This article is about the novella. For other uses, see Little Prince.
The Little Prince (French: Le Petit Prince, pronounced[ləp(ə)tipʁɛ̃s]) is a novella written and illustrated by French aristocrat, writer, and military pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. It was first published in English and French in the United States by Reynal & Hitchcock in April 1943 and was published posthumously in France following liberation; Saint-Exupéry's works had been banned by the Vichy Regime. The story follows a young prince who visits various planets, including Earth, and addresses themes of loneliness, friendship, love, and loss. Despite its style as a children's book, The Little Prince makes observations about life, adults, and human nature.[9]
The Little Prince became Saint-Exupéry's most successful work, selling an estimated 140 million copies worldwide, which makes it one of the best-selling in history.[10][11][12][Note 2][14] The book has been translated into over 505 different languages and dialects worldwide, being the second most translated work ever published, trailing only the Bible.[15][16][17]The Little Prince has been adapted to numerous art forms and media, including audio recordings, radio plays, live stage, film, television, ballet, and opera.[16][18]
As a test to determine if grownups are as enlightened as a child, the narrator shows them a picture depicting a boa constrictor that has eaten an elephant. The grownups always reply that the picture depicts a hat, and so he knows to only talk of "reasonable" things to them, rather than the fanciful.
The narrator becomes an aircraft pilot, and one day, his plane crashes in the Sahara desert, far from civilization. The narrator must fix his aeroplane before his supply of water runs out. Here, he is greeted by a young boy nicknamed "the little prince."
The prince asks the narrator to draw a sheep. The narrator first shows him the picture of the elephant inside the snake, which, to the narrator's surprise, the prince interprets correctly. After three failed attempts at drawing a sheep, the frustrated narrator draws a crate, claiming the sheep is inside. This turns out to be the exact drawing the prince wanted.
Over the course of days, while the narrator attempts to repair his plane, the prince recounts his life story. He used to live in a house-sized asteroid known as "B 612" on Earth. The asteroid has three minuscule volcanoes (two active, and one dormant or extinct) and various plants.
The prince used to clean the volcanoes and weed unwanted seeds and sprigs that infested his soil, pulling out baobab trees that were constantly on the verge of overrunning the surface. The prince wants a sheep to eat the undesirable plants, but worries it will also eat plants with thorns.
The prince meets a rose that grew on the asteroid. The rose exaggerates ailments to have the prince care for her. The prince made a screen and glass globe to protect her from the cold and wind, watered her, and kept the caterpillars off.
Despite falling in love with the rose, the prince also began to feel that she was taking advantage of him and resolved to leave the planet to explore the rest of the universe. Upon their goodbyes, the rose apologises for failing to show that she loved him. She wishes him well and turns down his desire to leave her in the glass globe, saying she will protect herself. The prince laments that he did not understand how to love his rose while being with her.
The prince has since visited six other planets, each of which was inhabited by one adult. They include:
A king with no subjects, who only issues orders that will be followed, such as commanding the sun to set at sunset.
A conceited man who only wants to be the most admired person on his otherwise uninhabited planet.
A drunkard who drinks to forget the shame of drinking.
A businessman who is blind to the beauty of the stars and instead endlessly counts and catalogues them in order to "own" them all.
A lamplighter on a planet so small, a full day lasts a minute. He wastes his life following orders to extinguish and relight the lamppost every 30 seconds to correspond with his planet's day and night.
An elderly geographer who has never been anywhere, or seen any of the things he records. He convinced the prince to next visit Earth.
Since the prince landed in a desert, he believed that Earth was uninhabited. He then met a snake that claimed to have the power to return him to his home, if he ever wished that. The prince next met a flower, who said she had only seen a few men in that part of the world, and they had no roots, letting the wind blow them around and living hard lives. After climbing the highest mountain he had ever seen, the prince hoped to see the whole of Earth, thus finding the people; however, he saw only the desolate landscape. When the prince called out, his echo answered him, which he interpreted as the voice of someone boring who only repeats words.
The prince encountered a row of rosebushes, becoming downcast at having once thought that his rose was unique and thinking she had lied about being unique. He began to feel that he was not a great prince, as his planet contained only three tiny volcanoes and a flower he now thought of as common. He started weeping, until a fox came along.
The fox desired to be tamed and taught the prince how to tame him. By being tamed, something goes from being ordinary and just like all the others to being special and unique.
From the fox, the prince learns that his rose was indeed special because she was the object of the prince's love and time; he had "tamed" her, and now she was more precious than all of the other roses. Upon their departing, the fox says that important things can only be seen with the heart, not the eyes.
The prince then met two people from Earth:
A railway switchman who described how passengers constantly rushed from one place to another aboard trains, never satisfied with where they were and not knowing what they were after; only the children among them ever bothered to look out the windows.
A merchant who spoke about his product, a pill that eliminated the need to drink for a week, saving people 53 minutes.
Eight days after the plane crash, the narrator and the prince are dying of thirst. The prince becomes morose and longs to return home and see his flower.
The prince finds a well, saving them. The narrator later finds the prince talking to the snake, discussing his return home and his desire to see his rose again, worrying that she has been left to fend for herself. The prince bids a farewell to the narrator and states that if it looks as though he has died, it is only because his body was too heavy to take with him to his planet. The prince warns the narrator not to watch him leave, as it will upset him. The narrator, realising what will happen, refuses to leave the prince's side. The prince says that the narrator only need look at the stars to think of the prince's laughter, and that it will seem as if all the stars are laughing. The prince then walks away and allows the snake to bite him, falling down.
The next morning, the narrator cannot find the prince's body. Managing to repair his aeroplane, he leaves the desert. The narrator requests to be contacted by anyone in that area encountering a boy like the prince.
Tone and writing styleedit
The story of The Little Prince is recalled in a sombre, measured tone by the pilot-narrator, in memory of his small friend, "a memorial to the prince—not just to the prince, but also to the time the prince and the narrator had together."[19]The Little Prince was created when Saint-Exupéry was "an ex-patriate and distraught about what was going on in his country and in the world."[14] According to one analysis, "the story of the Little Prince features a lot of fantastical, unrealistic elements.... You can't ride a flock of birds to another planet... The fantasy of the Little Prince works because the logic of the story is based on the imagination of children, rather than the strict realism of adults."[20]
An exquisite literary perfectionist, akin to the 19th century French poet Stéphane Mallarmé,[21] Saint-Exupéry produced draft pages "covered with fine lines of handwriting, much of it painstakingly crossed out, with one word left standing where there were a hundred words, one sentence substitut[ing] for a page..."[22] He worked "long hours with great concentration." According to the author himself, it was extremely difficult to start his creative writing processes.[23] Biographer Paul Webster wrote of the aviator-author's style: "Behind Saint-Exupéry's quest for perfection was a laborious process of editing and rewriting which reduced original drafts by as much as two-thirds."[24] The French author frequently wrote at night, usually starting at about 11 p.m. accompanied by a tray of strong black coffee. In 1942 Saint-Exupéry related to his American English teacher, Adèle Breaux, that at such a time of night he felt "free" and able to concentrate, "writing for hours without feeling tired or sleepy", until he instantaneously dozed off.[22] He would wake up later, in daylight, still at his desk, with his head on his arms. Saint-Exupéry stated it was the only way he could work, as once he started a writing project it became an obsession.[25]
A native speaker of French, Saint-Exupéry was never able to achieve anything more than haltingly poor English. Adèle Breaux, his young Northport English tutor to whom he later dedicated a writing ("For Miss Adèle Breaux, who so gently guided me in the mysteries of the English language"), related her experiences with her famous student as Saint-Exupéry in America, 1942–1943: A Memoir, published in 1971.[26]
"Saint-Exupéry's prodigious writings and studies of literature sometimes gripped him, and on occasion he continued his readings of literary works until moments before take-off on solitary military reconnaissance flights, as he was adept at both reading and writing while flying. Taking off with an open book balanced on his leg, his ground crew would fear his mission would quickly end after contacting something 'very hard'. On one flight, to the chagrin of colleagues awaiting his arrival, he circled the Tunis airport for an hour so that he could finish reading a novel. Saint-Exupéry frequently flew with a lined carnet (notebook) during his long, solo flights, and some of his philosophical writings were created during such periods when he could reflect on the world below him, becoming 'enmeshed in a search for ideals which he translated into fable and parable'."[27][28]
Inspirationsedit
Events and charactersedit
Saint-Exupéry next to his downed Simoun (lacking an all-critical radio) after crashing into the Sahara about 3 am during an air race to Saigon, Vietnam. His survival ordeal was about to begin (Egypt, 1935).
In The Little Prince, its narrator, the pilot, talks of being stranded in the desert beside his crashed aircraft. The account clearly drew on Saint-Exupéry's own experience in the Sahara, an ordeal described in detail in his 1939 memoir Wind, Sand and Stars (original French: Terre des hommes).[9]
On 30 December 1935, at 2.45am, after 19 hours and 44 minutes in the air, Saint-Exupéry, along with his copilot-navigator André Prévot, crashed in the Sahara desert.[29] They were attempting to break the speed record for a Paris-to-Saigon flight in a then-popular type of air race called a raid, that had a prize of 150,000 francs.[30] Their plane was a CaudronC-630 Simoun,[Note 3] and the crash site is thought to have been near to the Wadi Natrun valley, close to the Nile Delta.[31]
Both miraculously survived the crash, only to face rapid dehydration in the intense desert heat.[32] Their maps were primitive and ambiguous. Lost among the sand dunes with a few grapes, a thermos of coffee, a single orange, and some wine, the pair had only one day's worth of liquid. They both began to see mirages, which were quickly followed by more vivid hallucinations. By the second and third days, they were so dehydrated that they stopped sweating altogether. Finally, on the fourth day, a Bedouin on a camel discovered them and administered a native rehydration treatment, which saved Saint-Exupéry's and Prévot's lives.[30]
In the novella, the fox, believed to be modelled after the author's intimate New York City friend, Silvia Hamilton Reinhardt, tells the prince that his rose is unique and special, as she is the one he loves.[33] The novella's iconic phrase, "One sees clearly only with the heart" is believed to have been suggested by Reinhardt.
The fearsome, grasping baobab trees, researchers have contended, were meant to represent Nazism attempting to destroy the planet.[33] The little prince's reassurance to the pilot that the prince's body is only an empty shell resembles the last words of Antoine's dying younger brother François, who told the author, from his deathbed: "Don't worry. I'm all right. I can't help it. It's my body".[34]
Roseedit
The Rose in The Little Prince was likely inspired by Saint-Exupéry's Salvadoran wife, Consuelo (Montreal, 1942)
Many researchers believe that the prince's kindhearted, but petulant and vain, Rose was inspired by Saint-Exupéry's Salvadoran wife Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry,[33][35] with the small home planet being inspired by El Salvador where he crashed and stayed to recover while being within view of 3 volcanoes, one of which was Ilamatepec, also known as The Santa Ana Volcano.[36] Despite a tumultuous marriage, Saint-Exupéry kept Consuelo close to his heart and portrayed her as the prince's rose, whom he tenderly protects with a wind screen and places under a glass dome on his tiny planet. Saint-Exupéry's infidelity and the doubts of his marriage are symbolized by the vast field of roses the prince encounters during his visit to Earth.[9]
This interpretation was described by biographer Paul Webster who stated she was "the muse to whom Saint-Exupéry poured out his soul in copious letters ... Consuelo was the rose in The Little Prince. "I should have judged her by her acts and not by her words", says the prince. "She wrapped herself around me and enlightened me. I should never have fled. I should have guessed at the tenderness behind her poor ruses."[24]
Princeedit
Saint-Exupéry probably has drawn inspiration for the prince's character and appearance from his own self as a youth, as during his early years friends and family called him le Roi-Soleil ("the Sun King") because of his golden curly hair.[citation needed] The author had also met a precocious eight-year-old with curly blond hair while he was residing with a family in Quebec City in 1942, Thomas De Koninck, the son of philosopher Charles De Koninck.[37][38][39] Another possible inspiration for the little prince has been suggested as Land Morrow Lindbergh, the young, golden-haired son of fellow aviator Charles Lindbergh and his wife, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, whom he met during an overnight stay at their Long Island home in 1939.[40][41][Note 4]
Some have seen the prince as a Christ figure, as the child is sin-free and "believes in a life after death", subsequently returning to his personal heaven.[42] When Life photojournalist John Phillips questioned the author-aviator on his inspiration for the child character, Saint-Exupéry told him that one day he looked down on what he thought was a blank sheet and saw a small childlike figure: "I asked him who he was", he replied. "I'm the Little Prince" was the reply.[43]
One of Saint-Exupéry's earliest literary references to a small prince is to be found in his second news dispatch from Moscow, dated 14 May 1935. In his writings as a special correspondent for Paris-Soir, the author described traveling from France to the Soviet Union by train. Late at night, during the trip, he ventured from his first-class accommodation into the third-class carriages, where he came upon large groups of Polish families huddled together, returning to their homeland. His commentary not only described a diminutive prince but also touched on several other themes Saint-Exupéry incorporated into various philosophical writings:[44]
I sat down [facing a sleeping] couple. Between the man and the woman a child had hollowed himself out a place and fallen asleep. He turned in his slumber, and in the dim lamplight I saw his face. What an adorable face! A golden fruit had been born of these two peasants..... This is a musician's face, I told myself. This is the child Mozart. This is a life full of beautiful promise. Little princes in legends are not different from this. Protected, sheltered, cultivated, what could not this child become? When by mutation a new rose is born in a garden, all gardeners rejoice. They isolate the rose, tend it, foster it. But there is no gardener for men. This little Mozart will be shaped like the rest by the common stamping machine.... This little Mozart is condemned.
— A Sense of Life: En Route to the U.S.S.R.
Backgroundedit
The writer-aviator on Lac Saint-Louis during a speaking tour in support of France after its armistice with Germany. He started his work on the novella shortly after returning to the United States (Quebec, 1942).
Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, a laureate of several of France's highest literary awards and a successful pioneering aviator prior to the war, Saint-Exupéry initially flew with a reconnaissance squadron as a reserve military pilot in the Armée de l'Air (French Air Force).[9] After France's defeat in 1940 and its armistice with Germany, he and Consuelo fled Occupied France and sojourned in North America, with Saint-Exupéry first arriving by himself at the very end of December 1940. His intention for the visit was to convince the United States to quickly enter the war against Nazi Germany and the Axis forces, and he soon became one of the expatriate voices of the French Resistance. In the midst of personal upheavals and failing health, he produced almost half of the writings for which he would be remembered, including a tender tale of loneliness, friendship, love and loss, in the form of a young prince visiting Earth.[45]
An earlier memoir by the author recounted his aviation experiences in the Sahara, and he is thought to have drawn on the same experiences as plot elements in The Little Prince.
