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Andrew II of Hungary

January 07, 2023

Andrew II (Hungarian: II. András, Croatian: Andrija II., Slovak: Ondrej II., Ukrainian: Андрій II; c. 1177 – 21 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189/1190, and again between 1208/1209 and 1210. He was the younger son of Béla III of Hungary, who entrusted him with the administration of the newly conquered Principality of Halych in 1188. Andrew's rule was unpopular, and the boyars (or noblemen) expelled him. Béla III willed property and money to Andrew, obliging him to lead a crusade to the Holy Land. Instead, Andrew forced his elder brother, King Emeric of Hungary, to cede Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage to him in 1197. The following year, Andrew occupied Hum.

Andrew II
Seal of Andrew II, 1224
King of Hungary and Croatia
Reign1205–1235
Coronation29 May 1205
PredecessorLadislaus III
SuccessorBéla IV
Prince of Halych
Reign1188–1189 or 1190
1208 or 1209–1210
Predecessor
Successor
Bornc. 1177
Died21 September 1235 (aged 57–58)
Burial
Egres Abbey
Spouse
Issue
DynastyÁrpád
FatherBéla III of Hungary
MotherAgnes of Antioch
ReligionRoman Catholic

Despite the fact that Andrew did not stop conspiring against Emeric, the dying king made Andrew guardian of his son, Ladislaus III, in 1204. After the premature death of Ladislaus, Andrew ascended the throne in 1205. According to historian László Kontler, "[i]t was amidst the socio-political turmoil during [Andrew's] reign that the relations, arrangements, institutional framework and social categories that arose under Stephen I, started to disintegrate in the higher echelons of society" in Hungary.[1] Andrew introduced a new grants policy, the so-called "new institutions", giving away money and royal estates to his partisans despite the loss of royal revenues. He was the first Hungarian monarch to adopt the title of "King of Halych and Lodomeria". He waged at least a dozen wars to seize the two Rus' principalities, but was repelled by the local boyars and neighboring princes. He participated in the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217–1218, but the crusade was a failure.

When the servientes regis, or "royal servants", rose up, Andrew was forced to issue the Golden Bull of 1222, confirming their privileges. This led to the rise of the nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary. His Diploma Andreanum of 1224 listed the liberties of the Transylvanian Saxon community. The employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led him into conflict with the Holy See and the Hungarian prelates. Andrew pledged to respect the privileges of the clergymen and to dismiss his non-Christian officials in 1233, but he never fulfilled the latter promise.

Andrew's first wife, Gertrude of Merania, was murdered in 1213 because her blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers stirred up discontent among the native lords. The veneration of their daughter, Elizabeth of Hungary, was confirmed by the Holy See during Andrew's lifetime. After Andrew's death, his sons, Béla and Coloman, accused his third wife, Beatrice d'Este, of adultery and never considered her son, Stephen, to be a legitimate son of Andrew.

Early life

Childhood and youth (c. 1177–1197)

Andrew was the second son of King Béla III and Béla's first wife, Agnes of Antioch.[2] The year of Andrew's birth is not known, but modern historians agree that he was born around 1177,[2][3][4] considering that Margaret, who was born in 1175 or 1176, was his elder sister, which, however, is far from certain.[5] Andrew was first mentioned in connection to his father's invasion of the Principality of Halych in 1188.[6] That year, Béla III invaded Halych upon the request of its former prince, Vladimir II Yaroslavich, who had been expelled by his subjects.[6][7] Béla forced the new prince, Roman Mstislavich, to flee. After conquering Halych, he granted it to Andrew.[8][9] Béla also captured Vladimir Yaroslavich and imprisoned him in Hungary.[10]

After Béla's withdrawal from Halych, Roman Mstislavich returned with the assistance of Rurik Rostislavich, Prince of Belgorod Kievsky.[10] They tried to expel Andrew and his Hungarian retinue, but the Hungarians routed the united forces of Mstislavich and Rostislavich.[10] A group of local boyars offered the throne to Rostislav Ivanovich, a distant cousin of the imprisoned Vladimir Yaroslavich.[10] Béla III sent reinforcements to Halych, enabling Andrew's troops to repel the attacks.[11] Andrew's nominal reign remained unpopular in Halych, because the Hungarian soldiers insulted local women and did not respect Orthodox churches.[10][12] Consequently, the local boyars allied themselves with their former prince, Vladimir Yaroslavich, who had escaped from captivity and returned to Halych.[13] Duke Casimir II of Poland also supported Vladimir Yaroslavich, and they expelled Andrew and his retinue from the principality in August 1189 or 1190.[14][15][13] Andrew returned to Hungary after his defeat.[8]

He did not receive a separate duchy from his father, who only gave him some fortresses, estates and money.[8] According to historian Attila Zsoldos, these landholdings laid in Slavonia.[16] On his deathbed, Béla III, who had pledged to lead a crusade to the Holy Land, ordered Andrew to fulfill his vow.[17] Andrew's father died on 23 April 1196, and Andrew's older brother, Emeric, succeeded him.[18]

Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia (1197–1204)

Main article: Brothers' Quarrel (Hungary)

Andrew used the funds that he inherited from his father to recruit supporters among the Hungarian lords.[4] It is plausible he demanded from his brother to install him as Duke of Slavonia, which became increasingly the title of heir to the throne by the second half of the 12th century.[16] Andrew also formed an alliance with Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, and they plotted against Emeric.[4] Their united troops routed the royal army at Mački, Slavonia, in December 1197.[19] Under duress, King Emeric gave Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew as an appanage, as most historians believe.[20][21] In contrast, historian György Szabados claims that Emeric never acknowledged Andrew's dominion in Croatia and Dalmatia, who – as Szabados considers – arbitrarily used the title of Duke.[21] In practice, Andrew administered Croatia and Dalmatia as an independent monarch. He minted coins, granted land and confirmed privileges.[20][22][19] In accordance with the agreement, Varaždin and Bodrog counties also belonged to his suzerainty.[23] He cooperated with the Frankopans, Babonići, and other local lords.[20] Some of the prominent barons also supported his aspirations, including comes Andrew, the husband of princess Margaret (the aunt of Emeric and Andrew) and Macarius Monoszló.[24] The Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre settled in the province during his rule.[25] Taking advantage of Miroslav of Hum's death, Andrew invaded Hum and occupied at least the land between the Cetina and Neretva rivers sometime before May 1198.[26] He styled himself, "By the grace of God, Duke of Zadar and of all Dalmatia, Croatia and Hum" in his charters.[27]

Pope Innocent III urged Andrew to lead a crusade to the Holy Land, but Andrew hatched a new conspiracy against Emeric with the help of John, Abbot of Pannonhalma, Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác, and many other prelates and lords.[19] For instance, incumbent Palatine Mog also betrayed Emeric and swore allegiance to the Duke.[28] The Pope threatened Andrew with excommunication if he failed to fulfill his father's vow, but Andrew did not yield.[29] The conspiracy was uncovered on 10 March 1199, when King Emeric seized letters written by Andrew's partisans to Bishop Boleslaus.[30] That summer, royal troops routed Andrew's army in the valley of Rád near Lake Balaton, and Andrew fled to Austria.[4][30] During Andrew's exile, Emeric appointed his own partisans to administer Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia.[31] A papal legate mediated a reconciliation between Andrew and Emeric, who allowed Andrew to return to Croatia and Dalmatia in 1200.[30] Andrew married Gertrude of Merania sometime between 1200 and 1203; her father, Berthold, Duke of Merania, owned extensive domains in the Holy Roman Empire along the borders of Andrew's duchy.[20][30][32]

 
The "Árpád stripes" (four Argent (silver) and four Gules (red) stripes) on Andrew's personal coat-of-arms

When Emeric's son, Ladislaus, was born around 1200, Andrew's hopes to succeed his brother as king were shattered.[4][32] Pope Innocent confirmed the child's position as heir to the crown, declaring that Andrew's future sons would only inherit Andrew's duchy.[32][30] Andrew planned a new rebellion against his brother, but King Emeric captured him without resistance near Varaždin in October 1203.[33] In contrast, historian Attila Zsoldos considers it was the king who turned against his brother's province with an army initially convened for a crusade.[34]

[All] the magnates of the kingdom and almost the whole of the Hungarian army deserted [King Emeric] and unlawfully sided with Duke Andrew. Very few men indeed remained with the king, and even they were terrified at the extent of the insurrection and did not dare to urge the king to hope for success, but rather advised him to flee. Then it happened that one day both sides had drawn close to each other and were beginning to prepare themselves in earnest for battle. ... [After] much wise thought, with inspiration from heaven [King Emeric] found a successful way by which he might recover his right to the kingdom and still remain guiltless of bloodshed. So he said to his men, "Stay here a while, and do not follow me." Then he laid down his weapons, and taking only a leafy bough in his hand he walked slowly into the enemy ranks. As he passed through the midst of the armed multitude, he cried out in a loud and strong voice, "Now I shall see who will dare to raise a hand to shed the blood of the royal lineage!" Seeing him, all fell back, and not daring even to mutter, they left a wide passage for him on either side. And then when [King Emeric] reached his brother, he took him, and leading him outside the body of troops, he sent him to a certain castle for custody.

