The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar.
Mongol Emperor Genghis Khan whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history
Europe entered the apex of the High Middle Ages, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the fourth, while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the Reconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the Teutonic Order christenized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and Livonia. Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years, Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism, which dominated the curricula of the new universities.[3] In England, King John signed the Magna Carta, beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helps develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence.[4]
The Southern Song dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of Goryeo resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty.[5]
1292: Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri.[11]
1297: Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
^"Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site". Republika Online. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
^Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN978-0-8248-0368-1.
^"St. Thomas Aquinas". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
^Brooks, Christopher (2020). Western Civilization: A Concise History. NSCC Libraries Pressbooks.
^Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN9780275958237.
^"Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History". www.demographia.com. Retrieved 2023-02-10. Quoting from The London Encyclopedia, Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, ed., Macmillan, 2010, ISBN1405049251
^"Ken Angrok". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
^Weinstein, Richard A.; Dumas, Ashley A. (2008). (PDF). Southeastern Archaeology. 27 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25.
^Grousset, Rene (1988), Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. 288, ISBN0-8135-1304-9.
^Kahler, H. (December 31, 1981). Modern Times. Brill Archive. ISBN9004061967 – via Google Books.
James J. Walsh (1907). . nd.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-03-01.
January 01, 1970
13th, century, video, game, series, xiii, century, series, century, which, lasted, from, january, 1201, represented, roman, numerals, mcci, through, december, 1300, mccc, accordance, with, julian, calendar, mongol, emperor, genghis, khan, whose, conquests, cre. For the video game series see XIII Century series The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1 1201 represented by the Roman numerals MCCI through December 31 1300 MCCC in accordance with the Julian calendar Mongol Emperor Genghis Khan whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world most notably the Siege of Baghdad 1258 the destruction of the House of Wisdom and the weakening of the Mamluks and Rums which according to historians caused the decline of the Islamic Golden Age Overall the conquests had a lasting effect on history Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century most notably the Samudera Pasai 1 The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories 2 Europe entered the apex of the High Middle Ages characterized by rapid legal cultural and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism Crusades after the fourth while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the Reconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom To the north the Teutonic Order christenized and gained dominance of Prussia Estonia and Livonia Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism which dominated the curricula of the new universities 3 In England King John signed the Magna Carta beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England This helps develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence 4 The Southern Song dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281 The Korean state of Goryeo resisted a Mongol invasion but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty 5 In North America according to some population estimates the population of Cahokia grew to be comparable to the population of 13th century London 6 In Peru the Kingdom of Cuzco began as part of the Late Intermediate Period In Mayan civilization the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reached its apex The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom were founded Contents 1 Events 1 1 1201 1209 1 2 1210s 1 3 1220s 1 4 1230s 1 5 1240s 1 6 1250s 1 7 1260s 1 8 1270s 1 9 1280s 1 10 1290 1300 2 Inventions discoveries introductions 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksEvents edit nbsp Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD 1201 1209 edit 1202 Introduction of Liber Abaci by Fibonacci 1202 Battle of Basian occurs on July 27 between Kingdom of Georgia and Seljuks 1202 Battle of Mirebeau occurs on August 1 between Arthur I of Brittany and John of England 1204 Islamization of Bengal by Bakhtiyar Khalji and oppression of Buddhism in East India 1204 Fourth Crusade of 1202 1204 captures Zadar for Venice and sacks Byzantine Constantinople creating the Latin Empire 1204 Fall of Normandy from Angevin hands to the French King Philip Augustus end of Norman domination of France 1205 The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria and Crusaders under Baldwin I July 1172 1205 the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople 1206 Genghis Khan is declared Great Khan of the Mongols 1206 The Delhi Sultanate is established in Northern India under the Mamluk Dynasty 