He wrote and illustrated the manuscript during the summer and fall of 1942. Although greeted warmly by French-speaking Americans and by fellow expatriates who had preceded him in New York, his 27-month stay would be marred by health problems and racked with periods of severe stress, martial and marital strife. These included partisan attacks on the author's neutral stance towards supporters of both ardent French Gaullist and Vichy France.[46] Saint-Exupéry's American translator (the author spoke poor English) wrote: "He was restless and unhappy in exile, seeing no way to fight again for his country and refusing to take part in the political quarrels that set Frenchman against Frenchman."[22] However, the period was to be both a "dark but productive time" during which he created three important works.[47]
The couple also stayed in Quebec for five weeks during the late spring of 1942, where they met a precocious eight-year-old boy with blond curly hair, Thomas, the son of philosopher Charles De Koninck, with whom the Saint-Exupérys resided.[51][52][53][54] During an earlier visit to Long Island in August 1939, Saint-Exupéry had also met Land Morrow Lindbergh, the young, golden-haired son of the pioneering American aviator Charles Lindbergh and his wife, Anne Morrow Lindbergh.[40][41]
After returning to the US from his Quebec speaking tour, Saint-Exupéry was pressed to work on a children's book by Elizabeth Reynal, one of the wives of his US publisher, Reynal & Hitchcock. The French wife of Eugene Reynal had closely observed Saint-Exupéry for several months, and noting his ill health and high stress levels, she suggested to him that working on a children's story would help.[55][Note 5] The author wrote and illustrated The Little Prince at various locations in New York City but principally in the Long Island north-shore community of Asharoken in mid-to-late 1942, with the manuscript being completed in October.[50][51][51]
The Bevin House on Long Island, one of the locations in which The Little Prince was written during the summer and fall of 1942.[50]
Although the book was started in his Central Park South penthouse, Saint-Exupéry soon found New York City's noise and sweltering summer heat too uncomfortable to work in and so Consuelo was dispatched to find improved accommodations. After spending some time at an unsuitable clapboard country house in Westport, Connecticut,[56] they found Bevin House, a 22-room mansion in Asharoken that overlooked Long Island Sound. The author-aviator initially complained, "I wanted a hut, and it's the Palace of Versailles."[45] As the weeks wore on, the author became invested in his project and the home would become "a haven for writing, the best place I have ever had anywhere in my life."[57] He devoted himself to the book on mostly midnight shifts,[22] usually starting at about 11 pm, fueled by helpings of scrambled eggs on English muffins, gin and tonics, Coca-Colas, cigarettes and numerous visits by friends and expatriates who dropped in to see their famous countryman. One of the visitors was his wife's Swiss writer paramour Denis de Rougemont, who also modeled for a painting of the Little Prince lying on his stomach, feet and arms extended up in the air.[45][50] De Rougemont would later help Consuelo write her autobiography, The Tale of the Rose, as well as write his own biography of Saint-Exupéry.
While the author's personal life was frequently chaotic, his creative process while writing was disciplined. Christine Nelson, curator of literary and historical manuscripts at the Morgan Library and Museum which had obtained Saint-Exupéry's original manuscript in 1968, stated: "On the one hand, he had a clear vision for the shape, tone, and message of the story. On the other hand, he was ruthless about chopping out entire passages that just weren't quite right", eventually distilling the 30,000 word manuscript, accompanied by small illustrations and sketches, to approximately half its original length.[58] The story, the curator added, was created when he was "an ex-patriate and distraught about what was going on in his country and in the world."[14]
The large white Second French Empire-style mansion, hidden behind tall trees, afforded the writer a multitude of work environments, but he usually wrote at a large dining table.[22] It also allowed him to alternately work on his writings and then on his sketches and watercolours for hours at a time, moving his armchair and paint easel from the library towards the parlor one room at a time in search of sunlight. His meditative view of sunsets at the Bevin House were incorporated in the book, where the prince visits a small planet with 43 daily sunsets, a planet where all that is needed to watch a sunset "is move your chair a few steps."[45][50][Note 6]
Manuscriptedit
The original 140-page autograph manuscript of The Little Prince, along with various drafts and trial drawings, were acquired from the author's close friend Silvia Hamilton in 1968 by curator Herbert Cahoon of the Pierpont Morgan Library (now The Morgan Library & Museum) in Manhattan, New York City.[11][59][60] It is the only known surviving handwritten draft of the complete work.[61] The manuscript's pages include large amounts of the author's prose that was struck-through and therefore not published as part of the first edition. In addition to the manuscript, several watercolour illustrations by the author are also held by the museum. They were not part of the first edition. The institution has marked both the 50th and 70th anniversaries of the novella's publication, along with the centenary celebration of the author's birth, with major exhibitions of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's literary works.[33][62] Physically, the manuscript's onion skin media has become brittle and subject to damage. Saint-Exupéry's handwriting is described as being doctor-like, verging on indecipherable.[63]
The story's keynote aphorism, On ne voit bien qu'avec le cœur. L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux ("One sees clearly only with the heart. What is essential is invisible to the eye") was reworded and rewritten some 15 times before achieving its final phrasing. Saint-Exupéry also used a Dictaphone recorder to produce oral drafts for his typist.[22][59] His initial 30,000-word working manuscript was distilled to less than half its original size through laborious editing sessions. Multiple versions of its many pages were created and its prose then polished over several drafts, with the author occasionally telephoning friends at 2:00 a.m. to solicit opinions on his newly written passages.[22]
Many pages and illustrations were cut from the finished work as he sought to maintain a sense of ambiguity to the story's theme and messages. Included among the deletions in its 17th chapter were references to locales in New York, such as the Rockefeller Center and Long Island. Other deleted pages described the prince's vegetarian diet and the garden on his home asteroid that included beans, radishes, potatoes and tomatoes, but which lacked fruit trees that might have overwhelmed the prince's planetoid. Deleted chapters discussed visits to other asteroids occupied by a retailer brimming with marketing phrases, and an inventor whose creation could produce any object desired at a touch of its controls. Likely the result of the ongoing war in Europe weighing on Saint-Exupéry's shoulders, the author produced a sombre three-page epilogue lamenting "On one star someone has lost a friend, on another someone is ill, on another someone is at war...", with the story's pilot-narrator noting of The Prince: "he sees all that. . . . For him, the night is hopeless. And for me, his friend, the night is also hopeless." The draft epilogue was also omitted from the novella's printing.[59]
In April 2012 a Parisian auction house announced the discovery of two previously unknown draft manuscript pages that included new text.[10][64] In the newly discovered material the Prince meets his first Earthling after his arrival. The person he meets is an "ambassador of the human spirit".[10][64] The ambassador is too busy to talk, saying he is searching for a missing six letter word: "I am looking for a six-letter word that starts with G that means 'gargling' ", he says. Saint-Exupéry's text does not say what the word is, but experts believe it could be "guerre" (or "war"). The novella thus takes a more politicized tack with an anti-war sentiment, as 'to gargle' in French is an informal reference to 'honour', which the author may have viewed as a key factor in military confrontations between nations.[64][65]
Dedicationedit
Saint-Exupéry met Léon Werth (1878–1955), a writer and art critic, in 1931. Werth soon became Saint-Exupery's closest friend outside of his Aeropostale associates. Werth was an anarchist, a leftist Bolshevik supporter of Jewish descent, twenty-two years older than Saint-Exupéry.
Saint-Exupéry dedicated two books to him, Lettre à un otage [fr] (Letter to a Hostage) and Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince), and referred to Werth in three more of his works. At the beginning of the Second World War while writing The Little Prince, Saint-Exupéry lived in his downtown New York City apartment, thinking of his native France and his friends. Werth spent the war unobtrusively in Saint-Amour, his village in the Jura, a mountainous region near Switzerland where he was "alone, cold and hungry", a place that had few polite words for French refugees. Werth appears in the preamble to the novella, where Saint-Exupéry dedicates the book to him:[66]
To Leon Werth
I ask children to forgive me for dedicating this book to a grown-up. I have a serious excuse: this grown-up is the best friend I have in the world. I have another excuse: this grown-up can understand everything, even books for children. I have a third excuse: he lives in France where he is hungry and cold. He needs to be comforted. If all these excuses are not enough then I want to dedicate this book to the child whom this grown-up once was. All grown-ups were children first. (But few of them remember it.) So I correct my dedication:
To Leon Werth,
When he was a little boy
Saint-Exupéry's aircraft disappeared over the Mediterranean in July 1944. The following month, Werth learned of his friend's disappearance from a radio broadcast. Without having yet heard of The Little Prince, in November, Werth discovered that Saint-Exupéry had published a fable the previous year in the U.S., which he had illustrated himself, and that it was dedicated to him.[67] At the end of the Second World War, which Antoine de Saint-Exupéry did not live to see, Werth said: "Peace, without Tonio (Saint-Exupéry) isn't entirely peace." Werth did not see the text for which he was so responsible until five months after his friend's death, when Saint-Exupéry's French publisher, Gallimard, sent him a special edition. Werth died in Paris in 1955.
Illustrationsedit
All of the novella's simple but elegant watercolour illustrations, which were integral to the story, were painted by Saint-Exupéry. He had studied architecture as a young adult but nevertheless could not be considered an artist – which he self-mockingly alluded to in the novella's introduction. Several of his illustrations were painted on the wrong side of the delicate onion skin paper that he used, his medium of choice.[50] As with some of his draft manuscripts, he occasionally gave away preliminary sketches to close friends and colleagues; others were even recovered as crumpled balls from the floors in the cockpits he flew.[Note 7] Two or three original Little Prince drawings were reported in the collections of New York artist, sculptor and experimental filmmaker Joseph Cornell.[68] One rare original Little Prince watercolour would be mysteriously sold at a second-hand book fair in Japan in 1994, and subsequently authenticated in 2007.[69][70]
An unrepentant lifelong doodler and sketcher, Saint-Exupéry had for many years sketched little people on his napkins, tablecloths, letters to paramours and friends, lined notebooks and other scraps of paper.[43][45] Early figures took on a multitude of appearances, engaged in a variety of tasks. Some appeared as doll-like figures, baby puffins, angels with wings, and even a figure similar to that in Robert Crumb's Keep On Truckin' of 1968. In a 1940 letter to a friend, he sketched a character with his own thinning hair, sporting a bow tie, viewed as a boyish alter-ego, and he later gave a similar doodle to Elizabeth Reynal at his New York publisher's office.[43] Most often the diminutive figure was expressed as "...a slip of a boy with a turned up nose, lots of hair, long baggy pants that were too short for him and with a long scarf that whipped in the wind. Usually the boy had a puzzled expression... [T]his boy Saint-Exupéry came to think of as "the little prince", and he was usually found standing on top of a tiny planet. Most of the time he was alone, sometimes walking up a path. Sometimes there was a single flower on the planet."[56] His characters were frequently seen chasing butterflies; when asked why they did so, Saint-Exupéry, who thought of the figures as his alter-egos, replied that they were actually pursuing a "realistic ideal".[45] Saint-Exupéry eventually settled on the image of the young, precocious child with curly blond hair, an image which would become the subject of speculations as to its source. One "most striking" illustration depicted the pilot-narrator asleep beside his stranded plane prior to the prince's arrival. Although images of the narrator were created for the story, none survived Saint-Exupéry's editing process.[14]
To mark both the 50th and 70th anniversaries of The Little Prince's publication, the Morgan Library and Museum mounted major exhibitions of Saint-Exupéry's draft manuscript, preparatory drawings, and similar materials that it had obtained earlier from a variety of sources. One major source was an intimate friend of his in New York City, Silvia Hamilton (later, Reinhardt), to whom the author gave his working manuscript just prior to returning to Algiers to resume his work as a Free French Air Force pilot.[33][62][71] Hamilton's black poodle, Mocha, is believed to have been the model for the Little Prince's sheep, with a Raggedy Ann type doll helping as a stand-in for the prince.[61] Additionally, a pet boxer, Hannibal, that Hamilton gave to him as a gift may have been the model for the story's desert fox and its tiger.[47] A museum representative stated that the novella's final drawings were lost.[33]
Seven unpublished drawings for the book were also displayed at the museum's exhibit, including fearsome looking baobab trees ready to destroy the prince's home asteroid, as well as a picture of the story's narrator, the forlorn pilot, sleeping next to his aircraft. That image was likely omitted to avoid giving the story a 'literalness' that would distract its readers, according to one of the Morgan Library's staff.[33] According to Christine Nelson, curator of literary and historical manuscripts at the Morgan, "[t]he image evokes Saint-Exupéry's own experience of awakening in an isolated, mysterious place. You can almost imagine him wandering without much food and water and conjuring up the character of the Little Prince."[14] Another reviewer noted that the author "chose the best illustrations... to maintain the ethereal tone he wanted his story to exude. Choosing between ambiguity and literal text and illustrations, Saint-Exupéry chose in every case to obfuscate."[72] Not a single drawing of the story's narrator–pilot survived the author's editing process; "he was very good at excising what was not essential to his story".[14]
In 2001 Japanese researcher Yoshitsugu Kunugiyama surmised that the cover illustration Saint-Exupéry painted for Le Petit Prince deliberately depicted a stellar arrangement created to celebrate the author's own centennial of birth. According to Kunugiyama, the cover art chosen from one of Saint-Exupéry's watercolour illustrations contained the planets Saturn and Jupiter, plus the star Aldebaran, arranged as an isosceles triangle, a celestial configuration which occurred in the early 1940s, and which he likely knew would next reoccur in the year 2000.[73] Saint-Exupéry possessed superior mathematical skills and was a master celestial navigator, a vocation he had studied at Salon-de-Provence with the Armée de l'Air (French Air Force).
