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Wikipedia

Youngstown, Ohio

Youngstown is the largest city in and county seat of Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 60,068, making it the 11th-largest city in Ohio.[5] It is a principal city of the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan area, which had a population of 541,243 in 2020, making it the seventh-largest metro area in Ohio and 107th-largest metro area in the United States.[6] Youngstown is situated on the Mahoning River, 58 miles (93 km) southeast of Cleveland and 61 miles (100 km) northwest of Pittsburgh. In addition to having its own media market, the city is part of the larger Northeast Ohio region. Youngstown is midway between Chicago and New York City via Interstate 80.

Youngstown, Ohio
Nickname: 
The City of You
Interactive map of Youngstown
Coordinates: 41°6′N 80°39′W / 41.100°N 80.650°W / 41.100; -80.650
Country United States
State Ohio
CountyMahoning, Trumbull
Founded1796
Incorporated1848 (village)
 1867 (city)
Founded byJohn Young
Named forJohn Young
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • BodyCouncil of the City of Youngstown
 • MayorJamael Tito Brown (D)[1]
Area
 • City34.56 sq mi (89.52 km2)
 • Land33.93 sq mi (87.87 km2)
 • Water0.64 sq mi (1.64 km2)
Population
 (2020)
 • City60,068
 • Density1,770.40/sq mi (683.56/km2)
 • Urban
320,901 (US: 127th)[3]
 • Urban density1,637.6/sq mi (632.3/km2)
 • Metro
541,926 (US: 103rd)
 • CSA
645,003 (US: 74th)
DemonymYoungstowner
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern Standard Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern Daylight Time)
ZIP Code
15 total ZIP Codes:
  • 44501–44507, 44509–44515, 44555
Area code330 and 234
FIPS code39-88000
GNIS feature ID1058156[4]
Websiteyoungstownohio.gov

The city was named for John Young, an early settler from Whitestown, New York, who established the community's first sawmill and gristmill. Youngstown is a midwestern city, although it lies less than 400 miles (640 km) from the Atlantic Ocean, falling within the Appalachian Ohio region among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. It was an early industrial city of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; with restructuring of heavy industry and movement of jobs offshore, it has been classified as part of the Rust Belt. Traditionally known as a center of steel production, Youngstown has been forced to adapt after the steel industry in the United States fell into decline in the 1970s, leaving communities throughout the region without any major industry. There has been a decline in population of more than 60% since 1959.

Downtown Youngstown has seen tremendous change since 2010. It has become a center of culture, entertainment, and innovation. It is now home to bars, restaurants, and the recently completed Youngstown Foundation Amphitheater. Youngstown's first new downtown hotel since 1974—the DoubleTree by Hilton—opened in 2018 in the historic Stambaugh Building, adapted for this use. First floor commercial space includes a restaurant.[7] Several businesses, such as Turning Technologies, an education technology company, are headquartered in Downtown Youngstown.

History

Founding

 
Governor David Tod

Youngstown was named for New York native John Young, who surveyed the area in 1796 and settled there soon afterward.[8] On February 9, 1797, Young purchased the township of 15,560 acres (6,300 ha) from the Western Reserve Land Company for $16,085.[9] The 1797 establishment of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19, 1802.[10]

The area that includes present-day Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, a section of the Northwest Territory that Connecticut initially did not cede to the federal government.[11][12] Upon cession, Connecticut retained the title to the land in the Western Reserve, which it sold to the Connecticut Land Company for $1,200,000.[11][12][13] While many of the area's early settlers came from Connecticut, Youngstown attracted many Scots-Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania.[14] The first European Americans to settle permanently in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and wife Catherine Dougherty.[15] By 1798, Youngstown was the home of several families who were concentrated near where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River.[16] Boardman Township was founded in 1798 by Elijah Boardman, a member of the Connecticut Land Company. Also founded in 1798 was Austintown by John McCollum who was a settler from New Jersey.[17]

As the Western Reserve's population grew, the need for administrative districts became apparent. In 1800, territorial governor Arthur St. Clair established Trumbull County (named in honor of Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull), and designated the smaller settlement of Warren as its administrative center, or county seat.[18] In 1813, Trumbull County was divided into townships, with Youngstown Township comprising much of what became Mahoning County.[19] The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848, and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city. It became the county seat in 1876, when the administrative center of Mahoning County was moved from neighboring Canfield.[20] Youngstown has been Mahoning County's county seat to this day.[21]

Growth and industrialization

The discovery of coal by the community in the early 19th century paved the way for the Youngstown area's inclusion on the network of the famed Erie Canal. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835, and the canal was completed in 1840.[22] Local industrialist David Tod, who became Ohio governor during the Civil War, persuaded Lake Erie steamboat owners that coal mined in the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland. The railroad's arrival in 1856 smoothed the path for further economic growth.[23]

Youngstown's industrial development changed the face of the Mahoning Valley. The community's burgeoning coal industry drew hundreds of immigrants from Wales, Germany, and Ireland. With the establishment of steel mills in the late 19th century, Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from Eastern Europe, Italy, and Greece.[24]

 
Republic Iron and Steel Works, early 1900s

In the early 20th century, the community saw an influx of immigrants from non-European countries including what is modern day Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Syria.[25] By the 1920s, this dramatic demographic shift produced a nativist backlash, and the Mahoning Valley became a center of Ku Klux Klan activity.[26] The situation reached a climax in 1924, when street clashes between Klan members and Italian and Irish Americans in neighboring Niles led Ohio Governor A. Victor Donahey to declare martial law.[27] By 1928 the Klan was in steep decline; and three years later, the organization sold its Canfield, Ohio, meeting area, Kountry Klub Field.[28] Despite the prevalence of Irish Americans in Youngstown, their presence wasn't always evident. When radio personality Pete Gabriel (who was Greek), came to Youngstown, he found out at the time that there was no St Patrick's Day parade there, so he started one.[29]

The growth of industry attracted people from within the United States and from Latin America. By the late 19th century, African Americans were well represented in Youngstown, and the first local congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church was established in 1871.[30] In the 1880s, local attorney William R. Stewart was the second African American elected to the Ohio House of Representatives.[31] A large influx of African Americans in the early 20th century owed much to developments in the industrial sector. During the national Steel Strike of 1919, local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the Southern United States, many of whom were Black.[32] This move inflamed racist sentiment among local Whites, and for decades, African-American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace.[33][34] Migration from the South rose dramatically in the 1940s, when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the sharecropping system, leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs.[35]

 
Youngstown, 1910s: Central Square and Viaduct (view looking south)

Youngstown's local iron ore deposits were exhausted by the early 20th century. Since the city is landlocked (the Mahoning River is not navigable), ore from Michigan and Minnesota had to arrive by rail from Cleveland and other Great Lakes port cities where large bulk carriers were unloaded. This put Youngstown at a competitive disadvantage to the iron and steel producers in Cleveland, Buffalo, Chicago and Detroit—all on Great Lake shores. Compared to these four cities, Youngstown had a higher cost of transporting raw materials to the mills, according to a Harvard Business Review report published in January 1933. Higher transportation costs are one reason why Youngstown mills began their decline slightly earlier than manufacturing in other cities.[36]

The city had a healthy position within the Midwest in terms of transportation connections. An airport built in 1930 hosted Capital and United Airlines flights through the region and to New York prior to the jet age of the latter 1950s. It was on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad mainline to Chicago with the Capital Limited. Likewise, Youngstown was on the Erie Railroad mainline, on its Chicago-Jersey City circuit, with trains such as the Atlantic Express/Pacific Express and the Lake Cities. The city was on the New York Central's Pittsburgh-Buffalo circuit and the Pennsylvania Railroad's Pittsburgh-Cleveland circuit.[37][38][39][40][41][42]

Post-World War II decline

The city's population became more diverse after the end of World War II, when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers.[43] In the 1950s, the Latino population grew significantly; and by the 1970s, St. Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church and the First Spanish Baptist Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish-speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area.[30] In 1951, city planners projected that Youngstown would grow to 200,000 to 250,000 in population due to continuously strong demand for domestic steel in western Europe, Japan, and South Korea, and so 12,000 acres on the city's East Side were annexed and extended utilities in expectation of future housing projects, in addition to aggressive re-zoning for expanded commercial spaces throughout the city.[44]

At 11:30 on Wednesday, September 6, 1967, only 9 of the 50 scheduled patrolmen arrived for work at the Youngstown Police Department. The others were not on strike. That was prevented by Ohio state law. The patrolmen, eventually numbering 300, along with another 300 city-employed firefighters, were instead attending "continuous professional meetings", and would be until their demand for an immediate across-the-board raise of $1200 was met.[45] By Saturday, the day they were ordered back to their jobs by a Common Pleas Court judge, citizens were reported as disturbed, rather than badly frightened, by the risks of police and fire services operating at about 30% normal headcounts. A car fire was the worst single incident. When ending the strike the judge also ordered the pay raise.[46] Apart from a fruitless six-day "sick call" of police in Detroit in June 1967, Youngstown's was the first major police strike since the Boston Police Strike in 1919. As the editorial writers at The Sheboygan Press of Sheboygan, Wisconsin put it, "So we have seen the first successful strike by policemen and firemen. It is a precedent over which there should be little rejoicing."[47]

The industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s, culminating with the September 19, 1977 closure of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Campbell Works after financial downturn due to changes in the steel manufacturing process and international competition.[48] In response to subsequent challenges, the city has taken well-publicized steps to diversify economically, while building on some traditional strengths.[49]

Modern developments

 
The Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse was built during an era of new downtown construction in the early 2000s

Downtown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new construction. In the 2000s, additions included the Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse in 2002 (which features an award-winning design by the architectural firm, Robert A. M. Stern Architects[50]), the Mahoning County Children's Services center and George Voinovich Government Center in 2004, and both the Covelli Centre and Ohio Seventh District Court of Appeals in 2006.

In 2004, construction began on a 60-home upscale development called Arlington Heights, and a grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development allowed for the demolition of Westlake Terrace, a sprawling and dilapidated public housing project. Today, the site features a blend of senior housing, rental townhouses and for-sale single-family homes. Low real-estate prices and the efforts of the Youngstown Central Area Improvement Corporation (CIC) have contributed to the purchase of several long-abandoned downtown buildings (many by out-of-town investors) and their restoration and conversion into specialty shops, restaurants, and eventually condominiums. In addition, a nonprofit organization called Wick Neighbors is planning a $250 million New Urbanist revitalization of Smoky Hollow, a former ethnic neighborhood that borders the downtown and university campus. The neighborhood will eventually comprise about 400 residential units, university student housing, retail space, and a central park.[51] Construction for the project began in 2006.

 
Downtown Youngstown in 2020

In 2005, Federal Street, a major downtown thoroughfare that was closed off to create a pedestrian-oriented plaza, reopened to traffic. The downtown area has seen the razing of structurally unsound buildings and the expansion or restoration of others.[52] New construction has dovetailed with efforts to cultivate business growth. One of the area's more successful business ventures in recent years has been the Youngstown Business Incubator. This nonprofit organization, based in a former downtown department store building, fosters the growth of fledgling technology-based companies. The incubator, which boasts more than a dozen business tenants, recently completed construction on the Taft Technology Center, where some of its largest tenants will locate their offices.[53]

In line with these efforts to change the community's image, the city government, in partnership with Youngstown State University, has organized an ambitious urban renewal plan known as Youngstown 2010. The stated goals of Youngstown 2010 include the creation of a "cleaner, greener, and better planned and organized Youngstown". In January 2005, the organization unveiled a master plan prepared by Urban Strategies Inc. of Toronto, which had taken shape during an extensive process of public consultation and meetings that gathered input from citizens.[54] The plan, which included platforms such as the acceptance of a reduced population and an improved image and quality of life, received national attention and is consistent with efforts in other metropolitan areas to address the phenomenon of urban depopulation.[49] Youngstown 2010 received an award for public outreach from the American Planning Association in 2007.[55]

Geography

 
A portion of the Mahoning River that passes through Youngstown

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 34.60 square miles (89.61 km2), of which 33.96 square miles (87.96 km2) is land and 0.64 square miles (1.66 km2) is water.[56]

Youngstown is in the Mahoning Valley on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau. At the end of the last ice age, the glaciers left behind a uniform plain, with valleys such as that caused by the Mahoning River traversing the plain.[57] Lakes created by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained, leaving behind fertile terrain.[57]

Neighborhoods

Central

Central Youngstown consists of the original city layout designed by John Young, including Downtown Youngstown. Downtown Youngstown is the site of most of the city's government buildings and banks. A number of entertainment venues are also located in the downtown, including the Covelli Centre, Powers Auditorium, the DeYor Performing Arts Center, and Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre. In addition, the downtown sits to the immediate south of notable cultural and educational resources, including Youngstown State University, the Butler Institute of American Art, and the McDonough Museum of Contemporary Art. The Arlington, Mahoning Commons, Riverbend, Smoky Hollow and University neighborhoods that surround downtown compromise what is considered Central Youngstown. The area is the smallest division of Youngstown, as well as its least populous, but also its least residential by zoning. It is surrounded by the I-680 and Madison Avenue Expressway highway system.[58]

North Side

 
George J. Renner Jr. House, part of the Wick Park Historic District. During the 20th century, Wick Park was home to the city's wealthiest families and mansions.[59]

The North Side consists of the Brier Hill, Crandall Park, North Heights, and Wick Park neighborhoods and the northern section of the Riverbend Industrial Park. Brier Hill was considered one of the city's cultural hotbeds due to many Welsh, Irish, Italian, and African American migrants settling in it, but primarily was once viewed as the city's "Little Italy" as reflected by the Brier Hill-style pizza.[60] Each year, at the end of August, the Brier Hill Fest attracts thousands of visitors from Northeast Ohio and Western Pennsylvania.[61][62][63] The historic Crandall Park neighborhood was once home to the city's wealthiest families, and many of the mansions of industrial executives are still including in the Crandall Park-Fifth Avenue Historic District.[64]