— Thomas the Archdeacon: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split[35]

Andrew was first imprisoned in the fort of Gornji Kneginec, then in Esztergom.[33] Alexander of the Hont-Pázmány clan freed him in early 1204.[18][33] It is uncertain whether Andrew was freed by his partisans or his release took place with Emeric's consent.[34] Having fallen ill, King Emeric had his son, Ladislaus, crowned king on 26 August.[36] As Pope Innocent already ordered Archbishop Ugrin Csák to perform the coronation in April, it is plausible that the king decided on Andrew's release, therefore, the coronation was not vitally urgent.[37] Andrew reconciled with his dying brother, who entrusted him with "the guardianship of his son and the administration of the entire kingdom until the ward should reach the age of majority",[38] according to the nearly contemporaneous Thomas the Archdeacon.[4]

His nephew's guardian (1204–1205)

King Emeric died on 30 November 1204.[36] Andrew governed the kingdom as Ladislaus's regent, but subsequently he counted his regnal years from the time of his brother's death, showing that he already regarded himself as the lawful monarch during Ladislaus III's reign.[36] Pope Innocent told Andrew that he should remain loyal to Ladislaus,[39] also instructing him to fulfill his vow to lead a crusade, to secure the incomes of the dowager queen Constance of Aragon and to keep royal property intact. The pope's letters suggest that serious tensions burdened the relationship between Andrew and Constance after Emeric's death.[40]

Instead, Andrew seized the money that Emeric had deposited for Ladislaus in Pilis Abbey.[39] He also confiscated a significant portion of private wealth from Constance, who deposited it in the Stephanites' convent in Esztergom prior to that, in addition to the denial of dowry from her.[41] Ladislaus's mother, Constance of Aragon, fled from Hungary, taking her son and the Holy Crown to Austria.[11] According to the Annals of Admont, "some bishops and nobles" escorted them, breaking through the blockade that Andrew erected along the Austrian border.[42] Andrew prepared for a war against Leopold VI, Duke of Austria, but Ladislaus suddenly died in Vienna on 7 May 1205.[43] Andrew sent Peter, Bishop of Győr to Austria, who successfully recovered the Holy Crown.[44]

Reign

"New institutions" and campaigns in Halych (1205–1217)

 
Andrew II depicted in Illuminated Chronicle

John, Archbishop of Kalocsa, crowned Andrew king in Székesfehérvár on 29 May 1205.[11][45] Andrew introduced a new policy for royal grants, which he called "new institutions" in one of his charters.[46][47] He distributed large portions of the royal domain—royal castles and all estates attached to them—as inheritable grants to his supporters, declaring that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable."[47][48] His "new institutions" altered the relations between the monarchs and the Hungarian lords. During the previous two centuries, a lord's status primarily depended on the income he received for his services to the monarch; after the introduction of the "new institutions", their inheritable estates yielded sufficient revenues.[1] This policy also diminished the funds upon which the authority of the ispáns, or heads, of the counties—who were appointed by the monarchs—had been based.[49]

During his reign, Andrew was intensely interested in the internal affairs of his former principality of Halych.[36] He launched his first campaign to recapture Halych in 1205 or 1206.[36][11][50] Upon the boyars' request, he intervened against Vsevolod Svyatoslavich, Prince of Chernigov, and his allies on behalf of Daniel Romanovich, the child-prince of Halych, and Lodomeria. Svyatoslavich and his allies were forced to withdraw.[51][11] Andrew adopted the title of "King of Galicia and Lodomeria", demonstrating his claim to suzerainty in the two principalities.[52][53] After Andrew returned to Hungary, Vsevolod Svyatoslavich's distant cousin, Vladimir Igorevich, seized both Halych and Lodomeria, expelling Daniel Romanovich and his mother.[54] They fled to Leszek I of Poland, who suggested that they visit Andrew.[11][55] However, Vladimir Igorevich "sent many gifts" to both Andrew and Leszek, dissuading "them from attacking him"[56] on behalf of Romanovich, according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle.[11][55] Vladimir Igorevich's rebellious brother, Roman Igorevich, soon came to Hungary, seeking Andrew's assistance.[55] Roman returned to Halych and expelled Vladimir Igorevich with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops.[55]

Andrew confirmed the liberties of two Dalmatian towns—Split and Omiš—and issued a new charter listing the privileges of the archbishops of Split in 1207.[57] Taking advantage of a conflict between Roman Igorevich and his boyars, Andrew sent troops to Halych under the command of Benedict, son of Korlát.[58] Benedict captured Roman Igorevich and occupied the principality in 1208 or 1209.[59][58] Instead of appointing a new prince, Andrew made Benedict governor of Halych.[60] Benedict "tortured boyars and was addicted to lechery",[61] according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. The boyars offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich, Prince of Novgorod, if he could overthrow Benedict.[58] Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych, but he could not defeat Benedict.[58]

 
Gertrude of Merania and Andrew depicted in the 13th-century Landgrafenpsalter from the Landgraviate of Thuringia

Queen Gertrude's two brothers, Ekbert, Bishop of Bamberg, and Henry II, Margrave of Istria, fled to Hungary in 1208 after they were accused of participating in the murder of Philip, King of the Germans.[58][62][63] Andrew granted large domains to Bishop Ekbert in the Szepesség region (now Spiš, Slovakia).[62] Gertrude's youngest brother, Berthold, had been Archbishop of Kalocsa since 1206; he was made Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1209.[64][65] Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords.[66][67] According to historian Gyula Kristó, the anonymous author of The Deeds of the Hungarians referred to the Germans from the Holy Roman Empire when he sarcastically mentioned that "now ... the Romans graze on the goods of Hungary."[68][69] In 1209, Zadar, which had been lost to the Venetians, was liberated by one of Andrew's Dalmatian vassals, Domald of Sidraga, but the Venetians recaptured the town a year later.[70][71]

Roman Igorevich reconciled with his brother, Vladimir Igorevich, in early 1209 or 1210.[72][73] Their united forces vanquished Benedict's army, expelling the Hungarians from Halych.[72][73] Vladimir Igorevich sent one of his sons, Vsevolod Vladimirovich, "bearing gifts to the king in Hungary"[74] to appease Andrew, according to the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle.[73] A group of discontented Hungarian lords offered the crown to Andrew's cousins, the sons of Andrew's uncle, Géza; they lived in "Greek land" (the Byzantine Empire). However, the cousins' envoys were captured in Split in 1210.[72][75] In the early 1210s, Andrew sent "an army of Saxons, Vlachs, Székelys and Pechenegs" commanded by Joachim, Count of Hermannstadt, (now Sibiu, Romania) to assist Boril of Bulgaria's fight against three rebellious Cuman chieftains.[76][77] Around the same time, Hungarian troops occupied Belgrade and Barancs (now Braničevo, Serbia), which had been lost to Bulgaria under Emeric.[78][79] Andrew's army defeated the Cumans at Vidin.[80] Andrew granted the Barcaság (now Țara Bârsei, Romania) to the Teutonic Knights.[81] The Knights were to defend the easternmost regions of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cumans and encourage their conversion to Catholicism.[82][83]

A group of boyars, who were alarmed by the despotic acts of Vladimir Igorevich, asked Andrew to restore Daniel Romanovich as ruler of Halych in 1210 or 1211.[73][84] Andrew and his allies—Leszek I of Poland and at least five Rus' princes—sent their armies to Halych and restored Daniel Romanovich.[84][85] Local boyars expelled Daniel Romanovich's mother in 1212.[84] She persuaded Andrew to personally lead his army to Halych.[84] He captured Volodislav Kormilchich, the most influential boyar, and took him to Hungary.[84] After Andrew withdrew from Halych, the boyars again offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich, who expelled Daniel Romanovich and his mother from the principality.[84] Andrew departed for a new campaign against Halych in summer 1213.[84] During his absence, Hungarian lords who were aggrieved at Queen Gertrude's favoritism towards her German entourage captured and murdered her and many of her courtiers in the Pilis Hills on 28 September.[46][84][86] When he heard of her murder, Andrew returned to Hungary and ordered the execution of the murderer, Peter, son of Töre.[46] However, Peter's accomplices, including Palatine Bánk Bár-Kalán, did not receive severe punishments.[46][86] A group of Hungarian lords, whom Andrew called "perverts" in one of his letters, was plotting to dethrone Andrew and crown his eldest son, the eight-year-old Béla, but they failed to dethrone him and could only force Andrew to consent to Béla's coronation in 1214.[87][88]

Andrew and Leszek of Poland signed a treaty of alliance, which obliged Andrew's second son, Coloman, to marry Leszek of Poland's daughter, Salomea.[79] Andrew and Leszek jointly invaded Halych in 1214, and Coloman was made prince. He agreed to cede Przemyśl to Leszek of Poland.[79][75] The following year, Andrew returned to Halych and captured Przemyśl.[79] Leszek of Poland soon reconciled with Mstislav Mstislavich; they jointly invaded Halych and forced Coloman to flee to Hungary.[79] A new officer of state, the treasurer, was responsible for the administration of the royal chamber from around 1214 onwards.[79][89] However, royal revenues had significantly diminished.[47] Upon the advice of the treasurer, Denis, son of Ampud, Andrew imposed new taxes and farmed out royal income from minting, salt trade and custom duties.[90][79] The yearly exchange of coins also produced more revenue for the royal chamber.[65] However, these measures provoked discontent in Hungary.[65]

Andrew signed a new treaty of alliance with Leszek of Poland in the summer of 1216.[91] Leszek and Andrew's son, Coloman, invaded Halych and expelled Mstislav Mstislavich and Daniel Romanovich, after which Coloman was restored.[91] That same year, Andrew met Stephen Nemanjić, Grand Prince of Serbia, in Ravno (now Ćuprija, Serbia).[92][93] He persuaded Stephen Nemanjić to negotiate with Henry, Latin Emperor of Constantinople, who was the uncle of Andrew's second wife, Yolanda de Courtenay.[92][93] Stephen Nemanjić was crowned king of Serbia in 1217.[94] Andrew planned to invade Serbia, but Stephen Nemanjić's brother, Sava, dissuaded him, according to both versions of the Life of Sava.[92][94]

