Lordstown Assembly
The Lordstown Complex is a factory building and automotive manufacturing plant in Lordstown, Ohio, U.S. Lordstown is an industrial suburb of Youngstown, Ohio.
| Lordstown Assembly | |
|---|---|
Entrance to Lordstown Assembly from Ohio State Route 45 | |
| Built | 1964–1966 |
| Location | Lordstown, Ohio |
| Industry | Automotive industry |
| Products | Lordstown Endurance (2021–present) |
| Owner(s) |
|
It was a General Motors automobile factory from 1966 to 2019, comprising three facilities: Vehicle Assembly, Metal Center, and Paint Shop. Lordstown was opened to build compact cars for Chevrolet, the Vega/Monza, Cavalier, Cobalt, Cruze, and their rebadged variants, mostly for Pontiac. The plant also built the Chevrolet van and its GMC variant (Handi-Bus/Handi-Van, Rally Van and Vandura) until 1995.[1]
In November 2019, the plant was sold to Lordstown Motors[2] which produced to manufacture the Lordstown Endurance electric pickup truck there from 2022 to 2023.[3]
In 2022, Foxconn purchased the plant. It plans to manufacture the Fisker Pear there.[4]
History edit
Early years edit
Originally farmland owned by a local resident, a representative for GM purchased the property in 1955 on GM's behalf, but at the time wouldn't divulge specifics except it was for manufacturing and that its location along the then-new Ohio Turnpike made it an ideal location for the plant.[1] GM publicly announced plans for the plant on March 19, 1956, for Chevrolet, with plans to build the division's entire model line except the Chevrolet Task Force and heavy duty trucks, the latter then exclusively built at Willow Run Assembly.[5] Despite plans to open the plant by 1957, the construction began in 1964 and the first Impala rolled off the line on April 28, 1966.
The plant's initial products were Chevrolet's full-size lineup (Caprice, Impala, Bel Air, Biscayne), then America's best-selling vehicle, as well as the first generation Pontiac Firebird. The Firebird and Chevrolet's full-size models would be moved to other plants by 1971, when the plant added conversion van production and began production of the Chevrolet Vega.
GM Strike of 1972 edit
This assembly plant was the place of the notorious Lordstown Strike of 1972, a strike against management at the GM plant.[6] The strike resulted in Chevys coming off the line with torn upholstery and other defects. The strike lasted a total of 22 days and cost GM US$150 million ($1,049,403,341 in 2022 dollars [7]). Later strikers elsewhere who similarly engaged in disrupting production lines were labeled as having "Lordstown Syndrome".[8] According to Peter Drucker, a management consultant, it was not just the rigid discipline of the assembly line, or the speedup of operation, but rather that the workers almost unanimously felt they could have done a better job at designing much of their own work than GM's industrial engineers (hence the need to include the floor workers in part of the plant design process).[9] Due to their "hippyness" long hair, and mod fashion, the strikers were referred to by Newsweek magazine as an "industrial Woodstock".
The Lordstown Strike of 1972 was part of the broader mass labor unrest of the 1970s, an era which witnessed the second most labor strikes after 1946.[10] The strike affected the quality of the Vega, and it can be argued that the Vega's overall reliability, caused by labor issues at the plant, led to the Vega eventually being named one of the worst cars of all-time.[11] Despite that, quality control improved at the plant enough that GM awarded the plant the J-body models for 1981. Lordstown eventually became the sole plant building them, a GM tradition where the core brands originated from one factory, and knock-down kits were sent to branch assembly plants in major American cities to meet local demand.
Later years edit
Following the collapse of the steel industry in the Mahoning Valley in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Lordstown Assembly became the area's largest industrial employer. Youngstown State University surpassed Lordstown Assembly as the area's largest employer by the mid-2000s. Local health care provider Mercy Health also surpassed Lordstown Assembly in total employment.[12] Conversion van production at Lordstown ended when production of the Chevrolet van's successor, the Chevrolet Express, moved to the Wentzville Assembly in 1994, leaving Lordstown to focus exclusively on compact cars.
