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Wikipedia

Overseas Vietnamese

January 01, 1970

Overseas Vietnamese (Vietnamese: người Việt hải ngoại, Việt kiều or kiều bào) refers to Vietnamese people who live outside Vietnam. There are approximately 5 million overseas Vietnamese, the largest community of whom live in the United States.

Vietnamese diaspora
Việt kiều
Người Việt hải ngoại
Total population
5,300,000 (official estimates)[1][2]
 United States2,183,000 (2019)[3]
 Cambodia400,000–1,000,000[4]
 Japan520,154 (2023)[5]
 France300,000[6]–350,000[7][8]
 Australia334,781 (2021)[9]
 Canada275,530 (2021)[10]
 Taiwan246,973 (2023)[a]–470,000[19][20]
 South Korea209,373 (2022)[b]
 Germany215,000 (2023)[22]
 Russia13,954[23]–150,000[24]
 Thailand100,000[25][26]–500,000[27]
 Laos100,000[28]
 United Kingdom100,000 [29][30]
 Malaysia80,000[31]
 Czech Republic60,000–80,000[32]
 Poland40,000–50,000[32]
 Angola40,000[33][34]
 Mainland China42,000[35][36]–303,000[37][c]/33,112 (2020)[38][d]
 Norway28,114 (2022)[39]
 Netherlands24,594 (2021)[40]
 Sweden21,528 (2021)[41]
 Macau20,000 (2018)[42]
 United Arab Emirates20,000[43]
 Saudi Arabia20,000[44][45][46]
 Slovakia7,235[47]–20,000[48]
 Denmark16,141 (2022)[49]
 Singapore15,000[50]
 Belgium12,000–15,000[51]
 Finland14,008 (2023)[52]
 Cyprus12,000[53][54]
 New Zealand10,086 (2018)[55]
  Switzerland8,000[56]
 Hungary7,304 (2016)[57]
 Ukraine7,000[58][59]
 Ireland5,000[60]
 Italy5,000[61]
 Austria5,000[62][63]
 Romania3,000[64]
 Bulgaria2,500[65]
Languages
Vietnamese
Overseas Vietnamese population by country. Vietnam is marked red. Darker blue represent a larger number of overseas Vietnamese people by percent.

Overseas Vietnamese make up the fifth largest Asian diaspora, after the Indian diaspora, Overseas Chinese, Overseas Filipinos and the Lebanese diaspora.

The term Việt Kiều is used by people in Vietnam to refer to Vietnamese living outside the country and is not a term of self-identification.[66] However, many overseas Vietnamese also use the terms Người Việt hải ngoại ('Overseas Vietnamese') or Người Việt tự do ('free Vietnamese').[67]

History edit

These are some of the several categories of Overseas Vietnamese:[citation needed]

According to a 2014 report by the Associated Press, "women make up at least two-thirds of workers who leave the country", and sometimes leave fathers behind to care for children. The report also said that "the total amount of remittances sent back from all Vietnamese workers overseas now exceeds $2 billion a year."[78]

In addition, as of 2020, 190,000 Vietnamese were studying abroad.[79] Most were studying in Australia (30,000), the United States (29,000), Canada (21,000), the UK (12,000) and Asian countries (70,000);[80] as well as an unknown number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants, as unveiled by the Essex lorry deaths throughout massive networks of illegal human trades spanned from Asia to Europe.[81]

Around the world edit

United States edit

Main article: Vietnamese Americans
See also: List of U.S. cities with large Vietnamese American populations, List of Vietnamese Americans, and Little Saigon

Vietnamese immigrants in the United States are one of the largest immigrant communities in the world. The community grew from 231,000 in 1980 to perhaps as many as 1.3 million in 2012.[82] Mass migration from Vietnam began in response to the Vietnamese government in the 1970s. During the North Vietnamese military offensive of mid-March 1975, many South Vietnamese citizens were pushed farther and farther south into Saigon. On April 30, the final U.S. troops and diplomats left Saigon and the country came under the control of the Provisional Revolutionary Government. As a result, the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) took control of South Vietnam, leading many South Vietnamese to become refugees and immigrate to the United States.[83] Most immigrants fled to the United States as refugees following the end of the Vietnam War, arriving in three distinct waves from the 1960s to the 1990s. The first wave consisted mainly of South Vietnamese citizens and military personnel who had associations with both the South Vietnamese government and the United States.[82] The second wave brought more refugees from the former South Vietnam to the United States in what became known as the "boat people crisis". This wave was characterized by mainly rural people who lacked the education or wealth of the first wave, as well as a large number of ethnic Chinese who were fleeing persecution by the Vietnamese government. The final wave took place in the 1980s into the 1990s. This group included thousands who were the children of Vietnamese mothers and American soldiers.[82]

By 1979, the United Nations recognized that the Vietnamese refugee crisis was a "world problem", which led to the First Geneva Conference on Indochinese Refugees in July, 1979. The United States, United Kingdom, Australia, France, and Canada each agreed to accept refugees for resettlement, and Vietnamese refugee entries to the U.S. to peaked from 1979 to 1982.[84] That year, President Jimmy Carter doubled the number of Southeast Asian refugees accepted into the United States, from 7,000 to 14,000. However, 62% of Americans said they disapproved of the measure.[85]

The South Vietnamese coming to the U.S. in the second wave did not come willingly. They were forced out of their homes by the N.V.A. and sought refuge in the United States. Many of these people felt betrayed by the U.S.'s handling of the situation in Vietnam and felt conflicted about making the journey there.[86] Nearly all the Vietnamese migrants to the United States during this time were listed as refugees, not as immigrants, because of the forced manner in which they had been exiled to the United States; 99% of Vietnamese newcomers to the United States who received a Green Card in 1982 fell into this category.

 
Congregation of the Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage, Missouri

In 2016 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the Vietnamese American population to be 2,067,527. The majority live in metropolitan areas in the western half of the country, especially in California and Texas. There are particularly large communities in Orange County, California, San Jose, California, Houston, Texas and Seattle, Washington. Those who fled to escape the North Vietnamese takeover are generally antagonistic toward the communist government of Vietnam.[87]

In the United States, Vietnamese immigrants have achieved high levels of education. In 2015, 30% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor's degree or higher (compared to 19% for the general population). Specifically, 21% of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor's degree (37% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 18% for foreign-born Vietnamese), and 8.9% had attained a postgraduate degree (14% for U.S. born Vietnamese and 7% for foreign-born Vietnamese), compared to 11% postgraduate degree attainment among the general American population.[88][89][90]

Cambodia edit

Main article: Vietnamese Cambodians

Vietnamese constitute about 5% of the population of Cambodia,[4] making them the largest ethnic minority. Vietnamese people began migrating to Cambodia as early as the 17th century. In 1863, when Cambodia became a French colony, many Vietnamese were brought to Cambodia by the French to work on plantations and occupy civil servant positions. During the Lon Nol regime (1970–1975) and Pol Pot regime (1975–1979), many Vietnamese living in Cambodia were killed. Others were either repatriated or escaped to Vietnam or Thailand. During the ten-year Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia from 1979 to 1989 many Vietnamese who had previously lived in Cambodia returned and along with them came friends and relatives. Many former South Vietnamese soldiers also came to Cambodia, fleeing persecution from the communist government.