Andrew's crusade (1217–1218)

 
Andrew at the head of his crusader army (from the Illuminated Chronicle)

In July 1216, the newly elected Pope Honorius III once again called upon Andrew to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade.[95] Andrew, who had postponed the crusade at least three times (in 1201, 1209 and 1213), finally agreed.[96][97] Steven Runciman, Tibor Almási and other modern historians say that Andrew hoped that his decision would increase his likelihood of being elected as Latin Emperor of Constantinople, because his wife's uncle, Emperor Henry, had died in June.[52][97][98] According to a letter written by Pope Honorius in 1217, envoys from the Latin Empire had actually informed Andrew that they planned to elect either him or his father-in-law, Peter of Courtenay, as emperor.[99] Nonetheless, the barons of the Latin Empire elected Peter of Courtenay in the summer of 1216.[97][100][101]

Andrew sold and mortgaged royal estates to finance his campaign, which became part of the Fifth Crusade.[96] He renounced his claim to Zadar in favor of the Republic of Venice so that he could secure shipping for his army.[70][96] He entrusted Hungary to Archbishop John of Esztergom, and entrusted Croatia and Dalmatia to Pontius de Cruce, the Templar prior of Vrana.[96] In July 1217, Andrew departed from Zagreb, accompanied by Dukes Leopold VI of Austria and Otto I of Merania.[102][103] His army was so large—at least 10,000 mounted soldiers and uncountable infantrymen—that most of it stayed behind when Andrew and his men embarked in Split two months later.[102][104][105] The ships transported them to Acre, where they landed in October.[103]

The leaders of the crusade included John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, Leopold of Austria, the Grand Masters of the Hospitallers, the Templars and the Teutonic Knights. They held a war council in Acre, with Andrew leading the meeting.[106] In early November, the Crusaders launched a campaign for the Jordan River, forcing Al-Adil I, Sultan of Egypt, to withdraw without fighting; the crusaders then pillaged Beisan.[107][108] After the crusaders returned to Acre, Andrew did not participate in any other military actions.[109][110] Instead, he collected relics, including a water jug allegedly used at the marriage at Cana, the heads of Saint Stephen and Margaret the Virgin, the right hands of the Apostles Thomas and Bartholomew and a part of Aaron's rod.[110] If Thomas the Archdeacon's report of certain "evil and audacious men" in Acre who "treacherously passed him a poisoned drink"[111] is reliable, Andrew's inactivity was because of illness.[109]

Andrew decided to return home at the very beginning of 1218, even though Raoul of Merencourt, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, threatened him with excommunication.[112][113] Andrew first visited Tripoli and participated in the marriage of Bohemond IV of Antioch and Melisende of Lusignan on 10 January.[109] From Tripoli, he travelled to Cilicia, where he and Leo I of Armenia betrothed Andrew's youngest son, Andrew, and Leo's daughter, Isabella.[109][114] Andrew proceeded through the Seldjuk Sultanate of Rum before arriving in Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey).[109] His cousins (the sons of his uncle, Géza) attacked him when he was in Nicaea.[114] He arranged the marriage of his oldest son, Béla, to Maria Laskarina, a daughter of Emperor Theodore I Laskaris.[114] When he arrived in Bulgaria, Andrew was detained until he "gave full surety that his daughter would be united in marriage"[111] to Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria, according to Thomas the Archdeacon.[115][116] Andrew returned to Hungary in late 1218.[103] Andrew's "crusade had achieved nothing and brought him no honor", according to historian Thomas Van Cleve.[117] Oliver of Paderborn, James of Vitry and other 13th-century authors blamed Andrew for the failure of the crusade.[117] Stephen Donnachie says that "...from examining Honorius’s registers and the diplomatic communications between Andrew and the papal curia, Andrew’s genuine commitment to the crusade should not be doubted nor his extensive preparations for the campaign dismissed, even if he did ultimately bungle his opportunity."[118]

Golden Bull (1218–1222)

When he returned to Hungary, Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was "in a miserable and destroyed state, deprived of all of its revenues." [12] A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary.[103] Andrew was in massive debt because of his crusade, which forced him to impose extraordinarily high taxes and debase coinage.[12] In 1218 or 1219, Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych and captured Andrew's son, Coloman.[119][120] Andrew compromised with Mstislavich. Coloman was released, and Andrew's youngest son and namesake was betrothed to Mstislavich's daughter.[119] In 1220, a group of lords persuaded Andrew to make his eldest son, Béla, the duke of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia.[114][121]

Andrew employed Jews and Muslims to administer royal revenues, which caused a discord between Andrew and the Holy See starting in the early 1220s.[122][123] Pope Honorius urged Andrew and Queen Yolanda to prohibit Muslims from employing Christians.[123] Andrew confirmed the privileges of clergymen, including their exemption from taxes and their right to be exclusively judged by church courts, but also prohibited the consecration of udvornici, castle folk and other serfs in early 1222.[124][125] However, a new conflict emerged between Andrew and the Holy See after he persuaded Béla to separate from his wife, Maria Laskarina.[126] An "immense crowd" approached Andrew around April 1222, demanding "grave and unjust things", according to a letter of Pope Honorius.[87] Actually, the royal servants—who were landowners directly subject to the monarch's power and obliged to fight in the royal army—assembled, forcing Andrew to dismiss Julius Kán and his other officials. Andrew was also forced to issue a royal charter, the Golden Bull of 1222.[127] The charter summarized the liberties of the royal servants, including their exemption from taxes and the jurisdiction of the ispáns.[87][128] The last clause of the Golden Bull authorized "the bishops as well as the other barons and nobles of the realm, singularly and in common" to resist the monarch if he did not honor the provisions of the charter.[87][86] The Golden Bull clearly distinguished the royal servants from the king's other subjects, which led to the rise of the Hungarian nobility.[87] The Golden Bull is commonly compared with England's Magna Carta – a similar charter which was sealed a few years earlier in 1215.[129] A significant difference between them is that, in England, the settlement strengthened the position of all the royal subjects but, in Hungary, the aristocracy came to dominate both the crown and the lower orders.[130]

Conflicts with son and the Church (1222–1234)

Andrew discharged Palatine Theodore Csanád and restored Julius Kán in the second half of 1222.[131] The following year, Pope Honorius urged Andrew to launch a new crusade.[132] If the report of the Continuatio Claustroneuburgensis is reliable, Andrew took the cross to show that he intended to launch a new crusade, but no other sources mention this event.[132] Andrew planned to arrange a new marriage for his eldest son, Béla, but Pope Honorius mediated a reconciliation between Béla and his wife in the autumn of 1223.[131][126] This angered Andrew, and Béla fled to Austria. He returned in 1224 after the bishops persuaded Andrew to forgive him.[131]

In his Diploma Andreanum of 1224, Andrew confirmed the privileges of the "Saxons" who inhabited the region of Hermannstadt in southern Transylvania (now Sibiu, Romania).[133][134] The following year, he launched a campaign against the Teutonic Knights, who had attempted to eliminate his suzerainty. The Knights were forced to leave Barcaság and the neighboring lands.[133][135] Andrew's envoys and Leopold VI of Austria signed a treaty on 6 June, which ended the armed conflicts along the Hungarian-Austrian border. As part of the treaty, Leopold VI paid an indemnification for the damages that his troops had caused in Hungary.[136] Andrew made his oldest son, Béla, Duke of Transylvania. Béla's former duchy was given to Andrew's second son, Coloman, in 1226.[136] Duke Béla started expanding his suzerainty over the Cumans, who inhabited the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains.[137][138] Andrew launched a campaign against Mstislav Mstislavich in 1226 because the latter refused to grant Halych to Andrew's youngest son despite a previous compromise.[136] Andrew besieged and captured Przemyśl, Terebovl, and other fortresses in Halych.[136] However, his troops were routed at Kremenets and Zvenigorod, forcing him to withdraw.[136] Despite his victories, Mstislavich ceded Halych to Andrew's son in early 1227.[136]

 
Andrew's statute on Heroes' Square in Budapest

In 1228, Andrew authorized his son, Béla, to revise his previous land grants.[139] Pope Honorius also supported Béla's efforts.[139] Béla confiscated the domains of two noblemen, Simon Kacsics and Bánk Bár-Kalán, who had taken part in the conspiracy to murder Queen Gertrude.[139] In 1229, upon Béla's proposal, Andrew confirmed the privileges of the Cuman chieftains who had subjected themselves to Béla.[140] Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom, made a complaint about Andrew to the Holy See, because Andrew continued to employ Jews and Muslims.[141] Pope Gregory IX authorized the archbishop to perform acts of religious censure to persuade Andrew to dismiss his non-Christian officials.[142] Under duress, Andrew issued a new Golden Bull in 1231, which confirmed that Muslims were banned from employment, and empowered the Archbishop of Esztergom to excommunicate the king if he failed to honor the provisions of the new Golden Bull.[142][87][143] In the second half of the year, Andrew invaded Halych and restored his youngest son, Andrew, to the throne.[142]

Archbishop Robert excommunicated Palatine Denis and put Hungary under an interdict on 25 February 1232, because the employment of Jews and Muslims continued despite the Golden Bull of 1231.[144][145] Since the archbishop accused the Muslims of persuading Andrew to seize church property, Andrew restored properties to the archbishop, who soon suspended the interdict.[144][145] Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory sent Cardinal Giacomo di Pecorari as his legate to Hungary and promised that nobody would be excommunicated without the pope's special authorization.[145] Although Andrew departed for Halych to support his youngest son in a fight against Daniel Romanivich, he continued his negotiations with the papal legate.[146] On 20 August 1233, in the forests of Bereg, he vowed that he would not employ Jews and Muslims to administrate royal revenues, and would pay 10,000 marks as compensation for usurped Church revenues.[87][147] Andrew repeated his oath in Esztergom in September.[146]