South Side

Youngstown's South Side is, and historically has been, the city's densest and most populous division, with numerous neighborhoods from each of the city's periods of expansion. The older neighborhoods in this district, Oak Hill, Erie, Warren, and Lower Gibson, were among the first founded on the South Side during the 19th century and were completely annexed by 1910 as Youngstown industrialized. Later neighborhoods, such as Fosterville, Newport, Lansingville, Buckeye Plat, and Cottage Grove came into being as industry and population expanded throughout the first half of the 20th century, being annexed in 1929 from the remainder of Youngstown Township. The Pleasant Grove and Brownlee Woods neighborhoods further south were also annexed in 1929 from Boardman Township. These neighborhoods were generally well connected to each together and were defined by economic class as they became increasingly suburban further from the downtown area. There are further sub-neighborhoods in the South Side as well, such as Indian Village, Handel's, Boulevard Park, Cochran Park, Powerstown, and Gibsonville that have distinct identities within their larger neighborhoods. The South Side shares Mill Creek Park with the West Side.[65]

East Side

The East Side is the largest of the city's regions by area and consists of the East High, East Side, Hazelton, Landsdowne, Lincoln Knolls, Scienceville and Sharon Line/McGuffey Heights communities. The neighborhoods on the East Side closest to Downtown Youngstown were among the earliest developed in the city. However, much of the East Side is undeveloped fields and forests, as the land was annexed in the 1950s as part of a zoning effort for future development that never occurred.[66]

West Side

Altogether the most recently developed side of Youngstown, the neighborhoods of Belle Vista, Cornersburg, Garden District, Kirkmere, Rocky Ridge, and Schenley were built from the 1930s until the 1950s progressing southward, apart from the early Steelton neighborhood and industrial Salt Springs neighborhood. It shares Mill Creek Park with the South Side and lies southwest of the Mahoning River.[67]

Climate

Youngstown has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb/Dfa), typical of the Midwestern United States, with four distinct seasons and lies within USDA hardiness zone 6a.[68] Winters are cold and dry but typically bring a mix of rain, sleet, and snow with occasional heavy snowfall and icing. January is the coldest month with an average mean temperature of 26.8 °F (−2.9 °C),[69] with temperatures on average dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.1 days and staying at or below freezing on 43 days per year.[69] Snowfall averages 67.8 inches (172 cm) per season, somewhat less than the snowbelt areas closer to Lake Erie.[69] The snowiest month on record was 53.1 inches (135 cm) in December 2010, while winter snowfall amounts have ranged from 118.7 in (301 cm) in 2010–11 to 25.2 in (64 cm) in 1948–49.[69] Springs generally see a transition to fewer weather systems that produce heavier rainfall. Summers are typically very warm and humid with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 7.7 days per year on average; the annual count has been as high as 40 days in 1943, while the most recent year to not reach that mark is 2014.[69] July is the warmest month with an average mean temperature of 71.5 °F (22 °C).[69]

The all-time record high temperature in Youngstown of 103 °F (39 °C) was established on July 10, 1936, which occurred during the Dust Bowl, and the all-time record low temperature of −22 °F (−30 °C) was set on January 19, 1994.[69] The first and last freezes of the season on average fall on October 14 and May 6, respectively, allowing a growing season of 160 days; however, freezing temperatures have been observed in every month except July.[69] The normal annual mean temperature is 49.9 °F (9.9 °C).[69] Normal yearly precipitation based on the 30-year average from 1991 to 2020 is 41.19 inches (1,046 mm), falling on an average of 168 days per year.[69] Monthly precipitation has ranged from 10.66 in (271 mm) in June 1986 to 0.16 in (4.1 mm) in October 1924, while for annual precipitation the historical range is 54.01 in (1,372 mm) in 2011 to 23.79 in (604 mm) in 1963.[69]

Climate data for Youngstown, Ohio (Youngstown–Warren Regional Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22)
75
(24)
82
(28)
90
(32)
95
(35)
99
(37)
103
(39)
100
(38)
99
(37)
88
(31)
80
(27)
76
(24)
103
(39)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 58
(14)
60
(16)
71
(22)
80
(27)
86
(30)
90
(32)
91
(33)
90
(32)
87
(31)
79
(26)
68
(20)
59
(15)
92
(33)
Average high °F (°C) 34.3
(1.3)
37.3
(2.9)
46.6
(8.1)
60.3
(15.7)
70.9
(21.6)
78.8
(26.0)
82.7
(28.2)
81.1
(27.3)
74.3
(23.5)
62.1
(16.7)
49.6
(9.8)
38.7
(3.7)
59.7
(15.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 26.8
(−2.9)
29.0
(−1.7)
37.2
(2.9)
49.1
(9.5)
59.3
(15.2)
67.5
(19.7)
71.5
(21.9)
69.9
(21.1)
63.2
(17.3)
52.2
(11.2)
41.5
(5.3)
32.1
(0.1)
49.9
(9.9)
Average low °F (°C) 19.3
(−7.1)
20.7
(−6.3)
27.8
(−2.3)
37.9
(3.3)
47.6
(8.7)
56.2
(13.4)
60.3
(15.7)
58.8
(14.9)
52.1
(11.2)
42.2
(5.7)
33.4
(0.8)
25.5
(−3.6)
40.1
(4.5)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −1
(−18)
2
(−17)
9
(−13)
23
(−5)
32
(0)
41
(5)
48
(9)
46
(8)
38
(3)
28
(−2)
19
(−7)
8
(−13)
−3
(−19)
Record low °F (°C) −22
(−30)
−16
(−27)
−10
(−23)
11
(−12)
24
(−4)
30
(−1)
40
(4)
32
(0)
27
(−3)
20
(−7)
1
(−17)
−12
(−24)
−22
(−30)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.03
(77)
2.52
(64)
3.21
(82)
3.75
(95)
3.72
(94)
3.90
(99)
4.27
(108)
3.48
(88)
3.84
(98)
3.34
(85)
2.96
(75)
3.17
(81)
41.19
(1,046)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 19.6
(50)
15.1
(38)
10.5
(27)
2.6
(6.6)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.7
(1.8)
4.5
(11)
14.8
(38)
67.8
(172)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 19.4 15.6 15.1 15.0 13.9 12.7 11.3 10.8 10.0 12.7 14.0 17.5 168.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 15.5 11.8 7.9 2.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 4.3 11.3 54.6
Average relative humidity (%) 74.5 73.0 69.8 65.5 67.8 71.1 72.4 75.0 76.6 72.8 74.6 77.5 72.5
Source 1: NOAA[69][70][71]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (relative humidity 1961–1990)[72]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
1820273
183038440.7%
184065470.3%
18502,802328.4%
18602,759−1.5%
18708,075192.7%
188015,43591.1%
189033,220115.2%
190044,88535.1%
191079,06676.2%
1920132,35867.4%
1930170,00228.4%
1940167,720−1.3%
1950168,3300.4%
1960166,689−1.0%
1970139,788−16.1%
1980115,427−17.4%
199095,787−17.0%
200082,026−14.4%
201066,982−18.3%
202060,068−10.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[73]

Between 1960 and 2010, the city's population declined by over 60%. The Mahoning Valley metropolitan area had 541,243 residents as of the 2020 census.[74]

2020 Census

According to the 2020 Census, Youngstown had 28,303 households. The population density was 1770.5/sq mi. The city's racial makeup was 47.8% White, 41.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, and 7.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.9% of the population. The median household income was $30,129.[75]

2010 Census

According to the 2010 Census, Youngstown had 26,839 households and 15,150 families. The population density was 755.2/km2 (1958.5/sq mi). There were 33,123 housing units at an average density of 968.5 per square mile (373.9/km2). Youngstown's vacant-housing rate in 2010 was twenty times the national average.[76] The city's racial makeup was 47.0% White, 45.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.3% of some other race, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.3% of the population. The European ancestry included had 10.8% Italian, 10.8% Irish, 10.0% German, and 4.2% English ancestries. Among the Hispanic population, 5.7% were Puerto Rican, 1.9% Mexican, 0.1% Cuban, and 0.7% some other Hispanic or Latino.[77]

Records suggest 28.6% of the households had children under the age of 18. Of these, 25.6% were married couples living together, 24.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.6% were non-families. Meanwhile, 37.8% of all households comprised a single person, and 14.5% of households comprised a person over 65 years of age living alone. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 3.02.[77]

22.8% of the city's population was under the age of 18, 10.8% was from age 18 to 24, 24.3% was from age 25 to 44, 26.2% was from age 45 to 64, and 15.8% was age 65 or older. The median age was 38 years old. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 males.[77][78]

Economy

Historical

 
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company Viaduct

Endowed with large deposits of coal and iron as well as "old growth" hardwood forests needed to produce charcoal, the Youngstown area developed a thriving steel industry, starting with the area's blast furnace in 1803 by James and Daniel Heaton.[79] By the mid-19th century, Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants, and because of easy rail connections to adjacent states, the iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s despite the depletion of local natural resources.[80] At the turn of the 20th century, local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing, amid a wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley's industry in the hands of national corporations.[81]

In the late 1930s, the community's steel sector again gained national attention when Youngstown became a site of the so-called "Little Steel Strike", an effort by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, a precursor to United Steelworkers, to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies.[82] On June 21, 1937, strike-related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries.[82] Despite the violence, historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from "basically local and ineffective organizations into all-encompassing, nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers".[82]

Between the 1920s and 1960s, the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries of such companies as Republic Steel and U.S. Steel. At the same time, Youngstown never became economically diversified, as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Akron, or Cleveland.[83] Hence, when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s, the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives.[84] The September 19, 1977, announcement of the closure of a large portion of Youngstown Sheet and Tube, an event still referred to as "Black Monday", is widely regarded as the death knell of the old area steel industry in Youngstown.[85] In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns, the community lost an estimated 40,000 manufacturing jobs, 400 satellite businesses, $414 million in personal income, and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues.[86] The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector.[87]

Current

Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations, though nothing on the scale seen during the "glory days" of the "Steel Valley". The city's largest employer is Youngstown State University (YSU), an urban public campus that serves about 15,000 students, just north of downtown.[88][89]

The blow dealt to the community's industrial economy in the 1970s was slightly mitigated by the auto production plants in the metropolitan area. In the late 1980s, the Avanti, an automobile with a fiberglass body originally designed by Studebaker to compete with the Corvette, was manufactured in an industrial complex on Youngstown's Albert Street. This company moved away after just a few years.[90] A mainstay of Youngstown's industrial economy has long been the GM Lordstown plant. The General Motors' Lordstown Assembly plant was the area's largest industrial employer.[91] Once one of the nation's largest auto plants in terms of square feet, the Lordstown facility was home to production of the Chevrolet Impala, Vega, and Cavalier. It was expanded and retooled in 2002 with a new paint facility.[91] However, this region was dealt another blow in early 2019 with the closing of Lordstown Assembly in March 2019.[92]

The largest industrial employers within the city limits are Vallourec Star Steel Company (formerly North Star Steel), in the Brier Hill district, and Exal Corporation on Poland Avenue. The latter has recently expanded its operations.[93]

 
Downtown Youngstown at night

Youngstown's downtown, which once underscored the community's economic difficulties, is a site of new business growth. The Youngstown Business Incubator (YBI), in the heart of downtown, houses several start-up technology companies that have received office space, furnishings, and access to utilities.[53] Some Incubator-supported companies have earned recognition, and a few are starting to outgrow their current space. Inc. Magazine rated one such company–Turning Technologies–as the fastest-growing privately held software company in the United States and 18th fastest-growing privately held company overall.[94] To keep such companies downtown, the YBI secured approval to demolish a row of nearby vacant buildings to clear space for expansion. The project will be funded by a $2 million federal grant awarded in 2006.[53] In 2014, the YBI was ranked as the number 1 university associated business incubator in the world by the Swedish UBII (University Business Incubator Index).[95][96][97] In 2015, the YBI was the top University Associated Incubator in North America, and came in second to the Dublin Enterprise & Technology Centre, also known as the Guinness Enterprise Centre, in Dublin.[98]

Extensive coverage of Youngstown's economic challenges has overshadowed the city's long entrepreneurial tradition. A number of products and enterprises introduced in Youngstown became national household names. Among them is Youngstown-based Schwebel's Bakery, which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 20th century. The company now distributes bread products nationally.[99] In the 1920s, Youngstown was the birthplace of the Good Humor brand of ice cream novelties,[100] and the popular franchise of Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt was established there in the 1940s. In the 1950s, Youngstown-born developer Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. established one of the country's first modern shopping plazas in the suburban Boardman.[101] The fast-food chain, Arby's, opened the first of its restaurants in Boardman in 1964, and Arthur Treacher's Fish & Chips was headquartered in Youngstown in the late 1970s. More recently, the city's downtown hosted the corporate headquarters of the now-defunct pharmacy chain store Phar-Mor, which was established by Youngstown native Mickey Monus.[102]

Culture

Entertainment

 
The Covelli Centre in downtown Youngstown

Despite the impact of regional economic decline, Youngstown offers an array of cultural and recreational resources. Youngstown's newest venue is the Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre; an outdoor venue opened in 2019 upon former industrial grounds in Downtown that hosts various musicians.[103]

One of the city's sports-related attractions is the Covelli Centre, which was funded primarily through a $26 million federal grant secured in 2000 by then-Congressman Jim Traficant. Located on the site of an abandoned steel mill, the large, high-tech facility opened in October 2005. It was formerly called the Chevrolet Center, and during planning it was known as the Youngstown Convocation Center.[104] The centre's main tenants are the Youngstown Phantoms, who play in the United States Hockey League. Previously, it was home to the Youngstown Steelhounds hockey team, who played in the CHL.[citation needed] The venue also hosts "on ice" musical shows and concerts.