Many living in Cambodia usually speak Vietnamese as their first language and have introduced the Cao Dai religion, with two temples built in Cambodia. Many Cambodians have learned Vietnamese as a result. They are concentrated in the Kratié and Takéo provinces of Cambodia, where villages predominately consist of ethnic Vietnamese.

Vietnamese people are also the top tourist group in Cambodia, with 130,831, up 19% as of 2011.[91]

China edit

Main article: Gin people

The Vietnamese in China are known as the Gin ethnic group, arriving in Southeastern China beginning in the 16th century. They largely reside in the province of Guangxi and speak Vietnamese and a local variety of Cantonese.[92]

As of 2020, 79,000 Vietnamese nationals were living in China. They formed the second largest group of expatriates in China, while Burmese nationals were the largest.[93]

France edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in France
See also: Vietnamese community in Paris, French Indochina, and France–Vietnam relations
 
The Temple du Souvenir Indochinois in the Bois de Vincennes, erected in 1907, is a monument built by the earliest waves of Vietnamese migrants to France.

The number of ethnic Vietnamese living in France is estimated to be about 350,000 as of 2014.[94] France was the first Western country where Vietnamese migrants settled due to the colonization of Vietnam by France that began in the late 1850s.[95] The colonial period saw a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France, as well as professional and blue-collar workers, with many settling permanently.[96] The country would continue to be home to by far the largest overseas Vietnamese population outside Asia until the 1980s, when a higher number of Vietnam War refugees resettled in the United States.[97]

A number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government and Vietnamese married to French colonists emigrated to France following Vietnam's independence through the Geneva Accords in 1954. During the Vietnam War, a significant number of students and those involved in commerce from South Vietnam continued to arrive in France. The largest influx of Vietnamese people, however, arrived in France as refugees after the Fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War in 1975. Vietnamese refugees who settled in France usually had higher levels of education and affluence than Vietnamese refugees who settled in North America, Australia, and the rest of Europe, likely due to cultural familiarity with French culture and that many affluent Vietnamese families had already settled in France.[96]

Most Vietnamese in France live in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France area, but a significant number also reside in major urban centers in the south-east of the country, primarily Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse. Earlier Vietnamese migrants also settled in the cities of Lille and Bordeaux.[96] In contrast to their counterparts in the English-speaking world, the Vietnamese in France have a higher degree of assimilation, due to cultural, historical, and linguistic knowledge of the host country.

The community is still strongly attached to its homeland while being well integrated in French society. The generation of Vietnamese refugees continues to hold on to traditional values. The later generations of French-born Vietnamese strongly identify with French culture rather than Vietnamese, as most were raised and brought up in the French system rather than the Vietnamese one.[98] French media and politicians generally view the Vietnamese community as a "model minority", in part because they are represented as having a high degree of integration within the French society as well as having high economic and academic success. Furthermore, Vietnamese in France on average have a high level of educational attainment and success, a legacy dating back to the colonial era when affluent families and those with connections to the French colonial government sent their children to France to study.[99]

The Vietnamese community in France is divided between those who oppose the communist Hanoi government and those who are supportive of it.[100][101] The pro-communist camp is the more established of the two and was the larger group until the 1970s, consisting mainly of students, workers, and long-established immigrants who arrived before 1975 and their descendants. Meanwhile, the anti-communist camp consists of students, refugees and middle-class immigrants, who began to arrive after 1954, but most of whom fled Vietnam from the South Vietnam after 1975.

This division in the community has been present since the 1950s when some Vietnamese students and workers in France supported and praised the communist Viet Minh's policies back home, while Vietnamese loyal to the colonial or non-communist governments and immigrated to France were largely anti-communist.[99] This political rift remained minor until the Fall of Saigon in 1975 when staunchly anti-communist refugees from South Vietnam arrived and established community networks and institutions. The two camps have contradictory political goals and ideologies, and members of one group rarely interact with those of the other group. Such political divisions have prevented the Vietnamese in France from forming a strong, unified community in their host nation, as their counterparts have in North America and Australia (1980).[101]

Australia edit

Main article: Vietnamese Australians

Vietnamese people in Australia constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia, with 294,798 people claiming Vietnamese ancestry at the 2016 census.[102] First-generation Vietnamese Australians who came as refugees varied widely in income and social class. Of those from the Vietnam War era, many Vietnamese Australians are white-collar professionals, while others work primarily in blue-collar jobs. Australian-born Vietnamese tend to earn high levels of educational attainment and success. In 2001, the labour participation rate for Vietnamese refugees was 61%, about the same as that of Australian-born residents (63%).[103] Around three quarters of ethnic Vietnamese live in New South Wales (40.7%) and Victoria (36.8%).

The surname, Nguyễn, is the seventh most common family name in Australia[104] (second to Smith in the Melbourne phone book).[105]

New Zealand edit

Main article: Vietnamese New Zealanders

According to the 2018 census, 10,086 New Zealanders identify themselves with the Vietnamese ethnic group.[106] Many of them came to New Zealand to escape religious persecution or war.[107]

Canada edit

Main article: Vietnamese Canadians

According to the 2016 census, Canada has 240,615 people who identify as ethnic Vietnamese.[108] The majority of Vietnamese people in Canada reside in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, with some having lived in Quebec before 1975. Vancouver is also another major destination for newly arrived Vietnamese immigrants since 1980, including Vietnamese of Chinese descent, with the city having a large Chinese population.

Germany edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Germany

Vietnamese are the largest Asian ethnic group in Germany.[109] As of 2023, there are about 215,000 people of Vietnamese descent in Germany.[110] In Western Germany, most Vietnamese arrived in the 1970s or 1980s as refugees from the Vietnam War. The comparatively larger Vietnamese community in Eastern Germany traces its origins to assistance agreements between the East German and the North Vietnamese government. Under these agreements, guest workers from Vietnam were brought to East Germany, where they soon made up the largest immigrant group[111] and were provided with technical training. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, many stayed in Germany, although they often faced discrimination, especially in the early years after reunification.

As in France, the Vietnamese community is divided between anticommunists in the former West (including the former West Berlin) and pro-communists in the former East, although the difference runs along former borderlines rather than being diffused as in France.