1209 Francis of Assisi founds the Franciscan Order 1209 The Albigensian Crusade is declared by Pope Innocent III 1210s edit nbsp A page of the Italian Fibonacci s Liber Abaci from the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic Hindu numerals 1210 Qutb ud Din Aibak the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate fell down from a horse while playing chovgan a form of polo on horseback in Lahore and died instantly when the pommel of the saddle pierced his ribs 1212 The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia marks the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula mainly from 1230 1248 with the defeat of Moorish forces 1213 The Kingdom of France defeats the Crown of Aragon at the Battle of Muret 1214 France defeats the English and Imperial German forces at the Battle of Bouvines 1215 King John signs Magna Carta at Runnymede 1216 Battle of Lipitsa between Russian principalities 1216 Maravarman Sundara I reestablishes the Pandya Dynasty in Southern India 1217 1221 Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta ultimately the Crusaders withdraw 1220s edit C 1220 The Kingdom of Mapungubwe dissolves 1220 The Kingdom of Zimbabwe begins 1221 Merv Herat and Nishapur are destroyed in the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire 1222 Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility 1223 The Signoria of the Republic of Venice is formed and consists of the Doge the Minor Council and the three leaders of the Quarantia 1223 The Mongol Empire defeats various Russian principalities at the Battle of the Kalka River 1223 Volga Bulgaria defeats the army of the Mongol Empire at the Battle of Samara Bend 1225 Trần dynasty of Vietnam was established by Emperor Trần Thai Tong ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Ly dynasty 1227 Estonians are finally subjugated to German crusader rule during the Livonian Crusade 1227 Genghis Khan dies 1228 1229 Sixth Crusade under the excommunicated Frederick II Hohenstaufen who returns Jerusalem to the Crusader States 1228 1230 First clash between Gregory IX and Frederick II 1226 1250 Dispute between the so called second Lombard League and Frederick II 1230s edit nbsp Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan painted in 1238 Song dynasty 1232 The Mongols besiege Kaifeng the capital of the Jin dynasty capturing it in the following year 1233 Battle of Ganter Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya the last king of Kediri thus established Singhasari kingdom 7 Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty 1235 The Mandinka tribes unite to form the Mali Empire which leads to the downfall of Takrur in the 1280s 1239 1250 Third conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy 1237 1240 Mongol Empire conquers Kievan Rus 1238 Sukhothai becomes the first capital of Sukhothai Kingdom 1240s edit 1240 Russians defeat the Swedish army at the Battle of the Neva 1241 Mongol Empire defeats Hungary at the Battle of Mohi and defeats Poland at the Battle of Legnica Hungary and Poland ravaged 1242 Russians defeat the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Lake Peipus 1243 1250 Second Holy Roman Empire Papacy War 1244 Ayyubids and Khwarezmians defeat the Crusaders and their Arab allies at the Battle of La Forbie 1249 End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve 1248 1254 Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta crusaders ultimately withdraw after the capture of French king Louis IX Mamelukes overthrow Ayyubid Dynasty 1250s edit nbsp Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan s deathBy 1250 Pensacola culture through trade begins influencing Coastal Coles Creek culture 8 1250 The Mamluk dynasty is founded in Egypt 1257 Baab Mashur Malamo established the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku 1258 Baghdad captured and destroyed by the Mongols effective conclusion of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad 1258 Pandayan Emperor Jatavarman Sundara I invades Eastern India and northern Sri Lanka 1259 Treaty of Paris is signed between Louis IX and Henry III 1260s edit 1260 Mongols first major war defeat in the Battle of Ain Jalut against the Egyptians 1260 Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Boke for the title of Great Khan 1261 Byzantines under Michael VIII retake Constantinople from the Crusaders and Venice 1262 Iceland brought under Norwegian rule with the Old Covenant 1265 Dominican theologian Thomas Aquinas begins to write his Summa Theologiae 1268 Fall of the Crusader State of Antioch to the Egyptians 1270s edit nbsp The opening page of one of Ibn al Nafis medical works This is probably a copy made in India during the 17th or 18th century 1270 Goryeo dynasty swears allegiance to the Yuan dynasty 1270 The Zagwe dynasty is displaced by the Solomonic dynasty 1271 Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars 1272 1274 Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the churches of the Eastern Roman Empire with the Church of Rome 1274 The Mongols launch their first invasion of Japan but they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds 1274 The Tepanec give the Mexica permission to settle at the islet Cauhmixtitlan Eagle s Place Between the Clouds 1275 Sant Dnyaneshwar who wrote Dnyaneshwari a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita and Amrutanubhav was born 1275 King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra ended in 1292 1277 Passage of the last and most important of the Paris Condemnations by Bishop Tempier which banned a number of Aristotelian propositions 1279 The Song dynasty ends after losing the Battle