Historically, one of the area's most popular attractions was Idora Park in the Idora neighborhood of Youngstown's south side. An urban amusement park, it operated from 1899 until it was closed after a large fire destroyed many of its premier rides in 1984.[105]

Theater

The community's culture center is Powers Auditorium, a former Warner Brothers movie palace[106] that serves as the area's primary music hall and a home for the Youngstown Symphony Orchestra.[107] This downtown landmark is one of five auditoriums within the city. Ford Recital Hall was built in 2006 as an addition to newly renovated Powers Auditorium. Imposing and neo-classical Stambaugh Auditorium, on the city's north side, has served for decades as a site of concerts and is often rented for private events. The facility also hosts the Stambaugh Youth Concert Band.[108] Bruce Springsteen, who sang about the decline of Youngstown's steel industry and its adverse effects on local workers in his ballad "Youngstown", played at Stambaugh Auditorium on January 12, 1996, as part of his solo Ghost of Tom Joad Tour.[109]

The Youngstown Playhouse, Mahoning County's primary community theater, has served the area for more than 80 years, despite intermittent financial problems. Believed by some observers to be the nation's oldest continuously operating community theater, the Youngstown Playhouse was the only community theater in Ohio to ever receive major institutional support from the Ohio Arts Council.[110] The Oakland Center for the Arts, formerly in the downtown area, was a well-known venue for locally produced plays before it closed in 2015 due to poor management.[111] In late 2016. the Oakland Center for the Arts was re-established with a new focus on youth and kids theatre.[112]

Well known theatrical personalities from the Youngstown area include comedic actor Joe Flynn,[113] screen actress Elizabeth Hartman,[114] singer and Broadway performer Maureen McGovern,[115] and television and screen actor Ed O'Neill.[116]

Museums

 
The Butler Institute of American Art was the first museum in the country dedicated to American art[117]

The Butler Institute of American Art is on the northeastern edge of the Youngstown State University campus. Established by industrialist Joseph G. Butler Jr., in 1919, it was the first museum in the country dedicated to American art.[117] Across the street from the Butler Institute stands the McDonough Museum of Art, YSU's University Art Museum and the Mahoning Valley's center for contemporary art. The McDonough, established in 1991, features changing exhibitions by regional, national and international artists and provides public access to the work of students, faculty and alumni from the Department of Art.[118] The Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum, also on the YSU campus, is operated by the university's geology department and housed in a campus building.[119]

To the immediate north of YSU is the Arms Family Museum of Local History. The museum, housed in a 1905 Arts & Crafts style mansion on the main artery of Wick Avenue, is managed by the Mahoning Valley Historical Society. Once the estate of a local industrialist, it maintains period rooms that showcase the household's original contents, including furnishings, art objects, and personal artifacts. The museum mounts rotating exhibits on topics related to local history. Recently,[when?] the museum opened the "Anne Kilcawley Christman Hands-on History Room". The MVHS Archival Library operates in the estate's former carriage house, near the back of the site.[citation needed]

The Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor sits south of the YSU campus on a grade overlooking the downtown area. This museum, owned and operated by the Ohio Historical Society, focuses on the Mahoning Valley's history of steel production.[120] Other museums include the Children's Museum of the Valley,[121] an interactive educational center in the downtown area, and the Davis Education and Recreation Center, a small museum that showcases the history of Youngstown's Mill Creek Park.[122]

On the city's north side the Youngstown Steel Heritage Foundation is constructing the Tod Engine Heritage Park, featuring a collection of steel industry equipment and artifacts. The main exhibit is a 1914 William Tod Co. rolling mill steam engine that was built in Youngstown and used at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Brier Hill Works. The Tod Engine is one of three remaining rolling mill engines in the United States and is a Mechanical and Materials Engineering Landmark.[123]

Parks and nature

 
Mill Creek Park's "Cinderella" suspension bridge

Youngstown's most popular resource is Mill Creek Park, a five-mile (8 km)-long stretch of landscaped woodland reminiscent of Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C. Mill Creek Park is the oldest park district in Ohio, established as a township park in 1891. The park's highlights include the restored 19th century Lanterman's Mill, the rock formations of Bear's Den, scores of nature trails, the Fellows Riverside Gardens and Education Center, the "Cinderella" iron link bridge, and two 18 hole Donald Ross golf courses.[124][125] Mill Creek Park encompasses approximately 2,600 acres (1,100 ha), 20 miles (32 km) of drives and 15 miles (24 km) of foot trails. Its attractions include gardens, streams, lakes, woodlands, meadows, and wildlife.

Fellows Riverside Gardens' popular lookout point offers visitors contrasting views of the area. From the south side, the canopied woodlands overlooking Lake Glacier are visible; from the north side, visitors are presented with a view of downtown Youngstown. The park features two 18-hole golf courses. The North Course is on rolling terrain, while the South Course features narrow, tree-lined fairways.[126] Other features include playgrounds, athletic fields, and picnic areas.

In 2005, Mill Creek Park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.[127] A plaque commemorating this event is near a memorial statue of Volney Rogers, the Youngstown attorney who set aside land for the creation of Mill Creek Park.[122]

A smaller recreational area called Wick Park is on the historic North side. Wick Park's periphery is lined with early 20th-century mansions built by the city's industrialists, business leaders, and professionals during Youngstown's "boom" years.[128] Stambaugh Auditorium, a popular venue for concerts and other public events, is near the park's southwestern edge.[108] Another small recreational area called Crandall Park is also on the North side. Crandall Park offers well-maintained and landscaped homes, tree-lined streets, and walkable access to shopping and recreations.[129] Several cemeteries (notably historic Oak Hill Cemetery) and small recreational spaces are scattered throughout the city. Some of those recreational spaces include Homestead Park, John White park, Lynn park, Borts Pool, and the Northside Pool.

Sports

Youngstown has enjoyed a long tradition of professional and semi-professional sports.[130] In earlier decades, the city produced scores of minor league baseball teams, including the Youngstown Ohio Works, Youngstown Champs, Youngstown Indians, Youngstown Steelmen, Youngstown Browns, Youngstown Gremlins, and Youngstown Athletics. Local enthusiasm for baseball was such that the community hosted championship games of the National Amateur Baseball Federation throughout the 1930s and 1940s.[131] The area's minor league baseball teams were supplemented by semi-professional football teams, including the Youngstown Patricians, who won the 1915 championship of the informal "Ohio League" (a direct predecessor to the National Football League),[132] and the Youngstown Hardhats, who competed in the Middle Atlantic Football League in the 1970s and early 1980s. For three seasons, Youngstown was home to the Mahoning Valley Thunder of the now-defunct af2, the minor league for the Arena Football League until 2009 when the franchise ceased operations.[133][134] Local minor league basketball teams included the Youngstown Pride of the WBA from 1987 to 1992, the Youngstown Hawks of the IBA in 1999, and the Mahoning Valley Wildcats of the IBL in 2005. The Youngstown SteelHounds hockey team played in the Central Hockey League from 2005 until May 2008. In 2005, the Ohio Red Bulls semi-pro football team of the United States Football Association won their first championship.[135]

Club League Venue Established Championships
Mahoning Valley Scrappers MLB Draft League, Baseball Eastwood Field 1999 1
Youngstown Phantoms USHL, Ice hockey Covelli Centre 2003 2

Youngstown has produced many prominent athletes with connections to the city, including former world boxing champions Greg Richardson, IBF lightweight champion Harry Arroyo,[136] College Football Hall of Fame end Bob Dove,[137] Hall of Fame umpire Billy Evans,[138] major league pitcher Dave Dravecky,[139] NFL quarterback Bernie Kosar,[133] NFL Running back Lynn Bowden Jr.,[140] IBF cruiserweight champion Jeff Lampkin,[136] WBA lightweight champion Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini,[136] major league manager Jimmy McAleer,[141] WBC and WBO middleweight champion Kelly Pavlik,[142] legendary baseball trainer "Bonesetter" Reese,[143] major league outfielder George Shuba,[144] and Heisman Trophy recipient Frank Sinkwich.[133][136]

Youngstown State Penguins

The community has a lengthy tradition of collegiate sports. The Youngstown State Penguins compete in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The Penguins, noted participants in FCS (I-AA) football, play their games at Stambaugh Stadium and enjoy one of the more supportive fan bases. All other YSU athletic teams compete in the Horizon League, which does not sponsor football. The Youngstown State men and women's basketball teams hold their games at Youngstown State's Beeghly Center. The teams average about 2,500 fans per game, a number that rose with a new style of play under former Head Coach Jerry Slocum. In addition, the YSU baseball and softball teams have enjoyed local support and success. The baseball team reached the NCAA super-regionals in 2005, and the softball team did so in 2006.[145]

Other Sports

There are many smaller and upcoming teams in the area. Football, Soccer, Baseball and Basketball are all played at the high school level. Club sports are growing with community leagues and area leagues such as Youngstown Area Youth Soccer League. Many of the amateur and youth organizations are based in surrounding communities and not in the city itself.

Amateur soccer club Mahoning Trumbull United SC represents the area for the Northern Ohio Soccer League going into 2023.[146]

Government and politics

 
Mahoning County Courthouse

Youngstown is governed by a mayor who is elected every four years and limited to a maximum of two terms. Mayors are traditionally inaugurated on or around January 2. The city has tended to elect Democratic mayors since the late 1920s because of the local unions' support for Democratic candidates for office.[147] Youngstown's mayor is Jamael Tito Brown.[148] Jay Williams was the city's first African-American mayor and its first independent mayor since 1922.[149] Williams belonged to the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[150] a bi-partisan group with the stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets".[150] He left his position in Youngstown to direct the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry under President Barack Obama.

Residents elect an eight-member city council composed of representatives of the city's seven wards and a council president. The council traditionally meets every first and third Wednesday of the month.[151] Meanwhile, the board of control, chaired by the Mayor, oversees contracts for public projects within the municipal limits.[152]

Position Name
Mayor Jamael Tito Brown[148]
Council President Thomas Hetrick[153]
Council Ward 1 Julius T. Oliver[153]
Council Ward 2 Jimmy Hughes[153]
Council Ward 3 Samantha Turner[153]
Council Ward 4 Mike Ray[153]
Council Ward 5 Pat Kelly[153]
Council Ward 6 Anita Davis[153]
Council Ward 7 Basia Adamczak[153]
 
2020 Presidential Election Results by Precinct
Biden:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100%

In the Ohio General Assembly, Youngstown is located in the 59th State Representative District, represented by Lauren McNally (D),[154] and in the 33rd Senate District, represented by Michael Rulli (R).[155] Federally, Youngstown is located in Ohio's 6th congressional district and has been represented by Bill Johnson (R) since 2023 after being redistricted.[156] Its federal senators are Sherrod Brown (D) and J. D. Vance (R). Like many urban areas in the U.S., Youngstown is a Democratic stronghold, although the remainder of Mahoning County has been trending to the right in recent elections.[157] Youngstown has supported Democratic politicians in statewide elections throughout its history, including Sherrod Brown, Ted Strickland, and Richard Cordray.[citation needed] Youngstown has become a political backdrop for both Democrats and Republicans who go to the area to campaign on economic development and jobs.[158][159]

Crime

Crime has been a lingering problem in many of the Rust Belt's big and small urban communities, hampering economic recovery.[160] In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Youngstown was nationally identified with gangland slayings often committed with car bombs.[161] The town gained the nicknames "Murdertown, USA" and "Bomb City, USA," while the phrase "Youngstown tune-up" became a nationally popular slang term for car-bomb assassination.[162] The image of Youngstown's association with crime was reinforced by the construction of prisons inside the metropolitan area.[163] As of 2012, three adult correctional facilities continue to operate within city limits: the Mahoning County Justice Center[164] the Northeast Ohio Correctional Center,[165] and the Ohio State Penitentiary.[166]

For decades, Youngstown was a haven for organized crime, and related corruption was ingrained into the fabric of its society. A 2000 publication in The New Republic listed a "chief of police, the outgoing prosecutor, the sheriff, the county engineer, members of the local police force, a city law director, several defense attorneys, politicians, judges, and a former assistant U.S. attorney" as controlled by the Mob.[167] The city accelerated measures to limit the influence of organized crime upon all sectors of municipal life. In 2006 Youngstown was ranked by Morgan Quitno Press, a Kansas-based publishing and research company, as the 9th most dangerous city in the United States.[168] After The Saturday Evening Post framed Youngstown as "Crimetown U.S.A.", there was an interest by many to create documentaries or podcasts to get in-depth information about the corruption unfolding in the city. Released in July 2022, Marc Smerling released a podcast titled "Crooked City" to share some of those stories.[169]

Education

Youngstown is served by the Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County system, with libraries located in the Downtown (Main), Brownlee Woods, East High, Newport, and Schenley (Michael Kusalaba) neighborhoods.[170]

Primary and secondary

 
Chaney High School

The Youngstown City School District manages all public education within the city. Since 2015, the state government has overseen the district's operation due to district mismanagement.[171] The district's high school graduation rate has improved since the takeover, from 65% in 2015 to 88% in 2020.[172][173] YCSD currently operates six elementary schools, three middle schools, and three high schools, as well as one alternative school and one technical school.[174] The district extensively built new schools throughout the late 2000s, and sold many of its older buildings to local private schools.[175]

At one time, the city had eight dedicated public high schools (Chaney, East, North, Rayen, South, Woodrow Wilson, Youngstown Early College, and Choffin Career and Technical Center), but since the 1990s, neighborhood schools have been merged to result in just Chaney High School on the city's West Side and East High School on the East Side, with Youngstown Rayen Early College and Choffin Career and Technical Center as district alternatives.[176] The Early College program, in cooperation with Youngstown State University, enables middle and high school students to attend classes both on campus and at YCSD schools and earn college credit.[177]

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown once oversaw more than 20 schools within the city. As a result of dwindling enrollment, only four Catholic schools now operate within Youngstown proper.[178] These include two primary schools – St. Christine's School and St. Joseph the Provider School – and two secondary schools, Cardinal Mooney High School on the South Side and Ursuline High School on the North Side. Several additional Catholic schools operate in the region which accept Youngstown students.

Youngstown hosts a small number of private schools. These include Valley Christian School, a nondenominational K-12 school; Akiva Academy, a progressive K–8 school in the Jewish Community Center; and the Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley, which offers alternative learning environments for students ranging from preschool to eighth grade.[179] There are also various smaller, K-8 charter academies in the city, such as the Stambaugh Charter Academy and South Side Academy.

