate their agendas in Brazil He has also come out strongly against lands reserved for indigenous tribes Bolsonaro advisers additionally say that he plans to expand nuclear and hydroelectric power into the Amazon 5 Bolsonaro rejects the scientific consensus on climate change He repeatedly threatened to withdraw from the Paris Agreement during his campaign 280 281 Even before taking office he backed out of Brazil s offer to host the 2019 UN Climate Change Conference 282 Ernesto Araujo the new Minister of Foreign Affairs appointed by Bolsonaro has called global warming a plot by cultural Marxists 283 and eliminated the Climate Change Division of the ministry 281 Two departments of the Ministry of the Environment dealing with climate change in Brazil and mitigation and one dealing with deforestation were also eliminated 281 In April 2019 the American Museum of Natural History canceled an event honoring Bolsonaro after facing heavy public criticism including from New York Mayor Bill de Blasio The museum s directorate justified its decision in a statement With mutual respect for the work and goals of our organizations we jointly agreed that the Museum is not the optimal location for the Brazilian Am Chamber of Commerce gala dinner This traditional event will go forward at another location on the original date and time 284 Bolsonaro supported plans to open the Reserva Nacional do Cobre e Associados Renca Amazonian reserve in Brazil s northern states of Para and Amapa to commercial mining 285 nbsp Bolsonaro French President Emmanuel Macron and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman at the 2019 G20 Osaka summit Destruction of the Amazon rainforest increased by 88 for the month of June 2019 during Bolsonaro s first year as president as compared with the previous year according to the National Institute for Space Research INPE Bolsonaro rejected the agency s data as false The INPE director was fired after he rebutted Bolsonaro s criticism of the institute 286 287 288 289 The Bolsonaro administration decreased government efforts to combat illegal logging ranching and mining in the Amazon Government enforcement actions such as fines warnings and the confiscation or destruction of illegal equipment in protected areas decreased by 20 in the first half of 2018 compared to the first half of 2017 290 His damage to the Amazon has widely been described by indigenous groups human rights groups politicians academics and journalists as an ecocide and a genocide 291 292 293 294 Indigenous chiefs and human rights organizations have submitted an Article 15 communication to the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and genocide for harm to Indigenous people and destruction of the Amazon 295 296 297 Another has been submitted for ecocide by indigenous chiefs 298 299 Christianity and secularism Bolsonaro is a member of the Catholic Church while his wife and one of his sons are Evangelical Christians 300 and is registered as one with the Superior Electoral Court In 2016 he had himself baptised along with three of his sons Flavio Carlos and Eduardo in the Jordan River by a Pentecostal church Sociologist Christina Vital of the Fluminense Federal University stated that this act was more than an expression of conversion to Evangelicalism and was meant to create an ambiguous religious identity through which the Bolsonaro family could appeal to the various groups of voters 301 Bolsonaro reportedly attended a Baptist church for 10 years 302 In a 2017 speech Bolsonaro stated God above everything There is no such thing as a secular state The state is Christian and any minority that is against this has to change if they can 303 He later evolved his position to keeping the country a secular state during the first round of the Brazilian presidential elections We are going to make a government for everyone regardless of religion Even for atheists We have almost 5 of atheists in Brazil and they have the same needs that others have 304 Views on women In an interview with Zero Hora in 2015 Bolsonaro argued that men and women should not receive the same salaries because women get pregnant adding that he believes federal law mandating paid maternity leave harms work productivity 305 Bolsonaro has denied saying that women should receive less than men he claims it was statistical data by IBGE 306 In a public speech in April 2017 Bolsonaro said he had five children that the first four were male and that for the fifth he produced a daughter out of a moment of weakness 307 nbsp Bolsonaro arguing with Federal Deputy Maria do Rosario in the Chamber of Deputies 14 September 2016 Bolsonaro provoked controversy for a series of remarks made to and about Federal Deputy and former Human Rights Minister Maria do Rosario During a Congressional debate Bolsonaro said that minors should be treated as adults if they commit heinous crimes such as murder or rape to which Maria do Rosario responded by calling him a rapist 308 309 310 Bolsonaro then stated that Congresswoman Rosario was not worth raping