Post-publicationedit
Stacy Schiff, one of Saint-Exupéry's principal biographers, wrote of him and his most famous work, "rarely have an author and a character been so intimately bound together as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and his Little Prince", and remarking of their dual fates, "the two remain tangled together, twin innocents who fell from the sky".[74] Another noted that the novella's mystique was "enhanced by the parallel between author and subject: imperious innocents whose lives consist of equal parts flight and failed love, who fall to earth, are little impressed with what they find here and ultimately disappear without a trace."[75]
Only weeks after his novella was first published in April 1943, despite his wife's pleadings and before Saint-Exupéry had received any of its royalties (he never would), the author-aviator joined the Free French Forces. He would remain immensely proud of The Little Prince, and almost always kept a personal copy with him which he often read to others during the war.[74]
As part of a 32-ship military convoy he voyaged to North Africa where he rejoined his old squadron to fight with the Allies, resuming his work as a reconnaissance pilot despite the best efforts of his friends, colleagues and fellow airmen who could not prevent him from flying.[Note 8] He had previously escaped death by the barest of margins a number of times, but was then lost in action during a July 1944 spy mission from the moonscapes of Corsica to the continent in preparation for the Allied invasion of occupied France, only three weeks before the Liberation of Paris.[45][Note 9]
Receptionedit
Many of the book's initial reviewers were flummoxed by the fable's multi-layered story line and its morals,[9] perhaps expecting a significantly more conventional story from one of France's leading writers. Its publisher had anticipated such reactions to a work that fell neither exclusively into a children's nor adults' literature classification. The New York Times reviewer wrote shortly before its publication "What makes a good children's book? ... The Little Prince, which is a fascinating fable for grown-ups [is] of conjectural value for boys and girls of 6, 8 and 10. [It] may very well be a book on the order of Gulliver's Travels, something that exists on two levels"; "Can you clutter up a narrative with paradox and irony and still hold the interest of 8 and 10-year olds?" Notwithstanding the story's duality, the review added that major portions of the story would probably still "capture the imagination of any child."[78] Addressing whether it was written for children or adults, Reynal & Hitchcock promoted it ambiguously, saying that as far as they were concerned "it's the new book by Saint-Exupéry", adding to its dustcover "There are few stories which in some way, in some degree, change the world forever for their readers. This is one."[59]
Others were not shy in offering their praise. Austin Stevens, also of The New York Times, stated that the story possessed "...large portions of the Saint-Exupéry philosophy and poetic spirit. In a way it's a sort of credo."[56]P.L. Travers, author of the Mary Poppins series of children books, wrote in a New York Herald Tribune review: "The Little Prince will shine upon children with a sidewise gleam. It will strike them in some place that is not the mind and glow there until the time comes for them to comprehend it."[59][79]
British journalist Neil Clark, in The American Conservative in 2009, offered an expansive view of Saint-Exupéry's overall work by commenting that it provides a "…bird's eye view of humanity [and] contains some of the most profound observations on the human condition ever written", and that the author's novella "doesn't merely express his contempt for selfishness and materialism [but] shows how life should be lived."[80]
The book enjoyed modest initial success, residing on The New York Times Best Seller list for only two weeks,[63] as opposed to his earlier 1939 English translation, Wind, Sand and Stars which remained on the same list for nearly five months.[43] As a cultural icon, the novella regularly draws new readers and reviewers, selling almost two million copies annually and also spawning numerous adaptations. Modern-day references to The Little Prince include one from The New York Times that describes it as "abstract" and "fabulistic".[62]
Two editions of The Little Prince (lower left in French and upper right in English, artwork not shown) in the Saint-Exupéry permanent exhibit at the French Air and Space Museum, Le Bourget, Paris (2008)Some of the more than 250 translations of The Little Prince, these editions displayed at the National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan (2013)
As of April 2017,[81]The Little Prince became the world's most translated non-religious book (into 300 languages) together with Italian novel The Adventures of Pinocchio.
Katherine Woods (1886–1968)[82] produced the first English translation of 1943, which was later joined by several other English translations. Her translation contained some errors.[83][84] Mistranslations aside, one reviewer noted that Wood's almost "poetic" English translation has long been admired by many Little Prince lovers, who have spanned generations (it stayed in print until 2001), as her work maintains Saint-Exupéry's story-telling spirit and charm, if not its literal accuracy.[72] As of 2019[update] at least seven additional English translations have been published:[85]
Each translation approaches the essence of the original with an individual style and focus.[88][89]
Le Petit Prince is often used as a beginner's book for French-language students, and several bilingual and trilingual translations have been published. As of 2017, it has been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects, including Sardinian,[90] the constructed international languages of Esperanto and Klingon, and the Congolese language Alur, as well as being printed in Braille for blind readers. It is also often used as an introduction into endangered varieties with very few speakers like Maya (2001), Aromanian (2006), or Banat Bulgarian (2017). It is one of the few modern books to have been translated into Latin, as Regulus, vel Pueri soli sapiunt[91][92] in 1961 by Auguste Haury (1910–2002) and as Regulus in 2010 by Alexander Winkler. A translation of the book was published as U'cc priinsâž in Skolt Sámi translated by Skolt Sámi author Kati-Claudia Fofonoff in 2000, a language spoken in Sápmi. Which, at the time, was spoken by less than 500 people making it the smallest language with a translation of Le Petit Prince. In 2005, the book was also translated into Toba Qom, an indigenous language of northern Argentina, as So Shiyaxauolec Nta'a. It was the first book translated into that language since the New Testament. It was also translated to a northern Italian dialect, Vogherese. Anthropologist Florence Tola, commenting on the suitability of the work for Toban translation, said there is "nothing strange [when] the Little Prince speaks with a snake or a fox and travels among the stars, it fits perfectly into the Toba mythology".[93]
Linguists have compared the many translations and even editions of the same translation for style, composition, titles, wordings and genealogy. As an example: as of 2011 there are approximately 47 translated editions of The Little Prince in Korean,[Note 10] and there are also about 50 different translated editions in Chinese (produced in both mainland China and Taiwan). Many of them are titled Prince From a Star, while others carry the book title that is a direct translation of The Little Prince.[95] By studying the use of word phrasings, nouns, mistranslations and other content in newer editions, linguists can identify the source material for each version: whether it was derived from the original French typescript, or from its first translation into English by Katherine Woods, or from a number of adapted sources.[72][96]
The first edition to be published in France, Saint-Exupéry's birthplace, was printed by his regular publisher in that country, Gallimard, only after[8] the German occupation of France ended.[97][Note 11] Prior to France's liberation new printings of Saint-Exupéry's works were made available only by means of secret print runs,[99][100] such as that of February 1943 when 1,000 copies of an underground version of his best seller Pilote de guerre, describing the German invasion of France, were covertly printed in Lyon.[101]
Commemorating the novella's 70th anniversary of publication, in conjunction with the 2014 Morgan Exhibition, Éditions Gallimard released a complete facsimile edition of Saint-Exupéry's original handwritten manuscript entitled Le Manuscrit du Petit Prince d'Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: Facsimilé et Transcription, edited by Alban Cerisier and Delphine Lacroix. The book in its final form has also been republished in 70th anniversary editions by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (in English) and by Gallimard (in French).[61]
A Portuguese translation of the novella in 2007, edited by Eidouro Gráfica e Editora Ltda and presented at the XIII Biannual Book Fair of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, holds the Guinness World Record for world's largest book published.[102] The impressive tome measures 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) high and 3.08 m (10 ft 1 in) wide when open, containing 128 pages.
It has been translated into minority languages, such as the Irish language, by Éabhloid publishers in 2015.
Spanish editionsedit
After being translated by Bonifacio del Carril, The Little Prince was first published in Spanish as El principito in September 1951 by the Argentine publisher Emecé Editores.[103][104] Other Spanish editions have also been created; in 1956 the Mexican publisher Diana released its first edition of the book, El pequeño príncipe, a Spanish translation by José María Francés.[8] Another edition of the work was produced in Spain in 1964 and, four years later, in 1968, editions were also produced in Colombia and Cuba, with translation by Luis Fernández in 1961. Chile had its first translation in 1981; Peru in February 1985; Venezuela in 1986, and Uruguay in 1990.[103][105][106] The book is among the few books in the Castilian cant Gacería[107] (as El pitoche engrullón) or the Madrid slang Cheli[108] (as El chaval principeras).
Bavarian editionsedit
The Little Prince has an adaptation for the inhabitants of Bavaria, Austria and South Tyrol, covering for a large variety of the Bavarian language. The book was adapted by Johannes Limmer and published in 2019. It is called Da gloane Prinz and contains the original pictures of Saint-Exupéry.[109]
Chinese editionsedit
The Little Prince is one of the most popular and beloved foreign works of literature in China. It is reported that there are more than 70 Chinese translations of the novella.[110] According to the official website of the Succession Antoine de Saint-Exupéry-d'Agay, the version translated by Li Jihong, which was published in January 2013, sold over two million copies in less than four years.[111]Cheng Li-chun published a translation in Taiwan in May 2022.[112]
Extension of copyrights in Franceedit
Due to Saint-Exupéry's wartime death, his estate received the civil code designation Mort pour la France (English: Died for France), which was applied by the French government in 1948. Amongst the law's provisions is an increase of 30 years in the duration of copyright;[113] thus most of Saint-Exupéry's creative works will not fall out of copyright status in France for an extra 30 years.[114][75]
The book will remain under copyright in the US until 2039[115][116] and will remain in copyright in France until 2033 or 2045.[117][118]
The wide appeal of Saint-Exupéry's novella has led to it being adapted into numerous forms over the decades. Additionally, the title character himself has been adapted in a number of promotional roles, including as a symbol of environmental protection, by the Toshiba Group.[119] He has also been portrayed as a "virtual ambassador" in a campaign against smoking, employed by the Veolia Energy Services Group,[119] and his name was used as an episode title in the TV series Lost.
The multi-layered fable, styled as a children's story with its philosophical elements of irony and paradox directed towards adults, allowed The Little Prince to be transferred into various other art forms and media, including:
Vinyl record, cassette and CD: as early as 1954 several audio editions in multiple languages were created on vinyl record, cassette tape and much later as a CD, with one English version narrated by Richard Burton.
Film and TV: the story has been created as a movie as early as 1966 in a Soviet-Lithuanian production, with its first English movie version in 1974 produced in the United States featuring Bob Fosse, who choreographed his own dance sequence as "The Snake", and Gene Wilder as "The Fox". In 1987, a Turkish version was adopted into a direct-to-video film by Remzi Aydin Jonturk. Starting in 2010, a three-season-long animated series was made that expanded upon the book. In 2015, a major The Little Prince (2015) 3D film, combining computer animation and stop motion animation, was released as The Little Prince in English and Le Petit Prince in French.[121][122] A 2D-animated series was be released in 2023.[123]
Stage: The Little Prince's popular appeal has lent itself to widespread dramatic adaptations in live stage productions at both the professional and amateur levels. It has become a staple of numerous stage companies, with dozens of productions created.
Graphic novel: a new printed version of the story in comic book form, by Joann Sfar in 2008, drew widespread notice.
Pop-Up Book: a new printed edition, using the original text (as translated by Richard Howard in 2000) and St. Exupery's original drawings as the basis for elaborate pop-up illustrations, was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (ISBN978-0-547-26069-3, 1st ed. 2009).
Opera and ballet: several operatic and ballet versions of the novella have been produced as early as the Russian Malen′kiy prints by Lev Knipper, first performed in 1978 with a symphony score composed in the 1960s.
Concert music: Concert Suite on Le Petit Prince for solo violin, solo harp and chamber orchestra by Jean-Pascal Beintus (premiered by the DSO Berlin – Kent Nagano – 2008)
Anime: a Japanese animation TV series was made in 1978, Hoshi no Ōjisama: Petit Prince, containing 39 episodes that do not follow the plot of the original novella. Each episode contains an adventure on a planet, usually Earth, where the little prince meets different people each time and makes friends. Some key elements of the original story have been kept. Namely, the little prince's golden hair, his scarf, laughter, his planet name (B-612), the rose and the three volcanoes. The anime had been aired and dubbed into several languages including Arabic, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish. The English dub's title is The Adventures of the Little Prince.[124]
Other: a number of musical references, game boards and a video game version of the novella have been released.
In 1997, Jean-Pierre Davidts wrote what could be considered a sequel to The Little Prince, entitled Le petit prince retrouvé (The Little Prince Returns).[125] In this version, the shipwrecked narrator encounters the little prince on a lone island; the prince has returned to seek help against a tiger who threatens his sheep.[126] Another sequel titled The Return of the Little Prince was written by former actress Ysatis de Saint-Simone, niece of Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry.[127]
Honours and legacyedit
Museums and exhibitsedit
Morgan exhibitionsedit
New York City's Morgan Library & Museum mounted three showings of the original manuscript, with its first showing in 1994, on the occasion of the story's 50th anniversary of publication, followed by one celebrating the author's centennial of birth in 2000, with its last and largest exhibition in 2014 honouring the novella's 70th anniversary.
The 1994 exhibition displayed the original manuscript, translated by the museum's art historian Ruth Kraemer,[128] as well as a number of the story's watercolours drawn from the Morgan's permanent collection. Also included with the exhibits was a 20-minute video it produced, My Grown-Up Friend, Saint-Exupéry, narrated by actor Macaulay Culkin,[Note 12] along with photos of the author, correspondence to Consuelo, a signed first edition of The Little Prince, and several international editions in other languages.[92]
In January 2014, the museum mounted a third, significantly larger, exhibition centered on the novella's creative origins and its history. The major showing of The Little Prince: A New York Story celebrated the story's 70th anniversary.[62] It examined both the novella's New York origins and Saint-Exupéry's creative processes, looking at his story and paintings as they evolved from conceptual germ form into progressively more refined versions and finally into the book's highly polished first edition. It was as if visitors were able to look over his shoulder as he worked, according to curator Christine Nelson. Funding for the 2014 exhibition was provided by several benefactors, including The Florence Gould Foundation, The Caroline Macomber Fund, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Air France and the New York State Council on the Arts.[61]
The new, more comprehensive exhibits included 35 watercolor paintings and 25 of the work's original 140 handwritten manuscript pages,[130] with his almost illegible handwriting penciled onto 'Fidelity' watermarked onion skin paper. The autograph manuscript pages included struck-through content that was not published in the novella's first edition. As well, some 43 preparatory pencil drawings that evolved into the story's illustrations accompanied the manuscript, many of them dampened by moisture that rippled its onion skin media.[131][132] One painting depicted the prince floating above Earth wearing a yellow scarf was wrinkled, having been crumpled up and thrown away before being retrieved for preservation.[47] Another drawing loaned from Silvia Hamilton's grandson depicted the diminutive prince observing a sunset on his home asteroid; two other versions of the same drawing were also displayed alongside it allowing visitors to observe the drawing's progressive refinement.[59] The initial working manuscript and sketches, displayed side by side with pages from the novella's first edition, allowed viewers to observe the evolution of Saint-Exupéry's work.
