This article is about a pair of languages in China. For the language with ISO code be, see Belarusian language.
Be (native pronunciation:[ʔɑŋ˧ɓe˧]), also known as Ong Be, Bê, or Vo Limgao (Mandarin: 临高话 Lín'gāohuà), is a pair of languages spoken by 600,000 people, 100,000 of them monolingual, on the north-central coast of Hainan Island, including the suburbs of the provincial capital Haikou. The speakers are counted as part of the Han Chinese nationality in census. According to Ethnologue, it is taught in primary schools.[5]
Be speakers refer to themselves as ʔaŋ³³vo³³, with ʔaŋ³³ being the prefix for persons and vo³³ meaning 'village'.[6] Liang (1997) notes that it is similar to the autonym ŋaːu¹¹fɔːn¹¹ (from ŋaːu¹¹ 'person' and fɔːn¹¹ 'village'), by which Gelong 仡隆 (Cun language) speakers refer to themselves.
Classificationedit
The Be languages are a pair of Kra–Dai languages, but its precise relationship to other branches within the Kra-Dai family has yet not been conclusively determined. Hansell (1988)[2] considers Be to be a sister of the Tai branch based on shared vocabulary, and proposes a Be–Tai grouping.
Based on toponymic evidence from place names with the prefix dya- (调 diao), Jinfang Li considers Be to have originated from the Leizhou peninsula of Guangdong province.[7] Liang (1997:16) considers Be to have migrated to Hainan from the Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong about 2,500 years ago during the Warring States Period, but not over 3,000 years ago. Liang & Zhang (1996:21–25)[8] also believe that Be had migrated from the Leizhou Peninsula to northern Hainan about 2,500 years ago during the Warring States period.
Weera Ostapirat (1998),[9] analyzing data from Zhang (1992),[10] notes that Be and Jizhao share many lexical similarities and sound correspondences, and that Jizhao may be a remnant Be-related language on the Chinese mainland.
Dialectsedit
Be consists of the Lincheng 临城 (Western) and Qiongshan 琼山 (Eastern) dialects.[11] Liang (1997:32) documents the following varieties of Be.
Lingao County (including Lincheng 临城镇 and Xinying 新盈镇 towns)
Be of Chengmai is intermediate between the Lincheng and Qiongshan dialects, and has features of both.[11]
Chen (2018) contains extensive comparative lexical data for the Be dialects of Changliu (長流), Yongxing (永興), Longtang (龍塘), Qiaotou (橋頭), Huangtong (皇桐), and Xinying (新盈). The Qiaotou, Huangtong, and Xinying dialects are unintelligible with the Changliu, Yongxing, Longtang, and Shishan (石山) dialects. Chen (2018) also reconstructs Proto-Ong-Be on the basis of this comparative lexical data.
Classificationedit
Chen (2018: 82) classifies the Ong-Be dialects into two groups, which are mutually unintelligible with each other.
Vowels in word-initial position are phonetically heard beginning with a glottal [ʔ].
An open-mid vowel [ɛ] occurs in the Chengmai and Qiongshan dialects.
A near-open central vowel sound [ɐ] also occurs in the Qiongshan dialect.[12]
See alsoedit
List of Proto-Ong-Be reconstructions (Wiktionary)
Referencesedit
^Be at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ abHansell, Mark (1988). "The Relation of Be to Tai: Evidence from Tones and Initials". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai. Publications in Linguistics No. 86. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 239–288.
^Ostapirat, W. (1998). A Mainland Bê Language? / 大陆的Bê语言？. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 26(2), 338-344
Ong Be–language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
January 01, 1970
languages, this, article, about, pair, languages, china, language, with, code, belarusian, language, native, pronunciation, ʔɑŋ, also, known, limgao, mandarin, 临高话, lín, gāohuà, pair, languages, spoken, people, them, monolingual, north, central, coast, hainan,. This article is about a pair of languages in China For the language with ISO code be see Belarusian language Be native pronunciation ʔɑŋ ɓe also known as Ong Be Be or Vo Limgao Mandarin 临高话 Lin gaohua is a pair of languages spoken by 600 000 people 100 000 of them monolingual on the north central coast of Hainan Island including the suburbs of the provincial capital Haikou The speakers are counted as part of the Han Chinese nationality in census According to Ethnologue it is taught in primary schools 5 BeLingaoNative toChinaRegionHainanNative speakers600 000 2000 1 Language familyKra Dai Kam Tai Be Tai 2 Be Jizhao 3 4 BeLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code onb class extiw title iso639 3 onb onb a Glottologling1270 Contents 1 Names 2 Classification 3 Dialects 3 1 Classification 4 Phonology 4 1 Consonants 4 1 1 Initials 4 1 2 Finals 4 2 Vowels 5 See also 6 References 7 Works cited 8 Further reading 9 External linksNames editBe speakers refer to themselves as ʔaŋ vo with ʔaŋ being the prefix for persons and vo meaning village 6 Liang 1997 notes that it is similar to the autonym ŋaːu fɔːn from ŋaːu person and fɔːn village by which Gelong 仡隆 Cun language speakers refer to themselves Classification editThe Be languages are a pair of Kra Dai languages but its precise relationship to other branches within the Kra Dai family has yet not been