she is very ugly 216 The remarks drew considerable condemnation throughout Brazil In the aftermath of these remarks Bolsonaro was tried and convicted in a Federal court in September 2015 on counts of hedonic damages against Rosario 311 In June 2016 the Federal Supreme Court responded to a complaint filed by the Attorney General and decided to open two criminal actions against Bolsonaro The Supreme Court ruled that he had potentially incited rape and defamed the honor of his fellow Deputy He faced a penalty of up to six months of jail and a fine 312 Ultimately in August 2017 an appellate court upheld a lower court s verdict which found Bolsonaro guilty and sentenced him to pay a fine to Rosario of R 10 000 roughly equivalent to US 2 500 313 This lawsuit was dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court as Bolsonaro was inaugurated as president in 2019 and acquired immunity from prosecution 314 Views on homosexuality nbsp Gay Pride parade in Sao Paulo June 2011 In May 2002 after then President Fernando Henrique Cardoso attended a pro gay marriage gathering Bolsonaro said If I see two men kissing in the street I will beat them 315 He later publicly defended beating gay children saying If your child starts to become like that a little bit gay you take a whip and you change their behavior He also said If a kid hangs out with someone who uses marijuana he ll end up snorting and if he hangs out with gay person he definitely is going to turn into a faggot 316 In a June 2011 interview with Playboy Bolsonaro said I would be incapable of loving a gay son and added that he would prefer any gay son of his to die in an accident 317 In an interview that same month with Jornal de Noticias Bolsonaro linked homosexuality to pedophilia saying many of the children who are adopted by gay couples will be abused by these couples 318 He further argued that Brazil does not need legislation specifically targeting homophobia because most homosexuals are murdered by their respective pimps at hours when good citizens are already asleep 16 In British actor Stephen Fry s 2013 documentary Out There Bolsonaro said no father is ever proud of having a gay son and we Brazilians do not like homosexuals 319 nbsp Bolsonaro and his son Eduardo together with fellow congressman Marco Feliciano watching as a couple of protesters for LGBT rights kiss on the floor of the Committee on Culture of the Chamber of Deputies May 2016 In a March 2016 video interview for Vice with Elliot Page an openly lesbian actress at the time Page asked Bolsonaro whether he should have been beaten as a child alluding to Bolsonaro s public statements that gay children should be beaten Bolsonaro replied You are very nice If I were a cadet in the military academy and saw you on the street I would whistle at you All right You are very pretty 320 Bolsonaro added Over time due to liberal habits drugs with women also working the number of homosexuals has really increased 320 On 9 November 2017 the Court of Justice for the State of Rio de Janeiro sentenced Bolsonaro to pay a fine of R 150 000 for hate speech because of televised comments he made in 2011 to the CQC TV program when Bolsonaro stated that there is no risk of his family producing a homosexual child because his children had a good education Judge Luciana Teixeira said that the deputy had abused his right of free expression to commit a wrongful act You cannot deliberately attack and humiliate ignoring the principles of equality just because you invoke freedom of expression said the judge 321 However on 11 January 2016 when he began to present himself as a pre candidate to the Presidency of Brazil Bolsonaro began to moderate his discourse on gay people by publishing a video on his official YouTube channel I have nothing to do with anyone s behavior If the man and the woman later decide to live with their partner to form a couple to live with a same sex person go and be happy But we cannot admit that by our omission in the Parliament children become homosexuals in the future or have such homosexual behavior in the future by the influence of school That is inadmissible 322 Since then Bolsonaro states he has nothing against gays and that he fights only the gay kit in schools 323 On 4 October 2018 for example Bolsonaro said Each person after a certain age owner of their acts will take care of their life For six year old children it cannot be A father does not want to come home and see his son playing with a doll by the influence of school Homosexuals will be happy if I become president 324 That same month shortly before the first round of the Brazilian presidential elections he said We are going to make a government for everybody For gays and some gays are fathers who are mothers It is a work for everyone 304 After being elected president when asked by William Bonner in the Jornal Nacional about what he would say to those who are more prejudiced and aggressive against gays Bolsonaro replied The aggression against a fellow man has to be punished in the way of law And if