Shortly before departing the United States to rejoin his reconnaissance squadron in North Africa in its struggle against Nazi Germany, Saint-Exupéry appeared unexpectedly in military uniform at the door of his intimate friend, Silvia Hamilton. He presented his working manuscript and its preliminary drawings in a "rumpled paper bag", placed onto her home's entryway table, offering, "I'd like to give you something splendid, but this is all I have".[62][71][79][132][133] Several of the manuscript pages bore accidental coffee stains and cigarette scorch marks.[47] The Morgan later acquired the 30,000-word manuscript from Hamilton in 1968, with its pages becoming the centrepieces of its exhibitions on Saint-Exupéry's work. The 2014 exhibition also borrowed artifacts and the author's personal letters from the Saint-Exupéry-d'Gay Estate,[Note 13] as well as materials from other private collections, libraries and museums in the United States and France.[134] Running concurrent with its 2014 exhibition, the Morgan held a series of lectures, concerts and film showings, including talks by Saint-Exupéry biographer Stacy Schiff, writer Adam Gopnik, and author Peter Sís on his new work The Pilot and The Little Prince: The Life of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry,[133][135]
Additional exhibits included photos of Saint-Exupéry by Life photojournalist John Phillips, other photos of the author's New York area homes,[61] an Orson Welles screenplay of the novella the filmmaker attempted to produce as a movie in collaboration with Walt Disney,[43][62][Note 14] as well as one of the few signed copies extant of The Little Prince, gifted to Hamilton's 12-year-old son.[Note 15]
Permanent exhibitsedit
In Le Bourget, Paris, France, the Air and Space Museum of France established a special exhibit honoring Saint-Exupéry, and which displays many of his literary creations. Among them are various early editions of The Little Prince. Remnants of the Free French Air ForceP-38 Lightning in which he disappeared, and which were recovered from the Mediterranean in 2004, are also on view.
In Hakone, Japan there was the Museum of The Little Prince featuring outdoor squares and sculptures such as the B-612 Asteroid, the Lamplighter Square, and a sculpture of the Little Prince. The museum grounds additionally featured a Little Prince Park along with the Consuelo Rose Garden. The museum permanently closed in March 2023. [136]
In Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, there is an imitation French village, Petite France, which has adapted the story elements of The Little Prince into its architecture and monuments. There are several sculptures of the story's characters, and the village also offers overnight housing in some of the French-style homes. Featured are the history of The Little Prince, an art gallery, and a small amphitheatre situated in the middle of the village for musicians and other performances. The enterprise's director stated that in 2009 the village received a half million visitors.[94][137][138]
Special exhibitionsedit
The Little Prince as part of a street art project in Funchal (Madeira)In 1996 the Danish sculptor Jens Galschiøt unveiled an artistic arrangement consisting of seven blocks of granite asteroids 'floating' in a circle around a 2-metre tall planet Earth. The artistic universe was populated by bronze sculpture figures that the little prince met on his journeys. As in the book, the prince discovers that "the essential is invisible to the eye, and only by the heart can you really see". The work was completed at the start of 1996 and placed in the central square of Fuglebjerg, Denmark,[139] but was later stolen from an exhibition in Billund in 2011.[140]
During 2009 in São Paulo, Brazil, the giant Oca Art Exhibition Centre presented The Little Prince as part of The Year of France and The Little Prince. The displays covered over 10,000 square metres on four floors, examining Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince and their philosophies, as visitors passed through theme areas of the desert, different worlds, stars and the cosmos. The ground floor of the exhibit area was laid out as a huge map of the routes flown by the author and Aeropostale in South America and around the world. Also included was a full-scale replica of his Caudron Simoun, crashed in a simulated Sahara Desert.[141][142][143]
In 2012 the Catalan architect Jan Baca unveiled a sculpture in Terrassa, Catalonia showing the Little Prince along with the sentence, "It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye".[144]
In February 2022, nearly eight decades after it was written, "The Little Prince" arrived in Paris. The exhibit began on February 17 and ended on June 26. It contained 600 items, including photographs, poems, and newspaper clippings relating to "The Little Prince."[145]
Placesedit
Playgroundedit
Sculpture of the lamplighter in a "story playground" themed after The Little Prince in Holon, Israel
One of the "story playgrounds" – a series of playgrounds themed after famous children's stories in Holon, Israel – is themed after The Little Prince. It features sculptures and play structures depicting scenes and characters from the book.
Schoolsedit
L'école Le Petit Prince is the public elementary school in the small community of Genech in northern France, dedicated in 1994 upon the merger of two former schools. With nine classrooms and a library, its building overlooks the village's Place Terre des Hommes,[146] a square also named in tribute to Saint-Exupéry's 1939 philosophical memoir, Terre des hommes.
A K–6 elementary school on Avro Road in Maple, Ontario, Canada, was also opened in 1994 as L'école élémentaire catholique Le Petit Prince. Its enrollment expanded from 30 students in its first year to some 325 children by 2014. One of Saint-Exupéry's colourful paintings of the prince is found on its website's welcome page.[147]
Avenueedit
In southern Brazil, in the city of Florianópolis, there is the Avenida Pequeno Príncipe (Little Prince Avenue in Portuguese), whose name is a tribute to Saint-Exupéry, who passed through the city during his aviator career, an event that became part of the local culture.[148]
At 972 Fifth Avenue in New York City, a bronze statue was unveiled of the Little Prince by French Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs Catherine Colonna in September 2023. The project to create the sculpture was initiated by the American Society of Le Souvenir Français, in partnership with the Antoine de Saint Exupéry Youth Foundation. The sculpture sits outside the headquarters of the Cultural Services of the French Embassy, overlooking the pedestrians on Fifth Avenue. The four-foot-tall sculpture, created by Jean-Marc de Pas, was carved from clay and cast in bronze in one single piece in his studio in Normandy.[149]
Insignia and awardsedit
The fighter jet insignia of the GR I/33 [fr], bearing an image of the Little Prince at top
Prior to its decommissioning in 2010, the GR I/33 [fr] (later renamed as the 1/33 Belfort Squadron), one of the French Air Force squadrons Saint-Exupéry flew with, adopted the image of the Little Prince as part of the squadron and tail insignia of its Dassault Mirage fighter jets.[150] Some of the fastest jets in the world were flown with The Prince gazing over their pilots' shoulders.
The Little Prince Literary Award for Persian fiction by writers under the age of 15, commemorating the title of Saint-Exupéry's famous work, was created in Iran by the Cheragh-e Motale'eh Literary Foundation. In 2012, some 250 works by young authors were submitted for first stage review according to the society's secretary Maryam Sistani, with the selection of the best three writers from 30 finalists being conducted in Tehran that September.[151][152]
Several other Little Prince Awards have also been established in Europe, meant to promote achievement and excellence in a variety of fields such as in assistance to autistic children, child literacy, children's literature (by adults), Puppetry theatre and theatre arts.[153][154][155]
Numismatics and philatelicedit
Before France adopted the euro as its currency, Saint-Exupéry and drawings from The Little Prince were on the 50-franc banknote; the artwork was by Swiss designer Roger Pfund.[74][156] Among the anti-counterfeiting measures on the banknote was micro-printed text from Le Petit Prince, visible with a strong magnifying glass.[157] Additionally, a 100-franc commemorative coin was also released in 2000, with Saint-Exupéry's image on its obverse, and that of the Little Prince on its reverse.[158]
In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the writer's untimely death, Israel issued a stamp honoring "Saint-Ex" and The Little Prince in 1994.[159]Philatelic tributes have been printed in at least 24 other countries as of 2011.[160]
An asteroid discovered in 1975, 2578 Saint-Exupéry, was also named after the author of The Little Prince.[162]
Another asteroid discovered in 1993 was named 46610 Bésixdouze, which is French for "B six twelve". The asteroid's number, 46610, becomes B612 in hexadecimal notation. B-612 was the name of the prince's home asteroid.
In 2003 a small asteroid moon, Petit-Prince, discovered earlier in 1998, was named in part after The Little Prince.[163]
Professional wrestlingedit
French professional wrestler Daniel Dubail was billed as Le Petit Prince.[164] Pakistani-British professional wrestler Mohammed Allam was billed as The Little Prince.[165]
The Little Prince Dayedit
Since 2020, June 29 is International Little Prince Day. This date was chosen to commemorate the birth of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, which occurred on June 29, 1900. The Antoine de Saint-Exupéry Foundation started the initiative striving to promote the humanist values carried by the book published in 1943. Mark Osborne was one of the first personalities to participate in the Little Prince Day 2020.[166]
^ Note that although Saint-Exupéry's regular French publisher, Gallimard, lists Le Petit Prince as being published in 1946, that is apparently a legalistic interpretation possibly designed to allow for an extra year of the novella's copyright protection period, and is based on Gallimard's explanation that the book was only 'sold' starting in 1946. Other sources, such as LePetitPrince.com,[8] record the first Librairie Gallimard printing of 12,250 copies as occurring on 30 November 1945.
^The Antoine de Saint-Exupéry Foundation estimates an additional 80 million copies of the story in audio-video formats have been sold worldwide.[13]
^ The plane Saint-Exupéry was flying when he crashed at high speed in the Sahara was a Caudron C-630 Simoun, Serial Number 7042, with the French registration F-ANRY ('F' being the international designator for France, and the remainder chosen by the author to represent ANtoine de saint-exupéRY).
^ According to Hoffman, "Anne Morrow Lindbergh's fascination with Saint-Ex was transparent in all she wrote about him, as might be expected when one aviator-writer romantic is writing about another." Saint-Exupéry visited with Anne for two days but spoke with Charles Lindbergh, who arrived home late, for an hour. Besides their vast differences on how Adolf Hitler and the European conflict should be treated, Charles did not speak French, and Saint-Exupéry did not speak English well. Their discussions, passed through Anne's meager French, were somewhat muted. However, the excited conversation between Antoine and Anne soon blossomed "like monster flowers", with each finishing the other's sentences. Ironically, while Saint-Exupéry would later campaign for an early US entry into the war, Lindbergh strongly opposed American involvement in the European war and wanted an arrangement with Hitler, like Stalin's. The meeting between the two future P-38 war pilots was termed "less than a rousing success". Moreover, Charles later became unhappy about his wife's vast esteem for the French adventurer."
^Another source states that it was co-publisher Curtice Hitchcock who viewed the author sketches and doodles at a supper party one evening and then suggested writing a children's book to Saint-Exupéry.[56] An additional likely reason for the publisher's encouragement: P. L. Travers, the author of the popular children's books series on Mary Poppins, was at that time working on her third installment that would be published by a Reynal & Hitchcock competitor in 1943, the same year as The Little Prince. Saint-Exupéry's U.S. publisher pressed him to have a competing children's book on the market for Christmas 1942.
^ Saint-Exupéry was 43 the year the fable was published, and 44 the year he died. He originally wrote the story with 43 sunsets, but posthumous editions often quote '44 sunsets', possibly in tribute.
^ On one of Saint-Exupéry's flights his aircraft engine started failing. His aircraft mechanic onboard later recalled that Saint-Exupéry was completely calm, "Saint-Ex simply started doodling cartoons which he handed back to me with a big grin."[24]
^ Following one of his crashes in a sophisticated single-pilot spy aircraft that resulted in him being grounded, Saint-Exupéry spared no effort in his campaign to return to active combat flying duty. He utilized all his contacts and powers of persuasion to overcome his age and physical handicap barriers, which would have completely barred an ordinary patriot from serving as a war pilot. Instrumental in his reinstatement was an agreement he proposed to John Phillips, a fluently bilingual Life Magazine correspondent in February 1944, where Saint-Exupéry committed to "write, and I'll donate what I do to you, for your publication, if you get me reinstated into my squadron."[76] Phillips later met with a high-level U.S. Army Air Forces press officer in Italy, Colonel John Reagan McCrary, who conveyed the Life Magazine request to General Eaker. Eaker's approval for Saint-Exupéry's return to flying status would be made "not through favoritism, but through exception." The brutalized French, it was noted, would cut a German's throat "probably with more relish than anybody."
^ Various sources state that his final flight was either his seventh, eight, ninth, or even his tenth covert reconnaissance mission. He volunteered for almost every such proposed mission submitted to his squadron, and protested fiercely after being grounded following his second sortie which ended with a demolished P-38. His connections in high places, plus a publishing agreement with Life Magazine, were instrumental in having the grounding order against him lifted.[77] For some time Saint-Exupéry's friends, colleagues, and compatriots were actively working to keep the aging, accident-prone author grounded, out of harm's way.
^ In 2009, the director of the Village Petite France (Little France Village) in South Korea stated that there were 350 different editions of Orin Wanja (The Little Prince) in Korean, including editions in Manga.[94]
^A further complication occurred due to Saint-Exupéry's opinions of French General Charles de Gaulle, whom he held in low regard. Even though both men were working to free France from Nazi occupation, Saint-Exupéry saw de Gaulle with apprehension and consequently provided no public support to the General. In response, de Gaulle struck back at the author by implying that the author was a German supporter, and then had all his literary works banned in France's North African colonies. Saint-Exupéry's writings were, with irony, banned simultaneously in both occupied France and Free France.[98][74]
^ Although Macaulay Culkin had been earning approximately $8 million per film project at that point, he provided his narration to the museum "for nothing, and we are grateful for his services", according to a Morgan representative.[129]
^The d'Gay portion of the estate refers to Saint-Exupéry's married sister.
^Orson Welles purchased the movie rights to the story the day after reading the novella in a single sitting.[61] Welles was unable to persuade Walt Disney to assist him in turning his screenplay of the story into a film, with Disney fearing such a screen release would upstage his own screen adaptations of other stories.
^ The signed copy is inscribed "For Stephen, to whom I have already spoken about The Little Prince, and who perhaps will be his friend".[58]
^ ab"'Definitive' Translation of 'Le Petit Prince'", New Straits Times, 20 September 2000. Accessed via Gale General OneFile, 9 November 2011; Gale Document Number: GALE|A65327245.
^ abcdeLePetitePrince.net website (2011) Le Petit Prince – 1945 – Gallimard 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, lepetitprince.net website. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
^ abcAdamson, Thomas. Little Prince Discovery Offers New Insight Into Classic Book, Associated Press via TimesTribune.com, 3 May 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2013. Bell, Susan (2008) , The Scotsman. Johnston Press Digital Publishing. 17 March 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
^ abVan Gelder, Lawrence (2000) Footlights: Celestial Traveller, The New York Times, 9 May 2000.
^Listening to The Little Prince 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Paris: Antoine de Saint-Exupéry Foundation. Retrieved from TheLittlePrince.com website 6 January 2013.
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^ abcdePopova, Maria. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's Original Watercolors for The Little Prince, BrainPickings.org website, 3 February 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
^ abcdMaloney, Jennifer. 'The Little Prince' lands at the Morgan Library: A New Exhibit Explores the Author's Years Writing in New York, The Wall Street Journal website, 23 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
^Jennifer Dunning (12 May 1989). "In the Footsteps of Saint-Exupery". The New York Times.
