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Neo-Aramaic languages

February 16, 2024

The Neo-Aramaic or Modern Aramaic languages are varieties of Aramaic that evolved during the late medieval and early modern periods, and continue to the present day as vernacular (spoken) languages of modern Aramaic-speaking communities.[1] Within the field of Aramaic studies,[2] classification of Neo-Aramaic languages has been a subject of particular interest among scholars, who proposed several divisions, into two (western and eastern), three (western, central and eastern) or four (western, central, northeastern and southeastern) primary groups.[3][4]

In terms of sociolinguistics, Neo-Aramaic languages are also classified by various ethnolinguistic and religiolinguistic criteria, spanning across ethnic and religious lines, and encompassing groups that adhere to Christianity, Judaism, Mandaeism and Islam.[5]

Christian Neo-Aramaic languages have long co-existed with Classical Syriac as a literary and liturgical language of Syriac Christianity.[6] Since Classical Syriac and similar archaic forms, like Targumic Aramaic (old Judeo-Aramaic variety) and Classical Mandaic, are no longer vernacular, they are not classified as Neo-Aramaic languages. However, the classical languages continue to have influence over the colloquial Neo-Aramaic languages.

The most prominent Neo-Aramaic varieties belong to Central Neo-Aramaic and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic groups. They are spoken primarily (though not wholly exclusively) by ethnic Assyrians, who are adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, and some other denominations. Other speakers include Muslim and Christian Arameans (Syriacs)[7][8][9] from Maaloula and Jubb'adin, who speak the endangered Western Neo-Aramaic language, Mandaeans, and some Mizrahi Jews. Today, the number of fluent Neo-Aramaic speakers is significantly smaller, and newer generations of Assyrians generally are not acquiring the full language, especially as many have emigrated and acculturated into their new resident countries, and other minority Aramaic languages are being surpassed by local majority languages.[10]

History edit

 
Distribution of Neo-Aramaic languages
 
Places where varieties of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic are spoken

During the Late Antiquity, and throughout the Middle Ages, the linguistic development of the Aramaic language was marked by the coexistence of literary and vernacular forms. A dominant literary form among Aramaic-speaking Christians was Edessan Aramaic (Urhaya), that came to be known as Classical Syriac (a term coined by western scholars). At the same time, Aramaic-speaking Jews had their own literary languages (Judeo-Aramaic languages). Along with dominant literary forms, various vernacular forms were also spoken, with distinctive regional variations. By the late medieval period, literary forms used by Aramaic-speaking Christians were confided mainly to the religious sphere of life (liturgical use), while vernacular forms continued to develop into the early modern period. Gradually, some of those Neo-Aramaic vernacular forms also started to be used for literary purposes.[11]

During the 19th century, systematic studies of Neo-Aramaic languages were initiated for the first time,[12] and by the beginning of the 20th century some Neo-Aramaic varieties already entered into the modern phase of their linguistic development, marked by the appearance of various Neo-Aramaic publications, and also by the establishment of modern schools and other institutions.

That development was severely interrupted by the breakout of the First World War (1914–1918) and the atrocities committed against Aramaic-speaking communities during the Seyfo (genocide). The displacement of many communities from their native regions disrupted the linguistic continuum, and also created new groups of Neo-Aramaic speakers throughout the diaspora. Those events had a profound impact on further development of Neo-Aramaic communities, affecting all spheres of life, including various cultural issues related to their language.[12]

Varieties edit

class=notpageimage|
Red markers represent Christian Neo-Aramaic varieties while blue represents Jewish ones and purple represents both spoken in the same town.

Throughout the history of Aramaic language, a dialectal boundary dividing western and eastern varieties has existed, running transversely across the Syrian Desert from southeast to northwest.[13]

Only Western Neo-Aramaic, spoken in Maaloula and Jubb'adin in the Anti-Lebanon mountains by Christian and Muslim Aramean (Syriac) communities, remains as a witness to the western varieties, which used to be much more widespread in Palestine (as evidenced in varieties from the first millennium CE such as Samaritan Aramaic, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic and Christian Palestinian Aramaic).[14]

The other Neo-Aramaic languages are all eastern varieties, but with little homogeneity. Most distinct in this group is Modern Mandaic, which has low intelligibility with other varieties. It is the direct descendant of Classical Mandaic, which traces its roots back to the Persian-influenced Aramaic of the Arsacid Empire. Modern Mandaic is spoken fluently by no more than about a few hundred people.