such aggression is committed for a reason like this you have to have your sentence increased 325 Views on political violence nbsp Bolsonaro visits the Federal Senate March 2016 On multiple occasions Bolsonaro has publicly endorsed physical violence as a legitimate and necessary form of political action In 1999 when he was 44 years old and a representative in the Brazilian Congress Bolsonaro said during a TV interview that the only way of changing Brazil was by killing thirty thousand people beginning with Fernando Henrique Cardoso then President of Brazil 326 During the 2018 campaign he stated during a rally in Acre that the local petralhas a derogatory term for members of the Workers Party would be shot according to his aides the statement was a joke 327 One week before the second round Bolsonaro said during a speech that in his administration petralhas and reds i e leftists would be arrested purged or taken to the corner of the beach a term that was later revealed to mean a Navy base where dissidents of the Brazilian military dictatorship were murdered 66 In 1999 talking about Chico Lopes a former president of the Brazilian Central Bank who invoked his right to remain silent during a Congress hearing Bolsonaro declared himself in favor of torture in this sort of situation 328 Asked about this phrase years later Bolsonaro said Ask the father of a kidnapped child what he would like him to do to discover where the kid is You have to take brutal measures which some consider torture 329 Views on race Throughout his political career Bolsonaro has made numerous statements that have been described as racist 330 In 2011 when asked by Afro Brazilian singer Preta Gil on TV show Custe o Que Custar CQC what he would do if one of his sons had a Black girlfriend he answered that he would not discuss promiscuity and that there was no such risk because his children were very well educated Bolsonaro later claimed that he was misunderstood and denied promoting racism although he stood by his attacks on gay people 331 In 2017 in an event at the Hebraica club in Rio de Janeiro Bolsonaro promised to abolish all indigenous and Quilombola territories in Brazil saying that he would not cede a centimiter of land to these groups He also claimed to have visited a quilombo a settlement formed by descendants of enslaved people accusing Afro Brazilians who lived there of being lazy and unproductive The politician also claimed that the least heavy of the quilombolas weighed seven arrobas a unit of measure that is used in Brazil to weigh cattle 332 These comments have been criticized as an attempt to dehumanize Black Brazilians 333 Bolsonaro is a strong opponent of affirmative action and has criticized the Brazilian racial quotas system in universities as a way of dividing society that is at odds with equality between citizens 334 In 2011 he was accused of racism after questioning the capabilities of Black and indigenous graduates who benefitted from affirmative action claiming that he would not fly on an airplane piloted by one of them nor accept a doctor who was admitted to a university through racial quotas to perform surgery on him 15 Birth control for the poor Bolsonaro provoked considerable controversy for public remarks made in July 2008 where he proposed to provide poor people with birth control methods who he suggested might be too uneducated to understand family planning education Bolsonaro said I wish Brazil had a family planning program It s not even worthy to talk about education when most of these poor people are not prepared to receive education therefore they won t educate themselves Only rigid birth control can save us from chaos An educated man and woman will hardly desire an extra child with the sole purpose of engaging in a social welfare assistance program as it is nowadays We need to adopt a rigid birth control policy We can t make demagogic speeches any longer proposing bills and means of government to support these poor people who are increasingly proliferating throughout the country People who aren t prepared to have children shouldn t have them This is what I stand for and I m not worried about getting votes in the future It s past time to discuss a policy to contain this demographic explosion otherwise we ll keep voting in this Chamber only matters such as Bolsa Familia loans for the poor gas vouchers etc Methods of birth control have to be provided for those who unfortunately are ignorant and have no means to control their offspring Because we as upper middle class can control ours Poor people don t control theirs 335 336 337 338 As a Congressman Bolsonaro put forward three bills trying to remove virtually all legal restrictions to surgical sterilization via the public health system including the reduction of the minimum age of sterilization to 21 years 339 None of the bills were voted through Elections Bolsonaro has endorsed conspiracy theories of voter fraud in past elections including claims that attempts were made to rig the 2018 presidential election against him 