Higher education

 
Jones Hall, Youngstown State University

Youngstown State University, the primary institution of higher learning in the Youngstown–Warren metropolitan area, traces its origins to a local YMCA program that began offering college-level courses in 1908.[180] YSU joined the Ohio system of higher education in 1967.[180] The university has an enrollment of about 12,000 undergraduate and graduate students within seven colleges; the Beeghly College of Liberal Arts, Social Science & Education; College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM); Willamson College of Business; Bitonte College of Health and Human Services; Cliffe College of Creative Arts; College of Graduate Studies; and the Sokolov Honors College.[181] The campus is just north of the city's downtown and south of Youngstown's historic Fifth Avenue district, a neighborhood of Tudor-, Victorian-, and Spanish Colonial Revival-style homes.[128]

YSU offers tuition rates that are lower than the average of other public universities in the University System of Ohio.[182] The university's assets include the Dana School of Music, an All-Steinway school. The Dana School of Music is one of the six oldest continuously operating schools of music in the United States.[183] The Williamson College of Business is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). YSU also offers doctoral degrees in educational leadership and physical therapy as well as a doctorate in mathematics in cooperation with Rhodes University, and is a sponsor of the Northeast Ohio Medical University BS-MD program with the University of Akron, Cleveland State University, and Kent State University. YSU engineering students may also pursue doctoral studies in cooperation with the University of Akron and Cleveland State University.

Eastern Gateway Community College operates one of its two campuses in Downtown Youngstown. It offers 60 majors in the areas of business technologies, information technologies, engineering technologies, health and public services. The degrees offered are Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, Associate of Applied Business, Associate of Applied Science, Associate of Technical Studies, and Associate of Individualized Studies.[184]

Media

Print

The Vindicator is the sole daily newspaper in the city, currently published as a zoned edition of Warren's Tribune Chronicle in broadsheet. It formerly competed with the Warren-based paper, and the Lisbon-based Morning Journal, although they primarily covered their respective counties, with limited coverage of Mahoning County and Youngstown, until in June 2019 it was announced that The Vindicator would cease publication by mid-August of the same year.[185] Although this newspaper carries the name of the old Vindicator,[186] its scope is comparatively limited, with the majority of previous Vindicator journalists not being carried over to the new edition.[187]

Other newspapers that print in Youngstown include bi-monthly The Business Journal, The Metro Monthly, and the bi-weekly The Jambar, published by the students of Youngstown State University on Tuesdays and Thursdays while classes are in session.

Television

 
WKBN-TV studio

With 273,480 television households, the Youngstown market is the nation's 106th largest, according to Nielsen Media Research.[188]

The market is served is served by four full power television stations.[189] including WFMJ-TV (channel 21, NBC, with The CW channel 21.2 under the WBCB call letters), WKBN-TV (channel 27, CBS), WYTV (channel 33, ABC, with MNTV on 33.2), and WNEO channel 45 (PBS).

Low power station WYFX-LD channel 62 serves as Youngstown's Fox affiliate, and is simulcast on WKBN 27.2.

Radio

Youngstown is the 119th largest radio market in the United States, and is served by over 30 radio stations.[190][191] iHeartMedia and Cumulus Media both have clusters in the market featuring at least a half dozen stations each.

Transportation

On June 23, 2016, Uber launched services in Youngstown, covering all of Mahoning County and most of Trumbull County.[192]

Public transit

The Youngstown area is served by the Western Reserve Transit Authority (WRTA) bus system, which is supported through Mahoning County property and sales taxes. WRTA, whose main terminal is in the downtown area, provides service throughout the city and into surrounding Mahoning and Trumbull counties. The downtown terminal serves as the Youngstown area's Greyhound terminal.[193]

Air

The Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport is the primary airport for the region. As of 2022, no commercial airlines serve the airport, with Allegiant Air ending service on January 4, 2018.[194] The airport is home to the Youngstown Air Reserve Station and 910th Airlift Wing.[195] Smaller general aviation airports in the city and vicinity include Lansdowne Airport and Youngstown Elser Metro Airport.

Rail

In the vicinity of the WRTA terminal is a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station. The historic terminal building served B&O trains until 1971. Since converted into a banquet hall, it was a station along Amtrak's Three Rivers between Chicago and New York from 1995 to 2005.[196] The nearest Amtrak service is the Capitol Limited at Alliance station 42 miles to the southwest. Freight rail lines owned by CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway, and the Youngstown and Southeastern Railroad still go through the area.

Sister cities

See also

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Bibliography

  • Aley, Howard C. (1975). A Heritage to Share: The Bicentennial History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley. Youngstown, OH: The Bicentennial Commission of Youngstown and Mahoning County, Ohio.
  • Blue, Frederick J.; Jenkins, William D.; Lawson, William H.; Reedy, Joan M. (1995). Mahoning Memories: A History of Youngstown and Mahoning County. Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company. ISBN 0-89865-944-2.
  • Brody, David (1960). Steelworkers in America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Bruno, Robert (1999). Steelworker Alley: How Class Works in Youngstown. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3439-4.
  • Fuechtmann, Thomas G. (1989). Steeples and Stacks: Religion and Steel Crisis in Youngstown. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33481-0.
  • Jenkins, William D. (1990). Steel Valley Klan: The Ku Klux Klan in Ohio's Mahoning Valley. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-415-6.
  • Knepper, George W. (1989). Ohio and Its People. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-377-X.
  • Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-73347-7.
  • Linkon, Sherry Lee; Russo, John (2002). Steeltown U.S.A.: Work & Memory in Youngstown. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1161-4.
  • Warner, Jack L. (1964). My First Hundred Years in Hollywood. New York: Random House.