In 2006, as part of GM scaling back production nationwide, the third shift at the Lordstown plant ceased operations. An employee buyout and early retirements eliminated the need for layoffs. In the summer of 2008, when gas prices soared, the third shift returned in August due to increased demand for the Chevrolet Cobalt, resulting in the creation of nearly 1,000 jobs. Shortly after, General Motors entered bankruptcy and two shifts were cut.
During the 2008 presidential campaign, both Hillary Clinton and John McCain made stops at Lordstown. Shortly after election Barack Obama visited Lordstown to celebrate new product announcements and to proclaim success for the auto industry rescue.
In 2010, in preparation to build the new compact Chevrolet Cruze, all members laid off from the plant returned to work. Numerous workers from shuttered GM plants in the US were moved to Lordstown for the open positions.
In 2014, a 2.2 MW solar array was installed, covering six and a half acres with 8,500 solar panels.[13]
Closure edit
In November 2016, GM announced to end the third shift by January 2017, affecting 1,200 workers.[14] On April 13, 2018, GM announced that the second shift would be cut, eliminating up to 1,500 jobs. The cuts were related to declining sales of the Cruze (and compact cars in general) in favor of SUVs and crossovers, including GM's own GMC Terrain and Chevrolet Equinox,[original research?] both of which are loosely related to the Cruze and get similar gas mileage numbers as the Cruze.[citation needed][15][16] GM announced it would build the new Chevrolet Blazer at Ramos Arizpe Assembly in Mexico on the same day Lordstown's second shift ended, angering the United Auto Workers.[17]
On Monday, November 26, 2018, GM announced that the plant would be unallocated in 2019.[18] Many, including the area's U.S. representative Tim Ryan, considered the closing their generation's "Black Monday", in reference to Youngstown Sheet and Tube's announcement on Monday, September 19, 1977 that led to the collapse of the steel industry in the area four decades prior.[19]
The last day of production was March 6, 2019. Subsequently, the plant was transitioned to an idled state.[20][6] The final vehicle built at Lordstown, a white 2019 Chevrolet Cruze LS, remained in the area and was delivered to a local Chevrolet dealership after making arrangements with GM to keep the vehicle in the area after a local GM customer requested it; the dealer made a vehicle swap with a dealer in Miami that was originally scheduled to receive the vehicle and was already sold before it left the plant.[21]
Lordstown Motors era edit
Shortly after the shutdown, GM entered talks with electric truck maker Workhorse Group to sell the plant. [22] They required the approval of the UAW, but did not get it until October, following a month-long strike.
On November 7, 2019, the plant was sold to Lordstown Motors, which is 10% owned by Workhorse Group, licensing their electric-drive technology. The purchase price was not disclosed, but Reuters reported it was similar to EV start-up Rivian Automotive LLC’s 2017 acquisition of a former Mitsubishi plant in Normal, Illinois, for US$16 million.[2] They plan to manufacture an electric pickup truck called the Endurance there.[3][23][24] GM loaned Lordstown Motors US$40 million in 2019 to underwrite a substantial part of the plant purchase.[25]
Foxconn era edit
Foxconn later purchased unused space in the plant to establish an auto manufacturing facility in the U.S. for its proposed electric vehicle such as the Fisker Inc. PEAR. As part of the deal Foxconn will also oversee production of the Endurance Pickup truck.[26][27] On August 9, Foxconn announced that it would also produce battery packs and the Monarch MX-V smart electric tractor for Monarch Tractor.[28]
Vehicles produced edit
| Model years | Product | Numbers produced |
|---|---|---|
| 1966–1970 | Chevrolet Caprice, Impala, Bel Air, Biscayne | 453,086 |
| 1967–1969 | Pontiac Firebird | 220,230 |
| 1971–1977 | Chevrolet Vega | 1,966,157 [n 1] |
| 1971–1992 | Chevrolet Van | 1,948,468 |
| 1971–1992 | GMC Vandura | 423,547 |
| 1975–1977 | Pontiac Astre | 132,046 |
| 1977–1980 | Chevrolet Monza/Pontiac Sunbird | 893,734 |
| 1978–1980 | Buick Skyhawk/Oldsmobile Starfire | 101,907 |
| 1982–1994 | Chevrolet Cavalier/Pontiac J2000/Sunbird | 3,744,631 |
| 1995–1997 | Chevrolet Cavalier/Pontiac Sunfire | 843,741 |
| Total through 1997 | 10,727,547 | |
| 1996–2000 | Toyota Cavalier | 36,228 |
| 1998–2005 | Chevrolet Cavalier/Pontiac Sunfire | |
| 2005–2010 | Chevrolet Cobalt | |
| 2005–2009 | Pontiac Pursuit/G4/G5 | |
| 2011–2019 | Chevrolet Cruze | |
| 2022–2023 | Lordstown Endurance | |
Notes edit
- ^ includes additional '73-'74 GM of Canada production.