Andrew and Frederick II, Duke of Austria, signed a peace treaty in late 1233.[146] Andrew, who had been widowed, married the 23-year-old Beatrice D'Este on 14 May 1234, even though his sons were sharply opposed to his third marriage.[148] John, Bishop of Bosnia, put Hungary under a new interdict in the first half of 1234, because Andrew had not dismissed his non-Christian officials despite his oath of Bereg.[149][150] Andrew and Archbishop Robert of Esztergom protested against the bishop's act at the Holy See.[149]

Last years (1234–1235)

Danilo Romanovich laid siege to Halych, and Andrew's youngest son died during the siege in the autumn of 1234.[150] However, Andrew stormed Austria in the summer of 1235, forcing Duke Frederick to pay an indemnification for damages that his troops had caused while raiding Hungary.[150] Upon Andrew's demand, Pope Gregory declared on 31 August that Andrew and his sons could only be excommunicated by the authorization of the Holy See.[150] Andrew died on 21 September,[151] and was buried in Egres Abbey.[152]

Family

Andrew's first wife, Gertrude of Merania, was born around 1185, according to historian Gyula Kristó.[157] Their first child, Mary, was born in 1203 or 1204. She became the wife of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[158] Andrew's eldest son, Béla, was born in 1206. He later succeeded his father as king.[158] Béla's younger sister, Elisabeth, was born in 1207. She married Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia.[158] She died in 1231 and was canonized during Andrew's life.[159] Andrew's second son, Coloman, was born in 1208. His third son, Andrew, was born around 1210. Coloman and Andrew each ruled the Principality of Halych for a short period.[158]

Two years after his first wife was murdered, Andrew married Yolanda de Courtenay, who was born around 1198.[160] Their only child, Yolanda, was born around 1219 and married James I of Aragon.[161] Andrew's third wife, Beatrice D'Este, was about twenty-three when they married in 1234.[162] She gave birth to a son, Stephen, after Andrew's death.[163] However, Andrew's two older sons, Béla and Coloman, accused her of adultery and considered her child to be a bastard.[164] Her grandson, Andrew, became the last monarch of the House of Árpád.[164]

Notes

  1. ^ In older historiography, Raynald was described as the son of Geoffrey, Count of Gien, but in 1989 Jean Richard demonstrated Raynald's kinship with the Lords of Donzy (Hamilton 2000, p. 104.)

References

  1. ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 75.
  2. ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 229, Appendix 4.
  3. ^ Kristó 1994, p. 43.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Almási 2012, p. 86.
  5. ^ Zsoldos 2022, pp. 13–14.
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  118. ^ Donnachie, Stephen. "review of 'Curia and Crusade: Pope Honorius III and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1216–1227'", (review no. 2259)doi:10.14296/RiH/2014/2259 Date accessed: 4 January 2020
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  125. ^ Bartl et al. 2002, pp. 30–31.
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  128. ^ Berend, Urbańczyk & Wiszewski 2013, pp. 428–429.
  129. ^ Ertman 1997, p. 273.
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  133. ^ a b Curta 2006, p. 403.
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  135. ^ Spinei 2009, p. 147.
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  141. ^ Berend 2006, p. 155.
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  143. ^ Berend 2006, pp. 154–155.
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  146. ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 143.
  147. ^ Berend 2006, pp. 158–159.
  148. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 243.
  149. ^ a b Berend 2006, p. 160.
  150. ^ a b c d Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 144.
  151. ^ Engel 2001, p. 98.
  152. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 244.
  153. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 229, Appendices 2–4.
  154. ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 345, Appendix III.
  155. ^ Hamilton 2000, p. 104.
  156. ^ Dimnik 1994, pp. 85, 95.
  157. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 231.
  158. ^ a b c d Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 232, Appendix 4.
  159. ^ Engel 2001, p. 97.
  160. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 236–237.
  161. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 4.
  162. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 243, Appendix 4.
  163. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 243, 282, Appendix 4.
  164. ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 282.

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrew II of Hungary.
Andrew II of Hungary
Born: c. 1177 Died: 21 September 1235
Regnal titles
Preceded by Prince of Halych
1188–1189 or 1190 		Succeeded by
Preceded by King of Hungary and Croatia
1205–1235 		Succeeded by
Preceded by King of Halych
1208 or 1209–1210 		Succeeded by