^Brown, Hannibal. . Visions of a Little Prince. Archived from the original (documentary research) on 9 November 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
^Chesterton, friends-of, website. Dynastie universitaire, Un nommé Chesterton: Le blog des amis de Gilbert Keith Chesterton. Retrieved 29 September 2011. (in French)
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^Breaux, Adèle (1971). Saint-Exupéry in America, 1942-1943; a memoir. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 85. ISBN9780838676103. OCLC 164146.
^ abDunne, Carey. The Making Of Beloved Children's Book The Little Prince, Fast Company. Retrieved from FastCoDesign.com 2 February 2014.
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^ abcdefRothstein, Edward. 70 Years on, Magic Concocted in Exile: The Morgan Explores the Origins of 'The Little Prince', The New York Times website, 23 January 2014, published in print 24 January 2014, p. C25 (New York edition). Retrieved 24 January 2014.
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^ abRuncie, Charlotte. The story of The Little Prince and the Big Apple, The Telegraph website, 24 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
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^ abGaffney, Adrienne. On View | Long Live "The Little Prince", The New York Times blog website, 23 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
^Clark, Neil. "Imagination Takes Flight: The Life and Mind of Antoine de Saint-Exupery", The American Conservative, October 2009.
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^Legrand, Christine (2005) "Quand Le Petit Prince devient So Shiyaxauolec Nta'a" ("When The Little Prince Becomes So Shiyaxauolec Nta'a"), Le Monde, 6 April 2005, p.1. (in French)
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^"Largest book published". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
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^Gallardo, David (7 July 2022). "'El principito' ahora es 'El chaval principeras' y nos cuenta en cheli su universal historia". infoLibre (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2 December 2022.
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^Chiu, Tsu-yin; Liu, Kay (3 June 2022). "Ex-culture minister, French senator discuss power of children's literature". Central News Agency. Retrieved 3 June 2022. Cheng, meanwhile, said that her recent translation of "Le Petit Prince," by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, into a new Chinese version and an audio book had led her to reflect on whether people can reconnect with their innocence, in a world full of confusion.
^"French Code of Intellectual Property (in French)." 29 August 2011 at the Wayback Machinecelog.fr. Retrieved: 22 August 2012.
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^ abCheng, Susan. A New Exhibition at the Morgan Library Reveals That The Little Prince Is Actually a New York Story, Too, Complex magazine, 21 January 2014. Retrieved from ComplexMag.ca on 24 January 2014.
^ abThe Little Prince: A New York Story: 24 January through 27 April 2014, New York City: The Morgan Library & Museum website, January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
^Current Exhibitions | The Little Prince: A New York Story | January 24 through 27 April 2014, Morgan Library & Museum website. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^"Biography of 'The Little Prince' author due in July", Agence France-Presse via Relaxnews, 15 January 2014. Retrieved from TheStar.com.my website 24 January 2014.
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de Saint-Exupéry, Antoine (2006). The Little Prince: And Letter to a Hostage. Translated by Cuffe, T. V. F.. Penguin. ISBN978-0-14-118562-0. OCLC 1023214985.
——— (6 September 2018). The Little Prince. Translated by Morpurgo, Michael. London: Vintage Children's Classics. ISBN9781784874179.
——— (30 May 2019). The Little Prince. Translated by Norminton, Gregory. Alma Classics. ISBN978-1-84749-824-3.
——— (15 January 2018). The Little Prince. Translated by Testot-Ferry, Irene. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth. ISBN978-1-84022-760-4. OCLC 1105536767.
——— (1943). The Little Prince. Translated by Woods, Katherine (1st ed.). New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. ISBN9780152023980. OCLC 898880592. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
Sourcesedit
Beaumont, Peter (1 August 2010). "Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's Little Prince Poised for a Multimedia Return to Earth: The Boy Who Lived on an Asteroid Whose Tale Was Told in a Classic French Novella Is Being Revived on TV, Film And In Print". The Observer. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
Brown, Hannibal (2004). . Visions of a Little Prince. Archived from the original (documentary research) on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
Dunning, Jennifer (12 May 1989). "In the Footsteps of Saint-Exupery". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
LePetitPrince.com (in French) Site officiel du Petit Prince; and TheLittlePrince.com 26 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine Official site of The Little Prince
NYC-ARTS Profile: The Little Prince, PBS interview on the 2014 Morgan Exhibition (video, 12:39)
, NBC news report on the 2014 Little Prince exhibition at the Morgan Library & Museum (video, 3:10)
www.petit-prince-collection.com Website dedicated to the largest collection of Little Prince books in the world. This impressive collection (nearly five thousand different editions of the full text in over 420 different languages and dialects) belongs to the Jean-Marc Probst Foundation for the Little Prince in Lausanne.
The Little Prince excerpts and collection in 400 languages and dialects and in English
The Museum of The Little Prince in Hakone 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine ; and 箱根の星の王子さまのミュージアム (in Japanese)
A bibliography of biographical works on Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
(in Italian)
The Little Prince Pictures (in Chinese)
(in Arabic)
laetaprinco.org Website dedicated to reading Little Prince online in popular languages.
February 23, 2024
little, prince, this, article, about, novella, other, uses, little, prince, french, petit, prince, pronounced, pʁɛ, novella, written, illustrated, french, aristocrat, writer, military, pilot, antoine, saint, exupéry, first, published, english, french, united, . This article is about the novella For other uses see Little Prince The Little Prince French Le Petit Prince pronounced le p e ti pʁɛ s is a novella written and illustrated by French aristocrat writer and military pilot Antoine de Saint Exupery It was first published in English and French in the United States by Reynal amp Hitchcock in April 1943 and was published posthumously in France following liberation Saint Exupery s works had been banned by the Vichy Regime The story follows a young prince who visits various planets including Earth and addresses themes of loneliness friendship love and loss Despite its style as a children s book The Little Prince makes observations about life adults and human nature 9 The Little PrinceAuthorAntoine de Saint ExuperyOriginal titleLe Petit PrinceTranslator English editions Katherine Woods 1 Bonnie Greer 2 T V F Cuffe 3 Michael Morpurgo 4 Irene Testot Ferry 5 Alan WakemanJanet Hill 6 David WilkinsonGregory Norminton 7 IllustratorAntoine de Saint ExuperyCover artistAntoine de Saint ExuperyCountryFranceLanguageFrenchPublisherReynal amp Hitchcock U S Gallimard France 8 Publication dateApril 1943 U S English amp French 1945 France French 8 Note 1 AwardsLe Monde s 100 Books of the CenturyPreceded byPilote de guerre 1942 Followed byLettre a un otage fr 1944 The Little Prince became Saint Exupery s most successful work selling an estimated 140 million copies worldwide which makes it one of the best selling in history 10 11 12 Note 2 14 The book has been translated into over 505 different languages and dialects worldwide being the second most translated work ever published trailing only the Bible 15 16 17 The Little Prince has been adapted to numerous art forms and media including audio recordings radio plays live stage film television ballet and opera 16 18 Contents 1 Plot 2 Tone and writing style 3 Inspirations 3 1 Events and characters 3 2 Rose 3 3 Prince 4 Background 4 1 Manuscript 4 2 Dedication 4 3 Illustrations 4 4 Post publication 4 5 Reception 5 Literary translations and printed editions 5 1 Spanish editions 5 2 Bavarian editions 5 3 Chinese editions 5 4 Extension of copyrights in France 6 Adaptations and sequels 7 Honours and legacy 7 1 Museums and exhibits 7 1 1 Morgan exhibitions 7 1 2 Permanent exhibits 7 1 3 Special exhibitions 7 2 Places 7 2 1 Playground 7 2 2 Schools 7 2 3 Avenue 7 3 Insignia and awards 7 4 Numismatics and philatelic 7 5 Astronomy 7 6 Professional wrestling 7 7 The Little Prince Day 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10 1 Translations 10 2 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External linksPlot editAs a test to determine if grownups are as enlightened as a child the narrator shows them a picture depicting a boa constrictor that has eaten an elephant The grownups always reply that the picture depicts a hat and so he knows to only talk of reasonable things to them rather than the fanciful The narrator becomes an aircraft pilot and one day his plane crashes in the Sahara desert far from civilization The narrator must fix his aeroplane before his supply of water runs out Here he is greeted by a young boy nicknamed the little prince The prince asks the narrator to draw a sheep The narrator first shows him the picture of the elephant inside the snake which to the narrator s surprise the prince interprets correctly After three failed attempts at drawing a sheep the frustrated narrator draws a crate claiming the sheep is inside This turns out to be the exact drawing the prince wanted Over the course of days while the narrator attempts to repair his plane the prince recounts his life story He used to live in a house sized asteroid known as B 612 on Earth The asteroid has three minuscule volcanoes two active and one dormant or extinct and various plants The prince used to clean the volcanoes and weed unwanted seeds and sprigs that infested his soil pulling out baobab trees that were constantly on the verge of overrunning the surface The prince wants a sheep to eat the undesirable plants but worries it will also eat plants with thorns The prince meets a rose that grew on the asteroid The rose exaggerates ailments to have the prince care for her The prince made a screen and glass globe to protect her from the cold and wind watered her and kept the caterpillars off Despite falling in love with the rose the prince also began to feel that she was taking advantage of him and resolved to leave the planet to explore the rest of the universe Upon their goodbyes the rose apologises for failing to show that she loved him She wishes him well and turns down his desire to leave her in the glass globe saying she will protect herself The prince laments that he did not understand how to love his rose while being with her The prince has since visited six other planets each of which was inhabited by one adult They include A king with no subjects who only issues orders that will be followed such as commanding the sun to set at sunset A conceited man who only wants to be the most admired person on his otherwise uninhabited planet A drunkard who drinks to forget the shame of drinking A businessman who is blind to the beauty of the stars and instead endlessly counts and catalogues them in order to own them all A lamplighter on a planet so small a full day lasts a minute He wastes his life following orders to extinguish and relight the lamppost every 30 seconds to correspond with his planet s day and night An elderly geographer who has never been anywhere or seen any of the things he records He convinced the prince to next visit Earth Since the prince landed in a desert he believed that Earth was uninhabited He then met a snake that claimed to have the power to return him to his home if he ever wished that The prince next met a flower who said she had only seen a few men in that part of the world and they had no roots letting the wind blow them around and living hard lives After climbing the highest mountain he had ever seen the prince hoped to see the whole of Earth thus finding the people however he saw only the desolate landscape When the prince called out his echo answered him which he interpreted as the voice of someone boring who only repeats words The prince encountered a row of rosebushes becoming downcast at having once thought that his rose was unique and thinking she had lied about being unique He began to feel that he was not a great prince as his planet contained only three tiny volcanoes and a flower he now thought of as common He started weeping until a fox came along The fox desired to be tamed and taught the prince how to tame him By being tamed something goes from being ordinary and just like all the others to being special and unique From the fox the prince learns that his rose was indeed special because she was the object of the prince s love and time he had tamed her and now she was more precious than all of the other roses Upon their departing the fox says that important things can only be seen with the heart not the eyes The prince then met two people from Earth A railway switchman who described how passengers constantly rushed from one place to another aboard trains never satisfied with where they were and not knowing what they were after only the children among them ever bothered to look out the windows A merchant who spoke about his product a pill that eliminated the need to drink for a week saving people 53 minutes Eight days after the plane crash the narrator and the prince are dying of thirst The prince becomes morose and longs to return home and see his flower The prince finds a well saving them The narrator later finds the prince talking to the snake discussing his return home and his desire to see his rose again worrying that she has been left to fend for herself The prince bids a farewell to the narrator and states that if it looks as though he has died it is only because his body was too heavy to take with him to his planet The prince warns the narrator not to watch him leave as it will upset him The narrator realising what will happen refuses to leave the prince s side The prince says that the narrator only need look at the stars to think of the prince s laughter and that it will seem as if all the stars are laughing The prince then walks away and allows the snake to bite him falling down The next morning the narrator cannot find the prince s body Managing to repair his aeroplane he leaves the desert The narrator requests to be contacted by anyone in that area encountering a boy like the prince Tone and writing style editThe story of The Little Prince is recalled in a sombre measured tone by the pilot narrator in memory of his small friend a memorial to the prince not just to the prince but also to the time the prince and the narrator had together 19 The Little Prince was created when Saint Exupery was an ex patriate and distraught about what was going on in his country and in the world 14 According to one analysis the story of the Little Prince features a lot of fantastical unrealistic elements You can t ride a flock of birds to another planet The fantasy of the Little Prince works because the logic of the story is based on the imagination of children rather than the strict realism of adults 20 An exquisite literary perfectionist akin to the 19th century French poet Stephane Mallarme 21 Saint Exupery produced draft pages covered with fine lines of handwriting much of it painstakingly crossed out with one word left standing where there were a hundred words one sentence substitut ing for a page 22 He worked long hours with great concentration According to the author himself it was extremely difficult to start his creative writing processes 23 Biographer Paul Webster wrote of the aviator author s style Behind Saint Exupery s quest for perfection was a laborious process of editing and rewriting which reduced original drafts by as much as two thirds 24 The French author frequently wrote at night usually starting at about 11 p m accompanied by a tray of strong black coffee In 1942 Saint Exupery related to his American English teacher Adele Breaux that at such a time of night he felt free and able to concentrate writing for hours without feeling tired or sleepy until he instantaneously dozed off 22 He would wake up later in daylight still at his desk with his head on his arms Saint Exupery stated it was the only way he could work as once he started a writing project it became an obsession 25 A native speaker of French Saint Exupery was never able to achieve anything more than haltingly poor English Adele Breaux his young Northport English tutor to whom he later dedicated a writing For Miss Adele Breaux who so gently guided me in the mysteries of the English language related her experiences with her famous student as Saint Exupery in America 1942 1943 A Memoir published in 1971 26 Saint Exupery s prodigious writings and studies of literature sometimes gripped him and on occasion he continued his readings of literary works until moments before take off on solitary military reconnaissance flights as he was adept at both reading and writing while flying Taking off with an open book balanced on his leg his ground crew would fear his mission would quickly end after contacting something very hard On one flight to the chagrin of colleagues awaiting his arrival he circled the Tunis airport for an hour so that he could finish reading a novel Saint Exupery frequently flew with a lined carnet notebook during his long solo flights and some of his philosophical writings were created during such periods when he could reflect on the world below him becoming enmeshed in a search for ideals which he translated into fable and parable 27 28 Inspirations editEvents and characters edit nbsp Saint Exupery next to his downed Simoun lacking an all critical radio after crashing into the Sahara about 3 am during an air race to Saigon Vietnam His survival ordeal was about to begin