Speakers edit

The number of modern speakers of Neo-Aramaic languages is estimated from approximately 575,000 to 1,000,000, the vast majority of whom are Assyrian people. The largest of subgroups of speakers are Assyrian Neo-Aramaic with approximately 500,000 speakers, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic with approximately 240,000 speakers, Turoyo (Surayt) with approximately 100,000 speakers and a few thousand speakers of other Neo-Aramaic languages (i.e. Modern Judeo-Aramaic varieties and Bohtan Neo-Aramaic, among others), which give a total of over 870,000 Neo-Aramaic speakers.[15][16][17]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Beyer 1986, p. 53.
  2. ^ Brock 1989, p. 11–23.
  3. ^ Yildiz 2000, p. 23–44.
  4. ^ Kim 2008, p. 505–531.
  5. ^ Heinrichs 1990.
  6. ^ Murre van den Berg 2008, p. 335–352.
  7. ^ The Semitic Heritage of Northwest Syria, p. 271
  8. ^ “…Maaloula Syriacs have maintained their Syriac identity since ancient times, and there is ample evidence of their Syriac heritage, especially in Maaloula, Ain Tineh, Bakhah, and Jubaadin…“, translated quote from the book إلياس أنطون نصر الله في معلولا, p. 45
  9. ^ "Hilfe für das Aramäerdorf Maaloula e.V. | an aid project in Syria".
  10. ^ Sabar 2003, p. 222–234.
  11. ^ Murre van den Berg 2008, p. 335-352.
  12. ^ a b Macuch 1990, p. 214.
  13. ^ Beyer 1986, p. 11.
  14. ^
  15. ^ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic by Ethnologue
  16. ^ "Chaldean Neo-Aramaic | Ethnologue".
  17. ^ "Turoyo | Ethnologue".