January 07, 2023
andrew, hungary, andrew, hungarian, andrás, croatian, andrija, slovak, ondrej, ukrainian, Андрій, 1177, september, 1235, also, known, andrew, jerusalem, king, hungary, croatia, between, 1205, 1235, ruled, principality, halych, from, 1188, until, 1189, 1190, ag. Andrew II Hungarian II Andras Croatian Andrija II Slovak Ondrej II Ukrainian Andrij II c 1177 21 September 1235 also known as Andrew of Jerusalem was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235 He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189 1190 and again between 1208 1209 and 1210 He was the younger son of Bela III of Hungary who entrusted him with the administration of the newly conquered Principality of Halych in 1188 Andrew s rule was unpopular and the boyars or noblemen expelled him Bela III willed property and money to Andrew obliging him to lead a crusade to the Holy Land Instead Andrew forced his elder brother King Emeric of Hungary to cede Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage to him in 1197 The following year Andrew occupied Hum Andrew IISeal of Andrew II 1224King of Hungary and CroatiaReign1205 1235Coronation29 May 1205PredecessorLadislaus IIISuccessorBela IVPrince of HalychReign1188 1189 or 11901208 or 1209 1210PredecessorRoman Mstislavich Roman II IgorevichSuccessorVladimir II Yaroslavich Vladimir III IgorevichBornc 1177Died21 September 1235 aged 57 58 BurialEgres AbbeySpouseGertrude of Merania Yolanda de Courtenay Beatrice D EsteIssueMaria Tsaritsa of Bulgaria Bela IV of Hungary Saint Elizabeth Coloman of Halych Andrew II of Halych Yolanda Queen of Aragon Stephen the PosthumousDynastyArpadFatherBela III of HungaryMotherAgnes of AntiochReligionRoman CatholicDespite the fact that Andrew did not stop conspiring against Emeric the dying king made Andrew guardian of his son Ladislaus III in 1204 After the premature death of Ladislaus Andrew ascended the throne in 1205 According to historian Laszlo Kontler i t was amidst the socio political turmoil during Andrew s reign that the relations arrangements institutional framework and social categories that arose under Stephen I started to disintegrate in the higher echelons of society in Hungary 1 Andrew introduced a new grants policy the so called new institutions giving away money and royal estates to his partisans despite the loss of royal revenues He was the first Hungarian monarch to adopt the title of King of Halych and Lodomeria He waged at least a dozen wars to seize the two Rus principalities but was repelled by the local boyars and neighboring princes He participated in the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217 1218 but the crusade was a failure When the servientes regis or royal servants rose up Andrew was forced to issue the Golden Bull of 1222 confirming their privileges This led to the rise of the nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary His Diploma Andreanum of 1224 listed the liberties of the Transylvanian Saxon community The employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led him into conflict with the Holy See and the Hungarian prelates Andrew pledged to respect the privileges of the clergymen and to dismiss his non Christian officials in 1233 but he never fulfilled the latter promise Andrew s first wife Gertrude of Merania was murdered in 1213 because her blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers stirred up discontent among the native lords The veneration of their daughter Elizabeth of Hungary was confirmed by the Holy See during Andrew s lifetime After Andrew s death his sons Bela and Coloman accused his third wife Beatrice d Este of adultery and never considered her son Stephen to be a legitimate son of Andrew Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Childhood and youth c 1177 1197 1 2 Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia 1197 1204 1 3 His nephew s guardian 1204 1205 2 Reign 2 1 New institutions and campaigns in Halych 1205 1217 2 2 Andrew s crusade 1217 1218 2 3 Golden Bull 1218 1222 2 4 Conflicts with son and the Church 1222 1234 2 5 Last years 1234 1235 3 Family 4 Notes 5 References 6 Sources 6 1 Primary sources 6 2 Secondary sourcesEarly life EditChildhood and youth c 1177 1197 Edit Andrew was the second son of King Bela III and Bela s first wife Agnes of Antioch 2 The year of Andrew s birth is not known but modern historians agree that he was born around 1177 2 3 4 considering that Margaret who was born in 1175 or 1176 was his elder sister which however is far from certain 5 Andrew was first mentioned in connection to his father s invasion of the Principality of Halych in 1188 6 That year Bela III invaded Halych upon the request of its former prince Vladimir II Yaroslavich who had been expelled by his subjects 6 7 Bela forced the new prince Roman Mstislavich to flee After conquering Halych he granted it to Andrew 8 9 Bela also captured Vladimir Yaroslavich and imprisoned him in Hungary 10 After Bela s withdrawal from Halych Roman Mstislavich returned with the assistance of Rurik Rostislavich Prince of Belgorod Kievsky 10 They tried to expel Andrew and his Hungarian retinue but the Hungarians routed the united forces of Mstislavich and Rostislavich 10 A group of local boyars offered the throne to Rostislav Ivanovich a distant cousin of the imprisoned Vladimir Yaroslavich 10 Bela III sent reinforcements to Halych enabling Andrew s troops to repel the attacks 11 Andrew s nominal reign remained unpopular in Halych because the Hungarian soldiers insulted local women and did not respect Orthodox churches 10 12 Consequently the local boyars allied themselves with their former prince Vladimir Yaroslavich who had escaped from captivity and returned to Halych 13 Duke Casimir II of Poland also supported Vladimir Yaroslavich and they expelled Andrew and his retinue from the principality in August 1189 or 1190 14 15 13 Andrew returned to Hungary after his defeat 8 He did not receive a separate duchy from his father who only gave him some fortresses estates and money 8 According to historian Attila Zsoldos these landholdings laid in Slavonia 16 On his deathbed Bela III who had pledged to lead a crusade to the Holy Land ordered Andrew to fulfill his vow 17 Andrew s father died on 23 April 1196 and Andrew s older brother Emeric succeeded him 18 Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia 1197 1204 Edit Main article Brothers Quarrel Hungary Andrew used the funds that he inherited from his father to recruit supporters among the Hungarian lords 4 It is plausible he demanded from his brother to install him as Duke of Slavonia which became increasingly the title of heir to the throne by the second half of the 12th century 16 Andrew also formed an alliance with Leopold VI Duke of Austria and they plotted against Emeric 4 Their united troops routed the royal army at Macki Slavonia in December 1197 19 Under duress King Emeric gave Croatia and Dalmatia to Andrew as an appanage as most historians believe 20 21 In contrast historian Gyorgy Szabados claims that Emeric never acknowledged Andrew s dominion in Croatia and Dalmatia who as Szabados considers arbitrarily used the title of Duke 21 In practice Andrew administered Croatia and Dalmatia as an independent monarch He minted coins granted land and confirmed privileges 20 22 19 In accordance with the agreement Varazdin and Bodrog counties also belonged to his suzerainty 23 He cooperated with the Frankopans Babonici and other local lords 20 Some of the prominent barons also supported his aspirations including comes Andrew the husband of princess Margaret the aunt of Emeric and Andrew and Macarius Monoszlo 24 The Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre settled in the province during his rule 25 Taking advantage of Miroslav of Hum s death Andrew invaded Hum and occupied at least the land between the Cetina and Neretva rivers sometime before May 1198 26 He styled himself By the grace of God Duke of Zadar and of all Dalmatia Croatia and Hum in his charters 27 Pope Innocent III urged Andrew to lead a crusade to the Holy Land but Andrew hatched a new conspiracy against Emeric with the help of John Abbot of Pannonhalma Boleslaus Bishop of Vac and many other prelates and lords 19 For instance incumbent Palatine Mog also betrayed Emeric and swore allegiance to the Duke 28 The Pope threatened Andrew with excommunication if he failed to fulfill his father s vow but Andrew did not yield 29 The conspiracy was uncovered on 10 March 1199 when King Emeric seized letters written by Andrew s partisans to Bishop Boleslaus 30 That summer royal troops routed Andrew s army in the valley of Rad near Lake Balaton and Andrew fled to Austria 4 30 During Andrew s exile Emeric appointed his own partisans to administer Slavonia Croatia and Dalmatia 31 A papal legate mediated a reconciliation between Andrew and Emeric who allowed Andrew to return to Croatia and Dalmatia in 1200 30 Andrew married Gertrude of Merania sometime between 1200 and 1203 her father Berthold Duke of Merania owned extensive domains in the Holy Roman Empire along the borders of Andrew s duchy 20 30 32 The Arpad stripes four Argent silver and four Gules red stripes on Andrew s personal coat of arms When Emeric s son Ladislaus was born around 1200 Andrew s hopes to succeed his brother as king were shattered 4 32 Pope Innocent confirmed the child s position as heir to the crown declaring that Andrew s future sons would only inherit Andrew s duchy 32 30 Andrew planned a new rebellion against his brother but King Emeric captured him without resistance near Varazdin in October 1203 33 In contrast historian Attila Zsoldos considers it was the king who turned against his brother s province with an army initially convened for a crusade 34 All the magnates of the kingdom and almost the whole of the Hungarian army deserted King Emeric and unlawfully sided with Duke Andrew Very few men indeed remained with the king and even they were terrified at the extent of the insurrection and did not dare to urge the king to hope for success but rather advised him to flee Then it happened that one day both sides had drawn close to each other and were beginning to prepare themselves in earnest for battle After much wise thought with inspiration from heaven King Emeric found a successful way by which he might recover his right to the kingdom and still remain guiltless of bloodshed So he said to his men Stay here a while and do not follow me Then he laid down his weapons and taking only a leafy bough in his hand he walked slowly into the enemy ranks As he passed through the midst of the armed multitude he cried out in a loud and strong voice Now I shall see who will dare to raise a hand to shed the blood of the royal lineage Seeing him all fell back and not daring even to mutter they left a wide passage for him on either side And then when King Emeric reached his brother he took him and leading him outside the body of troops he sent him to a certain castle for custody Thomas the Archdeacon History of the Bishops of Salona and Split 35 Andrew was first imprisoned in the fort of Gornji Kneginec then in Esztergom 33 Alexander of the Hont Pazmany clan freed him in early 1204 18 33 It is uncertain whether Andrew was freed by his partisans or his release took place with Emeric s consent 34 Having fallen ill King Emeric had his son Ladislaus crowned king on 26 August 36 As Pope Innocent already ordered Archbishop Ugrin Csak to perform the coronation in April it is plausible that the king decided on Andrew s release therefore the coronation was not vitally urgent 37 Andrew reconciled with his dying brother who entrusted him with the guardianship of his son and the administration of the entire kingdom until the ward should reach the age of majority 38 according to the nearly contemporaneous Thomas the Archdeacon 4 His nephew s guardian 1204 1205 Edit King Emeric died on 30 November 1204 