Egypt 1935 In The Little Prince its narrator the pilot talks of being stranded in the desert beside his crashed aircraft The account clearly drew on Saint Exupery s own experience in the Sahara an ordeal described in detail in his 1939 memoir Wind Sand and Stars original French Terre des hommes 9 On 30 December 1935 at 2 45am after 19 hours and 44 minutes in the air Saint Exupery along with his copilot navigator Andre Prevot crashed in the Sahara desert 29 They were attempting to break the speed record for a Paris to Saigon flight in a then popular type of air race called a raid that had a prize of 150 000 francs 30 Their plane was a Caudron C 630 Simoun Note 3 and the crash site is thought to have been near to the Wadi Natrun valley close to the Nile Delta 31 Both miraculously survived the crash only to face rapid dehydration in the intense desert heat 32 Their maps were primitive and ambiguous Lost among the sand dunes with a few grapes a thermos of coffee a single orange and some wine the pair had only one day s worth of liquid They both began to see mirages which were quickly followed by more vivid hallucinations By the second and third days they were so dehydrated that they stopped sweating altogether Finally on the fourth day a Bedouin on a camel discovered them and administered a native rehydration treatment which saved Saint Exupery s and Prevot s lives 30 In the novella the fox believed to be modelled after the author s intimate New York City friend Silvia Hamilton Reinhardt tells the prince that his rose is unique and special as she is the one he loves 33 The novella s iconic phrase One sees clearly only with the heart is believed to have been suggested by Reinhardt The fearsome grasping baobab trees researchers have contended were meant to represent Nazism attempting to destroy the planet 33 The little prince s reassurance to the pilot that the prince s body is only an empty shell resembles the last words of Antoine s dying younger brother Francois who told the author from his deathbed Don t worry I m all right I can t help it It s my body 34 Rose edit nbsp The Rose in The Little Prince was likely inspired by Saint Exupery s Salvadoran wife Consuelo Montreal 1942 Many researchers believe that the prince s kindhearted but petulant and vain Rose was inspired by Saint Exupery s Salvadoran wife Consuelo de Saint Exupery 33 35 with the small home planet being inspired by El Salvador where he crashed and stayed to recover while being within view of 3 volcanoes one of which was Ilamatepec also known as The Santa Ana Volcano 36 Despite a tumultuous marriage Saint Exupery kept Consuelo close to his heart and portrayed her as the prince s rose whom he tenderly protects with a wind screen and places under a glass dome on his tiny planet Saint Exupery s infidelity and the doubts of his marriage are symbolized by the vast field of roses the prince encounters during his visit to Earth 9 This interpretation was described by biographer Paul Webster who stated she was the muse to whom Saint Exupery poured out his soul in copious letters Consuelo was the rose in The Little Prince I should have judged her by her acts and not by her words says the prince She wrapped herself around me and enlightened me I should never have fled I should have guessed at the tenderness behind her poor ruses 24 Prince edit Saint Exupery probably has drawn inspiration for the prince s character and appearance from his own self as a youth as during his early years friends and family called him le Roi Soleil the Sun King because of his golden curly hair citation needed The author had also met a precocious eight year old with curly blond hair while he was residing with a family in Quebec City in 1942 Thomas De Koninck the son of philosopher Charles De Koninck 37 38 39 Another possible inspiration for the little prince has been suggested as Land Morrow Lindbergh the young golden haired son of fellow aviator Charles Lindbergh and his wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh whom he met during an overnight stay at their Long Island home in 1939 40 41 Note 4 Some have seen the prince as a Christ figure as the child is sin free and believes in a life after death subsequently returning to his personal heaven 42 When Life photojournalist John Phillips questioned the author aviator on his inspiration for the child character Saint Exupery told him that one day he looked down on what he thought was a blank sheet and saw a small childlike figure I asked him who he was he replied I m the Little Prince was the reply 43 One of Saint Exupery s earliest literary references to a small prince is to be found in his second news dispatch from Moscow dated 14 May 1935 In his writings as a special correspondent for Paris Soir the author described traveling from France to the Soviet Union by train Late at night during the trip he ventured from his first class accommodation into the third class carriages where he came upon large groups of Polish families huddled together returning to their homeland His commentary not only described a diminutive prince but also touched on several other themes Saint Exupery incorporated into various philosophical writings 44 I sat down facing a sleeping couple Between the man and the woman a child had hollowed himself out a place and fallen asleep He turned in his slumber and in the dim lamplight I saw his face What an adorable face A golden fruit had been born of these two peasants This is a musician s face I told myself This is the child Mozart This is a life full of beautiful promise Little princes in legends are not different from this Protected sheltered cultivated what could not this child become When by mutation a new rose is born in a garden all gardeners rejoice They isolate the rose tend it foster it But there is no gardener for men This little Mozart will be shaped like the rest by the common stamping machine This little Mozart is condemned A Sense of Life En Route to the U S S R Background edit nbsp The writer aviator on Lac Saint Louis during a speaking tour in support of France after its armistice with Germany He started his work on the novella shortly after returning to the United States Quebec 1942 Upon the outbreak of the Second World War a laureate of several of France s highest literary awards and a successful pioneering aviator prior to the war Saint Exupery initially flew with a reconnaissance squadron as a reserve military pilot in the Armee de l Air French Air Force 9 After France s defeat in 1940 and its armistice with Germany he and Consuelo fled Occupied France and sojourned in North America with Saint Exupery first arriving by himself at the very end of December 1940 His intention for the visit was to convince the United States to quickly enter the war against Nazi Germany and the Axis forces and he soon became one of the expatriate voices of the French Resistance In the midst of personal upheavals and failing health he produced almost half of the writings for which he would be remembered including a tender tale of loneliness friendship love and loss in the form of a young prince visiting Earth 45 An earlier memoir by the author recounted his aviation experiences in the Sahara and he is thought to have drawn on the same experiences as plot elements in The Little Prince He wrote and illustrated the manuscript during the summer and fall of 1942 Although greeted warmly by French speaking Americans and by fellow expatriates who had preceded him in New York his 27 month stay would be marred by health problems and racked with periods of severe stress martial and marital strife These included partisan attacks on the author s neutral stance towards supporters of both ardent French Gaullist and Vichy France 46 Saint Exupery s American translator the author spoke poor English wrote He was restless and unhappy in exile seeing no way to fight again for his country and refusing to take part in the political quarrels that set Frenchman against Frenchman 22 However the period was to be both a dark but productive time during which he created three important works 47 Between January 1941 and April 1943 the Saint Exuperys lived in two penthouse apartments on Central Park South 48 then the Bevin House mansion in Asharoken New York and still later at a rented house on Beekman Place in New York City 49 50 The couple also stayed in Quebec for five weeks during the late spring of 1942 where they met a precocious eight year old boy with blond curly hair Thomas the son of philosopher Charles De Koninck with whom the Saint Exuperys resided 51 52 53 54 During an earlier visit to Long Island in August 1939 Saint Exupery had also met Land Morrow Lindbergh the young golden haired son of the pioneering American aviator Charles Lindbergh and his wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh 40 41 After returning to the US from his Quebec speaking tour Saint Exupery was pressed to work on a children s book by Elizabeth Reynal one of the wives of his US publisher Reynal amp Hitchcock The French wife of Eugene Reynal had closely observed Saint Exupery for several months and noting his ill health and high stress levels she suggested to him that working on a children s story would help 55 Note 5 The author wrote and illustrated The Little Prince at various locations in New York City but principally in the Long Island north shore community of Asharoken in mid to late 1942 with the manuscript being completed in October 50 51 51 nbsp The Bevin House on Long Island one of the locations in which The Little Prince was written during the summer and fall of 1942 50 Although the book was started in his Central Park South penthouse Saint Exupery soon found New York City s noise and sweltering summer heat too uncomfortable to work in and so Consuelo was dispatched to find improved accommodations After spending some time at an unsuitable clapboard country house in Westport Connecticut 56 they found Bevin House a 22 room mansion in Asharoken that overlooked Long Island Sound The author aviator initially complained I wanted a hut and it s the Palace of Versailles 45 As the weeks wore on the author became invested in his project and the home would become a haven for writing the best place I have ever had anywhere in my life 57 He devoted himself to the book on mostly midnight shifts 22 usually starting at about 11 pm fueled by helpings of scrambled eggs on English muffins gin and tonics Coca Colas cigarettes and numerous visits by friends and expatriates who dropped in to see their famous countryman One of the visitors was his wife s Swiss writer paramour Denis de Rougemont who also modeled for a painting of the Little Prince lying on his stomach feet and arms extended up in the air 45 50 De Rougemont would later help Consuelo write her autobiography The Tale of the Rose as well as write his own biography of Saint Exupery While the author s personal life was frequently chaotic his creative process while writing was disciplined Christine Nelson curator of literary and historical manuscripts at the Morgan Library and Museum which had obtained Saint Exupery s original manuscript in 1968 stated On the one hand he had a clear vision for the shape tone and message of the story On the other hand he was ruthless about chopping out entire passages that just weren t quite right eventually distilling the 30 000 word manuscript accompanied by small illustrations and sketches to approximately half its original length 58 The story the curator added was created when he was an ex patriate and distraught about what was going on in his country and in the world 14 The large white Second French Empire style mansion hidden behind tall trees afforded the writer a multitude of work environments but he usually wrote at a large dining table 22 It also allowed him to alternately work on his writings and then on his sketches and watercolours for hours at a time moving his armchair and paint easel from the library towards the parlor one room at a time in search of sunlight His meditative view of sunsets at the Bevin House were incorporated in the book where the prince visits a small planet with 43 daily sunsets a planet where all that is needed to watch a sunset is move your chair a few steps 45 50 Note 6 Manuscript edit The original 140 page autograph manuscript of The Little Prince along with various drafts and trial drawings were acquired from the author s close friend Silvia Hamilton in 1968 by curator Herbert Cahoon of the Pierpont Morgan Library now The Morgan Library amp Museum in Manhattan New York City 11 59 60 It is the only known surviving handwritten draft of the complete work 61 The manuscript s pages include large amounts of the author s prose that was struck through and therefore not published as part of the first edition In addition to the manuscript several watercolour illustrations by the author are also held by the museum They were not part of the first edition The institution has marked both the 50th and 70th anniversaries of the novella s publication along with the centenary celebration of the author s birth with major exhibitions of Antoine de Saint Exupery s literary works 33 62 Physically the manuscript s onion skin media has become brittle and subject to damage Saint Exupery s handwriting is described as being doctor like verging on indecipherable 63 The story s keynote aphorism On ne voit bien qu avec le cœur L essentiel est invisible pour les yeux One sees clearly only with the heart What is essential is invisible to the eye was reworded and rewritten some 15 times before achieving its final phrasing Saint Exupery also used a Dictaphone recorder to produce oral drafts for his typist 22 59 His initial 30 000 word working manuscript was distilled to less than half its original size through laborious editing sessions Multiple versions of its many pages were created and its prose then polished over several drafts with the author occasionally telephoning friends at 2 00 a m to solicit opinions on his newly written passages 22 Many pages and illustrations were cut from the finished work as he sought to maintain a sense of ambiguity to the story s theme and messages Included among the deletions in its 17th chapter were references to locales in New York such as the Rockefeller Center and Long Island Other deleted pages described the prince s vegetarian diet and the garden on his home asteroid that included beans radishes potatoes and tomatoes but which lacked fruit trees that might have overwhelmed the prince s planetoid Deleted chapters discussed visits to other asteroids occupied by a retailer brimming with marketing phrases and an inventor whose creation could produce any object desired at a touch of its controls Likely the result of the ongoing war in Europe weighing on Saint Exupery s shoulders the author produced a sombre three page epilogue lamenting On one star someone has lost a friend on another someone is ill on another someone is at war with the story s pilot narrator noting of The Prince he sees all that For him the night is hopeless And for me his friend the night is also hopeless The draft epilogue was also omitted from the novella s printing 59 Further information Morgan exhibitions In April 2012 a Parisian auction house announced the discovery of two previously unknown draft manuscript pages that included new text 10 64 In the newly discovered material the Prince meets his first Earthling after his arrival The person he meets is an ambassador of the human spirit 10 64 The ambassador is too busy to talk saying he is searching for a missing six letter word I am looking for a six letter word that starts with G that means gargling he says Saint Exupery s text does not say what the word is but experts believe it could be guerre or war The novella thus takes a more politicized tack with an anti war sentiment as to gargle in French is an informal reference to honour which the author may have viewed as a key factor in military confrontations between nations 64 65 Dedication edit Saint Exupery met Leon Werth 1878 1955 a writer and art critic in 1931 Werth soon became Saint Exupery s closest friend outside of his Aeropostale associates Werth was an anarchist a leftist Bolshevik supporter of Jewish descent twenty two years older than Saint Exupery Saint Exupery dedicated two books to him Lettre a un otage fr Letter to a Hostage and Le Petit Prince The Little Prince and referred to Werth in three more of his works At the beginning of the Second World War while writing The Little Prince Saint Exupery lived in his downtown New York City apartment thinking of his native France and his friends Werth spent the war unobtrusively in Saint Amour his village in the Jura a mountainous region near Switzerland where he was alone cold and hungry a place that had few polite words for French refugees Werth appears in the preamble to the novella where Saint Exupery dedicates the book to him 66 To Leon WerthI ask children to forgive me for dedicating this book to a grown up I have a serious excuse this grown up is the best friend I have in the world I have another excuse this grown up can understand everything even books for children I have a third excuse he lives in France where he is hungry and cold He needs to be comforted If all these excuses are not enough then I want to dedicate this book to the child whom this grown up once was All grown ups were children first But few of them remember it So I correct my dedication To Leon Werth When he was a little boy Saint Exupery s aircraft disappeared over the Mediterranean in July 1944 The following month Werth learned of his friend s disappearance from a radio broadcast Without having yet heard of The Little Prince in November Werth discovered that Saint Exupery had published a fable the previous year in the U S which he had illustrated himself and that it was dedicated to him 67 At the end of the Second World War which Antoine de Saint Exupery did not live to see Werth said Peace without Tonio Saint Exupery isn t entirely peace Werth did not see the text for which he was so responsible until five months after his friend s death when Saint Exupery s French publisher Gallimard sent him a special edition Werth died in Paris in 1955 Illustrations edit All of the novella s simple but elegant watercolour illustrations which were integral to the story were painted by Saint Exupery He had studied architecture as a young