External links

  • Official website

youngstown, ohio, youngstown, redirects, here, other, uses, youngstown, disambiguation, youngstown, largest, city, county, seat, mahoning, county, ohio, united, states, 2020, census, population, making, 11th, largest, city, ohio, principal, city, youngstown, w. Youngstown redirects here For other uses see Youngstown disambiguation Youngstown is the largest city in and county seat of Mahoning County Ohio United States At the 2020 census it had a population of 60 068 making it the 11th largest city in Ohio 5 It is a principal city of the Youngstown Warren metropolitan area which had a population of 541 243 in 2020 making it the seventh largest metro area in Ohio and 107th largest metro area in the United States 6 Youngstown is situated on the Mahoning River 58 miles 93 km southeast of Cleveland and 61 miles 100 km northwest of Pittsburgh In addition to having its own media market the city is part of the larger Northeast Ohio region Youngstown is midway between Chicago and New York City via Interstate 80 Youngstown OhioCityFrom top Downtown Youngstown from Wean Park Metropolitan Tower at night Mill Creek Park Youngstown State University and Stambaugh AuditoriumSealWordmarkNickname The City of YouInteractive map of YoungstownCoordinates 41 6 N 80 39 W 41 100 N 80 650 W 41 100 80 650Country United StatesState OhioCountyMahoning TrumbullFounded1796Incorporated1848 village 1867 city Founded byJohn YoungNamed forJohn YoungGovernment TypeMayor council BodyCouncil of the City of Youngstown MayorJamael Tito Brown D 1 Area 2 City34 56 sq mi 89 52 km2 Land33 93 sq mi 87 87 km2 Water0 64 sq mi 1 64 km2 Population 2020 City60 068 Density1 770 40 sq mi 683 56 km2 Urban320 901 US 127th 3 Urban density1 637 6 sq mi 632 3 km2 Metro541 926 US 103rd CSA645 003 US 74th DemonymYoungstownerTime zoneUTC 5 Eastern Standard Time Summer DST UTC 4 Eastern Daylight Time ZIP Code15 total ZIP Codes 44501 44507 44509 44515 44555Area code330 and 234FIPS code39 88000GNIS feature ID1058156 4 Websiteyoungstownohio govThe city was named for John Young an early settler from Whitestown New York who established the community s first sawmill and gristmill Youngstown is a midwestern city although it lies less than 400 miles 640 km from the Atlantic Ocean falling within the Appalachian Ohio region among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains It was an early industrial city of the late 19th and early 20th centuries with restructuring of heavy industry and movement of jobs offshore it has been classified as part of the Rust Belt Traditionally known as a center of steel production Youngstown has been forced to adapt after the steel industry in the United States fell into decline in the 1970s leaving communities throughout the region without any major industry There has been a decline in population of more than 60 since 1959 Downtown Youngstown has seen tremendous change since 2010 It has become a center of culture entertainment and innovation It is now home to bars restaurants and the recently completed Youngstown Foundation Amphitheater Youngstown s first new downtown hotel since 1974 the DoubleTree by Hilton opened in 2018 in the historic Stambaugh Building adapted for this use First floor commercial space includes a restaurant 7 Several businesses such as Turning Technologies an education technology company are headquartered in Downtown Youngstown Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding 1 2 Growth and industrialization 1 3 Post World War II decline 1 4 Modern developments 2 Geography 2 1 Neighborhoods 2 1 1 Central 2 1 2 North Side 2 1 3 South Side 2 1 4 East Side 2 1 5 West Side 2 2 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 2020 Census 3 2 2010 Census 4 Economy 4 1 Historical 4 2 Current 5 Culture 5 1 Entertainment 5 2 Theater 5 3 Museums 5 4 Parks and nature 6 Sports 6 1 Youngstown State Penguins 6 2 Other Sports 7 Government and politics 7 1 Crime 8 Education 8 1 Primary and secondary 8 2 Higher education 9 Media 9 1 Print 9 2 Television 9 3 Radio 10 Transportation 10 1 Public transit 10 2 Air 10 3 Rail 11 Sister cities 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External linksHistory EditFounding Edit Governor David TodYoungstown was named for New York native John Young who surveyed the area in 1796 and settled there soon afterward 8 On February 9 1797 Young purchased the township of 15 560 acres 6 300 ha from the Western Reserve Land Company for 16 085 9 The 1797 establishment of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19 1802 10 The area that includes present day Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve a section of the Northwest Territory that Connecticut initially did not cede to the federal government 11 12 Upon cession Connecticut retained the title to the land in the Western Reserve which it sold to the Connecticut Land Company for 1 200 000 11 12 13 While many of the area s early settlers came from Connecticut Youngstown attracted many Scots Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania 14 The first European Americans to settle permanently in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and wife Catherine Dougherty 15 By 1798 Youngstown was the home of several families who were concentrated near where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River 16 Boardman Township was founded in 1798 by Elijah Boardman a member of the Connecticut Land Company Also founded in 1798 was Austintown by John McCollum who was a settler from New Jersey 17 As the Western Reserve s population grew the need for administrative districts became apparent In 1800 territorial governor Arthur St Clair established Trumbull County named in honor of Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull and designated the smaller settlement of Warren as its administrative center or county seat 18 In 1813 Trumbull County was divided into townships with Youngstown Township comprising much of what became Mahoning County 19 The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848 and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city It became the county seat in 1876 when the administrative center of Mahoning County was moved from neighboring Canfield 20 Youngstown has been Mahoning County s county seat to this day 21 Growth and industrialization Edit The discovery of coal by the community in the early 19th century paved the way for the Youngstown area s inclusion on the network of the famed Erie Canal The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835 and the canal was completed in 1840 22 Local industrialist David Tod who became Ohio governor during the Civil War persuaded Lake Erie steamboat owners that coal mined in the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland The railroad s arrival in 1856 smoothed the path for further economic growth 23 Youngstown s industrial development changed the face of the Mahoning Valley The community s burgeoning coal industry drew hundreds of immigrants from Wales Germany and Ireland With the establishment of steel mills in the late 19th century Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from Eastern Europe Italy and Greece 24 Republic Iron and Steel Works early 1900sIn the early 20th century the community saw an influx of immigrants from non European countries including what is modern day Lebanon Israel Palestine and Syria 25 By the 1920s this dramatic demographic shift produced a nativist backlash and the Mahoning Valley became a center of Ku Klux Klan activity 26 The situation reached a climax in 1924 when street clashes between Klan members and Italian and Irish Americans in neighboring Niles led Ohio Governor A Victor Donahey to declare martial law 27 By 1928 the Klan was in steep decline and three years later the organization sold its Canfield Ohio meeting area Kountry Klub Field 28 Despite the prevalence of Irish Americans in Youngstown their presence wasn t always evident When radio personality Pete Gabriel who was Greek came to Youngstown he found out at the time that there was no St Patrick s Day parade there so he started one 29 The growth of industry attracted people from within the United States and from Latin America By the late 19th century African Americans were well represented in Youngstown and the first local congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church was established in 1871 30 In the 1880s local attorney William R Stewart was the second African American elected to the Ohio House of Representatives 31 A large influx of African Americans in the early 20th century owed much to developments in the industrial sector During the national Steel Strike of 1919 local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the Southern United States many of whom were Black 32 This move inflamed racist sentiment among local Whites and for decades African American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace 33 34 Migration from the South rose dramatically in the 1940s when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the sharecropping system leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs 35 Youngstown 1910s Central Square and Viaduct view looking south Youngstown s local iron ore deposits were exhausted by the early 20th century Since the city is landlocked the Mahoning River is not navigable ore from Michigan and Minnesota had to arrive by rail from Cleveland and other Great Lakes port cities where large bulk carriers were unloaded This put Youngstown at a competitive disadvantage to the iron and steel producers in Cleveland Buffalo Chicago and Detroit all on Great Lake shores Compared to these four cities Youngstown had a higher cost of transporting raw materials to the mills according to a Harvard Business Review report published in January 1933 Higher transportation costs are one reason why Youngstown mills began their decline slightly earlier than manufacturing in other cities 36 The city had a healthy position within the Midwest in terms of transportation connections An airport built in 1930 hosted Capital and United Airlines flights through the region and to New York prior to the jet age of the latter 1950s It was on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad mainline to Chicago with the Capital Limited Likewise Youngstown was on the Erie Railroad mainline on its Chicago Jersey City circuit with trains such as the Atlantic Express Pacific Express and the Lake Cities The city was on the New York Central s Pittsburgh Buffalo circuit and the Pennsylvania Railroad s Pittsburgh Cleveland circuit 37 38 39 40 41 42 Post World War II decline Edit The city s population became more diverse after the end of World War II when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers 43 In the 1950s the Latino population grew significantly and by the 1970s St Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church and the First Spanish Baptist Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area 30 In 1951 city planners projected that Youngstown would grow to 200 000 to 250 000 in population due to continuously strong demand for domestic steel in western Europe Japan and South Korea and so 12 000 acres on the city s East Side were annexed and extended utilities in expectation of future housing projects in addition to aggressive re zoning for expanded commercial spaces throughout the city 44 At 11 30 on Wednesday September 6 1967 only 9 of the 50 scheduled patrolmen arrived for work at the Youngstown Police Department The others were not on strike That was prevented by Ohio state law The patrolmen eventually numbering 300 along with another 300 city employed firefighters were instead attending continuous professional meetings and would be until their demand for an immediate across the board raise of 1200 was met 45 By Saturday the day they were ordered back to their jobs by a Common Pleas Court judge citizens were reported as disturbed rather than badly frightened by the risks of police and fire services operating at about 30 normal headcounts A car fire was the worst single incident When ending the strike the judge also ordered the pay raise 46 Apart from a fruitless six day sick call of police in Detroit in June 1967 Youngstown s was the first major police strike since the Boston Police Strike in 1919 As the editorial writers at The Sheboygan Press of Sheboygan Wisconsin put it So we have seen the first successful strike by policemen and firemen It is a precedent over which there should be little rejoicing 47 The industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s culminating with the September 19 1977 closure of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Campbell Works after financial downturn due to changes in the steel manufacturing process and international competition 48 In response to subsequent challenges the city has taken well publicized steps to diversify economically while building on some traditional strengths 49 Modern developments Edit The Nathaniel R Jones Federal Building and U S Courthouse was built during an era of new downtown construction in the early 2000sDowntown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new construction In the 2000s additions included the Nathaniel R Jones Federal Building and U S Courthouse in 2002 which features an award winning design by the architectural firm Robert A M Stern Architects 50 the Mahoning County Children s Services center and George Voinovich Government Center in 2004 and both the Covelli Centre and Ohio Seventh District Court of Appeals in 2006 In 2004 construction began on a 60 home upscale development called Arlington Heights and a grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development allowed for the demolition of Westlake Terrace a sprawling and dilapidated public housing project Today the site features a blend of senior housing rental townhouses and for sale single family homes Low real estate prices and the efforts of the Youngstown Central Area Improvement Corporation CIC have contributed to the purchase of several long abandoned downtown buildings many by out of town investors and their restoration and conversion into specialty shops restaurants and eventually condominiums In addition a nonprofit organization called Wick Neighbors is planning a 250 million New Urbanist revitalization of Smoky Hollow a former ethnic neighborhood that borders the downtown and university campus The neighborhood will eventually comprise about 400 residential units university student housing retail space and a central park 51 Construction for the project began in 2006 Downtown Youngstown in 2020In 2005 Federal Street a major downtown thoroughfare that was closed off to create a pedestrian oriented plaza reopened to traffic The downtown area has seen the razing of structurally unsound buildings and the expansion or restoration of others 52 New construction has dovetailed with efforts to cultivate business growth One of the area s more successful business ventures in recent years has been the Youngstown Business Incubator This nonprofit organization based in a former downtown department store building fosters the growth of fledgling technology based companies The incubator which boasts more than a dozen business tenants recently completed construction on the Taft Technology Center where some of its largest tenants will locate their offices 53 In line with these efforts to change the community s image the city government in partnership with Youngstown State University has organized an ambitious urban renewal plan known as Youngstown 2010 The stated goals of Youngstown 2010 include the creation of a cleaner greener and better planned and organized Youngstown In January 2005 the organization unveiled a master plan prepared by Urban Strategies Inc of Toronto which had taken shape during an extensive process of public consultation and meetings that gathered input from citizens 54 The plan which included platforms such as the acceptance of a reduced population and an improved image and quality of life received national attention and is consistent with efforts in other metropolitan areas to address the phenomenon of urban depopulation 49 Youngstown 2010 received an award for public outreach from the American Planning Association in 2007 55 Geography Edit A portion of the Mahoning River that passes through YoungstownAccording to the United States Census Bureau the city has an area of 34 60 square miles 89 61 km2 of which 33 96 square miles 87 96 km2 is land and 0 64 square miles 1 66 km2 is water 56 Youngstown is in the Mahoning Valley on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau At the end of the last ice age the glaciers left behind a uniform plain with valleys such as that caused by the Mahoning River traversing the plain 57 Lakes created by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained leaving behind fertile terrain 57 Neighborhoods Edit Central Edit Central Youngstown consists of the original city layout designed by John Young including Downtown Youngstown Downtown Youngstown is the site of most of the city s government buildings and banks A number of entertainment venues are also located in the downtown including the Covelli Centre Powers Auditorium the DeYor Performing Arts Center and Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre In addition the downtown sits to the immediate south of notable cultural and educational resources including Youngstown State University the Butler Institute of American Art and the McDonough Museum of Contemporary Art The Arlington Mahoning Commons Riverbend Smoky Hollow and University neighborhoods that surround downtown compromise what is considered Central Youngstown The area is the smallest division of Youngstown as well as its least populous but also its least residential by zoning It is surrounded by the I 680 and Madison Avenue Expressway highway system 58 North Side Edit George J Renner Jr House part of the Wick Park Historic District During the 20th century Wick Park was home to the city s wealthiest families and mansions 59 The North Side consists of the Brier Hill Crandall Park North Heights and Wick Park neighborhoods and the northern section of the Riverbend Industrial Park Brier Hill was considered one of the city s cultural hotbeds due to many Welsh Irish Italian and African American migrants settling in it but primarily was once viewed as the city s Little Italy as reflected by the Brier Hill style pizza 60 Each year at the end of August the Brier Hill Fest attracts thousands of visitors from Northeast Ohio and Western Pennsylvania 61 62 63 The historic Crandall Park neighborhood was once home to the city s wealthiest families and many of the mansions of industrial executives are still including in the Crandall Park Fifth Avenue Historic District 64 South Side Edit Youngstown s South Side is and historically has been the city s densest and most populous division with numerous neighborhoods from each of the city s periods of expansion The older neighborhoods in this district Oak Hill Erie Warren and Lower Gibson were among the first founded on the South Side during the 19th century and were completely annexed by 1910 as Youngstown industrialized Later neighborhoods such as Fosterville Newport Lansingville Buckeye Plat and Cottage Grove came into being