Czech Republic edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic

The number of Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic was estimated at 61,012 at the 2009 census,[112] although more recent figures have placed the number as high as 80,000.[113]

Most Vietnamese immigrants in the Czech Republic reside in Prague, where there is an enclave called Sapa. Unlike Vietnamese immigrants in Western Europe and North America, these immigrants were usually communist cadres studying or working abroad who decided to stay after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is even listed as the most common of foreign surnames in the Czech Republic and is the ninth most common surname in the country overall. (It is worth noting that female and male forms of the same Czech surnames were counted separately, while the total number of Nguyens refers to both male and female bearers of the surname.)[114]

United Kingdom edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in the United Kingdom

Vietnamese residing in the United Kingdom number around 55,000 people, in contrast to the trend of the U.K. tending to have the largest East and South East Asian diasporas in Europe. In the 1980s, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher agreed to take quotas of refugees and 12,000 boat people came to Britain.[115] The most established Vietnamese communities in Britain are in Hackney and other parts of London. There are also communities in Birmingham, Manchester and other major U.K. cities. In addition to the official 4.5 million Vietnamese recognized abroad, an underreported number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants abroad reside in the United Kingdom, a part of worldwide criminal activities resembling modern slavery.[116][117] Many Vietnamese, lacking official papers and denied official assistance, unfortunately, may become involved in criminal activities, such as unknowingly being hired in cannabis factories.[118][119] The Essex lorry deaths highlighted the issue of illegal Vietnamese immigrants being smuggled from poverty-stricken regions of Vietnam to other parts of the world.[120]

Poland edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Poland

Around 50,000 Vietnamese live in Poland, mostly in big cities.[121] They publish a number of newspapers, both pro- and anti-Communist. The first immigrants were Vietnamese students at Polish universities in the post-World War II era. These numbers increased slightly during the Vietnam War, when agreements between the communist Vietnamese and Polish governments allowed Vietnamese guest workers to obtain industrial training in Poland. A large number of Vietnamese immigrants also arrived after 1989.[122]

Belgium edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Belgium

An estimated 14,000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in Belgium as of 2012. Similar to the Vietnamese community in France, the Vietnamese Belgian community traces its roots to before the end of the Vietnam War. Beginning in the mid-1960s, Belgium became a popular alternative destination to France for South Vietnamese seeking higher education and career opportunities abroad. A much larger influx of Vietnamese arrived as refugees after the Fall of Saigon. After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, a small number of Vietnamese workers in former Soviet Bloc countries who were sponsored by the communist Vietnamese government also sought asylum in Belgium.[123]

The Vietnamese Belgian population largely resides in and around the capital of Brussels or in the southern French-speaking Wallonia region, especially around the city of Liège. As in France, South Vietnamese refugees to Belgium were largely of higher social standing and integrated much easier into their host country's society than their peers who settled in North America, Australia and the rest of Europe due to better linguistic and cultural knowledge. The Vietnamese Belgian community is strongly attached to its counterpart community in France, with both communities largely achieving higher socioeconomic success in their host countries than other overseas Vietnamese populations.[123]

Russia edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Russia

Vietnamese people in Russia form the 72nd-largest ethnic minority community in Russia according to the 2002 census. The census estimated their population at only 26,205 individuals, making them among the smaller groups of Việt Kiều.[124] Unofficial estimates, however, put their population as high as 100,000 to 150,000.[125][126]

Norway edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Norway

An estimated 21,700 ethnic Vietnamese live in Norway as of 2014, and the country has hosted a Vietnamese community since refugee arrivals after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. The Vietnamese are considered among the best integrated non-Western immigrant groups in Norway, with high rates of Norwegian citizenship among immigrants and success rates in education on par with those of ethnic Norwegians.[127]

Netherlands edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in the Netherlands

About 19,000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in the Netherlands according to a 2010 estimate. The community largely consists of South Vietnamese refugees who first arrived in 1978. A much smaller number of North Vietnamese workers also arrived from eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[128]

Bulgaria edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Bulgaria

An estimated 2,600 ethnic Vietnamese live in Bulgaria according to a 2015 estimate.[129]

Under international agreements in 1980, Bulgaria and other Warsaw Pact members accepted Vietnamese guest workers who were sponsored by the communist government into the country as a relatively inexpensive manual labour workforce. At one point, over 35,000 Vietnamese people worked in Bulgaria between 1980 and 1991 and many Vietnamese students completed their higher education at various Bulgarian universities.[130]

South Korea edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in South Korea

As of 2011, there were over 110,000 ethnic Vietnamese people in South Korea, making them the second largest minority group in the country. Vietnamese in South Korea consist mainly of migrant workers and women introduced to South Korean husbands through marriage agencies.[131][132] In the 13th century, several thousand Vietnamese fled to Korea after the overthrow of the Vietnamese Lý dynasty, where they were received by King Gojong of Goryeo.[133]

Malaysia edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Malaysia

The Fall of Saigon in 1975 at the end of the Vietnam War saw many Vietnamese refugees escaping by boats to Malaysia. The first refugee boat arrived in Malaysia in May 1975, carrying 47 people.[134] A refugee camp was established later at Pulau Bidong in August 1978 with assistance of the United Nations and became a major refugee processing center for Vietnamese seeking residency in other countries. While a very small number of Vietnamese refugees settled in Malaysia, the majority of Vietnamese in Malaysia consist of skilled and semi-skilled workers who arrived during the 1990s as economic cooperation between Vietnam and Malaysia increased.[135]

Taiwan edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Taiwan

Vietnamese form one of the largest foreign ethnic groups in Taiwan, with a resident population of around 200,000, including students and migrant workers.[136] Vietnamese in Taiwan largely arrived as workers in the manufacturing industry or as domestic helpers. There are also a large number of Vietnamese women married to Taiwanese men through international matchmaking services in Vietnam, despite the illegality of such services in the country.[137]

Japan edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Japan

Over 135,000 Vietnamese people resided in Japan at the end of 2014.[138] In 2019, around 371,755 Vietnamese people lived in Japan, making it the third largest foreign community in the country. At least 190,000 are "skilled trainees" and this particular number is growing sharply.[139] Vietnamese people first came to Japan as students beginning in the 20th century.[140] Most of the community, however, is composed of refugees admitted in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as a smaller proportion of migrant laborers who began arriving in 1994.[141][142]

Laos edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Laos

As Vietnam and Laos are neighbors, there has been a long history of population migrations between the territories making up the two respective countries. When Laos was a French protectorate in the first half of the 20th century, the French colonial administration brought many Vietnamese people to Laos to work as civil servants. This policy was the object of strenuous opposition by Laotian nationals, who in the 1930s made an unsuccessful attempt to replace the local government with Laotian civil servants.[143]

Hong Kong edit

Main article: Vietnamese people in Hong Kong

Vietnamese migration to Hong Kong began after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, when boat people took to the sea and began fleeing Vietnam in all directions. Those who landed in Hong Kong were placed in refugee camps until they could be resettled in a third country. Under the Hong Kong government's Comprehensive Plan of Action, newly arriving Vietnamese were classified as either political refugees or economic migrants. Those deemed to be economic migrants would be denied the opportunity for resettlement overseas.[citation needed]

Singapore edit

Main article: Vietnamese in Singapore

There are about 15,000 Vietnamese people in Singapore, primarily composed of restaurant/hawker centre service workers and overseas students. Early waves of Vietnamese refugees and immigrants to Singapore in the 1970s mainly include boat people who escaped Vietnam during the aftermath of the Vietnam War, who were initially housed in an ex-military barracks turned refugee camp. 32,457 Vietnamese refugees were hosted in Singapore from 1976 to the early 1990s, with around 5,000 settling throughout the 1970s.[50]