adult but nevertheless could not be considered an artist which he self mockingly alluded to in the novella s introduction Several of his illustrations were painted on the wrong side of the delicate onion skin paper that he used his medium of choice 50 As with some of his draft manuscripts he occasionally gave away preliminary sketches to close friends and colleagues others were even recovered as crumpled balls from the floors in the cockpits he flew Note 7 Two or three original Little Prince drawings were reported in the collections of New York artist sculptor and experimental filmmaker Joseph Cornell 68 One rare original Little Prince watercolour would be mysteriously sold at a second hand book fair in Japan in 1994 and subsequently authenticated in 2007 69 70 An unrepentant lifelong doodler and sketcher Saint Exupery had for many years sketched little people on his napkins tablecloths letters to paramours and friends lined notebooks and other scraps of paper 43 45 Early figures took on a multitude of appearances engaged in a variety of tasks Some appeared as doll like figures baby puffins angels with wings and even a figure similar to that in Robert Crumb s Keep On Truckin of 1968 In a 1940 letter to a friend he sketched a character with his own thinning hair sporting a bow tie viewed as a boyish alter ego and he later gave a similar doodle to Elizabeth Reynal at his New York publisher s office 43 Most often the diminutive figure was expressed as a slip of a boy with a turned up nose lots of hair long baggy pants that were too short for him and with a long scarf that whipped in the wind Usually the boy had a puzzled expression T his boy Saint Exupery came to think of as the little prince and he was usually found standing on top of a tiny planet Most of the time he was alone sometimes walking up a path Sometimes there was a single flower on the planet 56 His characters were frequently seen chasing butterflies when asked why they did so Saint Exupery who thought of the figures as his alter egos replied that they were actually pursuing a realistic ideal 45 Saint Exupery eventually settled on the image of the young precocious child with curly blond hair an image which would become the subject of speculations as to its source One most striking illustration depicted the pilot narrator asleep beside his stranded plane prior to the prince s arrival Although images of the narrator were created for the story none survived Saint Exupery s editing process 14 To mark both the 50th and 70th anniversaries of The Little Prince s publication the Morgan Library and Museum mounted major exhibitions of Saint Exupery s draft manuscript preparatory drawings and similar materials that it had obtained earlier from a variety of sources One major source was an intimate friend of his in New York City Silvia Hamilton later Reinhardt to whom the author gave his working manuscript just prior to returning to Algiers to resume his work as a Free French Air Force pilot 33 62 71 Hamilton s black poodle Mocha is believed to have been the model for the Little Prince s sheep with a Raggedy Ann type doll helping as a stand in for the prince 61 Additionally a pet boxer Hannibal that Hamilton gave to him as a gift may have been the model for the story s desert fox and its tiger 47 A museum representative stated that the novella s final drawings were lost 33 Seven unpublished drawings for the book were also displayed at the museum s exhibit including fearsome looking baobab trees ready to destroy the prince s home asteroid as well as a picture of the story s narrator the forlorn pilot sleeping next to his aircraft That image was likely omitted to avoid giving the story a literalness that would distract its readers according to one of the Morgan Library s staff 33 According to Christine Nelson curator of literary and historical manuscripts at the Morgan t he image evokes Saint Exupery s own experience of awakening in an isolated mysterious place You can almost imagine him wandering without much food and water and conjuring up the character of the Little Prince 14 Another reviewer noted that the author chose the best illustrations to maintain the ethereal tone he wanted his story to exude Choosing between ambiguity and literal text and illustrations Saint Exupery chose in every case to obfuscate 72 Not a single drawing of the story s narrator pilot survived the author s editing process he was very good at excising what was not essential to his story 14 In 2001 Japanese researcher Yoshitsugu Kunugiyama surmised that the cover illustration Saint Exupery painted for Le Petit Prince deliberately depicted a stellar arrangement created to celebrate the author s own centennial of birth According to Kunugiyama the cover art chosen from one of Saint Exupery s watercolour illustrations contained the planets Saturn and Jupiter plus the star Aldebaran arranged as an isosceles triangle a celestial configuration which occurred in the early 1940s and which he likely knew would next reoccur in the year 2000 73 Saint Exupery possessed superior mathematical skills and was a master celestial navigator a vocation he had studied at Salon de Provence with the Armee de l Air French Air Force Post publication edit Stacy Schiff one of Saint Exupery s principal biographers wrote of him and his most famous work rarely have an author and a character been so intimately bound together as Antoine de Saint Exupery and his Little Prince and remarking of their dual fates the two remain tangled together twin innocents who fell from the sky 74 Another noted that the novella s mystique was enhanced by the parallel between author and subject imperious innocents whose lives consist of equal parts flight and failed love who fall to earth are little impressed with what they find here and ultimately disappear without a trace 75 Only weeks after his novella was first published in April 1943 despite his wife s pleadings and before Saint Exupery had received any of its royalties he never would the author aviator joined the Free French Forces He would remain immensely proud of The Little Prince and almost always kept a personal copy with him which he often read to others during the war 74 Further information Antoine de Saint Exupery Disappearance As part of a 32 ship military convoy he voyaged to North Africa where he rejoined his old squadron to fight with the Allies resuming his work as a reconnaissance pilot despite the best efforts of his friends colleagues and fellow airmen who could not prevent him from flying Note 8 He had previously escaped death by the barest of margins a number of times but was then lost in action during a July 1944 spy mission from the moonscapes of Corsica to the continent in preparation for the Allied invasion of occupied France only three weeks before the Liberation of Paris 45 Note 9 Reception edit Many of the book s initial reviewers were flummoxed by the fable s multi layered story line and its morals 9 perhaps expecting a significantly more conventional story from one of France s leading writers Its publisher had anticipated such reactions to a work that fell neither exclusively into a children s nor adults literature classification The New York Times reviewer wrote shortly before its publication What makes a good children s book The Little Prince which is a fascinating fable for grown ups is of conjectural value for boys and girls of 6 8 and 10 It may very well be a book on the order of Gulliver s Travels something that exists on two levels Can you clutter up a narrative with paradox and irony and still hold the interest of 8 and 10 year olds Notwithstanding the story s duality the review added that major portions of the story would probably still capture the imagination of any child 78 Addressing whether it was written for children or adults Reynal amp Hitchcock promoted it ambiguously saying that as far as they were concerned it s the new book by Saint Exupery adding to its dustcover There are few stories which in some way in some degree change the world forever for their readers This is one 59 Others were not shy in offering their praise Austin Stevens also of The New York Times stated that the story possessed large portions of the Saint Exupery philosophy and poetic spirit In a way it s a sort of credo 56 P L Travers author of the Mary Poppins series of children books wrote in a New York Herald Tribune review The Little Prince will shine upon children with a sidewise gleam It will strike them in some place that is not the mind and glow there until the time comes for them to comprehend it 59 79 British journalist Neil Clark in The American Conservative in 2009 offered an expansive view of Saint Exupery s overall work by commenting that it provides a bird s eye view of humanity and contains some of the most profound observations on the human condition ever written and that the author s novella doesn t merely express his contempt for selfishness and materialism but shows how life should be lived 80 The book enjoyed modest initial success residing on The New York Times Best Seller list for only two weeks 63 as opposed to his earlier 1939 English translation Wind Sand and Stars which remained on the same list for nearly five months 43 As a cultural icon the novella regularly draws new readers and reviewers selling almost two million copies annually and also spawning numerous adaptations Modern day references to The Little Prince include one from The New York Times that describes it as abstract and fabulistic 62 Literary translations and printed editions editSee also The Little Prince Translations nbsp Two editions of The Little Prince lower left in French and upper right in English artwork not shown in the Saint Exupery permanent exhibit at the French Air and Space Museum Le Bourget Paris 2008 nbsp Some of the more than 250 translations of The Little Prince these editions displayed at the National Museum of Ethnology Osaka Japan 2013 As of April 2017 81 The Little Prince became the world s most translated non religious book into 300 languages together with Italian novel The Adventures of Pinocchio Katherine Woods 1886 1968 82 produced the first English translation of 1943 which was later joined by several other English translations Her translation contained some errors 83 84 Mistranslations aside one reviewer noted that Wood s almost poetic English translation has long been admired by many Little Prince lovers who have spanned generations it stayed in print until 2001 as her work maintains Saint Exupery s story telling spirit and charm if not its literal accuracy 72 As of 2019 update at least seven additional English translations have been published 85 Irene Testot Ferry ISBN 0 7567 5189 6 1st ed 1995 T V F Cuffe ISBN 0 14 118562 7 1st ed 1995 Alan Wakeman ISBN 1 86205 066 X 1st ed 1995 86 Richard Howard ISBN 0 15 204804 9 1st ed 2000 6 Ros and Chloe Schwartz ISBN 9781907360015 1st ed 2010 87 David Wilkinson bilingual English French student edition ISBN 0 9567215 9 1 1st ed 2011 Michael Morpurgo ISBN 978 1784874179 1st ed 2018 Guillain Mejane translated via the PoesIA project a convolutional neural network ISBN 9798621081355 1st ed 2020 The Little Prince was also translated by Bonnie Greer for a BBC radio adaptation in 1999 Bonnie Greer BBC Radio 4 broadcast 25 December 1999 2 Each translation approaches the essence of the original with an individual style and focus 88 89 Le Petit Prince is often used as a beginner s book for French language students and several bilingual and trilingual translations have been published As of 2017 it has been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects including Sardinian 90 the constructed international languages of Esperanto and Klingon and the Congolese language Alur as well as being printed in Braille for blind readers It is also often used as an introduction into endangered varieties with very few speakers like Maya 2001 Aromanian 2006 or Banat Bulgarian 2017 It is one of the few modern books to have been translated into Latin as Regulus vel Pueri soli sapiunt 91 92 in 1961 by Auguste Haury 1910 2002 and as Regulus in 2010 by Alexander Winkler A translation of the book was published as U cc priinsaz in Skolt Sami translated by Skolt Sami author Kati Claudia Fofonoff in 2000 a language spoken in Sapmi Which at the time was spoken by less than 500 people making it the smallest language with a translation of Le Petit Prince In 2005 the book was also translated into Toba Qom an indigenous language of northern Argentina as So Shiyaxauolec Nta a It was the first book translated into that language since the New Testament It was also translated to a northern Italian dialect Vogherese Anthropologist Florence Tola commenting on the suitability of the work for Toban translation said there is nothing strange when the Little Prince speaks with a snake or a fox and travels among the stars it fits perfectly into the Toba mythology 93 Linguists have compared the many translations and even editions of the same translation for style composition titles wordings and genealogy As an example as of 2011 there are approximately 47 translated editions of The Little Prince in Korean Note 10 and there are also about 50 different translated editions in Chinese produced in both mainland China and Taiwan Many of them are titled Prince From a Star while others carry the book title that is a direct translation of The Little Prince 95 By studying the use of word phrasings nouns mistranslations and other content in newer editions linguists can identify the source material for each version whether it was derived from the original French typescript or from its first translation into English by Katherine Woods or from a number of adapted sources 72 96 The first edition to be published in France Saint Exupery s birthplace was printed by his regular publisher in that country Gallimard only after 8 the German occupation of France ended 97 Note 11 Prior to France s liberation new printings of Saint Exupery s works were made available only by means of secret print runs 99 100 such as that of February 1943 when 1 000 copies of an underground version of his best seller Pilote de guerre describing the German invasion of France were covertly printed in Lyon 101 Commemorating the novella s 70th anniversary of publication in conjunction with the 2014 Morgan Exhibition Editions Gallimard released a complete facsimile edition of Saint Exupery s original handwritten manuscript entitled Le Manuscrit du Petit Prince d Antoine de Saint Exupery Facsimile et Transcription edited by Alban Cerisier and Delphine Lacroix The book in its final form has also been republished in 70th anniversary editions by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in English and by Gallimard in French 61 A Portuguese translation of the novella in 2007 edited by Eidouro Grafica e Editora Ltda and presented at the XIII Biannual Book Fair of Rio de Janeiro Brazil holds the Guinness World Record for world s largest book published 102 The impressive tome measures 2 01 m 6 ft 7 in high and 3 08 m 10 ft 1 in wide when open containing 128 pages It has been translated into minority languages such as the Irish language by Eabhloid publishers in 2015 Spanish editions edit After being translated by Bonifacio del Carril The Little Prince was first published in Spanish as El principito in September 1951 by the Argentine publisher Emece Editores 103 104 Other Spanish editions have also been created in 1956 the Mexican publisher Diana released its first edition of the book El pequeno principe a Spanish translation by Jose Maria Frances 8 Another edition of the work was produced in Spain in 1964 and four years later in 1968 editions were also produced in Colombia and Cuba with translation by Luis Fernandez in 1961 Chile had its first translation in 1981 Peru in February 1985 Venezuela in 1986 and Uruguay in 1990 103 105 106 The book is among the few books in the Castilian cant Gaceria 107 as El pitoche engrullon or the Madrid slang Cheli 108 as El chaval principeras Bavarian editions edit The Little Prince has an adaptation for the inhabitants of Bavaria Austria and South Tyrol covering for a large variety of the Bavarian language The book was adapted by Johannes Limmer and published in 2019 It is called Da gloane Prinz and contains the original pictures of Saint Exupery 109 Chinese editions edit The Little Prince is one of the most popular and beloved foreign works of literature in China It is reported that there are more than 70 Chinese translations of the novella 110 According to the official website of the Succession Antoine de Saint Exupery d Agay the version translated by Li Jihong which was published in January 2013 sold over two million copies in less than four years 111 Cheng Li chun published a translation in Taiwan in May 2022 112 Extension of copyrights in France edit Due to Saint Exupery s wartime death his estate received the civil code designation Mort pour la France English Died for France which was applied by the French government in 1948 Amongst the law s provisions is an increase of 30 years in the duration of copyright 113 thus most of Saint Exupery s creative works will not fall out of copyright status in France for an extra 30 years 114 75 The book will remain under copyright in the US until 2039 115 116 and will remain in copyright in France until 2033 or 2045 117 118 Adaptations and sequels edit nbsp A short 45 RPM demo recording by Richard Burton narrating The Little Prince with music by Mort Garson excerpted from a longer 33 RPM vinyl record album Burton won the Best Children s Album Grammy Award for his narration 1975 nbsp A typeface inspired by The Little Prince designed by Graphic Designer You LuMain article List of The Little Prince adaptations The wide appeal of Saint Exupery s novella has led to it being adapted into numerous forms over the decades Additionally the title character himself has been adapted in a number of promotional roles including as a symbol of environmental protection by the Toshiba Group 119 He has also been portrayed as a virtual ambassador in a campaign against smoking employed by the Veolia Energy Services Group 119 and his name was used as an episode title in the TV series Lost The multi layered fable styled as a children s story with its philosophical elements of irony and paradox directed towards adults allowed The Little Prince to be transferred