Treaty of Rapallo (1920)

Not to be confused with Treaty of Rapallo (1922).

Multiple geographical names mentioned below changed in the discussed period. The article uses modern English or local names.

The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in the aftermath of the First World War. It was intended to settle the Adriatic question, i.e. Italian claims over territories promised to the country, in return for its entry into the war, against Austria-Hungary; claims that were made on the basis of the 1915 Treaty of London. The wartime pact promised Italy large areas of the eastern Adriatic. The treaty, signed on 12 November 1920 in Rapallo, Italy, generally redeemed the promises of territorial gains in the former Austrian Littoral by awarding Italy territories generally corresponding to the peninsula of Istria and the former Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca, with the addition of the Snežnik Plateau, in addition to what was promised by the London treaty. The articles regarding Dalmatia were largely ignored. There Italy received the city of Zadar and several islands. Other provisions of the treaty contained safeguards for the rights of Italian nationals remaining in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and provisions for commissions to demarcate the new border, and facilitate economic and educational cooperation. The treaty also established the Free State of Fiume, the city-state consisting of the former Austro-Hungarian Corpus Separatum that consisted of Rijeka and a strip of coast giving the new state a land border with Italy at Istria.

Treaty of Rapallo

Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed at Rapallo, 12 November 1920
Type	Border agreement
Context	First World War
Signed	12 November 1920 (1920-11-12)
Location	Rapallo, Italy
Replaced by	Treaty of Rome (1924)
Signatories	Giovanni Giolitti Carlo Sforza Ivanoe Bonomi Milenko Vesnić Ante Trumbić Kosta Stojanović [sr]
Parties	Italy  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Language	Italian, Serbo-Croatian

Events leading to World War II

1. Revolutions of 1917–1923
2. Aftermath of World War I 1918–1939
3. Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 1918–1925
4. Province of the Sudetenland 1918–1920
5. 1918–1920 unrest in Split
6. Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
7. Heimosodat 1918–1922
8. Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia 1918–1919
9. Hungarian–Romanian War 1918–1919
10. Hungarian–Czechoslovak War 1918–1919
11. 1919 Egyptian Revolution
12. Christmas Uprising 1919
13. Irish War of Independence 1919
14. Comintern World Congresses 1919–1935
15. Treaty of Versailles 1919
16. Shandong Problem 1919–1922
17. Polish–Soviet War 1919–1921
18. Polish–Czechoslovak War 1919
19. Polish–Lithuanian War 1919–1920
20. Silesian Uprisings 1919–1921
21. Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1919
22. Turkish War of Independence 1919–1923
23. Venizelos–Tittoni agreement 1919
24. Italian Regency of Carnaro 1919–1920
25. Iraqi Revolt 1920
26. Treaty of Trianon 1920
27. Vlora War 1920
28. Treaty of Rapallo 1920
29. Little Entente 1920–1938
30. Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia) 1920–1938
31. Mongolian Revolution of 1921
32. Soviet intervention in Mongolia 1921–1924
33. Uprising in West Hungary 1921–1922
34. Franco-Polish alliance 1921–1940
35. Polish–Romanian alliance 1921–1939
36. Genoa Conference (1922)
37. Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
38. March on Rome 1922
39. Sun–Joffe Manifesto 1923
40. Corfu incident 1923
41. Occupation of the Ruhr 1923–1925
42. Treaty of Lausanne 1923–1924
43. Mein Kampf 1925
44. Second Italo-Senussi War 1923–1932
45. First United Front 1923–1927
46. Dawes Plan 1924
47. Treaty of Rome (1924)
48. Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention 1925
49. German–Polish customs war 1925–1934
50. Treaty of Nettuno 1925
51. Locarno Treaties 1925
52. Anti-Fengtian War 1925–1926
53. Treaty of Berlin (1926)
54. May Coup (Poland) 1926
55. Northern Expedition 1926–1928
56. Nanking incident of 1927
57. Chinese Civil War 1927–1937
58. Jinan incident 1928
59. Huanggutun incident 1928
60. Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928
61. Chinese reunification 1928
62. Lateran Treaty 1928
63. Central Plains War 1929–1930
64. Young Plan 1929
65. Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
66. Great Depression 1929
67. London Naval Treaty 1930
68. Kumul Rebellion 1931–1934
69. Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931
70. Pacification of Manchukuo 1931–1942
71. January 28 incident 1932
72. Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 1932–1939
73. Geneva Conference 1932–1934
74. May 15 incident 1932
75. Lausanne Conference of 1932
76. Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact 1932
77. Soviet–Finnish Non-Aggression Pact 1932
78. Proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1932
79. Defense of the Great Wall 1933
80. Battle of Rehe 1933
81. Nazis' rise to power in Germany 1933
82. Reichskonkordat 1933
83. Tanggu Truce 1933
84. Italo-Soviet Pact 1933
85. Inner Mongolian Campaign 1933–1936
86. Austrian Civil War 1934
87. Balkan Pact 1934–1940
88. July Putsch 1934
89. German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 1934–1939
90. Baltic Entente 1934–1939
91. 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
92. Stresa Front 1935
93. Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935
94. Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1935
95. He–Umezu Agreement 1935
96. Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1935
97. December 9th Movement
98. Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–1936
99. February 26 incident 1936
100. Remilitarisation of the Rhineland 1936
101. Soviet-Mongolian alliance 1936
102. Arab revolt in Palestine 1936–1939
103. Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
104. Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
105. Italo-German "Axis" protocol 1936
106. Anti-Comintern Pact 1936
107. Suiyuan campaign 1936
108. Xi'an Incident 1936
109. Second Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945
110. USS Panay incident 1937
111. Anschluss Mar. 1938
112. 1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1938
113. Easter Accords April 1938
114. May Crisis May 1938
115. Battle of Lake Khasan July–Aug. 1938
116. Salonika Agreement July 1938
117. Bled Agreement Aug. 1938
118. Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War Sep. 1938
119. Munich Agreement Sep. 1938
120. First Vienna Award Nov. 1938
121. German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939
122. Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine Mar. 1939
123. German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939
124. Slovak–Hungarian War Mar. 1939
125. Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War Mar.–Apr. 1939
126. Danzig crisis Mar.–Aug. 1939
127. British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939
128. Italian invasion of Albania Apr. 1939
129. Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations Apr.–Aug. 1939
130. Pact of Steel May 1939
131. Battles of Khalkhin Gol May–Sep. 1939
132. Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939
133. Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939