Philippines edit

See also: Philippine Refugee Processing Center
 
Vietnamese refugee in 1990 in Boy Scouts, Palawan, Philippines

During the Indochina refugee crisis, around 400,000 Vietnamese refugees landed on the shores of Palawan in the western Philippines after the fall of South Vietnam in 1975. They were housed in a temporary refugee camp known as the Philippine First Asylum Center (PFAC) in the city of Puerto Princesa. The center was built in 1979 by the Philippine government in partnership with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees through the initiative of the Philippine Catholic Church. Most of the refugees were moved to the Philippine Refugee Processing Center in Bataan before being resettled to other countries. However, by the time the refugee campes were closed in 1996, around 2,710 Vietnamese refugees remained in the country. Unlike other neighboring countries which implemented forced repatriation, the Philippines was the only country that allowed the refugees to stay indefinitely. The refugees established a community called Viet-Ville (French for 'Viet-Town'), also in Puerto Princesa. At the time, it became the centre of Vietnamese commerce and culture, complete with Vietnamese restaurants, shops, Catholic churches and Buddhist temples. In the decades that followed however, the Vietnamese population dwindled greatly as they finally got approval for resettlement in the United States, Canada, Australia or Western Europe. By 2005, only two of the former refugees remained, both of whom are married to locals. Viet-Ville today remains a popular destination for local tourists and Vietnamese cuisine still remains popular in the city of Puerto Princesa.[144][145][146][147][148]

Israel edit

Main articles: Vietnamese refugees in Israel and Vietnamese boat people
 
Vietnamese refugees arriving at Ben-Gurion International Airport, In Israel

The number of Vietnamese people in Israel is estimated at 150 to 200. Most of them came between 1976 and 1979 when about 360 Vietnamese refugees were granted political asylum by Prime Minister Menachem Begin. Most later left Israel, mainly for Europe or North America, to reunite with their extended families. Many of the second generation descendants have assimilated into Israeli culture, marrying Israelis, speaking Hebrew and serving in the Israel Defense Forces. A minority choose to keep their culture alive by shunning intermarriage and speaking Vietnamese at home.[149][150] Today, the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Israel but also a few dozen Vietnamese-Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Haifa, Jerusalem and Ofakim.

Relations with Vietnam edit

Relations between overseas Vietnamese populations and the current Vietnamese government range between polarities of geniality and overt contempt. Many overseas Vietnamese (who fled from South Vietnam following its fall) residing in North America, Western Europe, and Australia are opposed to the existing government of Vietnam.[151][152] The smaller population of overseas Vietnamese residing in Europe, however, (mainly in Central and Eastern Europe), the Middle East, Africa and Asia, most of whom have been sent for training in formerly communist countries, generally maintain positive or more neutral, if not very friendly relations with the government.[152] Many of these Eastern European Vietnamese are from Northern Vietnam and usually have personal or familial affiliations with the communist government.[153] Those who left before the South Vietnamese exodus starting in 1975, largely residing in France, generally identify their sentiments as somewhere in between the two polarities.[151] A large portion of the Vietnamese diaspora who fled from South Vietnam after its fall and now living in Western Europe, North America, and Oceania have been religious (Christian, Buddhist, Caodaist) and anti-communist, while the Vietnamese living in Eastern Europe and Asia are more aligned to irreligion, and, to a lesser extent, folk religions and Buddhism.[154][155][156]

The former South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ returned to Vietnam in 2004 and was generally positive about his experience. However, Kỳ's reconciliation was met with anger by a large portion of overseas Vietnamese, who called him a traitor and a communist collaborator for reconciling and working with the current communist regime.[157] Notably, the composer Pham Duy had returned to Ho Chi Minh City (referred to as Saigon by overseas Vietnamese as well as by those living in Vietnam) to live the remainder of his life there after living in Midway City, California, since 1975. According to the Vietnamese government, while in 1987 only 8,000 overseas Vietnamese returned to Vietnam for the purpose of visiting, that number jumped to 430,000 in 2004.

The government enacted laws to make it easier for overseas Vietnamese to do business in Vietnam, including laws allowing them to own land. The first company in Vietnam to be registered to an overseas Vietnamese was Highlands Coffee, a successful chain of specialty coffee shops, in 1998.[158]

In June 2007, Vietnamese President Nguyen Minh Triet visited the United States, and one of his scheduled stops was in the vicinity Orange County, home of Little Saigon, the largest Vietnamese community outside of Vietnam. Details of his plans were not announced beforehand due to concerns about massive protests. Despite these efforts, a large crowd of anti-communist protest still occurred.[159] Several thousand people protested in Washington, D.C. and Orange County during his visit.[160][161]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The number of Vietnamese nationals currently in Taiwan with a valid residence permit was 246,973 as of 30 September 2023 (148,677 males, 98,296 females). The number of Vietnamese nationals with a valid residence permit in Taiwan (including those currently not in Taiwan) was 285,173 as of 30 September 2023 (169,278 males, 115,895 females).[11] The number of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin in Taiwan was 111,529 as of April 2022 (2,383 males, 109,146 females).[12] According to the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior, between 1993 and 2021, 94,015 Vietnamese nationals became naturalized citizens in the Republic of China.[13] It was also estimated that 70% of Vietnamese brides in Taiwan had obtained Taiwanese nationality as of 2014,[14] with many renouncing Vietnamese citizenship in the process of naturalization, in accordance with Taiwanese law.[15]
    An estimated 200,000 children were born to Vietnamese mothers and Taiwanese fathers, according to a report by Voice of Vietnam in 2014.[16] According to Taiwanese Ministry of Education, in 2021, 105,237 children born to foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin were enrolled in educational institutions across Taiwan (4,601 in kindergartens, 23,719 in primary schools, 17,904 in secondary schools, 31,497 in high schools, and 27,516 in universities/colleges),[17] a decrease of nearly 3,000 students compared to the previous year, which recorded a total of 108,037 students (5,168 in kindergartens, 25,752 in primary schools, 22,462 in secondary schools, 33,430 in high schools, and 21,225 in universities/colleges).[18]
  2. ^ According to a report released by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, as of 2022, there were 209,373 Vietnamese nationals in South Korea (those without Korean nationality), including 41,555 foreign workers; 36,362 marriage immigrants; 68,181 international students and 63,274 people classified as "Others". Additionally, the report revealed that 50,660 Vietnamese individuals had acquired Korean nationality, and there were also 103,295 children born to parents of Vietnamese origin in South Korea.[21]
  3. ^ This data only included Vietnamese Nationals in Mainland China, Excluding Gin people and data in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
  4. ^ this data only included Gin people in Mainland China.

References edit

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  9. ^ . Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  10. ^ . Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  11. ^ 外僑居留人數統計表11209 [Statistical Table for the Number of Foreign Residents as of September 2023]. National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2023-09-30. from the original on 2023-11-16. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
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Further reading edit

  • Hoang, Tuan (2016). "From Reeducation Camps to Little Saigons: Historicizing Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 11 (2): 43–95. doi:10.1525/jvs.2016.11.2.43.
  • Vu, Anna; Satzewich, Vic, eds. (2022). The Vietnamese Diaspora in a Transnational Context: Contested Spaces, Contested Narratives. Brill. ISBN 9789004513969.