340 he has also questioned the outcome of the 2020 United States presidential election 341 During his presidency he has repeatedly challenged the legitimacy of electronic voting and advocated the use of paper ballots in the 2022 election 342 Bolsonaro said that he would not accept the results of the 2022 election if electoral reforms were not implemented 341 343 Most experts on Brazilian politics including Defense Minister Celso Amorim questioned the likelihood of a coup attempt and polls found that few Bolsonaro supporters would likely endorse a coup 342 341 In May 2022 Central Intelligence Agency director William Burns warned Bolsonaro against any further attacks on Brazil s electoral system 343 The 2022 election occurred days after the success of far right politician Giorgia Meloni in the 2022 Italian general election 344 with analysts noting that Bolsonaro performed better than expected during the first round of elections and that his party s success had the potential to moderate Lula s government if Lula won the election 345 346 Personal life nbsp Bolsonaro and two of his sons Eduardo and Flavio in the late 1980s Bolsonaro has been married three times and has five children His first wife was Rogeria Nantes Braga with whom he has three sons Flavio Carlos and Eduardo His second marriage was with Ana Cristina Valle with whom he has a son Renan In 2007 he married his third and current wife Michelle de Paula Firmo Reinaldo with whom he has a daughter Laura 347 348 While working in Congress Bolsonaro hired Michelle as a secretary and over the next two years she received unusual promotions and her salary more than tripled He was forced to fire her after the Supreme Federal Court ruled that nepotism is illegal in the public administration 349 350 As of 2018 update Bolsonaro and his wife lived in Barra da Tijuca Rio de Janeiro 351 Bolsonaro has three granddaughters two by his son Flavio 352 and one by his son Eduardo 353 Eduardo and Flavio Bolsonaro are evangelical Protestant Christians and members of the Baptist Church in Brazil 354 On October 25 2018 Bolsonaro was presented with an honorary black belt by Robson Gracie despite never having trained Brazilian jiu jitsu 355 Honours and awardsNational honors nbsp Bolsonaro wearing several Brazilian orders decorations and medals with white tie and the presidential sash during the enthronement ceremony of Japanese Emperor Naruhito October 2019 nbsp Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco 1 January 2019 356 nbsp Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Defence Merit 8 January 2019 357 nbsp Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit 16 June 2019 358 nbsp Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit 8 January 2019 359 nbsp Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Aeronautical Merit 3 January 2019 359 nbsp Grand Collar of the Order of Labor Judicial Merit 13 August 2019 360 nbsp Grand Cross of the Order of Military Judicial Merit 28 March 2019 361 nbsp The Maua Medal of Merit 15 August 2019 362 nbsp The Peacemaker Medal 5 December 2018 362 Awards One of Time magazine s 100 most influential people in 2019 and 2020 363 364 Brazilian American Chamber of Commerce s 2019 Person of the Year 365 OCCRP s 2020 Person of the Year for his role in promoting organized crime and corruption 366 On 25 October 2021 Bolsonaro was recognized as an honorary citizen by the city council of Anguillara Veneta Italy his paternal grandfather s hometown 367 This aroused reactions in Italy 368 Electoral historyPresidential Election First round Second round Votes Position Result Votes Position Result 2018 49 276 990 46 0 No 1 Run off 57 797 847 55 1 No 1 Elected 2022 51 072 345 43 20 No 2 Run off 58 206 354 49 1 No 2 Not Elected Chamber of Deputies Election Party Votes Position in Rio de Janeiro State Result 1990 PDC 67 041 n a n a Elected 369 1994 PPR 111 927 2 5 No 3 Elected 370 1998 PPB 102 893 1 4 No 10 Elected 371 2002 PPB 88 945 1 1 No 21 372 Elected 373 2006 PP 99 700 1 2 No 14 374 Elected 375 2010 PP 120 646 1 5 No 11 376 Elected 377 2014 PP 464 572 6 1 No 1 376 Elected 378 In popular cultureBolsonaro is the topic of the main story on the September 25 2022 episode of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver 379 380 References Boghossian Bruno Carneiro Mariana 9 October 2017 Bolsonaro diz que e liberal e adota discurso que agrada investidores Bolsonaro says he is a liberal and adopts a speech that pleases investors Folha de S Paulo in Brazilian Portuguese Brasilia Archived from the original on 16 November 2018 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Slow economic recovery and China to be discussed at 2020 Brazilian Prospects Seminar Fundacao Getulio Vargas 5 March 2019 Archived from the original on 9 July 2020 Retrieved 8 July 2020 No primeiro ano do governo Bolsonaro estados garantem queda na criminalidade Fundacao Getulio Vargas in Brazilian Portuguese 5 March 2019 Archived from the original on 25 September 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