Sources edit

  • Arnold, Werner (1990). "New materials on Western Neo-Aramaic". Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 131–149. ISBN 9781555404307.
  • Arnold, Werner (2008). "The Roots qrṭ and qrṣ in Western Neo-Aramaic". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 305–311. ISBN 9783447057875.
  • Arnold, Werner (2012). "Western Neo-Aramaic". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 685–696. ISBN 9783110251586.
  • Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525535738.
  • Brock, Sebastian P. (1989). "Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature". ARAM Periodical. 1 (1): 11–23.
  • Häberl, Charles G. (2012). "Neo-Mandaic". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 725–737. ISBN 9783110251586.
  • Heinrichs, Wolfhart, ed. (1990). Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Atlanta: Scholars Press. ISBN 9781555404307.
  • Jastrow, Otto (1993) [1967]. Laut- und Formenlehre des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Mīdin im Ṭūr ʻAbdīn. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447033343.
  • Jastrow, Otto (2002) [1992]. Lehrbuch der Ṭuroyo-Sprache. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447032131.
  • Jastrow, Otto (2012). "Ṭuroyo and Mlaḥsô". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 697–707. ISBN 9783110251586.
  • Joseph, John B. (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004116419.
  • Kapeliuk, Olga (2012). "Language Contact between Aramaic Dialects and Iranian". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 738–747. ISBN 9783110251586.
  • Kiraz, George A. (2007). "Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10 (2): 129–142.
  • Khan, Geoffrey (2012). "North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 708–724. ISBN 9783110251586.
  • Khan, Geoffrey (2018). "Sound Symbolism in Neo-Aramaic". Near Eastern and Arabian Essays: Studies in Honour of John F. Healey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 197–214. ISBN 978-0-19-883106-8.
  • Khan, Geoffrey (2018). "Remarks on the Historical Development and Syntax of the Copula in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects". Aramaic Studies. 16 (2): 234–269. doi:10.1163/17455227-01602010. S2CID 195503300.
  • Khan, Geoffrey (2019). "The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Eastern Anatolia and Northwestern Iran". The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 190–236. ISBN 9783110421743.
  • Khan, Geoffrey (2019). "The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Northern Iraq". The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 305–353. ISBN 9783110421743.
  • Khan, Geoffrey (2019). "The Neo-Aramaic Dialects of Western Iran". The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 481–532. ISBN 9783110421743.
  • Khan, Geoffrey (2019). "The Neo-Aramaic Dialects and Their Historical Background". The Syriac World. London: Routledge. pp. 266–289. ISBN 9781138899018.
  • Kim, Ronald (2008). "Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 128 (3): 505–531.
  • Krotkoff, Georg (1990). "An Annotated Bibliography of Neo-Aramaic". Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9781555404307.
  • Mengozzi, Alessandro (2011). "Neo-Aramaic Studies: A Survey of Recent Publications". Folia Orientalia. 48: 233–265.
  • Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). "Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Churchof the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800". Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 335–352. ISBN 9783447057875.
  • Poizat, Bruno (2008). Manuel de Soureth (in French). Paris: Geuthner. p. 271. ISBN 978-2-7053-3804-6.
  • Prym, Eugen; Socin, Albert (1881). Der neu-aramaeische Dialekt des Ṭûr 'Abdîn. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht's Verlag.
  • Père Jean Rhétoré (1912). Grammaire de la Langue Soureth (in French). Mossoul: imprimerie des Pères Dominicains. p. 255.
  • Costaz, Louis (1963). Syriac-English Dictionary. imprimerie catholique de Beyrouth. p. 421.
  • Macuch, Rudolf (1990). "Recent Studies in Neo-Aramaic Dialects". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 53 (2): 214–223. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00026045. S2CID 162559782.
  • Prym, Eugen; Socin, Albert (1881). Der neu-aramaeische Dialekt des Ṭûr 'Abdîn. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht's Verlag.
  • Oraham, A.J. (1941). Oraham's Dictionary of the stabilized and enriched Assyrian Language and English. p. 576.
  • Sabar, Yona (2002). A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dictionary: Dialects of Amidya, Dihok, Nerwa and Zakho, Northwestern Iraq. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447045575.
  • Sabar, Yona (2003). "Aramaic, once an International Language, now on the Verge of Expiration: Are the Days of its Last Vestiges Numbered?". When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. pp. 222–234. ISBN 9780814209134.
  • Tezel, Aziz (2003). Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: With Special Reference to Homonyms, Related Words and Borrowings with Cultural Signification. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library. ISBN 9789155455552.
  • Tezel, Sina (2015). "Arabic or Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo". Arabic and Semitic Linguistics Contextualized: A Festschrift for Jan Retsö. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 554–568.
  • Tezel, Sina (2015). "Neologisms in Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo". Neo-Aramaic in Its Linguistic Context. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 100–109.
  • Waltisberg, Michael (2016). Syntax des Ṭuroyo (= Semitica Viva 55). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-10731-0.
  • Weninger, Stefan (2012). "Aramaic-Arabic Language Contact". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 747–755. ISBN 9783110251586.
  • Yildiz, Efrem (2000). "The Aramaic Language and its Classification". Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 14 (1): 23–44.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neo-Aramaic languages.
  • Helen Younansardaroud: Bibliographie zu neuaramäischen Dialekten
  • Aramaic Dictionary – search the online dictionary using English or Aramaic words, including many other options.