External links edit

 
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January 01, 1970
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Overseas Vietnamese Vietnamese người Việt hải ngoại Việt kiều or kiều bao refers to Vietnamese people who live outside Vietnam There are approximately 5 million overseas Vietnamese the largest community of whom live in the United States Vietnamese diasporaViệt kiều Người Việt hải ngoạiTotal population5 300 000 official estimates 1 2 United States2 183 000 2019 3 Cambodia400 000 1 000 000 4 Japan520 154 2023 5 France300 000 6 350 000 7 8 Australia334 781 2021 9 Canada275 530 2021 10 Taiwan246 973 2023 a 470 000 19 20 South Korea209 373 2022 b Germany215 000 2023 22 Russia13 954 23 150 000 24 Thailand100 000 25 26 500 000 27 Laos100 000 28 United Kingdom100 000 29 30 Malaysia80 000 31 Czech Republic60 000 80 000 32 Poland40 000 50 000 32 Angola40 000 33 34 Mainland China42 000 35 36 303 000 37 c 33 112 2020 38 d Norway28 114 2022 39 Netherlands24 594 2021 40 Sweden21 528 2021 41 Macau20 000 2018 42 United Arab Emirates20 000 43 Saudi Arabia20 000 44 45 46 Slovakia7 235 47 20 000 48 Denmark16 141 2022 49 Singapore15 000 50 Belgium12 000 15 000 51 Finland14 008 2023 52 Cyprus12 000 53 54 New Zealand10 086 2018 55 Switzerland8 000 56 Hungary7 304 2016 57 Ukraine7 000 58 59 Ireland5 000 60 Italy5 000 61 Austria5 000 62 63 Romania3 000 64 Bulgaria2 500 65 LanguagesVietnamese Overseas Vietnamese population by country Vietnam is marked red Darker blue represent a larger number of overseas Vietnamese people by percent Overseas Vietnamese make up the fifth largest Asian diaspora after the Indian diaspora Overseas Chinese Overseas Filipinos and the Lebanese diaspora The term Việt Kiều is used by people in Vietnam to refer to Vietnamese living outside the country and is not a term of self identification 66 However many overseas Vietnamese also use the terms Người Việt hải ngoại Overseas Vietnamese or Người Việt tự do free Vietnamese 67 Contents 1 History 2 Around the world 2 1 United States 2 2 Cambodia 2 3 China 2 4 France 2 5 Australia 2 6 New Zealand 2 7 Canada 2 8 Germany 2 9 Czech Republic 2 10 United Kingdom 2 11 Poland 2 12 Belgium 2 13 Russia 2 14 Norway 2 15 Netherlands 2 16 Bulgaria 2 17 South Korea 2 18 Malaysia 2 19 Taiwan 2 20 Japan 2 21 Laos 2 22 Hong Kong 2 23 Singapore 2 24 Philippines 2 25 Israel 3 Relations with Vietnam 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2020 These are some of the several categories of Overseas Vietnamese citation needed People who left Vietnam before 1975 This population usually resides in neighboring countries such as Cambodia Laos Thailand and China as well as those who settled in Korea and Japan before French colonization During the French colonial era many Vietnamese also migrated to France as students or workers 68 People who fled Vietnam in the immediate aftermath of the Vietnam War some of them via Operation New Life and Operation Babylift Though the largest majority were Vietnamese boat people and their descendants This is the largest Vietnamese diaspora group found mainly in North America Western Europe Hong Kong and Australasia 69 People who migrated legitimately from Vietnam to other parts of the Soviet bloc during the Cold War era and chose to remain outside Vietnam after the Soviet collapse and their descendants This is the second largest Vietnamese diaspora group found mainly in the former Soviet Union and the ex Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe 70 Economic migrants who work in other Asian countries such Taiwan Japan and South Korea This includes Vietnamese women who married men from these countries through illegal marriage agencies These agencies are the source of social tension controversy and have been criticized for resembling human trafficking Many women in this category suffer violence by their foreign husbands 71 72 73 Vietnamese living in the Middle East and North Africa in particular the United Arab Emirates Egypt Morocco Qatar and Kuwait Many members of this population studied overseas and sought work in other countries 74 75 76 77 According to a 2014 report by the Associated Press women make up at least two thirds of workers who leave the country and sometimes leave fathers behind to care for children The report also said that the total amount of remittances sent back from all Vietnamese workers overseas now exceeds 2 billion a year 78 In addition as of 2020 190 000 Vietnamese were studying abroad 79 Most were studying in Australia 30 000 the United States 29 000 Canada 21 000 the UK 12 000 and Asian countries 70 000 80 as well as an unknown number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants as unveiled by the Essex lorry deaths throughout massive networks of illegal human trades spanned from Asia to Europe 81 Around the world editUnited States edit Main article Vietnamese Americans See also List of U S cities with large Vietnamese American populations List of Vietnamese Americans and Little SaigonVietnamese immigrants in the United States are one of the largest immigrant communities in the world The community grew from 231 000 in 1980 to perhaps as many as 1 3 million in 2012 82 Mass migration from Vietnam began in response to the Vietnamese government in the 1970s During the North Vietnamese military offensive of mid March 1975 many South Vietnamese citizens were pushed farther and farther south into Saigon On April 30 the final U S troops and diplomats left Saigon and the country came under the control of the Provisional Revolutionary Government As a result the North Vietnamese Army NVA took control of South Vietnam leading many South Vietnamese to become refugees and immigrate to the United States 83 Most immigrants fled to the United States as refugees following the end of the Vietnam War arriving in three distinct waves from the 1960s to the 1990s The first wave consisted mainly of South Vietnamese citizens and military personnel who had associations with both the South Vietnamese government and the United States 82 The second wave brought more refugees from the former South Vietnam to the United States in what became known as the boat people crisis This wave was characterized by mainly rural people who lacked the education or wealth of the first wave as well as a large number of ethnic Chinese who were fleeing persecution by the Vietnamese government The final wave took place in the 1980s into the 1990s This group included thousands who were the children of Vietnamese mothers and American soldiers 82 By 1979 the United Nations recognized that the Vietnamese refugee crisis was a world problem which led to the First Geneva Conference on Indochinese Refugees in July 1979 The United States United Kingdom Australia France and Canada each agreed to accept refugees for resettlement and Vietnamese refugee entries to the U S to peaked from 1979 to 1982 84 That year President Jimmy Carter doubled the number of Southeast Asian refugees accepted into the United States from 7 000 to 14 000 However 62 of Americans said they disapproved of the measure 85 The South Vietnamese coming to the U S in the second wave did not come willingly They were forced out of their homes by the N V A and sought refuge in the United States Many of these people felt betrayed by the U S s handling of the situation in Vietnam and felt conflicted about making the journey there 86 Nearly all the Vietnamese migrants to the United States during this time were listed as refugees not as immigrants because of the forced manner in which they had been exiled to the United States 99 of Vietnamese newcomers to the United States who received a Green Card in 1982 fell into this category nbsp Congregation of the Mother Coredemptrix in Carthage MissouriIn 2016 the U S Census Bureau estimated the Vietnamese American population to be 2 067 527 The majority live in metropolitan areas in the western half of the country especially in California and Texas There are particularly large communities in Orange County California San Jose California Houston Texas and Seattle Washington Those who fled to escape the North Vietnamese takeover are generally antagonistic toward the communist government of Vietnam 87 In the United States Vietnamese immigrants have achieved high levels of education In 2015 30 of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor s degree or higher compared to 19 for the general population Specifically 21 of Vietnamese Americans had attained a bachelor s degree 37 for U S born Vietnamese and 18 for foreign born Vietnamese and 8 9 had attained a postgraduate degree 14 for U S born Vietnamese and 7 for foreign born Vietnamese compared to 11 postgraduate degree attainment among the general American population 88 89 90 Cambodia edit Main article Vietnamese Cambodians Vietnamese constitute about 5 of the population of Cambodia 4 making them the largest ethnic minority Vietnamese