36 Andrew governed the kingdom as Ladislaus s regent but subsequently he counted his regnal years from the time of his brother s death showing that he already regarded himself as the lawful monarch during Ladislaus III s reign 36 Pope Innocent told Andrew that he should remain loyal to Ladislaus 39 also instructing him to fulfill his vow to lead a crusade to secure the incomes of the dowager queen Constance of Aragon and to keep royal property intact The pope s letters suggest that serious tensions burdened the relationship between Andrew and Constance after Emeric s death 40 Instead Andrew seized the money that Emeric had deposited for Ladislaus in Pilis Abbey 39 He also confiscated a significant portion of private wealth from Constance who deposited it in the Stephanites convent in Esztergom prior to that in addition to the denial of dowry from her 41 Ladislaus s mother Constance of Aragon fled from Hungary taking her son and the Holy Crown to Austria 11 According to the Annals of Admont some bishops and nobles escorted them breaking through the blockade that Andrew erected along the Austrian border 42 Andrew prepared for a war against Leopold VI Duke of Austria but Ladislaus suddenly died in Vienna on 7 May 1205 43 Andrew sent Peter Bishop of Gyor to Austria who successfully recovered the Holy Crown 44 Reign Edit New institutions and campaigns in Halych 1205 1217 Edit Andrew II depicted in Illuminated Chronicle John Archbishop of Kalocsa crowned Andrew king in Szekesfehervar on 29 May 1205 11 45 Andrew introduced a new policy for royal grants which he called new institutions in one of his charters 46 47 He distributed large portions of the royal domain royal castles and all estates attached to them as inheritable grants to his supporters declaring that the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable 47 48 His new institutions altered the relations between the monarchs and the Hungarian lords During the previous two centuries a lord s status primarily depended on the income he received for his services to the monarch after the introduction of the new institutions their inheritable estates yielded sufficient revenues 1 This policy also diminished the funds upon which the authority of the ispans or heads of the counties who were appointed by the monarchs had been based 49 During his reign Andrew was intensely interested in the internal affairs of his former principality of Halych 36 He launched his first campaign to recapture Halych in 1205 or 1206 36 11 50 Upon the boyars request he intervened against Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Prince of Chernigov and his allies on behalf of Daniel Romanovich the child prince of Halych and Lodomeria Svyatoslavich and his allies were forced to withdraw 51 11 Andrew adopted the title of King of Galicia and Lodomeria demonstrating his claim to suzerainty in the two principalities 52 53 After Andrew returned to Hungary Vsevolod Svyatoslavich s distant cousin Vladimir Igorevich seized both Halych and Lodomeria expelling Daniel Romanovich and his mother 54 They fled to Leszek I of Poland who suggested that they visit Andrew 11 55 However Vladimir Igorevich sent many gifts to both Andrew and Leszek dissuading them from attacking him 56 on behalf of Romanovich according to the Galician Volhynian Chronicle 11 55 Vladimir Igorevich s rebellious brother Roman Igorevich soon came to Hungary seeking Andrew s assistance 55 Roman returned to Halych and expelled Vladimir Igorevich with the help of Hungarian auxiliary troops 55 Andrew confirmed the liberties of two Dalmatian towns Split and Omis and issued a new charter listing the privileges of the archbishops of Split in 1207 57 Taking advantage of a conflict between Roman Igorevich and his boyars Andrew sent troops to Halych under the command of Benedict son of Korlat 58 Benedict captured Roman Igorevich and occupied the principality in 1208 or 1209 59 58 Instead of appointing a new prince Andrew made Benedict governor of Halych 60 Benedict tortured boyars and was addicted to lechery 61 according to the Galician Volhynian Chronicle The boyars offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich Prince of Novgorod if he could overthrow Benedict 58 Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych but he could not defeat Benedict 58 Gertrude of Merania and Andrew depicted in the 13th century Landgrafenpsalter from the Landgraviate of Thuringia Queen Gertrude s two brothers Ekbert Bishop of Bamberg and Henry II Margrave of Istria fled to Hungary in 1208 after they were accused of participating in the murder of Philip King of the Germans 58 62 63 Andrew granted large domains to Bishop Ekbert in the Szepesseg region now Spis Slovakia 62 Gertrude s youngest brother Berthold had been Archbishop of Kalocsa since 1206 he was made Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1209 64 65 Andrew s generosity towards his wife s German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords 66 67 According to historian Gyula Kristo the anonymous author of The Deeds of the Hungarians referred to the Germans from the Holy Roman Empire when he sarcastically mentioned that now the Romans graze on the goods of Hungary 68 69 In 1209 Zadar which had been lost to the Venetians was liberated by one of Andrew s Dalmatian vassals Domald of Sidraga but the Venetians recaptured the town a year later 70 71 Roman Igorevich reconciled with his brother Vladimir Igorevich in early 1209 or 1210 72 73 Their united forces vanquished Benedict s army expelling the Hungarians from Halych 72 73 Vladimir Igorevich sent one of his sons Vsevolod Vladimirovich bearing gifts to the king in Hungary 74 to appease Andrew according to the Galician Volhynian Chronicle 73 A group of discontented Hungarian lords offered the crown to Andrew s cousins the sons of Andrew s uncle Geza they lived in Greek land the Byzantine Empire However the cousins envoys were captured in Split in 1210 72 75 In the early 1210s Andrew sent an army of Saxons Vlachs Szekelys and Pechenegs commanded by Joachim Count of Hermannstadt now Sibiu Romania to assist Boril of Bulgaria s fight against three rebellious Cuman chieftains 76 77 Around the same time Hungarian troops occupied Belgrade and Barancs now Branicevo Serbia which had been lost to Bulgaria under Emeric 78 79 Andrew s army defeated the Cumans at Vidin 80 Andrew granted the Barcasag now Țara Barsei Romania to the Teutonic Knights 81 The Knights were to defend the easternmost regions of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cumans and encourage their conversion to Catholicism 82 83 A group of boyars who were alarmed by the despotic acts of Vladimir Igorevich asked Andrew to restore Daniel Romanovich as ruler of Halych in 1210 or 1211 73 84 Andrew and his allies Leszek I of Poland and at least five Rus princes sent their armies to Halych and restored Daniel Romanovich 84 85 Local boyars expelled Daniel Romanovich s mother in 1212 84 She persuaded Andrew to personally lead his army to Halych 84 He captured Volodislav Kormilchich the most influential boyar and took him to Hungary 84 After Andrew withdrew from Halych the boyars again offered the throne to Mstislav Mstislavich who expelled Daniel Romanovich and his mother from the principality 84 Andrew departed for a new campaign against Halych in summer 1213 84 During his absence Hungarian lords who were aggrieved at Queen Gertrude s favoritism towards her German entourage captured and murdered her and many of her courtiers in the Pilis Hills on 28 September 46 84 86 When he heard of her murder Andrew returned to Hungary and ordered the execution of the murderer Peter son of Tore 46 However Peter s accomplices including Palatine Bank Bar Kalan did not receive severe punishments 46 86 A group of Hungarian lords whom Andrew called perverts in one of his letters was plotting to dethrone Andrew and crown his eldest son the eight year old Bela but they failed to dethrone him and could only force Andrew to consent to Bela s coronation in 1214 87 88 Andrew and Leszek of Poland signed a treaty of alliance which obliged Andrew s second son Coloman to marry Leszek of Poland s daughter Salomea 79 Andrew and Leszek jointly invaded Halych in 1214 and Coloman was made prince He agreed to cede Przemysl to Leszek of Poland 79 75 The following year Andrew returned to Halych and captured Przemysl 79 Leszek of Poland soon reconciled with Mstislav Mstislavich they jointly invaded Halych and forced Coloman to flee to Hungary 79 A new officer of state the treasurer was responsible for the administration of the royal chamber from around 1214 onwards 79 89 However royal revenues had significantly diminished 47 Upon the advice of the treasurer Denis son of Ampud Andrew imposed new taxes and farmed out royal income from minting salt trade and custom duties 90 79 The yearly exchange of coins also produced more revenue for the royal chamber 65 However these measures provoked discontent in Hungary 65 Andrew signed a new treaty of alliance with Leszek of Poland in the summer of 1216 91 Leszek and Andrew s son Coloman invaded Halych and expelled Mstislav Mstislavich and Daniel Romanovich after which Coloman was restored 91 That same year Andrew met Stephen Nemanjic Grand Prince of Serbia in Ravno now Cuprija Serbia 92 93 He persuaded Stephen Nemanjic to negotiate with Henry Latin Emperor of Constantinople who was the uncle of Andrew s second wife Yolanda de Courtenay 92 93 Stephen Nemanjic was crowned king of Serbia in 1217 94 Andrew planned to invade Serbia but Stephen Nemanjic s brother Sava dissuaded him according to both versions of the Life of Sava 92 94 Andrew s crusade 1217 1218 Edit Andrew at the head of his crusader army from the Illuminated Chronicle In July 1216 the newly elected Pope Honorius III once again called upon Andrew to fulfill his father s vow to lead a crusade 95 Andrew who had postponed the crusade at least three times in 1201 1209 and 1213 finally agreed 96 97 Steven Runciman Tibor Almasi and other modern historians say that Andrew hoped that his decision would increase his likelihood of being elected as Latin Emperor of Constantinople because his wife s uncle Emperor Henry had died in June 52 97 98 According to a letter written by Pope Honorius in 1217 envoys from the Latin Empire had actually informed Andrew that they planned to elect either him or his father in law Peter of Courtenay as emperor 99 Nonetheless the barons of the Latin Empire elected Peter of Courtenay in the summer of 1216 97 100 101 Andrew sold and mortgaged royal estates to finance his campaign which became part of the Fifth Crusade 96 He renounced his claim to Zadar in favor of the Republic of Venice so that he could secure shipping for his army 70 96 He entrusted Hungary to Archbishop John of Esztergom and entrusted Croatia and Dalmatia to Pontius de Cruce the Templar prior of Vrana 96 In July 1217 Andrew departed from Zagreb accompanied by Dukes Leopold VI of Austria and Otto I of Merania 102 103 His army was so large at least 10 000 mounted soldiers and uncountable infantrymen that most of it stayed behind when Andrew and his men embarked in Split two months later 102 104 105 The ships transported them to Acre where they landed in October 103 The leaders of the crusade included John of Brienne King of Jerusalem Leopold of Austria the Grand Masters of the Hospitallers the Templars and the Teutonic Knights They held a war council in Acre with Andrew leading the meeting 106 In early November the Crusaders launched a campaign for the Jordan River forcing Al Adil I Sultan of Egypt to withdraw without fighting the crusaders then pillaged Beisan 107 108 After the crusaders returned to Acre Andrew did not participate in any other military actions 109 110 Instead he collected relics including a water jug allegedly used at the marriage at Cana the heads of Saint Stephen and Margaret the Virgin the