February 16, 2024
aramaic, languages, aramaic, modern, aramaic, languages, varieties, aramaic, that, evolved, during, late, medieval, early, modern, periods, continue, present, vernacular, spoken, languages, modern, aramaic, speaking, communities, within, field, aramaic, studie. The Neo Aramaic or Modern Aramaic languages are varieties of Aramaic that evolved during the late medieval and early modern periods and continue to the present day as vernacular spoken languages of modern Aramaic speaking communities 1 Within the field of Aramaic studies 2 classification of Neo Aramaic languages has been a subject of particular interest among scholars who proposed several divisions into two western and eastern three western central and eastern or four western central northeastern and southeastern primary groups 3 4 Neo AramaicModern AramaicGeographicdistributionIraq Iran Syria Turkey Lebanon and the Assyrian diasporaLinguistic classificationAfro AsiaticSemiticWest SemiticCentral SemiticNorthwest SemiticAramaicNeo AramaicSubdivisionsWestern Neo Aramaic Central Neo Aramaic Northeastern Neo Aramaic Neo Mandaic Lebanese Aramaic Glottologaram1259 Aramaic In terms of sociolinguistics Neo Aramaic languages are also classified by various ethnolinguistic and religiolinguistic criteria spanning across ethnic and religious lines and encompassing groups that adhere to Christianity Judaism Mandaeism and Islam 5 Christian Neo Aramaic languages have long co existed with Classical Syriac as a literary and liturgical language of Syriac Christianity 6 Since Classical Syriac and similar archaic forms like Targumic Aramaic old Judeo Aramaic variety and Classical Mandaic are no longer vernacular they are not classified as Neo Aramaic languages However the classical languages continue to have influence over the colloquial Neo Aramaic languages The most prominent Neo Aramaic varieties belong to Central Neo Aramaic and Northeastern Neo Aramaic groups They are spoken primarily though not wholly exclusively by ethnic Assyrians who are adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East Ancient Church of the East Syriac Orthodox Church Chaldean Catholic Church and some other denominations Other speakers include Muslim and Christian Arameans Syriacs 7 8 9 from Maaloula and Jubb adin who speak the endangered Western Neo Aramaic language Mandaeans and some Mizrahi Jews Today the number of fluent Neo Aramaic speakers is significantly smaller and newer generations of Assyrians generally are not acquiring the full language especially as many have emigrated and acculturated into their new resident countries and other minority Aramaic languages are being surpassed by local majority languages 10 Contents 1 History 2 Varieties 3 Speakers 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksHistory edit nbsp Distribution of Neo Aramaic languages nbsp Places where varieties of North Eastern Neo Aramaic are spokenDuring the Late Antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages the linguistic development of the Aramaic language was marked by the coexistence of literary and vernacular forms A dominant literary form among Aramaic speaking Christians was Edessan Aramaic Urhaya that came to be known as Classical Syriac a term coined by western scholars At the same time Aramaic speaking Jews had their own literary languages Judeo Aramaic languages Along with dominant literary forms various vernacular forms were also spoken with distinctive regional variations By the late medieval period literary forms used by Aramaic speaking Christians were confided mainly to the religious sphere of life liturgical use while vernacular forms continued to develop into the early modern period Gradually some of those Neo Aramaic vernacular forms also started to be used for literary purposes 11 During the 19th century systematic studies of Neo Aramaic languages were initiated for the first time 12 and by the beginning of the 20th century some Neo Aramaic varieties already entered into the modern phase of their linguistic development marked by the appearance of various Neo Aramaic publications and also by the establishment of modern schools and other institutions That development was severely interrupted by the breakout of the First World War 1914 1918 and the atrocities committed against Aramaic speaking communities during the Seyfo genocide The displacement of many communities from their native regions disrupted the linguistic continuum and also created new groups of Neo Aramaic speakers throughout the diaspora Those events had a profound impact on further development of Neo Aramaic communities affecting all spheres of life including various cultural issues related to their language 12 Varieties edit nbsp nbsp Turoyo nbsp