people began migrating to Cambodia as early as the 17th century In 1863 when Cambodia became a French colony many Vietnamese were brought to Cambodia by the French to work on plantations and occupy civil servant positions During the Lon Nol regime 1970 1975 and Pol Pot regime 1975 1979 many Vietnamese living in Cambodia were killed Others were either repatriated or escaped to Vietnam or Thailand During the ten year Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia from 1979 to 1989 many Vietnamese who had previously lived in Cambodia returned and along with them came friends and relatives Many former South Vietnamese soldiers also came to Cambodia fleeing persecution from the communist government Many living in Cambodia usually speak Vietnamese as their first language and have introduced the Cao Dai religion with two temples built in Cambodia Many Cambodians have learned Vietnamese as a result They are concentrated in the Kratie and Takeo provinces of Cambodia where villages predominately consist of ethnic Vietnamese Vietnamese people are also the top tourist group in Cambodia with 130 831 up 19 as of 2011 91 China edit Main article Gin people The Vietnamese in China are known as the Gin ethnic group arriving in Southeastern China beginning in the 16th century They largely reside in the province of Guangxi and speak Vietnamese and a local variety of Cantonese 92 As of 2020 update 79 000 Vietnamese nationals were living in China They formed the second largest group of expatriates in China while Burmese nationals were the largest 93 France edit Main article Vietnamese people in France See also Vietnamese community in Paris French Indochina and France Vietnam relations nbsp The Temple du Souvenir Indochinois in the Bois de Vincennes erected in 1907 is a monument built by the earliest waves of Vietnamese migrants to France The number of ethnic Vietnamese living in France is estimated to be about 350 000 as of 2014 94 France was the first Western country where Vietnamese migrants settled due to the colonization of Vietnam by France that began in the late 1850s 95 The colonial period saw a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France as well as professional and blue collar workers with many settling permanently 96 The country would continue to be home to by far the largest overseas Vietnamese population outside Asia until the 1980s when a higher number of Vietnam War refugees resettled in the United States 97 A number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government and Vietnamese married to French colonists emigrated to France following Vietnam s independence through the Geneva Accords in 1954 During the Vietnam War a significant number of students and those involved in commerce from South Vietnam continued to arrive in France The largest influx of Vietnamese people however arrived in France as refugees after the Fall of Saigon and end of the Vietnam War in 1975 Vietnamese refugees who settled in France usually had higher levels of education and affluence than Vietnamese refugees who settled in North America Australia and the rest of Europe likely due to cultural familiarity with French culture and that many affluent Vietnamese families had already settled in France 96 Most Vietnamese in France live in Paris and the surrounding Ile de France area but a significant number also reside in major urban centers in the south east of the country primarily Marseille Lyon and Toulouse Earlier Vietnamese migrants also settled in the cities of Lille and Bordeaux 96 In contrast to their counterparts in the English speaking world the Vietnamese in France have a higher degree of assimilation due to cultural historical and linguistic knowledge of the host country The community is still strongly attached to its homeland while being well integrated in French society The generation of Vietnamese refugees continues to hold on to traditional values The later generations of French born Vietnamese strongly identify with French culture rather than Vietnamese as most were raised and brought up in the French system rather than the Vietnamese one 98 French media and politicians generally view the Vietnamese community as a model minority in part because they are represented as having a high degree of integration within the French society as well as having high economic and academic success Furthermore Vietnamese in France on average have a high level of educational attainment and success a legacy dating back to the colonial era when affluent families and those with connections to the French colonial government sent their children to France to study 99 The Vietnamese community in France is divided between those who oppose the communist Hanoi government and those who are supportive of it 100 101 The pro communist camp is the more established of the two and was the larger group until the 1970s consisting mainly of students workers and long established immigrants who arrived before 1975 and their descendants Meanwhile the anti communist camp consists of students refugees and middle class immigrants who began to arrive after 1954 but most of whom fled Vietnam from the South Vietnam after 1975 This division in the community has been present since the 1950s when some Vietnamese students and workers in France supported and praised the communist Viet Minh s policies back home while Vietnamese loyal to the colonial or non communist governments and immigrated to France were largely anti communist 99 This political rift remained minor until the Fall of Saigon in 1975 when staunchly anti communist refugees from South Vietnam arrived and established community networks and institutions The two camps have contradictory political goals and ideologies and members of one group rarely interact with those of the other group Such political divisions have prevented the Vietnamese in France from forming a strong unified community in their host nation as their counterparts have in North America and Australia 1980 101 Australia edit Main article Vietnamese Australians Vietnamese people in Australia constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia with 294 798 people claiming Vietnamese ancestry at the 2016 census 102 First generation Vietnamese Australians who came as refugees varied widely in income and social class Of those from the Vietnam War era many Vietnamese Australians are white collar professionals while others work primarily in blue collar jobs Australian born Vietnamese tend to earn high levels of educational attainment and success In 2001 the labour participation rate for Vietnamese refugees was 61 about the same as that of Australian born residents 63 103 Around three quarters of ethnic Vietnamese live in New South Wales 40 7 and Victoria 36 8 The surname Nguyễn is the seventh most common family name in Australia 104 second to Smith in the Melbourne phone book 105 New Zealand edit Main article Vietnamese New Zealanders According to the 2018 census 10 086 New Zealanders identify themselves with the Vietnamese ethnic group 106 Many of them came to New Zealand to escape religious persecution or war 107 Canada edit Main article Vietnamese Canadians According to the 2016 census Canada has 240 615 people who identify as ethnic Vietnamese 108 The majority of Vietnamese people in Canada reside in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec with some having lived in Quebec before 1975 Vancouver is also another major destination for newly arrived Vietnamese immigrants since 1980 including Vietnamese of Chinese descent with the city having a large Chinese population Germany edit Main article Vietnamese people in Germany Vietnamese are the largest Asian ethnic group in Germany 109 As of 2023 there are about 215 000 people of Vietnamese descent in Germany 110 In Western Germany most Vietnamese arrived in the 1970s or 1980s as refugees from the Vietnam War The comparatively larger Vietnamese community in Eastern Germany traces its origins to assistance agreements between the East German and the North Vietnamese government Under these agreements guest workers from Vietnam were brought to East Germany where they soon made up the largest immigrant group 111 and were provided with technical training After the fall of the Berlin Wall many stayed in Germany although they often faced discrimination especially in the early years after reunification As in France the Vietnamese community is divided between anticommunists in the former West including the former West Berlin and pro communists in the former East although the difference runs along former borderlines rather than being diffused as in France Czech Republic edit Main article Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic The number of Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic was estimated at 61 012 at the 2009 census 112 although more recent figures have placed the number as high as 80 000 113 Most Vietnamese