References edit
- ^ a b Graziosi, Graig (March 23, 2019). "Remembering when GM came to Lordstown". The Vindicator. from the original on June 30, 2019.
- ^ a b "GM sells shuttered Ohio plant to EV truck start-up". Reuters. November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
- ^ a b "GM sells Lordstown complex to electric-vehicle start-up Lordstown Motors". The Detroit News. November 7, 2019.
- ^ Jonathan Lopez (May 16, 2022). "Foxconn Completes Acquisition Of Former GM Lordstown Plant". GM Authority .com.
- ^ "Youngstown Vindicator - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
- ^ a b Jaffe, Sarah (June 24, 2019). "The Road Not Taken". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
- ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ^ Bunkley, Nick (January 5, 2010). "A Once-Defiant U.A.W. Local Now Focuses on G.M.'s Success". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Drucker, Peter Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, and Practices, pp. 277–278
- ^ Cowie, Jefferson (2010). Stayin' alive : the 1970s and the last days of the working class. New York: New Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-56584-875-7.
- ^ Collectible Automobile, April 2000
- ^ "Health care leading future of employment in the Valley". December 5, 2018.
- ^ Gauntner, Mike (September 23, 2017). "GM buying wind power for Lordstown plant". 21 WMFJ. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
- ^ Snavely, Brent (November 9, 2016). "GM to cut 2,000 jobs amid dropping sales for cars". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- ^ Grimley, Stan Boney, Nadine (April 16, 2018). "GM Lordstown going down to single shift". WKBN.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hall, Kalea. "GM cuts second shift at Lordstown". vindy.com.
- ^ "Lordstown GM plant faces an uncertain future". WEWS. July 27, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
- ^ "General Motors Accelerates Transformation" (Press release). November 26, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
- ^ Grzelewski, Jordyn (November 26, 2018). "Idling of GM Lordstown plant 'new Black Monday in the Valley'". The Vindicator. from the original on July 24, 2019.
- ^ Production will end at GM's Lordstown, Ohio plant on Wednesday CNN, March 6, 2019
- ^ "Last Cruze to roll off GM Lordstown production line on display in Boardman". WKBN. March 8, 2019.
- ^ "GM In Talks To Sell Lordstown Plant To Electric Truck Maker Workhorse". GM Authority. May 8, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
- ^ Jeff Sheban (November 25, 2019). "Upstart Lordstown Motors Racing To Be First With All-Electric Pickup Truck". Forbes.
- ^ Sean O'Kane (November 8, 2019). "GM sells Lordstown factory to the offshoot of a struggling EV startup".
- ^ The Osborne Effect: Why Big Auto Is Lying To You | In Depth, Now You Know, at 21:30, 17 July 2020, accessed 24 July 2020.
- ^ Welch, David; Wu, Debby (September 30, 2021). "Lordstown Nears Deal to Sell Ohio Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn". Yahoo News. Bloomberg. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
- ^ "Fisker CEO says Lordstown is ideal for producing its new 'PEAR' electric car". WKBN.com. October 1, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ Doll, Scooter (August 9, 2022). "Foxconn to manufacture electric tractors for Monarch at newly acquired Lordstown facility". Electrek. Retrieved August 10, 2022.