of Yamen to the Mongols 1279 The Chola Dynasty in Southern India officially comes to an end 1280s edit 1281 The Mongols launch their second invasion of Japan but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds 1282 Aragon acquires Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers 1284 Peterhouse Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham the Bishop of Ely 1284 King Kertanegara launches the Pabali expedition to Bali integrating Bali into the Singhasari territory 1285 Second Mongol raid against Hungary led by Nogai Khan 1289 The County of Tripoli falls to the Bahri Mamluks led by Qalawun 1289 Kertanegara insulted the envoy of Kublai Khan who demanded that Java pay tribute to the Yuan Dynasty 9 10 1290 1300 edit nbsp Hommage of Edward I kneeling to the Philippe le Bel seated As duke of Aquitaine Edward was a vassal to the French king The Mamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by the Khalji dynasty 1290 By the Edict of Expulsion King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England 1291 The Swiss Confederation of Uri Schwyz and Unterwalden forms 1291 Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al Ashraf Khalil captures Acre thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem the last Christian state remaining from the Crusades 1292 Jayakatwang duke of Kediri rebels and kills Kertanegara ending the Singhasari kingdom 1292 Marco Polo on his voyage from China to Persia visits Sumatra and reports that on the northern part of Sumatra there were six trading ports including Ferlec Samudera and Lambri 11 1292 King Mangrai founds the Lanna kingdom 1293 Mongol invasion of Java 12 Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari who repels the Mongol forces 1293 On 10 November the coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch marks the foundation of the Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java 1296 First War of Scottish Independence begins 1297 Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein 1299 Ottoman Empire is established under Osman I 1300 Islam is likely established in the Aceh region 1300 Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama 1300 The Turku Cathedral was consecrated in Turku 13 1300 Sri Rajahmura Lumaya known in his shortened name Sri Lumay a half Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the Chola dynasty in Sumatra established the Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago Inventions discoveries introductions edit nbsp Alai Gate and Qutub Minar were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate 14 See also Timeline of historic inventions 13th century Early 13th century Xia Gui paints Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut during the Southern Song dynasty now in Nelson Atkins Museum of Art Kansas City Missouri The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen in 1298 The earliest known rockets landmines and handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world Guan ware vase is made Southern Song dynasty It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art London 1250 Cliff Palace Mesa Verde and other Ancestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apex 15 1280s Eyeglasses are invented in Venice Italy Late 13th century Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace is made during the Kamakura period It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts Boston Late 13th century Descent of the Amida Trinity raigo triptych is made Kamakura period It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago The Neo Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century See also editChristianity in the 13th centuryReferences edit Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site Republika Online 2017 03 24 Retrieved 2020 01 24 Coedes George 1968 Walter F Vella ed The Indianized States of Southeast Asia trans Susan Brown Cowing University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0368 1 St Thomas Aquinas Catholic Encyclopedia Retrieved 2023 12 09 Brooks Christopher 2020 Western Civilization A Concise History NSCC Libraries Pressbooks Lee Kenneth B 1997 Korea and East Asia The Story of a Phoenix Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 9780275958237 Greater London Inner London Population amp Density History www demographia com Retrieved 2023 02 10 Quoting from The London Encyclopedia Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert ed Macmillan 2010 ISBN 1405049251 Ken Angrok Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 25 July 2010 Weinstein Richard A Dumas Ashley A 2008 The spread of shell tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico PDF Southeastern Archaeology 27 2 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 04 25 Grousset Rene 1988 Empire of steppes Wars in Japan Indochina and Java New Jersey Rutgers University Press p 288 ISBN 0 8135 1304 9 Kahler H December 31 1981 Modern Times Brill Archive ISBN 9004061967 via Google Books History of Aceh Archived from the original on August 13 2012 Weatherford Jack 2004 Genghis khan and the making of the modern world New York Random House p 239 ISBN 0 609 80964 4 Kenelle kellot soivat Kiipea 360 videon avulla Turun tuomiokirkon torniin Yle Uutiset in Finnish 2017 07 02 Retrieved 2023 02 10 Qutb Minar and its Monuments Delhi UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2023 02 10 Berlo and Phillips 275External links editJames J Walsh 1907 The Thirteenth Greatest of Centuries nd edu Archived from the original on 2017 03 01 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 13th century amp oldid 1213887451, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