The treaty was met with a degree of popular disapproval in both countries. In the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes it was unpopular with Slovenes and Croats, as it represented a loss of national territory where about a half million Slovenes and Croats lived. Zadar lost significance when it became an Italian semi-enclave, which allowed Split to overtake it in significance in Dalmatia. The Port of Rijeka suffered from the loss of trade with the hinterland, causing an economic decline. In Italy, the claim to Dalmatia relinquished in the Treaty of Rapallo contributed to fueling the myth of the mutilated victory. The myth was created during the Paris Peace Conference, where the Italian delegation was unable to enforce the Treaty of London, and perpetuated the view that Italy had won the war but its victory was compromised by an unjust peace.

The Treaty of Rapallo was also condemned by the Italian general Gabriele d'Annunzio, who previously had seized Rijeka with his troops, establishing there a state known as the Italian Regency of Carnaro. He resisted efforts to remove him from the city until the Italian Navy drove him out in the clash known as Bloody Christmas, so that the Free State of Fiume could be established. The city-state was abolished when Italy annexed the city four years later under the Treaty of Rome.

Background

Treaty of London

Main article: Treaty of London (1915)

 

Territories promised to Italy, by the Entente, in the South Tyrol, the Austrian Littoral, and Dalmatia (tan), and the Snežnik Plateau area (green). However, after WWI, Dalmatia was assigned not to Italy but to Yugoslavia

In 1915, the Kingdom of Italy entered World War I on the side of the Entente, following the signing of the Treaty of London, which promised Italy territorial gains at the expense of Austria-Hungary. The treaty was opposed by representatives of the South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary, who were organised as the Yugoslav Committee.^[1]

Following the 3 November 1918 Armistice of Villa Giusti, the Austro-Hungarian surrender,^[2] Italian troops moved to occupy parts of the Eastern Adriatic shore promised to Italy under the Treaty of London, ahead of the Paris Peace Conference.^[3] The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, carved from areas of Austria-Hungary populated by the South Slavs, authorised the Yugoslav Committee to represent it abroad,^[4] and the short-lived state, shortly before it sought union with the Kingdom of Serbia to establish the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, laid a competing claim to the Eastern Adriatic to counter the Italian demands.^[5] This claim was supported by deployment of the Royal Serbian Army to the area.^[6] The United States Navy also deployed an occupying force to the coast.^[7]

Occupation of the Eastern Adriatic

 

Residents of Fiume cheering the arrival of Gabriele D'Annunzio and his Legionari in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants

The Entente powers arranged zones-of-occupation of the Eastern Adriatic shores as follows: the United Kingdom was to control the Kvarner Gulf, while the northern parts of Dalmatia were the Italian zone. The southern Dalmatian coast was to be occupied by the United States, while the shores of the Kingdom of Montenegro and the Principality of Albania, further to the south, were the responsibility of the French. The occupation forces were to be coordinated by the Naval Committee for the Adriatic, which consisted of admirals delegated by the four powers. The committee initially met in the city of Rijeka (Italian: Fiume), but it subsequently moved to Venice and Rome. The occupation plan was never fully enforced, as only Italy deployed a large force to the area.^[8] The local Croatian population often expressed dissatisfaction with the Italian military presence, and several minor clashes occurred in 1919.^[9] There were frequent cases of deportations of the non-Italian population by the Italian forces.^[10]

By the end of 1918, the Italian troops occupied Istria and Rijeka, as well as a part of the Dalmatian coast extending between, and including, the cities of Zadar and Šibenik, with the hinterland extending to Knin and Drniš. Additionally, they captured the islands of Hvar, Vis, Korčula, Mljet, Lastovo, and Pag. The US presence was largely confined to Split, while the Serbian army controlled the rest of the coast.^[11] In 1919, a group of Italian veterans led by Gabriele d'Annunzio seized Rijeka, establishing a short-lived state there known as the Italian Regency of Carnaro.^[12]

Paris Peace Conference

Main article: Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)

The problem of establishing the border between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes – known as the Adriatic question – and the future status of Rijeka became major points of dispute at the Paris Peace Conference.^[13] Since 1917, Italy used the issue of the annexation of Montenegro by Serbia, or the unification of the countries, known as the Montenegrin question, to pressure Serbia into making concessions regarding Italian demands.^[14] Similarly, in 1920 and 1921, negotiations were conducted and agreements made—between the Croatian Committee of emigrés opposing establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and D'Annunzio's representatives—offering territory to Italy in exchange for support for the Croatian Committee's work.^[15]

While the Italian representatives at the peace conference were demanding enforcement of the Treaty of London and the additional award of Rijeka, the President Woodrow Wilson opposed their demands and put forward his Fourteen Points, which favoured a solution that relied on local self-determination,^[16] arguing that the Treaty of London was invalid.^[17] Instead, Wilson proposed a division of the Istrian peninsula along the Wilson Line that largely corresponded to the ethnic makeup of the population,^[13] and a free-city status for Rijeka based on the city's legal position of a Corpus Separatum within Austria-Hungary.^[18] The British and French did not support enforcement of the treaty, as they thought Italy deserved relatively little, due to its neutrality early in the war.^[16] Specifically, they were dismissive of Italian claims in Dalmatia. The British prime minister David Lloyd George only supported a free-city status for Zadar and Šibenik, while the French prime minister Georges Clemenceau only supported such a status for Zadar.^[19]

By late 1919, representatives of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, led by former Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and foreign minister Ante Trumbić, could not agree with Italian diplomats on the border question. In response, they were instructed to settle the issue through direct negotiations after the Paris Peace Conference.^[20] A particular obstacle to any agreement was D'Annunzio's occupation of Rijeka, which caused the Italian government to reject a draft agreement submitted by the UK, the US, and France. Pašić's and Trumbić's refusal to agree to the plan provoked the French and British to threaten that the Treaty of London would be enforced unless they supported the allied proposal. In turn, Wilson blocked the Franco-British move by threatening to stop ratification of the Treaty of Versailles by the U.S.^[21]

Rapallo Conference

Negotiations

 

Prime ministers Giolitti and Vesnić with other conference delegates after signing of the Treaty of Rapallo

 

Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.

  The Austrian Littoral, later renamed Venezia Giulia, that was assigned to Italy in 1920, with the Treaty of Rapallo (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the Treaty of Rome), and that was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the Treaty of Paris

  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, and remaining Italian after 1947

  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties, and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo

  Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Treaties of Paris, and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Treaty of Osimo

From spring 1920, the United Kingdom and France applied pressure on the prime minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Milenko Radomar Vesnić, and foreign minister Trumbić to resolve the Adriatic question, claiming that it represented a threat to peace in Europe.^[22] At the same time, the Italian foreign minister, Carlo Sforza, indicated he was ready to trade Italian claims in Dalmatia for British and French backing of Italian territorial demands further north, in Istria.^[23] In September 1920, Sforza told the President of France, Alexandre Millerand, that he only wanted to enforce the Treaty of London regarding Istria and that he wanted none of Dalmatia except the city of Zadar.^[24] Furthermore, following the 1920 presidential election, US support for Wilson's ideas appeared to have ended,^[25] compelling Vesnić and Trumbić into bilateral negotiations with Sforza.^[23] Moreover, Prince Regent Alexander I, of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, wanted an agreement with Italy at any cost,^[22] wanting to achieve political stability in the country.^[26] According to Sforza, Vesnić later told him he was advised not to resist Italian demands for fear that Italy might impose a solution unilaterally.^[27]