Hertevin dialect nbsp Qaraqosh nbsp Bohtan nbsp Mlaḥso nbsp Alqosh nbsp Barzani nbsp Inter Zab nbsp Betanure nbsp Zakho nbsp Trans Zab nbsp Barwar nbsp Koy Sanjaq Christian Jewish nbsp Urmia Christian Jewish nbsp Sanandaj Christian Jewish class notpageimage Red markers represent Christian Neo Aramaic varieties while blue represents Jewish ones and purple represents both spoken in the same town Throughout the history of Aramaic language a dialectal boundary dividing western and eastern varieties has existed running transversely across the Syrian Desert from southeast to northwest 13 Only Western Neo Aramaic spoken in Maaloula and Jubb adin in the Anti Lebanon mountains by Christian and Muslim Aramean Syriac communities remains as a witness to the western varieties which used to be much more widespread in Palestine as evidenced in varieties from the first millennium CE such as Samaritan Aramaic Jewish Palestinian Aramaic and Christian Palestinian Aramaic 14 The other Neo Aramaic languages are all eastern varieties but with little homogeneity Most distinct in this group is Modern Mandaic which has low intelligibility with other varieties It is the direct descendant of Classical Mandaic which traces its roots back to the Persian influenced Aramaic of the Arsacid Empire Modern Mandaic is spoken fluently by no more than about a few hundred people Speakers editThe number of modern speakers of Neo Aramaic languages is estimated from approximately 575 000 to 1 000 000 the vast majority of whom are Assyrian people The largest of subgroups of speakers are Assyrian Neo Aramaic with approximately 500 000 speakers Chaldean Neo Aramaic with approximately 240 000 speakers Turoyo Surayt with approximately 100 000 speakers and a few thousand speakers of other Neo Aramaic languages i e Modern Judeo Aramaic varieties and Bohtan Neo Aramaic among others which give a total of over 870 000 Neo Aramaic speakers 15 16 17 See also editAramaic language Aramaic studies Bible translations into Aramaic Bible translations into Syriac Syriac language Syriac alphabet Syriac literature Syriac studies Syriac Christianity Romanization of SyriacReferences edit Beyer 1986 p 53 Brock 1989 p 11 23 Yildiz 2000 p 23 44 Kim 2008 p 505 531 Heinrichs 1990 Murre van den Berg 2008 p 335 352 The Semitic Heritage of Northwest Syria p 271 Maaloula Syriacs have maintained their Syriac identity since ancient times and there is ample evidence of their Syriac heritage especially in Maaloula Ain Tineh Bakhah and Jubaadin translated quote from the book إلياس أنطون نصر الله في معلولا p 45 Hilfe fur das Aramaerdorf Maaloula e V an aid project in Syria Sabar 2003 p 222 234 Murre van den Berg 2008 p 335 352 a b Macuch 1990 p 214 Beyer 1986 p 11 Brock Sebastian 2017 An Introduction to Syriac Studies P 12 Assyrian Neo Aramaic by Ethnologue Chaldean Neo Aramaic Ethnologue Turoyo Ethnologue Sources editArnold Werner 1990 New materials on Western Neo Aramaic Studies in Neo Aramaic Atlanta Scholars Press pp 131 149 ISBN 9781555404307 Arnold Werner 2008 The Roots qrṭ and qrṣ in Western Neo Aramaic Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag pp 305 311 ISBN 9783447057875 Arnold Werner 2012 Western Neo Aramaic The Semitic Languages An International Handbook Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 685 696 ISBN 9783110251586 Beyer Klaus 1986 The Aramaic Language Its Distribution and Subdivisions Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht ISBN 9783525535738 Brock Sebastian P 1989 Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature ARAM Periodical 1 1 11 23 Haberl Charles G 2012 Neo Mandaic The Semitic Languages An International Handbook Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 725 737 ISBN 9783110251586 Heinrichs Wolfhart ed 1990 Studies in Neo Aramaic Atlanta Scholars Press ISBN 9781555404307 Jastrow Otto 1993 1967 Laut und Formenlehre des neuaramaischen Dialekts von Midin im Ṭur ʻAbdin Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 9783447033343 Jastrow Otto 2002 1992 Lehrbuch der Ṭuroyo Sprache Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 9783447032131 Jastrow Otto 2012 Ṭuroyo and Mlaḥso The Semitic Languages An International Handbook Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 697 707 ISBN 9783110251586 Joseph John B 2000 The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions Archaeologists and Colonial Powers Leiden Brill ISBN 9004116419 Kapeliuk Olga 2012 Language Contact between Aramaic Dialects and Iranian The Semitic Languages An International Handbook Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 738 747 ISBN 9783110251586 Kiraz George A 2007 Kthobonoyo Syriac Some Observations and Remarks PDF Hugoye Journal of Syriac Studies 10 2 129 142 Khan Geoffrey 