right hands of the Apostles Thomas and Bartholomew and a part of Aaron s rod 110 If Thomas the Archdeacon s report of certain evil and audacious men in Acre who treacherously passed him a poisoned drink 111 is reliable Andrew s inactivity was because of illness 109 Andrew decided to return home at the very beginning of 1218 even though Raoul of Merencourt Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem threatened him with excommunication 112 113 Andrew first visited Tripoli and participated in the marriage of Bohemond IV of Antioch and Melisende of Lusignan on 10 January 109 From Tripoli he travelled to Cilicia where he and Leo I of Armenia betrothed Andrew s youngest son Andrew and Leo s daughter Isabella 109 114 Andrew proceeded through the Seldjuk Sultanate of Rum before arriving in Nicaea now Iznik Turkey 109 His cousins the sons of his uncle Geza attacked him when he was in Nicaea 114 He arranged the marriage of his oldest son Bela to Maria Laskarina a daughter of Emperor Theodore I Laskaris 114 When he arrived in Bulgaria Andrew was detained until he gave full surety that his daughter would be united in marriage 111 to Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria according to Thomas the Archdeacon 115 116 Andrew returned to Hungary in late 1218 103 Andrew s crusade had achieved nothing and brought him no honor according to historian Thomas Van Cleve 117 Oliver of Paderborn James of Vitry and other 13th century authors blamed Andrew for the failure of the crusade 117 Stephen Donnachie says that from examining Honorius s registers and the diplomatic communications between Andrew and the papal curia Andrew s genuine commitment to the crusade should not be doubted nor his extensive preparations for the campaign dismissed even if he did ultimately bungle his opportunity 118 Golden Bull 1218 1222 Edit The Golden Bull of 1222 When he returned to Hungary Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was in a miserable and destroyed state deprived of all of its revenues 12 A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary 103 Andrew was in massive debt because of his crusade which forced him to impose extraordinarily high taxes and debase coinage 12 In 1218 or 1219 Mstislav Mstislavich invaded Halych and captured Andrew s son Coloman 119 120 Andrew compromised with Mstislavich Coloman was released and Andrew s youngest son and namesake was betrothed to Mstislavich s daughter 119 In 1220 a group of lords persuaded Andrew to make his eldest son Bela the duke of Croatia Dalmatia and Slavonia 114 121 Andrew employed Jews and Muslims to administer royal revenues which caused a discord between Andrew and the Holy See starting in the early 1220s 122 123 Pope Honorius urged Andrew and Queen Yolanda to prohibit Muslims from employing Christians 123 Andrew confirmed the privileges of clergymen including their exemption from taxes and their right to be exclusively judged by church courts but also prohibited the consecration of udvornici castle folk and other serfs in early 1222 124 125 However a new conflict emerged between Andrew and the Holy See after he persuaded Bela to separate from his wife Maria Laskarina 126 An immense crowd approached Andrew around April 1222 demanding grave and unjust things according to a letter of Pope Honorius 87 Actually the royal servants who were landowners directly subject to the monarch s power and obliged to fight in the royal army assembled forcing Andrew to dismiss Julius Kan and his other officials Andrew was also forced to issue a royal charter the Golden Bull of 1222 127 The charter summarized the liberties of the royal servants including their exemption from taxes and the jurisdiction of the ispans 87 128 The last clause of the Golden Bull authorized the bishops as well as the other barons and nobles of the realm singularly and in common to resist the monarch if he did not honor the provisions of the charter 87 86 The Golden Bull clearly distinguished the royal servants from the king s other subjects which led to the rise of the Hungarian nobility 87 The Golden Bull is commonly compared with England s Magna Carta a similar charter which was sealed a few years earlier in 1215 129 A significant difference between them is that in England the settlement strengthened the position of all the royal subjects but in Hungary the aristocracy came to dominate both the crown and the lower orders 130 Conflicts with son and the Church 1222 1234 Edit Andrew discharged Palatine Theodore Csanad and restored Julius Kan in the second half of 1222 131 The following year Pope Honorius urged Andrew to launch a new crusade 132 If the report of the Continuatio Claustroneuburgensis is reliable Andrew took the cross to show that he intended to launch a new crusade but no other sources mention this event 132 Andrew planned to arrange a new marriage for his eldest son Bela but Pope Honorius mediated a reconciliation between Bela and his wife in the autumn of 1223 131 126 This angered Andrew and Bela fled to Austria He returned in 1224 after the bishops persuaded Andrew to forgive him 131 In his Diploma Andreanum of 1224 Andrew confirmed the privileges of the Saxons who inhabited the region of Hermannstadt in southern Transylvania now Sibiu Romania 133 134 The following year he launched a campaign against the Teutonic Knights who had attempted to eliminate his suzerainty The Knights were forced to leave Barcasag and the neighboring lands 133 135 Andrew s envoys and Leopold VI of Austria signed a treaty on 6 June which ended the armed conflicts along the Hungarian Austrian border As part of the treaty Leopold VI paid an indemnification for the damages that his troops had caused in Hungary 136 Andrew made his oldest son Bela Duke of Transylvania Bela s former duchy was given to Andrew s second son Coloman in 1226 136 Duke Bela started expanding his suzerainty over the Cumans who inhabited the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains 137 138 Andrew launched a campaign against Mstislav Mstislavich in 1226 because the latter refused to grant Halych to Andrew s youngest son despite a previous compromise 136 Andrew besieged and captured Przemysl Terebovl and other fortresses in Halych 136 However his troops were routed at Kremenets and Zvenigorod forcing him to withdraw 136 Despite his victories Mstislavich ceded Halych to Andrew s son in early 1227 136 Andrew s statute on Heroes Square in Budapest In 1228 Andrew authorized his son Bela to revise his previous land grants 139 Pope Honorius also supported Bela s efforts 139 Bela confiscated the domains of two noblemen Simon Kacsics and Bank Bar Kalan who had taken part in the conspiracy to murder Queen Gertrude 139 In 1229 upon Bela s proposal Andrew confirmed the privileges of the Cuman chieftains who had subjected themselves to Bela 140 Robert Archbishop of Esztergom made a complaint about Andrew to the Holy See because Andrew continued to employ Jews and Muslims 141 Pope Gregory IX authorized the archbishop to perform acts of religious censure to persuade Andrew to dismiss his non Christian officials 142 Under duress Andrew issued a new Golden Bull in 1231 which confirmed that Muslims were banned from employment and empowered the Archbishop of Esztergom to excommunicate the king if he failed to honor the provisions of the new Golden Bull 142 87 143 In the second half of the year Andrew invaded Halych and restored his youngest son Andrew to the throne 142 Archbishop Robert excommunicated Palatine Denis and put Hungary under an interdict on 25 February 1232 because the employment of Jews and Muslims continued despite the Golden Bull of 1231 144 145 Since the archbishop accused the Muslims of persuading Andrew to seize church property Andrew restored properties to the archbishop who soon suspended the interdict 144 145 Upon Andrew s demand Pope Gregory sent Cardinal Giacomo di Pecorari as his legate to Hungary and promised that nobody would be excommunicated without the pope s special authorization 145 Although Andrew departed for Halych to support his youngest son in a fight against Daniel Romanivich he continued his negotiations with the papal legate 146 On 20 August 1233 in the forests of Bereg he vowed that he would not employ Jews and Muslims to administrate royal revenues and would pay 10 000 marks as compensation for usurped Church revenues 87 147 Andrew repeated his oath in Esztergom in September 146 Andrew and Frederick II Duke of Austria signed a peace treaty in late 1233 146 Andrew who had been widowed married the 23 year old Beatrice D Este on 14 May 1234 even though his sons were sharply opposed to his third marriage 148 John Bishop of Bosnia put Hungary under a new interdict in the first half of 1234 because Andrew had not dismissed his non Christian officials despite his oath of Bereg 149 150 Andrew and Archbishop Robert of Esztergom protested against the bishop s act at the Holy See 149 Last years 1234 1235 Edit Danilo Romanovich laid siege to Halych and Andrew s youngest son died during the siege in the autumn of 1234 150 However Andrew stormed Austria in the summer of 1235 forcing Duke Frederick to pay an indemnification for damages that his troops had caused while raiding Hungary 150 Upon Andrew s demand Pope Gregory declared on 31 August that Andrew and his sons could only be excommunicated by the authorization of the Holy See 150 Andrew died on 21 September 151 and was buried in Egres Abbey 152 Family EditAncestors of Andrew II of Hungary 153 154 155 156 16 Almos Duke of Croatia8 Bela II of Hungary17 Predslava of Kiev4 Geza II of Hungary18 Uros I of Serbia9 Helena of Rascia2 Bela III of Hungary20 Vladimir II Monomakh10 Mstislav I of Kiev21 Gytha of Wessex5 Euphrosyne of Kiev1 Andrew II of Hungary12 Herve II of Donzy note 1 6 Raynald of Chatillon3 Agnes of Antioch28 Bohemond I of Antioch14 Bohemund II of Antioch29 Constance of France7 Constance of Antioch30 Baldwin II of Jerusalem15 Alice of Jerusalem31 Morphia of Melitene With Gertrude of Merania b 1185 Mary b 1203 1204 married Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria Bela IV b 1206 Elisabeth b 1207 d 1231 married Louis IV Landgrave of Thuringia Coloman b 1210 Andrew of Hungary Prince of Halych With Yolanda de Courtenay b 1198 Yolanda b 1219 married James I of Aragon With Beatrice d Este 23 years old at the time of marriage in 1234 StephenAndrew s first wife Gertrude of Merania was born around 1185 according to historian Gyula Kristo 157 Their first child Mary was born in 1203 or 1204 She became the wife of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria 158 Andrew s eldest son Bela was born in 1206 He later succeeded his father as king 158 Bela s younger sister Elisabeth was born in 1207 She married Louis IV Landgrave of Thuringia 158 She died in 1231 and was canonized during Andrew s life 159 Andrew s second son Coloman was born in 1208 His third son Andrew was born around 1210 Coloman and Andrew each ruled the Principality of Halych for a short period 158 Two years after his first wife was murdered Andrew married Yolanda de Courtenay who was born around 1198 160 Their only child Yolanda was born around 1219 and married James I of Aragon 161 Andrew s third wife Beatrice D Este was about twenty three when they married in 1234 162 She gave birth to a son Stephen after Andrew s death 163 However Andrew s two older sons Bela and Coloman accused her of adultery and considered her child to be a bastard 164 Her grandson Andrew became the last monarch of the House of Arpad 164 Notes Edit In older historiography Raynald was described as the son of Geoffrey Count of Gien but in 1989 Jean Richard demonstrated Raynald s kinship with the Lords of Donzy Hamilton 2000 p 104 References Edit a b Kontler 1999 p 75 a b Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 229 Appendix 4 Kristo 1994 p 43 a b c d e f Almasi 2012 p 86 Zsoldos 2022 pp 13 14 a b Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 229 Dimnik 2003 p 191 a b c Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 224 Dimnik 2003 pp 191 193 a b c d e Dimnik 2003 p 193 a b c d e f g Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 127 a b c Engel 2001 p 54 a b Dimnik 2003 pp 193 194 Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 122 Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 p 249 a b Zsoldos 2022 p 19 Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 p 234 a b Bartl et al 2002 p 30 a b c Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 124 a b c d Curta 2006 p 347 a b Zsoldos 2022 pp 20 21 Fine 1994 p 22 Zsoldos 2022 p 24 Zsoldos 2022 pp 22 24 Curta 2006 p 370 Fine 1994 p 52 Barany 2012 p 132 Zsoldos 2022 p 31 Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 pp 124 125 a b c d e Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 125 Zsoldos 2022 p 32 a b c Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 230 a b c Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 126 a b Zsoldos 2022 pp 36 37 Archdeacon Thomas of Split History of the Bishops of Salona and Split ch 23 pp 141 143 a b c d e Engel 2001 p 89 Zsoldos 2022 p 38 Archdeacon Thomas of Split History of the Bishops of Salona and Split ch 23 p 143 a b Kristo amp Makk 1996 pp 227 231 Zsoldos 2022 p 39 Zsoldos 2022 p 40 Zsoldos 2022 p 41 Kristo amp Makk 1996 pp 227 228 Zsoldos 2022 pp 48 49 Bartl et al 2002 p 31 a b c d Engel 2001 p 91 a b c Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 p 427 Engel 2001 pp 91 92 Engel 2001 p 93 Dimnik 2003 pp 251 253 Dimnik 2003 pp 253 254 a b Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 p 441 Curta 2006 p 317 Dimnik 2003 pp 254 255 258 a b c d Dimnik 2003 p 263 The Hypatian Codex II The Galician Volynian Chronicle year 1207 p 19 Barany 2012 p 136 a b c d e Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 128 Dimnik 2003 pp 263 264 Dimnik 2003 p 264 The Hypatian Codex II The Galician Volynian Chronicle year 1210 p 20 a b Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 233 Engel 2001 pp 90 91 Kristo amp Makk 1996 pp 232 233 a b c Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 p 428 Almasi 2012 p 88 Kristo amp Makk 1996 pp 232 234 Anonymus Notary of King Bela The Deeds of the Hungarians ch 9 p 27 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 234 a b Magas 2007 p 58 Fine 1994 p 149 a b c Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 129 a b c d Dimnik 2003 p 266 The Hypatian Codex II The Galician Volynian Chronicle year 1211 p 20 a b Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 236 Curta 2006 p 385 Spinei 2009 p 145 Fine 1994 p 102 a b c d e f g Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 131 Spinei 2009 pp 145 146 Kroonen et al 2014 p 243 Engel 2001 p 90 Curta 2006 p 404 a b c d e f g h Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 130 Dimnik 2003 p 272 a b c Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 p 429 a b c d e f g Engel 2001 p 94 Almasi 2012 p 89 Engel 2001 p 92 Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 pp 427 428 a b Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 132 a b c Barany 2012 p 143 a b Fine 1994 pp 105 106 a b Fine 1994 p 108 Barany 2013 p 462 a b c d Van Cleve 1969 p 387 a b c Runciman 1989b p 146 Almasi 2012 p 87 Barany 2013 p 463 465 Almasi 2012 pp 87 88 Barany 2013 p 463 a b Van Cleve 1969 pp 387 388 a b c d Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 133 Runciman 1989b pp 147 148 Richard 1999 p 297 Sterns 1985 p 358 Van Cleve 1969 p 390 Runciman 1989b p 148 a b c d e Van Cleve 1969 p 393 a b Runciman 1989b pp 148 149 a b Archdeacon Thomas of Split History of the Bishops of Salona and Split ch 25 p 165 Richard 1999 p 298 Van Cleve 1969 pp 388 393 a b c d Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 238 Barany 2012 p 148 Fine 1994 p 129 a b Van Cleve 1969 p 394 Donnachie Stephen review of Curia and Crusade Pope Honorius III and the Recovery of the Holy Land 1216 1227 review no 2259 doi 10 14296 RiH 2014 2259 Date accessed 4 January 2020 a b Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 134 Dimnik 2003 pp 289 290 Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 p 425 Engel 2001 pp 96 97 a b Berend 2006 p 152 Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 135 Bartl et al 2002 pp 30 31 a b Barany 2012 p 150 Engel 2001 pp 85 94 Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 pp 428 429 Ertman 1997 p 273 Ertman 1997 pp 273 4 a b c Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 137 a b Barany 2012 p 151 a b Curta 2006 p 403 Engel 2001 p 114 Spinei 2009 p 147 a b c d e f Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 138 Curta 2006 pp 405 405 Engel 2001 p 95 a b c Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 139 Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 140 Berend 2006 p 155 a b c Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 141 Berend 2006 pp 154 155 a b Berend 2006 p 157 a b c Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 142 a b c Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 143 Berend 2006 pp 158 159 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 243 a b Berend 2006 p 160 a b c d Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 144 Engel 2001 p 98 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 244 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 229 Appendices 2 4 Runciman 1989a p 345 Appendix III Hamilton 2000 p 104 Dimnik 1994 pp 85 95 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 231 a b c d Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 232 Appendix 4 Engel 2001 p 97 Kristo amp Makk 1996 pp 236 237 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p Appendix 4 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 243 Appendix 4 Kristo amp Makk 1996 pp 243 282 Appendix 4 a b Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 282 Sources EditPrimary sources Edit Anonymus Notary of King Bela The Deeds of the Hungarians Edited Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and Laszlo Veszpremy 2010 In Rady Martyn Veszpremy Laszlo Bak Janos M 2010 Anonymus and Master Roger CEU Press ISBN 978 963 9776 95 1 Archdeacon Thomas of Split History of the Bishops of Salona and Split Latin text by Olga Peric edited translated and annotated by Damir Karbic Mirjana Matijevic Sokol and James Ross Sweeney 2006 CEU Press ISBN 963 7326 59 6 The Hypatian Codex II The Galician Volynian Chronicle An annotated translation by George A Perfecky 1973 Wilhelm Fink Verlag LCCN 72 79463 Secondary sources Edit Almasi Tibor 2012 II Andras In Gujdar Noemi Szatmary Nora eds Magyar kiralyok nagykonyve Uralkodoink kormanyzoink es az erdelyi fejedelmek eletenek es tetteinek kepes tortenete Encyclopedia of the Kings of Hungary An Illustrated History of the Life and Deeds of Our Monarchs Regents and the Princes of Transylvania in Hungarian Reader s Digest pp 86 89 ISBN 978 963 289 214 6 Bain Robert Nisbet 1911 Andrew II In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 967 968 Barany Attila 2012 II Andras balkani kulpolitikaja Andrew II s foreign policy in the Balkans In Kerny Terezia Smohay Andras eds II Andras and Szekesfehervar Andrew II and Szekesfehervar in Hungarian Szekesfehervari Egyhazmegyei Muzeum pp 129 173 ISBN 978 963 87898 4 6 Barany Attila 2013 II Andras es a Latin Csaszarsag Andrew II and the Latin Empire of Constantinople Hadtortenelmi Kozlemenyek in Hungarian 126 2 461 480 ISSN 0017 6540 Barany Attila 2020 The Relations of King Emeric and Andrew II of Hungary with the Balkan States Stefan the First Crowned and His Time Belgrade Institute of History pp 213 249 ISBN 9788677431396 Bartl Julius Cicaj Viliam Kohutova Maria Letz Robert Seges Vladimir Skvarna Dusan 2002 Slovak History Chronology amp Lexicon Bolchazy Carducci Publishers Slovenske Pedegogicke Nakladatel stvo ISBN 0 86516 444 4 Berend Nora 2006 At the Gate of Christendom Jews Muslims and Pagans in Medieval Hungary c 1000 c 1300 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 02720 5 Berend Nora Urbanczyk Przemyslaw Wiszewski Przemyslaw 2013 Central Europe in the High Middle Ages Bohemia Hungary and Poland c 900 c 1300 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 78156 5 Curta Florin 2006 Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500 1250 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 89452 4 Dimnik Martin 1994 The Dynasty of Chernigov 1054 1146 Pontificial Institute of Mediaeval Studies ISBN 0 88844 116 9 Dimnik Martin 2003 The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146 1246 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 03981 9 Engel Pal 2001 The Realm of St Stephen A History of Medieval Hungary 895 1526 I B Tauris Publishers ISBN 1 86064 061 3 Erszegi Geza Solymosi Laszlo 1981 Az Arpadok kiralysaga 1000 1301 The Monarchy of the Arpads 1000 1301 In Solymosi Laszlo ed Magyarorszag torteneti kronologiaja I a kezdetektol 1526 ig Historical Chronology of Hungary Volume I From the Beginning to 1526 in Hungarian Akademiai Kiado pp 79 187 ISBN 963 05 2661 1 Ertman Thomas 1997 Birth of the Leviathan Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521484275 Fine John Van Antwerp 1994 1987 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08260 4 Hamilton Bernard 2000 The Leper King and His Heirs Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 64187 6 Kontler Laszlo 1999 Millennium in Central Europe A History of Hungary Atlantisz Publishing House ISBN 963 9165 37 9 Kristo Gyula 1994 II Andras In Kristo Gyula Engel Pal Makk Ferenc eds Korai magyar torteneti lexikon 9 14 szazad Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History 9th 14th centuries in Hungarian Akademiai Kiado p 43 ISBN 963 05 6722 9 Kristo Gyula Makk Ferenc 1996 Az Arpad haz uralkodoi Rulers of the House of Arpad in Hungarian I P C Konyvek ISBN 963 7930 97 3 Kroonen Guus Langbroek Erika Quak Arend Roeleveld Annelies eds 2014 Amsterdamer Beitrage zur alteren Germanistik Vol 72 Editions Rodopi Magas Branka 2007 Croatia Through History SAQI ISBN 978 0 86356 775 9 Richard Jean 1999 The Crusades c 1071 c 1291 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 62566 1 Runciman Steven 1989 1952 A History of the Crusades Volume II The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 06162 8 Runciman Steven 1989 1954 A History of the Crusades Volume III The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 06163 6 Spinei Victor 2009 The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid Thirteenth century Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978 90 04 17536 5 Sterns Indrikis 1985 The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States In Setton Kenneth M Zacour Norman P Hazard Harry eds A History of the Crusades Volume V The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East The University of Wisconsin Press pp 315 378 ISBN 0 299 09140 6 Van Cleve Thomas C 1969 The Fifth Crusade In Setton Kenneth M Wolff Robert Lee Hazard Harry eds A History of the Crusades Volume II The Later Crusades 1189 1311 The University of Wisconsin Press pp 377 428 ISBN 0 299 04844 6 Zsoldos Attila 2022 Az Aranybulla kiralya The King of the Golden Bull in Hungarian Varosi Leveltar es Kutatointezet ISBN 978 963 8406 26 2 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrew II of Hungary Andrew II of HungaryHouse of ArpadBorn c 1177 Died 21 September 1235Regnal titlesPreceded byRoman Mstislavich Prince of Halych1188 1189 or 1190 Succeeded byVladimir II YaroslavichPreceded byLadislaus III King of Hungary and Croatia1205 1235 Succeeded byBela IVPreceded byRoman II Igorevich as prince King of Halych1208 or 1209 1210 Succeeded byVladimir III Igorevich as prince Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Andrew II of Hungary amp oldid 1126109116, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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