A delegation from the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was dispatched to Santa Margherita Ligure, in Italy, for bilateral negotiations.^[22] It was led by Vesnić, but the designated chief negotiatior was Trumbić. According to Svetozar Pribićević, this arrangement was made in Belgrade, in order to avoid the appearance that the Serbs were ceding to Italy territories inhabited by Croats and Slovenes. Therefore, Trumbić, as a Croat, would negotiate the treaty involving inevitable territorial concessions to Italy.^[28] Sforza's most recent proposal was supported by the British and French, while the US remained silent on the matter, leaving Belgrade isolated.^[24] In addition to Prime Minister Vesnić and Foreign Minister Trumbić, the Serbian ambassador to Rome Vojislav Antonijević [sr] was also among the principal members of that delegation. The principal members of the Italian negotiating team included Sforza, as well as Minister of War Ivanoe Bonomi and Giuseppe Volpi. Other members of the delegation included Marcello Roddolo, Francesco Salata, Alessandro Mattioli Pasqualini [it], and General Pietro Badoglio.^[29] During the negotiations, Sforza demanded Istria and the Snežnik (Italian: Monte Nevoso), claiming their symbolic significance to Italy and stating that they would not be relinquished by the Italian army in any case. In return, he offered Italian friendship.^[22] Negotiations took place on 9–11 November 1920, resulting in the treaty being signed on 12 November,^[30] in the Villa Spinola. The treaty is named after the comune of Rapallo where the villa is located.^[31] Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti came from Rome for the signing.^[29]

Terms

Article 1 of the treaty dealt with national borders in the northern Adriatic basin, giving Italy Istria and the territory to the north of the peninsula, demarcated by a line indicated by reference to prominent peaks in the area, running from the area of Tarvisio via Triglav to the East of Idrija and Postojna, to Snežnik, and then to the Kvarner Gulf just to the West of Rijeka. Thus, the major cities of Trieste, Pula, and Gorizia were acquired by Italy.^[32] Article 2 gave to Italy the city of Zadar (as the Province of Zara), in northern Dalmatia, and defined the semi-enclave's land boundaries by reference to surrounding peaks, villages, and tax-commune territories. Article 3 gave to Italy the islands of Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo, and Palagruža (referred to as Cherso, Lussin, Lagosta, and Pelagosta) with surrounding islets.^[33]

Article 4 of the treaty established the independent Free State of Fiume, defining its boundaries as those of the former Austro-Hungarian Corpus Separatum, with the addition of a strip of land connecting it to the Italian territory in Istria between the Kvarner Gulf and the town of Kastav. This arrangement left the suburb of Sušak to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes since it was situated across the Rječina River, just outside the Corpus Separatum. Article 5 determined that the marking of the border on the ground would be carried out by a bilateral commission and that any disputes would be referred to the President of the Swiss Confederation. Article 6 required the parties to the treaty to convene, within two months, a conference of experts to draw up proposals for economic and financial cooperation between the parties to the treaty.^[34]

Article 7 of the treaty determined that Italian entities established in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, as well as Italians residing in that country, would retain all existing economic authorisations issued to them by the kingdom or any of its predecessor-state governments. Furthermore, the same article allowed ethnic Italians to opt for Italian citizenship within a year. Those choosing Italian citizenship were guaranteed the right to remain residents of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, property rights, and freedom of religion. Finally, the same article provided that the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes would recognise any academic degrees obtained by Italian citizens as if they were obtained from institutions in that country. Article 8 called for enhanced educational cooperation between the parties to the treaty. Article 9 stated that the treaty was drawn up in Italian and Serbo-Croatian, but provided that the Italian version would be definitive in cases of dispute. The treaty was signed by Giolitti, Sforza, and Bonomi on behalf of Italy, and by Vesnić, Trumbić, and finance minister Kosta Stojanović [sr] on behalf of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.^[35]

Aftermath

 