2012 North Eastern Neo Aramaic The Semitic Languages An International Handbook Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 708 724 ISBN 9783110251586 Khan Geoffrey 2018 Sound Symbolism in Neo Aramaic Near Eastern and Arabian Essays Studies in Honour of John F Healey Oxford Oxford University Press pp 197 214 ISBN 978 0 19 883106 8 Khan Geoffrey 2018 Remarks on the Historical Development and Syntax of the Copula in North Eastern Neo Aramaic Dialects Aramaic Studies 16 2 234 269 doi 10 1163 17455227 01602010 S2CID 195503300 Khan Geoffrey 2019 The Neo Aramaic Dialects of Eastern Anatolia and Northwestern Iran The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia An Areal Perspective Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 190 236 ISBN 9783110421743 Khan Geoffrey 2019 The Neo Aramaic Dialects of Northern Iraq The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia An Areal Perspective Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 305 353 ISBN 9783110421743 Khan Geoffrey 2019 The Neo Aramaic Dialects of Western Iran The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia An Areal Perspective Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 481 532 ISBN 9783110421743 Khan Geoffrey 2019 The Neo Aramaic Dialects and Their Historical Background The Syriac World London Routledge pp 266 289 ISBN 9781138899018 Kim Ronald 2008 Stammbaum or Continuum The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered Journal of the American Oriental Society 128 3 505 531 Krotkoff Georg 1990 An Annotated Bibliography of Neo Aramaic Studies in Neo Aramaic Atlanta Scholars Press pp 3 26 ISBN 9781555404307 Mengozzi Alessandro 2011 Neo Aramaic Studies A Survey of Recent Publications Folia Orientalia 48 233 265 Murre van den Berg Heleen 2008 Classical Syriac Neo Aramaic and Arabic in the Churchof the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800 Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag pp 335 352 ISBN 9783447057875 Poizat Bruno 2008 Manuel de Soureth in French Paris Geuthner p 271 ISBN 978 2 7053 3804 6 Prym Eugen Socin Albert 1881 Der neu aramaeische Dialekt des Ṭur Abdin Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht s Verlag Pere Jean Rhetore 1912 Grammaire de la Langue Soureth in French Mossoul imprimerie des Peres Dominicains p 255 Costaz Louis 1963 Syriac English Dictionary imprimerie catholique de Beyrouth p 421 Macuch Rudolf 1990 Recent Studies in Neo Aramaic Dialects Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53 2 214 223 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00026045 S2CID 162559782 Prym Eugen Socin Albert 1881 Der neu aramaeische Dialekt des Ṭur Abdin Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht s Verlag Oraham A J 1941 Oraham s Dictionary of the stabilized and enriched Assyrian Language and English p 576 Sabar Yona 2002 A Jewish Neo Aramaic Dictionary Dialects of Amidya Dihok Nerwa and Zakho Northwestern Iraq Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 9783447045575 Sabar Yona 2003 Aramaic once an International Language now on the Verge of Expiration Are the Days of its Last Vestiges Numbered When Languages Collide Perspectives on Language Conflict Language Competition and Language Coexistence Columbus Ohio State University Press pp 222 234 ISBN 9780814209134 Tezel Aziz 2003 Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo Syriac Ṭurōyo Lexicon With Special Reference to Homonyms Related Words and Borrowings with Cultural Signification Uppsala Uppsala University Library ISBN 9789155455552 Tezel Sina 2015 Arabic or Ṣurayt Ṭurōyo Arabic and Semitic Linguistics Contextualized A Festschrift for Jan Retso Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag pp 554 568 Tezel Sina 2015 Neologisms in Ṣurayt Ṭurōyo Neo Aramaic in Its Linguistic Context Piscataway NJ Gorgias Press pp 100 109 Waltisberg Michael 2016 Syntax des Ṭuroyo Semitica Viva 55 Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 10731 0 Weninger Stefan 2012 Aramaic Arabic Language Contact The Semitic Languages An International Handbook Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 747 755 ISBN 9783110251586 Yildiz Efrem 2000 The Aramaic Language and its Classification Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14 1 23 44 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neo Aramaic languages Helen Younansardaroud Bibliographie zu neuaramaischen Dialekten Aramaic Dictionary search the online dictionary using English or Aramaic words including many other options Sureth French English Dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neo Aramaic languages amp oldid 1194908409, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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