as industry and population expanded throughout the first half of the 20th century being annexed in 1929 from the remainder of Youngstown Township The Pleasant Grove and Brownlee Woods neighborhoods further south were also annexed in 1929 from Boardman Township These neighborhoods were generally well connected to each together and were defined by economic class as they became increasingly suburban further from the downtown area There are further sub neighborhoods in the South Side as well such as Indian Village Handel s Boulevard Park Cochran Park Powerstown and Gibsonville that have distinct identities within their larger neighborhoods The South Side shares Mill Creek Park with the West Side 65 East Side Edit The East Side is the largest of the city s regions by area and consists of the East High East Side Hazelton Landsdowne Lincoln Knolls Scienceville and Sharon Line McGuffey Heights communities The neighborhoods on the East Side closest to Downtown Youngstown were among the earliest developed in the city However much of the East Side is undeveloped fields and forests as the land was annexed in the 1950s as part of a zoning effort for future development that never occurred 66 West Side Edit Altogether the most recently developed side of Youngstown the neighborhoods of Belle Vista Cornersburg Garden District Kirkmere Rocky Ridge and Schenley were built from the 1930s until the 1950s progressing southward apart from the early Steelton neighborhood and industrial Salt Springs neighborhood It shares Mill Creek Park with the South Side and lies southwest of the Mahoning River 67 Climate Edit Youngstown has a humid continental climate Koppen Dfb Dfa typical of the Midwestern United States with four distinct seasons and lies within USDA hardiness zone 6a 68 Winters are cold and dry but typically bring a mix of rain sleet and snow with occasional heavy snowfall and icing January is the coldest month with an average mean temperature of 26 8 F 2 9 C 69 with temperatures on average dropping to or below 0 F 18 C on 4 1 days and staying at or below freezing on 43 days per year 69 Snowfall averages 67 8 inches 172 cm per season somewhat less than the snowbelt areas closer to Lake Erie 69 The snowiest month on record was 53 1 inches 135 cm in December 2010 while winter snowfall amounts have ranged from 118 7 in 301 cm in 2010 11 to 25 2 in 64 cm in 1948 49 69 Springs generally see a transition to fewer weather systems that produce heavier rainfall Summers are typically very warm and humid with temperatures exceeding 90 F 32 C on 7 7 days per year on average the annual count has been as high as 40 days in 1943 while the most recent year to not reach that mark is 2014 69 July is the warmest month with an average mean temperature of 71 5 F 22 C 69 The all time record high temperature in Youngstown of 103 F 39 C was established on July 10 1936 which occurred during the Dust Bowl and the all time record low temperature of 22 F 30 C was set on January 19 1994 69 The first and last freezes of the season on average fall on October 14 and May 6 respectively allowing a growing season of 160 days however freezing temperatures have been observed in every month except July 69 The normal annual mean temperature is 49 9 F 9 9 C 69 Normal yearly precipitation based on the 30 year average from 1991 to 2020 is 41 19 inches 1 046 mm falling on an average of 168 days per year 69 Monthly precipitation has ranged from 10 66 in 271 mm in June 1986 to 0 16 in 4 1 mm in October 1924 while for annual precipitation the historical range is 54 01 in 1 372 mm in 2011 to 23 79 in 604 mm in 1963 69 Climate data for Youngstown Ohio Youngstown Warren Regional Airport 1991 2020 normals extremes 1897 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 71 22 75 24 82 28 90 32 95 35 99 37 103 39 100 38 99 37 88 31 80 27 76 24 103 39 Mean maximum F C 58 14 60 16 71 22 80 27 86 30 90 32 91 33 90 32 87 31 79 26 68 20 59 15 92 33 Average high F C 34 3 1 3 37 3 2 9 46 6 8 1 60 3 15 7 70 9 21 6 78 8 26 0 82 7 28 2 81 1 27 3 74 3 23 5 62 1 16 7 49 6 9 8 38 7 3 7 59 7 15 4 Daily mean F C 26 8 2 9 29 0 1 7 37 2 2 9 49 1 9 5 59 3 15 2 67 5 19 7 71 5 21 9 69 9 21 1 63 2 17 3 52 2 11 2 41 5 5 3 32 1 0 1 49 9 9 9 Average low F C 19 3 7 1 20 7 6 3 27 8 2 3 37 9 3 3 47 6 8 7 56 2 13 4 60 3 15 7 58 8 14 9 52 1 11 2 42 2 5 7 33 4 0 8 25 5 3 6 40 1 4 5 Mean minimum F C 1 18 2 17 9 13 23 5 32 0 41 5 48 9 46 8 38 3 28 2 19 7 8 13 3 19 Record low F C 22 30 16 27 10 23 11 12 24 4 30 1 40 4 32 0 27 3 20 7 1 17 12 24 22 30 Average precipitation inches mm 3 03 77 2 52 64 3 21 82 3 75 95 3 72 94 3 90 99 4 27 108 3 48 88 3 84 98 3 34 85 2 96 75 3 17 81 41 19 1 046 Average snowfall inches cm 19 6 50 15 1 38 10 5 27 2 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 8 4 5 11 14 8 38 67 8 172 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 19 4 15 6 15 1 15 0 13 9 12 7 11 3 10 8 10 0 12 7 14 0 17 5 168 0Average snowy days 0 1 in 15 5 11 8 7 9 2 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 3 11 3 54 6Average relative humidity 74 5 73 0 69 8 65 5 67 8 71 1 72 4 75 0 76 6 72 8 74 6 77 5 72 5Source 1 NOAA 69 70 71 Source 2 World Meteorological Organization relative humidity 1961 1990 72 Demographics EditHistorical population CensusPop Note 1820273 183038440 7 184065470 3 18502 802328 4 18602 759 1 5 18708 075192 7 188015 43591 1 189033 220115 2 190044 88535 1 191079 06676 2 1920132 35867 4 1930170 00228 4 1940167 720 1 3 1950168 3300 4 1960166 689 1 0 1970139 788 16 1 1980115 427 17 4 199095 787 17 0 200082 026 14 4 201066 982 18 3 202060 068 10 3 U S Decennial Census 73 Between 1960 and 2010 the city s population declined by over 60 The Mahoning Valley metropolitan area had 541 243 residents as of the 2020 census 74 2020 Census Edit According to the 2020 Census Youngstown had 28 303 households The population density was 1770 5 sq mi The city s racial makeup was 47 8 White 41 1 African American 0 3 Native American 0 7 Asian 0 0 Pacific Islander and 7 4 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10 9 of the population The median household income was 30 129 75 2010 Census Edit According to the 2010 Census Youngstown had 26 839 households and 15 150 families The population density was 755 2 km2 1958 5 sq mi There were 33 123 housing units at an average density of 968 5 per square mile 373 9 km2 Youngstown s vacant housing rate in 2010 was twenty times the national average 76 The city s racial makeup was 47 0 White 45 2 African American 0 4 Native American 0 4 Asian 0 02 Pacific Islander 3 3 of some other race and 3 7 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9 3 of the population The European ancestry included had 10 8 Italian 10 8 Irish 10 0 German and 4 2 English ancestries Among the Hispanic population 5 7 were Puerto Rican 1 9 Mexican 0 1 Cuban and 0 7 some other Hispanic or Latino 77 Records suggest 28 6 of the households had children under the age of 18 Of these 25 6 were married couples living together 24 8 had a female householder with no husband present and 43 6 were non families Meanwhile 37 8 of all households comprised a single person and 14 5 of households comprised a person over 65 years of age living alone The average household size was 2 28 and the average family size was 3 02 77 22 8 of the city s population was under the age of 18 10 8 was from age 18 to 24 24 3 was from age 25 to 44 26 2 was from age 45 to 64 and 15 8 was age 65 or older The median age was 38 years old For every 100 females there were 96 9 males For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 95 males 77 78 Economy EditMain article Economy of Youngstown Ohio Historical Edit Youngstown Sheet amp Tube Company ViaductEndowed with large deposits of coal and iron as well as old growth hardwood forests needed to produce charcoal the Youngstown area developed a thriving steel industry starting with the area s blast furnace in 1803 by James and Daniel Heaton 79 By the mid 19th century Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants and because of easy rail connections to adjacent states the iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s despite the depletion of local natural resources 80 At the turn of the 20th century local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing amid a wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley s industry in the hands of national corporations 81 In the late 1930s the community s steel sector again gained national attention when Youngstown became a site of the so called Little Steel Strike an effort by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee a precursor to United Steelworkers to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies 82 On June 21 1937 strike related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries 82 Despite the violence historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from basically local and ineffective organizations into all encompassing nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers 82 Between the 1920s and 1960s the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries of such companies as Republic Steel and U S Steel At the same time Youngstown never became economically diversified as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago Pittsburgh Akron or Cleveland 83 Hence when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives 84 The September 19 1977 announcement of the closure of a large portion of Youngstown Sheet and Tube an event still referred to as Black Monday is widely regarded as the death knell of the old area steel industry in Youngstown 85 In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns the community lost an estimated 40 000 manufacturing jobs 400 satellite businesses 414 million in personal income and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues 86 The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector 87 Current Edit Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations though nothing on the scale seen during the glory days of the Steel Valley The city s largest employer is Youngstown State University YSU an urban public campus that serves about 15 000 students just north of downtown 88 89 The blow dealt to the community s industrial economy in the 1970s was slightly mitigated by the auto production plants in the metropolitan area In the late 1980s the Avanti an automobile with a fiberglass body originally designed by Studebaker to compete with the Corvette was manufactured in an industrial complex on Youngstown s Albert Street This company moved away after just a few years 90 A mainstay of Youngstown s industrial economy has long been the GM Lordstown plant The General Motors Lordstown Assembly plant was the area s largest industrial employer 91 Once one of the nation s largest auto plants in terms of square feet the Lordstown facility was home to production of the Chevrolet Impala Vega and Cavalier It was expanded and retooled in 2002 with a new paint facility 91 However this region was dealt another blow in early 2019 with the closing of Lordstown Assembly in March 2019 92 The largest industrial employers within the city limits are Vallourec Star Steel Company formerly North Star Steel in the Brier Hill district and Exal Corporation on Poland Avenue The latter has recently expanded its operations 93 Downtown Youngstown at nightYoungstown s downtown which once underscored the community s economic difficulties is a site of new business growth The Youngstown Business Incubator YBI in the heart of downtown houses several start up technology companies that have received office space furnishings and access to utilities 53 Some Incubator supported companies have earned recognition and a few are starting to outgrow their current space Inc Magazine rated one such company Turning Technologies as the fastest growing privately held software company in the United States and 18th fastest growing privately held company overall 94 To keep such companies downtown the YBI secured approval to demolish a row of nearby vacant buildings to clear space for expansion The project will be funded by a 2 million federal grant awarded in 2006 53 In 2014 the YBI was ranked as the number 1 university associated business incubator in the world by the Swedish UBII University Business Incubator Index 95 96 97 In 2015 the YBI was the top University Associated Incubator in North America and came in second to the Dublin Enterprise amp Technology Centre also known as the Guinness Enterprise Centre in Dublin 98 Extensive coverage of Youngstown s economic challenges has overshadowed the city s long entrepreneurial tradition A number of products and enterprises introduced in Youngstown became national household names Among them is Youngstown based Schwebel s Bakery which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 20th century The company now distributes bread products nationally 99 In the 1920s Youngstown was the birthplace of the Good Humor brand of ice cream novelties 100 and the popular franchise of Handel s Homemade Ice Cream amp Yogurt was established there in the 1940s In the 1950s Youngstown born developer Edward J DeBartolo Sr established one of the country s first modern shopping plazas in the suburban Boardman 101 The fast food chain Arby s opened the first of its restaurants in Boardman in 1964 and Arthur Treacher s Fish amp Chips was headquartered in Youngstown in the late 1970s More recently the city s downtown hosted the corporate headquarters of the now defunct pharmacy chain store Phar Mor which was established by Youngstown native Mickey Monus 102 Culture EditEntertainment Edit Further information Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre and Covelli Centre The Covelli Centre in downtown YoungstownDespite the impact of regional economic decline Youngstown offers an array of cultural and recreational resources Youngstown s newest venue is the Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre an outdoor venue opened in 2019 upon former industrial grounds in Downtown that hosts various musicians 103 One of the city s sports related attractions is the Covelli Centre which was funded primarily through a 26 million federal grant secured in 2000 by then Congressman Jim Traficant Located on the site of an abandoned steel mill the large high tech facility opened in October 2005 It was formerly called the Chevrolet Center and during planning it was known as the Youngstown Convocation Center 104 The centre s main tenants are the Youngstown Phantoms who play in the United States Hockey League Previously it was home to the Youngstown Steelhounds hockey team who played in the CHL citation needed The venue also hosts on ice musical shows and concerts Historically one of the area s most popular attractions was Idora Park in the Idora neighborhood of Youngstown s south side An urban amusement park it operated from 1899 until it was closed after a large fire destroyed many of its premier rides in 1984 105 Theater Edit The community s culture center is Powers Auditorium a former Warner Brothers movie palace 106 that serves as the area s primary music hall and a home for the Youngstown Symphony Orchestra 107 This downtown landmark is one of five auditoriums within the city Ford Recital Hall was built in 2006 as an addition to newly renovated Powers Auditorium Imposing and neo classical Stambaugh Auditorium on the city s north side has served for decades as a site of concerts and is often rented for private events The facility also hosts the Stambaugh Youth Concert Band 108 Bruce Springsteen who sang about the decline of Youngstown s steel industry and its adverse effects on local workers in his ballad Youngstown played at Stambaugh Auditorium on January 12 1996 as part of his solo Ghost of Tom Joad Tour 109 The Youngstown Playhouse Mahoning County s primary community theater has served the area for more than 80 years despite intermittent financial problems Believed by some observers to be the nation s oldest continuously operating community theater the Youngstown Playhouse was the only community theater in Ohio to ever receive major institutional support from the Ohio Arts Council 110 The Oakland Center for the Arts formerly in the downtown area was a well known venue for locally produced plays before it closed in 2015 due to poor management 111 In late 2016 the Oakland Center for the Arts was re established with a new focus on youth and kids theatre 112 Well known theatrical personalities from the Youngstown area include comedic actor Joe Flynn 113 screen actress Elizabeth Hartman 114 singer and Broadway performer Maureen McGovern 115 and television and screen actor Ed O Neill 116 Museums Edit The Butler Institute of American Art was the first museum in the country dedicated to American art 117 The Butler Institute of American Art is on the northeastern edge of the Youngstown State University campus Established by industrialist Joseph G Butler Jr in 1919 it was the first museum in the country dedicated to American art 117 Across the street from the Butler Institute stands the McDonough Museum of Art YSU s University Art Museum and the Mahoning Valley s center for contemporary art The McDonough established in 1991 features changing exhibitions by regional national and international artists and provides public access to the work of students faculty and alumni from the Department of Art 118 The Clarence R Smith Mineral Museum also on the YSU campus is operated by the university s geology department and housed in a campus building 119 To the immediate north of YSU is the Arms Family Museum of Local History The museum housed in a 1905 Arts amp Crafts style mansion on the main artery of Wick Avenue is managed by the Mahoning Valley Historical Society Once the estate of a local industrialist it maintains period rooms that showcase the household s original contents including furnishings art objects and personal artifacts The museum mounts rotating exhibits on topics related to local history Recently when the museum opened the Anne Kilcawley Christman Hands on History Room The MVHS Archival Library operates in the estate s former carriage house near the back of the site citation needed The Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor sits south of the YSU campus on a grade overlooking the downtown area This museum owned and operated by the Ohio Historical Society focuses on the Mahoning Valley s history of steel production 120 Other museums include the Children s Museum of the Valley 121 an interactive educational center in the downtown area and the Davis Education and Recreation Center a small museum that showcases the history of Youngstown s Mill Creek Park 122 On the city s north side the Youngstown Steel Heritage Foundation is constructing the Tod Engine Heritage Park featuring a collection of steel industry equipment and artifacts The main exhibit is a 1914 William Tod Co rolling mill steam engine that was built in Youngstown and used at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Brier Hill Works The Tod Engine is one of three remaining rolling mill engines in the United States and is a Mechanical and Materials Engineering Landmark 123 Parks and nature Edit Further information Mill Creek Park and Lincoln Park Youngstown Ohio Mill Creek Park s Cinderella suspension bridgeYoungstown