Map of the Italian territory of Zara, 1920-1947

A significant portion of the Treaty of Rapallo consisted of provisions regulating the status of Italians in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, but their number was low, estimated to be several hundred. On the other hand, the addition of the new Italian territory meant the addition of about a half a million South Slavs (mostly Slovenes and Croats) to the country's population.^[36] Even though the extent of the Italian territorial expansion was reduced in comparison to that promised by the Treaty of London, the Italian military was satisfied with the defensible land border and the naval facilities in Pula. It thought of Dalmatia as problematic to defend and primarily wanted to deny it to the Russian Empire, but the Russian threat was no longer a realistic prospect since the 1917 October Revolution. Politically, an agreement similar to the Treaty of Rapallo was likely possible at the Paris Peace Conference.^[37] However, the inability of the Italian delegation at that conference to enforce the Treaty of London, and annex Rijeka, fueled the nationalistic myth of the mutilated victory.^[38] Following the Treaty of Rapallo, the myth persisted and the perception of political failure weakened liberal politicians.^[39]

On 6 December 1920, less than a month after resigning from the post of foreign minister, Trumbić gave a speech in Split where he remarked that grief over the loss of national territory was expected, adding that it was an inevitable outcome of the peace conference and the subsequent bilateral negotiations (however, most of the Italian territorial gains were reversed in the aftermath of World War II).^[40] The Treaty of Rapallo (along with the death of Nicholas I of Montenegro a few months later) marked the end of Italian support for Montenegrin resistance against the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.^[41] According to historian Srđa Pavlović, the signing of the treaty and the conclusion of the 1920 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Constitutional Assembly election prompted the Entente powers to break off relations with the Montenegrin government in exile.^[42] Likewise, all Italian support for the Croatian Committee ended after the treaty was concluded.^[15] D'Annunzio condemned the treaty in a declaration of 17 November. The Italian Regency of Carnaro proclaimed a state of war four days later.^[27] The Italian Navy drove D'Annunzio from Rijeka in an intervention known as Bloody Christmas. The town became the city-state envisaged by the Treaty of Rapallo.^[43] Nonetheless, the Free State of Fiume was short-lived, and Italy annexed it under the 1924 Treaty of Rome. The loss of the hinterland served by the Port of Rijeka led to the decline of importance of both the port and the city, despite the introduction of free economic zone privileges.^[44] The same privileges were granted to Zadar, but its status of a semi-enclave limited its development too. Its population grew between 1921 and 1936 from 15,800 to 20,000, but a quarter of the residents were military personnel. At the same time, other cities in Dalmatia enjoyed much faster growth. This was especially true of Split, which became the regional capital instead of Zadar.^[45]

References

1. Ramet 2006, pp. 41–42.
2. Pavlowitch 2003, p. 36.
3. Banac 1984, p. 129.
4. Matijević 2008, p. 50.
5. Merlicco 2021, pp. 119–120.
6. Ramet 2006, pp. 43–44.
7. Perica 2010, p. 127.
8. Batović & Kasalo 2021, pp. 301–302.
9. Batović & Kasalo 2021, pp. 321–322.
10. Batović & Kasalo 2021, p. 324.
11. Diklić 2011, pp. 228–230.
12. Morgan 2004, pp. 45–46.
13. Rudolf 2008, p. 63.
14. Pavlović 2008, p. 97.
15. Matković 2008, p. 1078.
16. Burgwyn 1997, pp. 4–8.
17. Hill 1934, pp. 60–61.
18. Kernek 1982, p. 266.
19. Burgwyn 1997, p. 12.
20. Rudolf 2008, p. 64.
21. Kernek 1982, p. 286.
22. Repe 2008, pp. 111–112.
23. Burgwyn 1997, pp. 15–16.
24. Lowe & Marzari 1975, p. 178.
25. Kernek 1982, p. 295.
26. Diklić 2011, p. 231.
27. Bartulović 2000, pp. 963–964.
28. Rudolf 2008, p. 65.
29. Melchionni 2021, pp. 451–453.
30. Pizzi 2001, p. 13.
31. Santoro 2023, p. 106.
32. Current History 1921, pp. 223–224.
33. Current History 1921, pp. 224–225.
34. Current History 1921, p. 225.
35. Current History 1921, pp. 225–226.
36. Hehn 2005, p. 45.
37. Lowe & Marzari 1975, p. 179.
38. Knox 2007, p. 223.
39. Lowe & Marzari 1975, pp. 179–180.
40. Rudolf 2008, pp. 65–66.
41. Carteny 2015, p. 186.
42. Pavlović 2008, p. 112.
43. Knox 2007, p. 276.
44. Perinčić 2022, p. 112.
45. Graovac 2004, pp. 62–63.

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External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Rapallo (1920).

• Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed at Rapallo, 12 November 1920
• Map of modern Slovenia with superimposed Rapallo border