conclusively determined Hansell 1988 2 considers Be to be a sister of the Tai branch based on shared vocabulary and proposes a Be Tai grouping Based on toponymic evidence from place names with the prefix dya 调 diao Jinfang Li considers Be to have originated from the Leizhou peninsula of Guangdong province 7 Liang 1997 16 considers Be to have migrated to Hainan from the Leizhou Peninsula of Guangdong about 2 500 years ago during the Warring States Period but not over 3 000 years ago Liang amp Zhang 1996 21 25 8 also believe that Be had migrated from the Leizhou Peninsula to northern Hainan about 2 500 years ago during the Warring States period Weera Ostapirat 1998 9 analyzing data from Zhang 1992 10 notes that Be and Jizhao share many lexical similarities and sound correspondences and that Jizhao may be a remnant Be related language on the Chinese mainland Dialects editBe consists of the Lincheng 临城 Western and Qiongshan 琼山 Eastern dialects 11 Liang 1997 32 documents the following varieties of Be Lingao County including Lincheng 临城镇 and Xinying 新盈镇 towns Bailian 白莲 Chengmai County Longtang Township 龙塘镇 Qiongshan District Be of Chengmai is intermediate between the Lincheng and Qiongshan dialects and has features of both 11 Chen 2018 contains extensive comparative lexical data for the Be dialects of Changliu 長流 Yongxing 永興 Longtang 龍塘 Qiaotou 橋頭 Huangtong 皇桐 and Xinying 新盈 The Qiaotou Huangtong and Xinying dialects are unintelligible with the Changliu Yongxing Longtang and Shishan 石山 dialects Chen 2018 also reconstructs Proto Ong Be on the basis of this comparative lexical data Classification edit Chen 2018 82 classifies the Ong Be dialects into two groups which are mutually unintelligible with each other Ong Be Western Ong Be Qiaotou 橋頭 Huangtong 皇桐 Maniao 馬裊 Lincheng 臨城 Jialai 加來 Meiliang 美良 Xinying 新盈 Eastern Ong Be Longtang 龍塘 Longqiao 龍橋 Longquan 龍泉 formerly Shizilu 十字路 Yongxing 永興 Shishan 石山 Changliu 長流 Laocheng 老城 Schmitz 2024 suggests three dialects Ong Be Lingao Lingao County Lingao Bohou 博厚 Jialai 加来 Lincheng 临城 Chengmai County Lingao Haikou City LingaoPhonology editConsonants edit Initials edit Be consonant initials Labial Alveolar Alveolo palatal Velar Glottal Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ glottalized ʔb ʔd Affricate ts Fricative voiceless f s ɕ x h voiced v Nasal m n ȵ ŋ Approximant l j p is mainly heard in finals rarely in initials s can also be heard as ɕ in free variation f can be heard as pʰ in the dialect of Xindengyi Finals edit Be consonant finals Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal Plosive p t k ʔ Nasal m n ŋ Vowels edit Be vowels Front Central Back High i u Mid e e o ɛ ɐ ɔ Low a Vowels in word initial position are phonetically heard beginning with a glottal ʔ An open mid vowel ɛ occurs in the Chengmai and Qiongshan dialects A near open central vowel sound ɐ also occurs in the Qiongshan dialect 12 See also editList of Proto Ong Be reconstructions Wiktionary References edit Be at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b Hansell Mark 1988 The Relation of Be to Tai Evidence from Tones and Initials In Edmondson Jerold A Solnit David B eds Comparative Kadai Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai Publications in Linguistics No 86 Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington pp 239 288 Ostapirat W 1998 A Mainland Be Language 大陆的Be语言 Journal of Chinese Linguistics 26 2 338 344 Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian 2023 07 10 Glottolog 4 8 Beic Glottolog Leipzig Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology doi 10 5281 zenodo 7398962 Archived from the original on 2023 10 20 Retrieved 2023 10 19 Lingao Ethnologue Retrieved 2018 12 18 Liang 1997 p 1 Tan Xiaoshu 谭晓舒 2015 04 22 Lǐ Jǐnfang jiaoshou Binwei yǔyan jizhao hua yanjiu 李锦芳教授 濒危语言吉兆话研究 Wen xueyuan 文学院 Archived from the original on 2021 06 13 Retrieved 2021 09 01 Liang Min 梁敏 Zhang Junru 张均 1996 Dong Tai yǔzu gailun 侗台语族概论 An Introduction to the Kam Tai Languages in Chinese Beijing Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe ISBN 7 5004 1681 4 Ostapirat Weera 1998 A Mainland Be Language Dalu de be yǔyan Journal of Chinese Linguistics 26 2 338 344 JSTOR 23756759 Zhang Zhenxing 张振兴 1992 Guǎngdōngsheng wuchuan fangyan ji lue 广东省吴川方言记略 Fangyan 方言 in Chinese 1992 3 a b Liang 1997 Zhang Yuansheng Ma Jialin Wen Mingying Wei Xinglang 1985 Hǎinan Lingao hua 海南临高话 in Chinese Nanning Guangxi minzu chubanshe Works cited editLiang Min 梁敏 1997 Lingao yǔ yanjiu 临高语研究 A Study of Lingao in Chinese Shanghai Shanghai yuandong chubanshe 上海远东出版社 Chen Yen ling 2018 Proto Ong Be PDF Ph D dissertation University of Hawaii at Manoa Schmitz Timo 2024 Family Tree Tai Kadai Languages url https www academia edu 114687690 Family Tree Tai Kadai Languages Further reading editZhang Yuansheng 张元生 1985 Hainan Lingaohua 海南临高话 Nanning Guangxi People s Publishing House 广西民族出版社 External links editABVD Ong Be word list Ong Be language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words from Wiktionary s Swadesh list appendix Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Be languages amp oldid 1216488751, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