s most popular resource is Mill Creek Park a five mile 8 km long stretch of landscaped woodland reminiscent of Rock Creek Park in Washington D C Mill Creek Park is the oldest park district in Ohio established as a township park in 1891 The park s highlights include the restored 19th century Lanterman s Mill the rock formations of Bear s Den scores of nature trails the Fellows Riverside Gardens and Education Center the Cinderella iron link bridge and two 18 hole Donald Ross golf courses 124 125 Mill Creek Park encompasses approximately 2 600 acres 1 100 ha 20 miles 32 km of drives and 15 miles 24 km of foot trails Its attractions include gardens streams lakes woodlands meadows and wildlife Fellows Riverside Gardens popular lookout point offers visitors contrasting views of the area From the south side the canopied woodlands overlooking Lake Glacier are visible from the north side visitors are presented with a view of downtown Youngstown The park features two 18 hole golf courses The North Course is on rolling terrain while the South Course features narrow tree lined fairways 126 Other features include playgrounds athletic fields and picnic areas In 2005 Mill Creek Park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places 127 A plaque commemorating this event is near a memorial statue of Volney Rogers the Youngstown attorney who set aside land for the creation of Mill Creek Park 122 A smaller recreational area called Wick Park is on the historic North side Wick Park s periphery is lined with early 20th century mansions built by the city s industrialists business leaders and professionals during Youngstown s boom years 128 Stambaugh Auditorium a popular venue for concerts and other public events is near the park s southwestern edge 108 Another small recreational area called Crandall Park is also on the North side Crandall Park offers well maintained and landscaped homes tree lined streets and walkable access to shopping and recreations 129 Several cemeteries notably historic Oak Hill Cemetery and small recreational spaces are scattered throughout the city Some of those recreational spaces include Homestead Park John White park Lynn park Borts Pool and the Northside Pool Sports EditYoungstown has enjoyed a long tradition of professional and semi professional sports 130 In earlier decades the city produced scores of minor league baseball teams including the Youngstown Ohio Works Youngstown Champs Youngstown Indians Youngstown Steelmen Youngstown Browns Youngstown Gremlins and Youngstown Athletics Local enthusiasm for baseball was such that the community hosted championship games of the National Amateur Baseball Federation throughout the 1930s and 1940s 131 The area s minor league baseball teams were supplemented by semi professional football teams including the Youngstown Patricians who won the 1915 championship of the informal Ohio League a direct predecessor to the National Football League 132 and the Youngstown Hardhats who competed in the Middle Atlantic Football League in the 1970s and early 1980s For three seasons Youngstown was home to the Mahoning Valley Thunder of the now defunct af2 the minor league for the Arena Football League until 2009 when the franchise ceased operations 133 134 Local minor league basketball teams included the Youngstown Pride of the WBA from 1987 to 1992 the Youngstown Hawks of the IBA in 1999 and the Mahoning Valley Wildcats of the IBL in 2005 The Youngstown SteelHounds hockey team played in the Central Hockey League from 2005 until May 2008 In 2005 the Ohio Red Bulls semi pro football team of the United States Football Association won their first championship 135 Club League Venue Established ChampionshipsMahoning Valley Scrappers MLB Draft League Baseball Eastwood Field 1999 1Youngstown Phantoms USHL Ice hockey Covelli Centre 2003 2Youngstown has produced many prominent athletes with connections to the city including former world boxing champions Greg Richardson IBF lightweight champion Harry Arroyo 136 College Football Hall of Fame end Bob Dove 137 Hall of Fame umpire Billy Evans 138 major league pitcher Dave Dravecky 139 NFL quarterback Bernie Kosar 133 NFL Running back Lynn Bowden Jr 140 IBF cruiserweight champion Jeff Lampkin 136 WBA lightweight champion Ray Boom Boom Mancini 136 major league manager Jimmy McAleer 141 WBC and WBO middleweight champion Kelly Pavlik 142 legendary baseball trainer Bonesetter Reese 143 major league outfielder George Shuba 144 and Heisman Trophy recipient Frank Sinkwich 133 136 Youngstown State Penguins Edit The community has a lengthy tradition of collegiate sports The Youngstown State Penguins compete in the Missouri Valley Football Conference The Penguins noted participants in FCS I AA football play their games at Stambaugh Stadium and enjoy one of the more supportive fan bases All other YSU athletic teams compete in the Horizon League which does not sponsor football The Youngstown State men and women s basketball teams hold their games at Youngstown State s Beeghly Center The teams average about 2 500 fans per game a number that rose with a new style of play under former Head Coach Jerry Slocum In addition the YSU baseball and softball teams have enjoyed local support and success The baseball team reached the NCAA super regionals in 2005 and the softball team did so in 2006 145 Other Sports Edit There are many smaller and upcoming teams in the area Football Soccer Baseball and Basketball are all played at the high school level Club sports are growing with community leagues and area leagues such as Youngstown Area Youth Soccer League Many of the amateur and youth organizations are based in surrounding communities and not in the city itself Amateur soccer club Mahoning Trumbull United SC represents the area for the Northern Ohio Soccer League going into 2023 146 Government and politics Edit Mahoning County CourthouseYoungstown is governed by a mayor who is elected every four years and limited to a maximum of two terms Mayors are traditionally inaugurated on or around January 2 The city has tended to elect Democratic mayors since the late 1920s because of the local unions support for Democratic candidates for office 147 Youngstown s mayor is Jamael Tito Brown 148 Jay Williams was the city s first African American mayor and its first independent mayor since 1922 149 Williams belonged to the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition 150 a bi partisan group with the stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets 150 He left his position in Youngstown to direct the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry under President Barack Obama Residents elect an eight member city council composed of representatives of the city s seven wards and a council president The council traditionally meets every first and third Wednesday of the month 151 Meanwhile the board of control chaired by the Mayor oversees contracts for public projects within the municipal limits 152 Position NameMayor Jamael Tito Brown 148 Council President Thomas Hetrick 153 Council Ward 1 Julius T Oliver 153 Council Ward 2 Jimmy Hughes 153 Council Ward 3 Samantha Turner 153 Council Ward 4 Mike Ray 153 Council Ward 5 Pat Kelly 153 Council Ward 6 Anita Davis 153 Council Ward 7 Basia Adamczak 153 2020 Presidential Election Results by Precinct Biden 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 In the Ohio General Assembly Youngstown is located in the 59th State Representative District represented by Lauren McNally D 154 and in the 33rd Senate District represented by Michael Rulli R 155 Federally Youngstown is located in Ohio s 6th congressional district and has been represented by Bill Johnson R since 2023 after being redistricted 156 Its federal senators are Sherrod Brown D and J D Vance R Like many urban areas in the U S Youngstown is a Democratic stronghold although the remainder of Mahoning County has been trending to the right in recent elections 157 Youngstown has supported Democratic politicians in statewide elections throughout its history including Sherrod Brown Ted Strickland and Richard Cordray citation needed Youngstown has become a political backdrop for both Democrats and Republicans who go to the area to campaign on economic development and jobs 158 159 Crime Edit Crime has been a lingering problem in many of the Rust Belt s big and small urban communities hampering economic recovery 160 In the late 1950s and early 1960s Youngstown was nationally identified with gangland slayings often committed with car bombs 161 The town gained the nicknames Murdertown USA and Bomb City USA while the phrase Youngstown tune up became a nationally popular slang term for car bomb assassination 162 The image of Youngstown s association with crime was reinforced by the construction of prisons inside the metropolitan area 163 As of 2012 three adult correctional facilities continue to operate within city limits the Mahoning County Justice Center 164 the Northeast Ohio Correctional Center 165 and the Ohio State Penitentiary 166 For decades Youngstown was a haven for organized crime and related corruption was ingrained into the fabric of its society A 2000 publication in The New Republic listed a chief of police the outgoing prosecutor the sheriff the county engineer members of the local police force a city law director several defense attorneys politicians judges and a former assistant U S attorney as controlled by the Mob 167 The city accelerated measures to limit the influence of organized crime upon all sectors of municipal life In 2006 Youngstown was ranked by Morgan Quitno Press a Kansas based publishing and research company as the 9th most dangerous city in the United States 168 After The Saturday Evening Post framed Youngstown as Crimetown U S A there was an interest by many to create documentaries or podcasts to get in depth information about the corruption unfolding in the city Released in July 2022 Marc Smerling released a podcast titled Crooked City to share some of those stories 169 Education EditYoungstown is served by the Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County system with libraries located in the Downtown Main Brownlee Woods East High Newport and Schenley Michael Kusalaba neighborhoods 170 Primary and secondary Edit Chaney High SchoolThe Youngstown City School District manages all public education within the city Since 2015 the state government has overseen the district s operation due to district mismanagement 171 The district s high school graduation rate has improved since the takeover from 65 in 2015 to 88 in 2020 172 173 YCSD currently operates six elementary schools three middle schools and three high schools as well as one alternative school and one technical school 174 The district extensively built new schools throughout the late 2000s and sold many of its older buildings to local private schools 175 At one time the city had eight dedicated public high schools Chaney East North Rayen South Woodrow Wilson Youngstown Early College and Choffin Career and Technical Center but since the 1990s neighborhood schools have been merged to result in just Chaney High School on the city s West Side and East High School on the East Side with Youngstown Rayen Early College and Choffin Career and Technical Center as district alternatives 176 The Early College program in cooperation with Youngstown State University enables middle and high school students to attend classes both on campus and at YCSD schools and earn college credit 177 The Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown once oversaw more than 20 schools within the city As a result of dwindling enrollment only four Catholic schools now operate within Youngstown proper 178 These include two primary schools St Christine s School and St Joseph the Provider School and two secondary schools Cardinal Mooney High School on the South Side and Ursuline High School on the North Side Several additional Catholic schools operate in the region which accept Youngstown students Youngstown hosts a small number of private schools These include Valley Christian School a nondenominational K 12 school Akiva Academy a progressive K 8 school in the Jewish Community Center and the Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley which offers alternative learning environments for students ranging from preschool to eighth grade 179 There are also various smaller K 8 charter academies in the city such as the Stambaugh Charter Academy and South Side Academy Higher education Edit Jones Hall Youngstown State UniversityYoungstown State University the primary institution of higher learning in the Youngstown Warren metropolitan area traces its origins to a local YMCA program that began offering college level courses in 1908 180 YSU joined the Ohio system of higher education in 1967 180 The university has an enrollment of about 12 000 undergraduate and graduate students within seven colleges the Beeghly College of Liberal Arts Social Science amp Education College of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics STEM Willamson College of Business Bitonte College of Health and Human Services Cliffe College of Creative Arts College of Graduate Studies and the Sokolov Honors College 181 The campus is just north of the city s downtown and south of Youngstown s historic Fifth Avenue district a neighborhood of Tudor Victorian and Spanish Colonial Revival style homes 128 YSU offers tuition rates that are lower than the average of other public universities in the University System of Ohio 182 The university s assets include the Dana School of Music an All Steinway school The Dana School of Music is one of the six oldest continuously operating schools of music in the United States 183 The Williamson College of Business is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business AACSB YSU also offers doctoral degrees in educational leadership and physical therapy as well as a doctorate in mathematics in cooperation with Rhodes University and is a sponsor of the Northeast Ohio Medical University BS MD program with the University of Akron Cleveland State University and Kent State University YSU engineering students may also pursue doctoral studies in cooperation with the University of Akron and Cleveland State University Eastern Gateway Community College operates one of its two campuses in Downtown Youngstown It offers 60 majors in the areas of business technologies information technologies engineering technologies health and public services The degrees offered are Associate of Arts Associate of Science Associate of Applied Business Associate of Applied Science Associate of Technical Studies and Associate of Individualized Studies 184 Media EditPrint Edit The Vindicator is the sole daily newspaper in the city currently published as a zoned edition of Warren s Tribune Chronicle in broadsheet It formerly competed with the Warren based paper and the Lisbon based Morning Journal although they primarily covered their respective counties with limited coverage of Mahoning County and Youngstown until in June 2019 it was announced that The Vindicator would cease publication by mid August of the same year 185 Although this newspaper carries the name of the old Vindicator 186 its scope is comparatively limited with the majority of previous Vindicator journalists not being carried over to the new edition 187 Other newspapers that print in Youngstown include bi monthly The Business Journal The Metro Monthly and the bi weekly The Jambar published by the students of Youngstown State University on Tuesdays and Thursdays while classes are in session Television Edit WKBN TV studioWith 273 480 television households the Youngstown market is the nation s 106th largest according to Nielsen Media Research 188 The market is served is served by four full power television stations 189 including WFMJ TV channel 21 NBC with The CW channel 21 2 under the WBCB call letters WKBN TV channel 27 CBS WYTV channel 33 ABC with MNTV on 33 2 and WNEO channel 45 PBS Low power station WYFX LD channel 62 serves as Youngstown s Fox affiliate and is simulcast on WKBN 27 2 Radio Edit Youngstown is the 119th largest radio market in the United States and is served by over 30 radio stations 190 191 iHeartMedia and Cumulus Media both have clusters in the market featuring at least a half dozen stations each Transportation EditOn June 23 2016 Uber launched services in Youngstown covering all of Mahoning County and most of Trumbull County 192 Public transit Edit The Youngstown area is served by the Western Reserve Transit Authority WRTA bus system which is supported through Mahoning County property and sales taxes WRTA whose main terminal is in the downtown area provides service throughout the city and into surrounding Mahoning and Trumbull counties The downtown terminal serves as the Youngstown area s Greyhound terminal 193 Air Edit The Youngstown Warren Regional Airport is the primary airport for the region As of 2022 no commercial airlines serve the airport with Allegiant Air ending service on January 4 2018 194 The airport is home to the Youngstown Air Reserve Station and 910th Airlift Wing 195 Smaller general aviation airports in the city and vicinity include Lansdowne Airport and Youngstown Elser Metro Airport Rail Edit In the vicinity of the WRTA terminal is a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station The historic terminal building served B amp O trains until 1971 Since converted into a banquet hall it was a station along Amtrak s Three Rivers between Chicago and New York from 1995 to 2005 196 The nearest Amtrak service is the Capitol Limited at Alliance station 42 miles to the southwest Freight rail lines owned by CSX Transportation Norfolk Southern Railway and the Youngstown and Southeastern Railroad still go through the area Sister cities Edit Spisska Nova Ves Slovakia since 1991 197 See also EditList of people from Youngstown Ohio Youngstown Bruce Springsteen song USS YoungstownReferences Edit City of Youngstown Ohio ArcGIS REST Services Directory United States Census Bureau Retrieved September 20 2022 United States Census Bureau December 29 2022 2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications Federal Register US Board on Geographic Names United States Geological Survey October 25 2007 Retrieved January 31 2008 QuickFacts Youngstown city Ohio census gov Retrieved September 13 2021 Ohio Metropolitan amp Micropolitan Statistical Areas Ohio Hometown Locator Retrieved September 4 2019 Glaser Susan June 6 2018 Downtown Youngstown gets first hotel in 44 years a DoubleTree by Hilton Cleveland com Retrieved September 26 2019 Knowing Youngstown John Young s Land Purchase The Youngstown Daily Vindicator October 15 1924 p 7hi Aley 1975 pp 28 29 Blue et al 1995 pp 15 16 a b Knepper George W 2002 The Official Ohio Lands Book PDF Auditor of the State of Ohio pp 23 26 a b Upton Harriet Taylor 1910 Cutler Harry Gardner ed History of the Western Reserve Vol 1 New York Lewis Publishing Company pp 10 11 Peters William E 1918 Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision W E Peters p 153 Blue et al 1995 pp 16 17 Blue et al 1995 p 15 Blue et al 1995 p 13 Sanderson Thomas 1907 20th Century History of Youngstown and Mahoning County Ohio Biographical Publishing Company pp 169 180 Blue et al 1995 pp 17 18 Blue