immigrants in the Czech Republic reside in Prague where there is an enclave called Sapa Unlike Vietnamese immigrants in Western Europe and North America these immigrants were usually communist cadres studying or working abroad who decided to stay after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is even listed as the most common of foreign surnames in the Czech Republic and is the ninth most common surname in the country overall It is worth noting that female and male forms of the same Czech surnames were counted separately while the total number of Nguyens refers to both male and female bearers of the surname 114 United Kingdom edit Main article Vietnamese people in the United Kingdom Vietnamese residing in the United Kingdom number around 55 000 people in contrast to the trend of the U K tending to have the largest East and South East Asian diasporas in Europe In the 1980s Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher agreed to take quotas of refugees and 12 000 boat people came to Britain 115 The most established Vietnamese communities in Britain are in Hackney and other parts of London There are also communities in Birmingham Manchester and other major U K cities In addition to the official 4 5 million Vietnamese recognized abroad an underreported number of illegal Vietnamese immigrants abroad reside in the United Kingdom a part of worldwide criminal activities resembling modern slavery 116 117 Many Vietnamese lacking official papers and denied official assistance unfortunately may become involved in criminal activities such as unknowingly being hired in cannabis factories 118 119 The Essex lorry deaths highlighted the issue of illegal Vietnamese immigrants being smuggled from poverty stricken regions of Vietnam to other parts of the world 120 Poland edit Main article Vietnamese people in Poland Around 50 000 Vietnamese live in Poland mostly in big cities 121 They publish a number of newspapers both pro and anti Communist The first immigrants were Vietnamese students at Polish universities in the post World War II era These numbers increased slightly during the Vietnam War when agreements between the communist Vietnamese and Polish governments allowed Vietnamese guest workers to obtain industrial training in Poland A large number of Vietnamese immigrants also arrived after 1989 122 Belgium edit Main article Vietnamese people in Belgium An estimated 14 000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in Belgium as of 2012 Similar to the Vietnamese community in France the Vietnamese Belgian community traces its roots to before the end of the Vietnam War Beginning in the mid 1960s Belgium became a popular alternative destination to France for South Vietnamese seeking higher education and career opportunities abroad A much larger influx of Vietnamese arrived as refugees after the Fall of Saigon After the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 a small number of Vietnamese workers in former Soviet Bloc countries who were sponsored by the communist Vietnamese government also sought asylum in Belgium 123 The Vietnamese Belgian population largely resides in and around the capital of Brussels or in the southern French speaking Wallonia region especially around the city of Liege As in France South Vietnamese refugees to Belgium were largely of higher social standing and integrated much easier into their host country s society than their peers who settled in North America Australia and the rest of Europe due to better linguistic and cultural knowledge The Vietnamese Belgian community is strongly attached to its counterpart community in France with both communities largely achieving higher socioeconomic success in their host countries than other overseas Vietnamese populations 123 Russia edit Main article Vietnamese people in Russia Vietnamese people in Russia form the 72nd largest ethnic minority community in Russia according to the 2002 census The census estimated their population at only 26 205 individuals making them among the smaller groups of Việt Kiều 124 Unofficial estimates however put their population as high as 100 000 to 150 000 125 126 Norway edit Main article Vietnamese people in Norway An estimated 21 700 ethnic Vietnamese live in Norway as of 2014 and the country has hosted a Vietnamese community since refugee arrivals after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 The Vietnamese are considered among the best integrated non Western immigrant groups in Norway with high rates of Norwegian citizenship among immigrants and success rates in education on par with those of ethnic Norwegians 127 Netherlands edit Main article Vietnamese people in the Netherlands About 19 000 ethnic Vietnamese reside in the Netherlands according to a 2010 estimate The community largely consists of South Vietnamese refugees who first arrived in 1978 A much smaller number of North Vietnamese workers also arrived from eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall 128 Bulgaria edit Main article Vietnamese people in Bulgaria An estimated 2 600 ethnic Vietnamese live in Bulgaria according to a 2015 estimate 129 Under international agreements in 1980 Bulgaria and other Warsaw Pact members accepted Vietnamese guest workers who were sponsored by the communist government into the country as a relatively inexpensive manual labour workforce At one point over 35 000 Vietnamese people worked in Bulgaria between 1980 and 1991 and many Vietnamese students completed their higher education at various Bulgarian universities 130 South Korea edit Main article Vietnamese people in South Korea As of 2011 there were over 110 000 ethnic Vietnamese people in South Korea making them the second largest minority group in the country Vietnamese in South Korea consist mainly of migrant workers and women introduced to South Korean husbands through marriage agencies 131 132 In the 13th century several thousand Vietnamese fled to Korea after the overthrow of the Vietnamese Ly dynasty where they were received by King Gojong of Goryeo 133 Malaysia edit Main article Vietnamese people in Malaysia The Fall of Saigon in 1975 at the end of the Vietnam War saw many Vietnamese refugees escaping by boats to Malaysia The first refugee boat arrived in Malaysia in May 1975 carrying 47 people 134 A refugee camp was established later at Pulau Bidong in August 1978 with assistance of the United Nations and became a major refugee processing center for Vietnamese seeking residency in other countries While a very small number of Vietnamese refugees settled in Malaysia the majority of Vietnamese in Malaysia consist of skilled and semi skilled workers who arrived during the 1990s as economic cooperation between Vietnam and Malaysia increased 135 Taiwan edit Main article Vietnamese people in Taiwan Vietnamese form one of the largest foreign ethnic groups in Taiwan with a resident population of around 200 000 including students and migrant workers 136 Vietnamese in Taiwan largely arrived as workers in the manufacturing industry or as domestic helpers There are also a large number of Vietnamese women married to Taiwanese men through international matchmaking services in Vietnam despite the illegality of such services in the country 137 Japan edit Main article Vietnamese people in Japan Over 135 000 Vietnamese people resided in Japan at the end of 2014 138 In 2019 around 371 755 Vietnamese people lived in Japan making it the third largest foreign community in the country At least 190 000 are skilled trainees and this particular number is growing sharply 139 Vietnamese people first came to Japan as students beginning in the 20th century 140 Most of the community however is composed of refugees admitted in the late 1970s and early 1980s as well as a smaller proportion of migrant laborers who began arriving in 1994 141 142 Laos edit Main article Vietnamese people in Laos As Vietnam and Laos are neighbors there has been a long history of population migrations between the territories making up the two respective countries When Laos was a French protectorate in the first half of the 20th century the French colonial administration brought many Vietnamese people to Laos to work as civil servants This policy was the object of strenuous opposition by Laotian nationals who in the 1930s made an unsuccessful attempt to replace the local government with Laotian civil servants 143 Hong Kong edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2011 Learn how and when to remove this message Main article Vietnamese people in Hong Kong Vietnamese migration to Hong Kong began after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 when boat people took to the sea and began fleeing Vietnam in all directions Those who landed in Hong Kong were placed in refugee camps until they could be resettled in a third country Under the Hong Kong government s Comprehensive Plan of Action newly arriving Vietnamese were classified as either political refugees or economic migrants Those deemed to be economic migrants would be denied the opportunity for resettlement overseas citation needed Singapore edit Main article Vietnamese in Singapore There are about 15 000 Vietnamese people in Singapore primarily composed of restaurant hawker centre service workers and overseas students Early waves of Vietnamese refugees and immigrants to Singapore in the 1970s mainly include boat people who escaped Vietnam during the aftermath of the Vietnam War who were initially housed in an ex military barracks turned refugee camp 32 457 Vietnamese refugees were hosted in Singapore from 1976 to the early 1990s with around 5 000 settling throughout the 1970s 50 Philippines edit See also Philippine Refugee Processing Center nbsp Vietnamese refugee in 1990 in Boy Scouts Palawan Philippines During the Indochina refugee crisis around 400 000 Vietnamese refugees landed on the shores of Palawan in the western Philippines after the fall of South Vietnam in 1975 They were housed in a temporary refugee camp known as the Philippine First Asylum Center PFAC in the city of Puerto Princesa The center was built in 1979 by the Philippine government in partnership with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees through the initiative of the Philippine Catholic Church Most of the refugees were moved to the Philippine Refugee Processing Center in Bataan before being resettled to other countries However by the time the refugee campes were closed in 1996 around 2 710 Vietnamese refugees remained in the country Unlike other neighboring countries which implemented forced repatriation the Philippines was the only country that allowed the refugees to stay indefinitely The refugees established a community called Viet Ville French for Viet Town also in Puerto Princesa At the time it became the centre of Vietnamese commerce and culture complete with Vietnamese restaurants shops Catholic churches and Buddhist temples In the decades that followed however the Vietnamese population dwindled greatly as they finally got approval for resettlement in the United States Canada Australia or Western Europe By 2005 only two of the former refugees remained both of whom are married to locals Viet Ville today remains a popular destination for local tourists and Vietnamese cuisine still remains popular in the city of Puerto Princesa 144 145 146 147 148 Israel edit Main articles Vietnamese refugees in Israel and Vietnamese boat people nbsp Vietnamese refugees arriving at Ben Gurion International Airport In Israel The number of Vietnamese people in Israel is estimated at 150 to 200 Most of them came between 1976 and 1979 when about 360 Vietnamese refugees were granted political asylum by Prime Minister Menachem Begin Most later left Israel mainly for Europe or North America to reunite with their extended families Many of the second generation descendants have assimilated into Israeli culture marrying Israelis speaking Hebrew and serving in the Israel Defense Forces A minority choose to keep their culture alive by shunning intermarriage and speaking Vietnamese at home 149 150 Today the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Israel but also a few dozen Vietnamese Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Haifa Jerusalem and Ofakim Relations with Vietnam editRelations between overseas Vietnamese populations and the current Vietnamese government range between polarities of geniality and overt contempt Many overseas Vietnamese who fled from South Vietnam following its fall residing in North America Western Europe and Australia are opposed to the existing government of Vietnam 151 152 The smaller population of overseas Vietnamese residing in Europe however mainly in Central and Eastern Europe the Middle East Africa and Asia most of whom have been sent for training in formerly communist countries generally maintain positive or more neutral if not very friendly relations with the government 152 Many of these Eastern European Vietnamese are from Northern Vietnam and usually have personal or familial affiliations with the communist government 153 Those who left before the South Vietnamese exodus starting in 1975 largely residing in France generally identify their sentiments as somewhere in between the two polarities 151 A large portion of the Vietnamese diaspora who fled from South Vietnam after its fall and now living in Western Europe North America and Oceania have been religious Christian Buddhist Caodaist and anti communist while the Vietnamese living in Eastern Europe and Asia are more aligned to irreligion and to a lesser extent folk religions and Buddhism 154 155 156 The former South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ returned to Vietnam in 2004 and was generally positive about his experience However Kỳ s reconciliation was met with anger by a large portion of overseas Vietnamese who called him a traitor and a communist collaborator for reconciling and working with the current communist regime 157 Notably the composer Pham Duy had returned to Ho Chi Minh City referred to as Saigon by overseas Vietnamese as well as by those living in Vietnam to live the remainder of his life there after living in Midway City California since 1975 According to the Vietnamese government while in 1987 only 8 000 overseas Vietnamese returned to Vietnam for the purpose of visiting that number jumped to 430 000 in 2004 The government enacted laws to make it easier for overseas Vietnamese to do business in Vietnam including laws allowing them to own land The first company in Vietnam to be registered to an overseas Vietnamese was Highlands Coffee a successful chain of specialty coffee shops in 1998 158 In June 2007 Vietnamese President Nguyen Minh Triet visited the United States and one of his scheduled stops was in the vicinity Orange County home of Little Saigon the largest Vietnamese community outside of Vietnam Details of his plans were not announced beforehand due to concerns about massive protests Despite these efforts a large crowd of anti communist protest still occurred 159 Several thousand people protested in Washington D C and Orange County during his visit 160 161 See also editDiasporic Vietnamese narratives Vietnamese Diasporic Music Overseas Vietnamese Buddhist temples List of Vietnamese People Vietnamese Boat People Growing Up AmericanNotes edit The number of Vietnamese nationals currently in Taiwan with a valid residence permit was 246 973 as of 30 September 2023 148 677 males 98 296 females The number of Vietnamese nationals with a valid residence permit in Taiwan including those currently not in Taiwan was 285 173 as of 30 September 2023 169 278 males 115 895 females 11 The number of foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin in Taiwan was 111 529 as of April 2022 2 383 males 109 146 females 12 According to the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior between 1993 and 2021 94 015 Vietnamese nationals became naturalized citizens in the Republic of China 13 It was also estimated that 70 of Vietnamese brides in Taiwan had obtained Taiwanese nationality as of 2014 14 with many renouncing Vietnamese citizenship in the process of naturalization in accordance with Taiwanese law 15 An estimated 200 000 children were born to Vietnamese mothers and Taiwanese fathers according to a report by Voice of Vietnam in 2014 16 According to Taiwanese Ministry of Education in 2021 105 237 children born to foreign spouses of Vietnamese origin were enrolled in educational institutions across Taiwan 4 601 in kindergartens 23 719 in primary schools 17 904 in secondary schools 31 497 in high schools and 27 516 in universities colleges 17 a decrease of nearly 3 000 students compared to the previous year which recorded a total of 108 037 students 5 168 in kindergartens 25 752 in primary schools 22 462 in secondary schools 33 430 in high schools and 21 225 in universities colleges 18 According to a report released by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety as of 2022 there were 209 373 Vietnamese nationals in South Korea those without Korean nationality including 41 555 foreign workers 36 362 marriage immigrants 68 181 international students and 63 274 people 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editHoang Tuan 2016 From Reeducation Camps to Little Saigons Historicizing Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism Journal of Vietnamese Studies 11 2 43 95 doi 10 1525 jvs 2016 11 2 43 Vu Anna Satzewich Vic eds 2022 The Vietnamese Diaspora in a Transnational Context Contested Spaces Contested Narratives Brill ISBN 9789004513969 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Vietnamese descent Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Overseas Vietnamese amp oldid 1224877221, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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