et al 1995 p 18 Aley 1975 pp 98 99 Find a County National Association of Counties Archived from the original on May 31 2011 Retrieved June 7 2011 Blue et al 1995 pp 33 35 Blue et al 1995 pp 35 36 Blue et al 1995 p 69 Blue et al 1995 pp 80 82 Jenkins 1990 p 19 Jenkins 1990 p 137 Aley 1975 p 259 Christmas is a time of celebration joy and inclusion CSN News Archived from the original on July 31 2018 Retrieved July 30 2018 a b Aley 1975 p 46 Aley 1975 p 47 Brody 1960 pp 254 255 Bruno 1999 pp 155 156 Linkon and Russo 2002 p 42 Lemann 1991 pp 3 58 Republic II Corrigan McKinney Fortune XII 142 December 1 1935 Official Guide of the Railways September 1955 Capital Airlines section Official Guide of the Railways September 1955 United Airlines section Official Guide of the Railways September 1955 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad section Official Guide of the Railways September 1955 Erie Railroad section Official Guide of the Railways September 1955 New York Central Railroad timetable June 17 1951 Tables 57 58 59 http streamlinermemories info NYC NYC51 6TT pdf Pennsylvania Railroad timetable January 18 1954 Tables 5 23 http streamlinermemories info PRR PRR54 1TT pdf Linkon and Russo 2002 pp 41 42 Youngstown 2010 Plan Youngstown 2010 Archived from the original on November 10 2016 Retrieved November 15 2022 Ohio Governor Turns Down Bid for Troops Scranton Pennsylvania Tribune September 8 1967 page needed Ordered to Return to Work Akron Beacon Journal September 9 1967 page needed A Crack in the Wall Sheboygan Press September 13 1967 Christie Les April 24 2008 The incredible shrinking city CNN Money Retrieved November 15 2022 a b Nasser Haya El December 26 2006 As older cities shrink some reinvent themselves USA TODAY Retrieved February 14 2007 Frank J Battisti and Nathaniel R Jones Federal Building and U S Courthouse U S General Services Administration Archived from the original on September 29 2006 Retrieved February 18 2007 Skolnick David May 4 2006 City is looking up expert says The Vindicator Archived from the original on October 31 2014 Retrieved February 14 2007 City unveils its new logo The Vindicator September 21 2006 Archived from the original on January 12 2008 Retrieved March 14 2007 a b c Shilling Don September 8 2006 2M will expand incubator The Vindicator Archived from the original on October 31 2014 Retrieved February 15 2007 Schatz Laura 2013 Decline Oriented Urban Governance in Youngstown Ohio chapter in The City After Abandonment Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press Youngstown 2010 Plan Honored with Award for Public Outreach Planning org Archived from the original on June 7 2009 Retrieved December 4 2015 US Gazetteer files 2010 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on January 12 2012 Retrieved January 6 2013 a b Aley 1975 pp 8 9 Chapter 7 Planning Districts Central District PDF Youngstown 2010 Retrieved November 23 2022 Gillespie P Anne 2006 Wick Avenue 1940 1967 Millionaire s Row and Youngstown State University Youngstown State University Retrieved March 26 2023 Trolio Tony 2004 Brier Hill USA the sequel Poland Ohio Ciao Promotions p 203 ISBN 1884687415 Trolio 2004 p 203 Trolio Tony 2001 Brier Hill USA Poland OH Ciao Promotions pp 14 15 ISBN 9780936369235 Linkon Sherry Lee Russo John 2002 Steeltown U S A work and memory in Youngstown Lawrence Kan University Press of Kansas pp 184 187 ISBN 978 0 7006 1292 5 Chapter 7 Planning Districts North Side District PDF Youngstown 2010 Retrieved November 23 2022 Chapter 7 Planning Districts South Side District PDF Youngstown 2010 Retrieved November 23 2022 Chapter 7 Planning Districts East Side District PDF Youngstown 2010 Retrieved November 23 2022 Chapter 7 Planning Districts West Side District PDF Youngstown 2010 Retrieved November 23 2022 United States Department of Agriculture USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map United States National Arboretum Archived from the original on March 3 2015 Retrieved February 19 2015 a b c d e f g h i j k l NowData NOAA Online Weather Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved May 9 2021 Youngstown OH Climate National Weather Service Retrieved November 15 2008 Station Youngstown RGNL AP OH U S Climate Normals 2020 U S Monthly Climate Normals 1991 2020 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved May 9 2021 World Meteorological Organization Standard Normals 1961 1990 World Meteorological Organization Retrieved May 22 2021 Census of Population and Housing United States Census Bureau Retrieved December 2 2014 Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas April 1 2000 to July 1 2007 United States Census Bureau Retrieved July 10 2007 U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved November 13 2020 Tavernise Sabrina December 19 2010 Trying to Overcome the Stubborn Blight of Vacancies The New York Times Retrieved November 30 2012 a b c Youngstown Ohio Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics 2010 Demographic Profile Data U S Census Bureau Retrieved November 21 2012 Youngstown Ohio Age Groups and Sex 2010 Census Summary File 1 U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 12 2020 Retrieved November 21 2012 Blue et al 1995 p 20 Blue et al 1995 pp 66 67 Blue et al 1995 p 94 a b c Shellock Marie May 1 2007 Defining moment in local labor history occurred 70 years ago The Metro Monthly Retrieved October 20 2007 Fuechtmann 1989 p 16 Fuechtmann 1989 pp 41 43 Bruno 1999 pp 9 10 Bruno 1999 p 149 Linkon and Russo 2002 pp 131 132 Youngstown Warren area largest employers Youngstown Warren Regional Chamber of Commerce Archived from the original on December 30 2006 Retrieved February 18 2007 Communities along the Mahoning River Youngstown State University Archived from the original on June 21 2007 Retrieved February 26 2007 Washington Frank April 3 1989 Buffing Up an Old Classic Avanti Drives Again Newsweek CXIII 46 a b Lyne Jack 2002 GM Doling Out 500M to Build New Model in North Ohio Site Selection Online Insider Retrieved March 8 2007 Julia Horowitz Production will end at GM s Lordstown Ohio plant on Wednesday Cnn com Exal Corporation Macrae Blue Book Retrieved March 8 2007 Top Inc 5000 Companies by Industry 2007 Software Inc Magazine Retrieved October 1 2008 Youngstown Business Incubator named world s best the Mix Cleveland com September 16 2014 Retrieved December 4 2015 Lindsay McCoy Youngstown Business Incubator ranked number one worldwide WFMJ com News weather sports for Youngstown Warren Ohio Wfmj com Retrieved December 4 2015 Youngstown News Youngstown Business Incubator blazing a trail around the world Vindy com September 21 2014 Retrieved December 4 2015 Youngstown Business Incubator again receives top world ranking Vindy com Retrieved February 16 2016 It all began in 1906 in a small kitchen in Campbell Ohio Schwebel s Baking Company Archived from the original on January 27 2007 Retrieved February 17 2007 Shilling Don May 7 2006 A Youngstown candy maker invented the Good Humor bar The Vindicator Archived from the original on October 31 2014 Retrieved October 31 2014 Blue et al 1995 p 176 Solomon Jolie August 31 1992 Mickey s Secret Life The mystery man behind the Phar Mor scandal was obsessed with winning and lost big Newsweek pp 70 72 The Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre The Youngstown Foundation Amphitheatre Retrieved October 26 2022 Skolnick David November 18 2005 Sealing the deal on Chevrolet Centre The Vindicator Archived from the original on August 10 2006 Retrieved February 22 2007 National Register Information System National Register of Historic Places National Park Service March 13 2009 A Sam Warner Memorial Brothers Will Build a 1 000 000 Movie Theatre in Youngstown The New York Times March 19 1930 p 31 DeYor Performing Arts Center Homepage Youngstown Symphony Retrieved February 18 2007 a b Stambaugh Auditorium Homepage Stambaugh Auditorium Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved March 12 2007 Linkon and Russo 2002 pp 1 2 Youngstown Playhouse Homepage The Youngstown Playhouse Retrieved November 7 2007 Oakland Center for the Arts leaves longtime home in the Morley Building cancels season Vindy com Oakland Center for the Arts Performance Art Community Theatre in Youngstown Ohio oaklandcenter info Retrieved December 30 2019 Actor Flynn Drowns in Pool Youngstown Native Was TV Comedian The Youngstown Vindicator July 20 1974 p 1 Biff Hartman of Playhouse Roles Has Broadway Lead The Steel Valley News November 22 1964 p 24 Maureen McGovern brings wealth of talent to SRU Performing Arts Series show Press release Slippery Rock University October 1 2007 Archived from the original on October 11 2007 Retrieved November 1 2007 Pallante Sally Scotty Hanahan Jim Dunn Ted Miller Martin Pallante Terry Dunn 2004 Irish in Youngstown and the Greater Mahoning Valley Charleston SC Arcadia Publishing p 105 a b gt About the Butler Butler Institute of American Art Retrieved February 16 2007 McDonough Museum of Art Youngstown State University Archived from the original on January 17 2013 Retrieved June 28 2010 Clarence R Smith Mineral Museum Youngstown State University Archived from the original on July 12 2006 Retrieved February 19 2007 Youngstown Historical Center of Industry amp Labor The Ohio Historical Society Retrieved February 19 2007 Children s Museum of the Valley Homepage Children s Museum of the Valley Archived from the original on February 5 2007 Retrieved February 18 2007 a b Mill Creek Metro Parks Homepage Mill Creek Metro Parks Archived from the original on February 9 2007 Retrieved February 17 2007 Tod Engine Page Tod Engine Foundation Retrieved July 17 2008 Mahoning Valley Historical Society page on Mill Creek Park Mahoning Valley Historical Society Archived from the original on November 8 2010 Retrieved February 17 2007 Silver Bridge Shines Again The Vindicator November 21 2007 p B 1 Championship Golf Mill Creek Metro Parks Archived from the original on October 31 2007 Retrieved November 2 2007 Gwin Harold June 14 2006 Ceremony marks placement on National Register The Vindicator Retrieved July 10 2019 a b Pellegrini Mary Ellen December 25 2006 Wick Park historic district three groups will work together to ensure that striking neighborhoods will be preserved The Vindicator Archived from the original on January 8 2009 Retrieved February 14 2007 Crandall Park North City of Youngstown Ohio archived from the original on May 27 2012 retrieved October 10 2012 Company Sports Teams and the Early Industrialization of Youngstown Ohio Youngstown State University Archived from the original on July 4 2010 Retrieved March 8 2007 Ward Frank B September 16 1946 Along the Sports Rialto The Youngstown Vindicator p 7 Frolund Vic The Story of the Patricians Professional Football Researchers Association Archived from the original on September 27 2007 Retrieved February 18 2007 a b c Bassetti John Kovach John March 31 2007 Area breeds toughness tradition From players coaches officials the area has been well represented in the NFL The Vindicator p 1 Retrieved July 10 2019 Youngstown News Youngstown Thunder af2 football team folds Vindy com September 9 2009 Retrieved August 29 2012 NATIONAL FOOTBALL EVENTS Official Site Nationalfootballevents com a b c d Bassetti John December 5 1999 Valley boxers led by Mancini ruled the ring The Vindicator page needed Bob Dove Ex Notre Dame and Pro Standout Elected to LA Citizen Savings Hall of Fame Youngstown Vindicator September 21 1975 p D 3 Baker Jon July 1 2005 In Valley s History Evans Was an Early Scrapper The Valley Voice page needed Dravecky Big Help in Padres Bid for N L West Pennant The Youngstown Vindicator August 15 1982 p D 2 Wasserman Ari clevel com February 1 2017 Lynn Bowden earns late OSU offer sticks with Kentucky cleveland Retrieved April 26 2020 Jim M Aleer Noted In Ball World Is Dead The Youngstown Daily Vindicator April 29 1931 p 1 Scalzo Joe September 30 2007 Pavlik credits Valley support for victory The Vindicator p 1 Bonesetter Reese Is Dead At Age Of 76 Career Ends For Man Who Devoted Life To Ministering To Sufferers The Youngstown Telegram November 30 1931 Kovach John August 12 2007 Shotgun George Shuba recounts his baseball life The Vindicator p C 3 Retrieved August 12 2007 YSU Sports Homepage Youngstown State University Retrieved February 18 2007 Mahoning Trumbull United joins the Northern Ohio Soccer League www noslsoccer com December 14 2022 Retrieved January 8 2023 Blue et al 1995 p 113 a b Mayor Jamael Tito Brown City of Youngstown Ohio Retrieved September 8 2018 Skolnick David November 9 2005 Community leaders extol mayoral victory The Vindicator Archived from the original on April 9 2006 Retrieved February 14 2007 a b Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition Members Mayors Against Illegal Guns Archived from the original on March 6 2007 Retrieved June 12 2007 City Council City of Youngstown Ohio Retrieved September 8 2018 Board of Control City of Youngstown Ohio Retrieved September 8 2018 a b c d e f g h City Council City of Youngstown Retrieved November 9 2022 Representative Lauren McNally Distrit 59 Ohio House of Representatives Retrieved March 26 2023 Senator Michael A Rulli Ohio Senate Ohio Senate State of Ohio Retrieved May 2 2019 Democrat Tim Ryan wins reelection to U S House in Ohio s 13th Congressional District Associated Press November 3 2022 Retrieved November 6 2022 Youngstown s Mahoning County flips to Trump after 48 years for Democrats NBC4 WCMH TV November 4 2020 Retrieved October 26 2022 Senate candidate visits Mahoning County Republican headquarters WKBN com April 28 2022 Retrieved October 26 2022 Senate candidate Tim Ryan holds rally in Niles WKBN com October 22 2022 Retrieved October 26 2022 Youngstown crime rates and statistics Neighborhood Scout Retrieved on December 23 2010 Heltzel Bill December 7 1997 Mob Rule in Youngstown The Pittsburgh Post Gazette p C 1 Grann David July 10 2000 Crimetown USA The city that fell in love with the mob The New Republic p 23 Retrieved February 15 2007 Clines Francis X July 2 2000 Imprisoned fathers tell their children don t follow in our footsteps The New York Times pp 9 10 Retrieved February 15 2007 Contact Us Mahoningsheriff com Archived from the original on October 28 2011 Retrieved September 1 2012 Just in Time Beds CCA Facilities Corrections Corporation of America Cca com Archived from the original on August 26 2012 Retrieved August 29 2012 Ohio State Penitentiary Drc ohio gov August 7 2012 Archived from the original on January 17 2013 Retrieved August 29 2012 Grann David July 10 2000 Crimetown USA The New Republic Retrieved August 19 2013 From America s 9th Most Dangerous New YTOWN Newytown wordpress com November 6 2006 Retrieved on 2010 12 23 Crooked City Youngstown Ohio iHeart Retrieved October 26 2022 Find a Location Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County Retrieved November 19 2022 Layton Lindsey February 1 2016 How Ohio Gov John Kasich took over the schools in Youngstown The Washington Post Retrieved November 13 2022 Woefully low graduation rates in America must be reversed Vindy com Retrieved September 22 2015 Youngstown Schools graduation rate improving WKBN Retrieved November 13 2022 Youngstown City School District home Youngstown City School District Retrieved November 13 2022 Gwin Harold August 6 2009 Building of schools nears completion in Youngstown The Vindicator Retrieved November 13 2022 Gwin Harold March 14 2007 Students and parents to receive introduction to new East High The Vindicator Archived from the original on September 5 2007 Retrieved March 14 2007 Youngstown Early College Youngstown State University Archived from the original on January 17 2013 Retrieved March 8 2007 Gwin Harold June 7 2006 Final bell tolls for two schools The Vindicator Archived from the original on October 31 2014 Retrieved February 14 2007 About our school Archived August 18 2007 at the Wayback Machine The Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley Retrieved November 1 2011 a b Gwin Harold October 14 2007 Unofficial historian Y gave YSU its start The Vindicator p B 1 Retrieved October 14 2007 Colleges amp Programs lt Youngstown State University catalog ysu edu Retrieved April 29 2022 Dick Denise June 6 2012 YSU panel OKs 3 5 tuition increase Vindy com Retrieved November 22 2012 History of Dana School of Music Youngstown State University Archived from the original on November 24 2007 Retrieved November 1 2007 Home egcc edu Mitchell J Breen June 28 2019 Vindicator announces it will stop production WFMJ TV Retrieved June 28 2019 Tribune Chronicle acquires rights to Vindicator name News Sports Jobs Tribune Chronicle Retrieved April 5 2020 So Youngstown will have a daily named The Vindicator after all But it s a brand surviving not a newspaper Nieman Lab Retrieved April 5 2020 Sampling the Population Nielsen Media Research September 23 2006 Archived from the original on April 25 2007 Retrieved November 20 2007 Ohio TV Information Radio Station World Retrieved November 20 2007 Arbitron Radio Market Rankings Spring 2008 arbitron com Retrieved August 6 2008 Youngstown OH RadioStationWorld Retrieved on November 20 2007 Uber launching in Youngstown area June 22 2016 WRTA Youngstown Western Reserve Transit Authority Retrieved March 7 2007 Allegiant Air pulling out of Youngstown airport www wfmj com Retrieved October 9 2019 Airport Diagram Youngtown Warren Rgnl YNG PDF Federal Aviation Administration August 13 2020 Retrieved August 15 2020 The B amp O Station Banquet Hall The B amp O Station Banquet Hall Archived from the original on July 2 2007 Retrieved March 7 2007 Our History Youngstown Spisska Nova Ves Sister Cities Program 2006 Retrieved October 31 2014 Bibliography EditAley Howard C 1975 A Heritage to Share The Bicentennial History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley Youngstown OH The Bicentennial Commission of Youngstown and Mahoning County Ohio Blue Frederick J Jenkins William D Lawson William H Reedy Joan M 1995 Mahoning Memories A History of Youngstown and Mahoning County Virginia Beach VA The Donning Company ISBN 0 89865 944 2 Brody David 1960 Steelworkers in America Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press Bruno Robert 1999 Steelworker Alley How Class Works in Youngstown Ithaca NY Cornell University Press ISBN 0 8014 3439 4 Fuechtmann Thomas G 1989 Steeples and Stacks Religion and Steel Crisis in Youngstown New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 33481 0 Jenkins William D 1990 Steel Valley Klan The Ku Klux Klan in Ohio s Mahoning Valley Kent OH Kent State University Press ISBN 0 87338 415 6 Knepper George W 1989 Ohio and Its People Kent OH Kent State University Press ISBN 0 87338 377 X Lemann Nicholas 1991 The Promised Land The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America New York Vintage Books ISBN 0 679 73347 7 Linkon Sherry Lee Russo John 2002 Steeltown U S A Work amp Memory in Youngstown Lawrence KS University Press of Kansas ISBN 0 7006 1161 4 Warner Jack L 1964 My First Hundred Years in Hollywood New York Random House External links EditYoungstown Ohio at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Youngstown Ohio amp oldid 1166175482, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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