into various other art forms and media including Vinyl record cassette and CD as early as 1954 several audio editions in multiple languages were created on vinyl record cassette tape and much later as a CD with one English version narrated by Richard Burton Radio broadcasts radio plays were produced in the United States with Raymond Burr in 1956 and most recently in the United Kingdom on BBC in a 1999 dramatization by Bonnie Greer produced by Pam Fraser Solomon 120 Film and TV the story has been created as a movie as early as 1966 in a Soviet Lithuanian production with its first English movie version in 1974 produced in the United States featuring Bob Fosse who choreographed his own dance sequence as The Snake and Gene Wilder as The Fox In 1987 a Turkish version was adopted into a direct to video film by Remzi Aydin Jonturk Starting in 2010 a three season long animated series was made that expanded upon the book In 2015 a major The Little Prince 2015 3D film combining computer animation and stop motion animation was released as The Little Prince in English and Le Petit Prince in French 121 122 A 2D animated series was be released in 2023 123 Stage The Little Prince s popular appeal has lent itself to widespread dramatic adaptations in live stage productions at both the professional and amateur levels It has become a staple of numerous stage companies with dozens of productions created Graphic novel a new printed version of the story in comic book form by Joann Sfar in 2008 drew widespread notice Pop Up Book a new printed edition using the original text as translated by Richard Howard in 2000 and St Exupery s original drawings as the basis for elaborate pop up illustrations was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN 978 0 547 26069 3 1st ed 2009 Opera and ballet several operatic and ballet versions of the novella have been produced as early as the Russian Malen kiy prints by Lev Knipper first performed in 1978 with a symphony score composed in the 1960s Concert music Concert Suite on Le Petit Prince for solo violin solo harp and chamber orchestra by Jean Pascal Beintus premiered by the DSO Berlin Kent Nagano 2008 nbsp One of numerous stage adaptations of Saint Exupery s child and adult fable this one at the University of Minnesota s Rarig Center Proscenium 2010 Anime a Japanese animation TV series was made in 1978 Hoshi no Ōjisama Petit Prince containing 39 episodes that do not follow the plot of the original novella Each episode contains an adventure on a planet usually Earth where the little prince meets different people each time and makes friends Some key elements of the original story have been kept Namely the little prince s golden hair his scarf laughter his planet name B 612 the rose and the three volcanoes The anime had been aired and dubbed into several languages including Arabic English French German Italian Polish Portuguese and Spanish The English dub s title is The Adventures of the Little Prince 124 Other a number of musical references game boards and a video game version of the novella have been released In 1997 Jean Pierre Davidts wrote what could be considered a sequel to The Little Prince entitled Le petit prince retrouve The Little Prince Returns 125 In this version the shipwrecked narrator encounters the little prince on a lone island the prince has returned to seek help against a tiger who threatens his sheep 126 Another sequel titled The Return of the Little Prince was written by former actress Ysatis de Saint Simone niece of Consuelo de Saint Exupery 127 Honours and legacy editMuseums and exhibits edit Morgan exhibitions edit New York City s Morgan Library amp Museum mounted three showings of the original manuscript with its first showing in 1994 on the occasion of the story s 50th anniversary of publication followed by one celebrating the author s centennial of birth in 2000 with its last and largest exhibition in 2014 honouring the novella s 70th anniversary The 1994 exhibition displayed the original manuscript translated by the museum s art historian Ruth Kraemer 128 as well as a number of the story s watercolours drawn from the Morgan s permanent collection Also included with the exhibits was a 20 minute video it produced My Grown Up Friend Saint Exupery narrated by actor Macaulay Culkin Note 12 along with photos of the author correspondence to Consuelo a signed first edition of The Little Prince and several international editions in other languages 92 In January 2014 the museum mounted a third significantly larger exhibition centered on the novella s creative origins and its history The major showing of The Little Prince A New York Story celebrated the story s 70th anniversary 62 It examined both the novella s New York origins and Saint Exupery s creative processes looking at his story and paintings as they evolved from conceptual germ form into progressively more refined versions and finally into the book s highly polished first edition It was as if visitors were able to look over his shoulder as he worked according to curator Christine Nelson Funding for the 2014 exhibition was provided by several benefactors including The Florence Gould Foundation The Caroline Macomber Fund Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Air France and the New York State Council on the Arts 61 The new more comprehensive exhibits included 35 watercolor paintings and 25 of the work s original 140 handwritten manuscript pages 130 with his almost illegible handwriting penciled onto Fidelity watermarked onion skin paper The autograph manuscript pages included struck through content that was not published in the novella s first edition As well some 43 preparatory pencil drawings that evolved into the story s illustrations accompanied the manuscript many of them dampened by moisture that rippled its onion skin media 131 132 One painting depicted the prince floating above Earth wearing a yellow scarf was wrinkled having been crumpled up and thrown away before being retrieved for preservation 47 Another drawing loaned from Silvia Hamilton s grandson depicted the diminutive prince observing a sunset on his home asteroid two other versions of the same drawing were also displayed alongside it allowing visitors to observe the drawing s progressive refinement 59 The initial working manuscript and sketches displayed side by side with pages from the novella s first edition allowed viewers to observe the evolution of Saint Exupery s work Shortly before departing the United States to rejoin his reconnaissance squadron in North Africa in its struggle against Nazi Germany Saint Exupery appeared unexpectedly in military uniform at the door of his intimate friend Silvia Hamilton He presented his working manuscript and its preliminary drawings in a rumpled paper bag placed onto her home s entryway table offering I d like to give you something splendid but this is all I have 62 71 79 132 133 Several of the manuscript pages bore accidental coffee stains and cigarette scorch marks 47 The Morgan later acquired the 30 000 word manuscript from Hamilton in 1968 with its pages becoming the centrepieces of its exhibitions on Saint Exupery s work The 2014 exhibition also borrowed artifacts and the author s personal letters from the Saint Exupery d Gay Estate Note 13 as well as materials from other private collections libraries and museums in the United States and France 134 Running concurrent with its 2014 exhibition the Morgan held a series of lectures concerts and film showings including talks by Saint Exupery biographer Stacy Schiff writer Adam Gopnik and author Peter Sis on his new work The Pilot and The Little Prince The Life of Antoine de Saint Exupery 133 135 Additional exhibits included photos of Saint Exupery by Life photojournalist John Phillips other photos of the author s New York area homes 61 an Orson Welles screenplay of the novella the filmmaker attempted to produce as a movie in collaboration with Walt Disney 43 62 Note 14 as well as one of the few signed copies extant of The Little Prince gifted to Hamilton s 12 year old son Note 15 Permanent exhibits edit In Le Bourget Paris France the Air and Space Museum of France established a special exhibit honoring Saint Exupery and which displays many of his literary creations Among them are various early editions of The Little Prince Remnants of the Free French Air Force P 38 Lightning in which he disappeared and which were recovered from the Mediterranean in 2004 are also on view In Hakone Japan there was the Museum of The Little Prince featuring outdoor squares and sculptures such as the B 612 Asteroid the Lamplighter Square and a sculpture of the Little Prince The museum grounds additionally featured a Little Prince Park along with the Consuelo Rose Garden The museum permanently closed in March 2023 136 In Gyeonggi do South Korea there is an imitation French village Petite France which has adapted the story elements of The Little Prince into its architecture and monuments There are several sculptures of the story s characters and the village also offers overnight housing in some of the French style homes Featured are the history of The Little Prince an art gallery and a small amphitheatre situated in the middle of the village for musicians and other performances The enterprise s director stated that in 2009 the village received a half million visitors 94 137 138 Special exhibitions edit nbsp The Little Prince as part of a street art project in Funchal Madeira In 1996 the Danish sculptor Jens Galschiot unveiled an artistic arrangement consisting of seven blocks of granite asteroids floating in a circle around a 2 metre tall planet Earth The artistic universe was populated by bronze sculpture figures that the little prince met on his journeys As in the book the prince discovers that the essential is invisible to the eye and only by the heart can you really see The work was completed at the start of 1996 and placed in the central square of Fuglebjerg Denmark 139 but was later stolen from an exhibition in Billund in 2011 140 During 2009 in Sao Paulo Brazil the giant Oca Art Exhibition Centre presented The Little Prince as part of The Year of France and The Little Prince The displays covered over 10 000 square metres on four floors examining Saint Exupery The Little Prince and their philosophies as visitors passed through theme areas of the desert different worlds stars and the cosmos The ground floor of the exhibit area was laid out as a huge map of the routes flown by the author and Aeropostale in South America and around the world Also included was a full scale replica of his Caudron Simoun crashed in a simulated Sahara Desert 141 142 143 In 2012 the Catalan architect Jan Baca unveiled a sculpture in Terrassa Catalonia showing the Little Prince along with the sentence It is only with the heart that one can see rightly what is essential is invisible to the eye 144 In February 2022 nearly eight decades after it was written The Little Prince arrived in Paris The exhibit began on February 17 and ended on June 26 It contained 600 items including photographs poems and newspaper clippings relating to The Little Prince 145 Places edit Playground edit nbsp Sculpture of the lamplighter in a story playground themed after The Little Prince in Holon IsraelOne of the story playgrounds a series of playgrounds themed after famous children s stories in Holon Israel is themed after The Little Prince It features sculptures and play structures depicting scenes and characters from the book Schools edit L ecole Le Petit Prince is the public elementary school in the small community of Genech in northern France dedicated in 1994 upon the merger of two former schools With nine classrooms and a library its building overlooks the village s Place Terre des Hommes 146 a square also named in tribute to Saint Exupery s 1939 philosophical memoir Terre des hommes A K 6 elementary school on Avro Road in Maple Ontario Canada was also opened in 1994 as L ecole elementaire catholique Le Petit Prince Its enrollment expanded from 30 students in its first year to some 325 children by 2014 One of Saint Exupery s colourful paintings of the prince is found on its website s welcome page 147 Avenue edit In southern Brazil in the city of Florianopolis there is the Avenida Pequeno Principe Little Prince Avenue in Portuguese whose name is a tribute to Saint Exupery who passed through the city during his aviator career an event that became part of the local culture 148 At 972 Fifth Avenue in New York City a bronze statue was unveiled of the Little Prince by French Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs Catherine Colonna in September 2023 The project to create the sculpture was initiated by the American Society of Le Souvenir Francais in partnership with the Antoine de Saint Exupery Youth Foundation The sculpture sits outside the headquarters of the Cultural Services of the French Embassy overlooking the pedestrians on Fifth Avenue The four foot tall sculpture created by Jean Marc de Pas was carved from clay and cast in bronze in one single piece in his studio in Normandy 149 Insignia and awards edit nbsp The fighter jet insignia of the GR I 33 fr bearing an image of the Little Prince at topPrior to its decommissioning in 2010 the GR I 33 fr later renamed as the 1 33 Belfort Squadron one of the French Air Force squadrons Saint Exupery flew with adopted the image of the Little Prince as part of the squadron and tail insignia of its Dassault Mirage fighter jets 150 Some of the fastest jets in the world were flown with The Prince gazing over their pilots shoulders The Little Prince Literary Award for Persian fiction by writers under the age of 15 commemorating the title of Saint Exupery s famous work was created in Iran by the Cheragh e Motale eh Literary Foundation In 2012 some 250 works by young authors were submitted for first stage review according to the society s secretary Maryam Sistani with the selection of the best three writers from 30 finalists being conducted in Tehran that September 151 152 Several other Little Prince Awards have also been established in Europe meant to promote achievement and excellence in a variety of fields such as in assistance to autistic children child literacy children s literature by adults Puppetry theatre and theatre arts 153 154 155 Numismatics and philatelic edit Before France adopted the euro as its currency Saint Exupery and drawings from The Little Prince were on the 50 franc banknote the artwork was by Swiss designer Roger Pfund 74 156 Among the anti counterfeiting measures on the banknote was micro printed text from Le Petit Prince visible with a strong magnifying glass 157 Additionally a 100 franc commemorative coin was also released in 2000 with Saint Exupery s image on its obverse and that of the Little Prince on its reverse 158 In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the writer s untimely death Israel issued a stamp honoring Saint Ex and The Little Prince in 1994 159 Philatelic tributes have been printed in at least 24 other countries as of 2011 160 Astronomy edit The B612 Foundation is a private foundation created to track Near Earth objects that might pose a threat to Earth and is dedicated to protecting the planet from asteroid strikes similar to the Tunguska event of 1908 The private foundation was founded by a group of U S scientists and astronauts including Clark Chapman Piet Hut Rusty Schweickart and Ed Lu in October 2002 The non profit organization is named in honour of the prince s home asteroid 161 An asteroid discovered in 1975 2578 Saint Exupery was also named after the author of The Little Prince 162 Another asteroid discovered in 1993 was named 46610 Besixdouze which is French for B six twelve The asteroid s number 46610 becomes B612 in hexadecimal notation B 612 was the name of the prince s home asteroid In 2003 a small asteroid moon Petit Prince discovered earlier in 1998 was named in part after The Little Prince 163 Professional wrestling edit French professional wrestler Daniel Dubail was billed as Le Petit Prince 164 Pakistani British professional wrestler Mohammed Allam was billed as The Little Prince 165 The Little Prince Day edit Since 2020 June 29 is International Little Prince Day This date was chosen to commemorate the birth of Antoine de Saint Exupery which occurred on June 29 1900 The Antoine de Saint Exupery Foundation started the initiative striving to promote the humanist values carried by the book published in 1943 Mark Osborne was one of the first personalities to participate in the Little Prince Day 2020 166 See also edit nbsp Children s literature portal nbsp Speculative fiction portal nbsp Novels portal nbsp France portalList of The Little Prince adaptations a listing of The Little Prince story adapted into various media The Little Prince 1974 film a 1974 musical film directed by Stanley Donen The Little Prince play a theatrical adaptation The Little Prince opera an opera in two acts by Rachel Portman to an English libretto by Nicholas Wright The Adventures of The Little Prince TV series an anime series The Little Prince and the Aviator a 1981 musical theatre adaptation Eloise at the Plaza a 2003 TV film in which many references to The Little Prince can be identified The Little Prince TV series a 2010 TV series The Little Prince 2015 film a 2015 animated film directed by Mark Osborne Le Monde s 100 Books of the Century Invisible Essence The Little Prince a 2018 documentary film about the bookNotes edit Note that although Saint Exupery s regular French publisher Gallimard lists Le Petit Prince as being published in 1946 that is apparently a legalistic interpretation possibly designed to allow for an extra year of the novella s copyright protection period and is based on Gallimard s explanation that the book was only sold starting in 1946 Other sources such as LePetitPrince com 8 record the first Librairie Gallimard printing of 12 250 copies as occurring on 30 November 1945 The Antoine de Saint Exupery Foundation estimates an additional 80 million copies of the story in audio video formats have been sold worldwide 13 The plane Saint Exupery was flying when he crashed at high speed in the Sahara was a Caudron C 630 Simoun Serial Number 7042 with the French registration F ANRY F being the international designator for France and the remainder chosen by the author to represent ANtoine de saint exupeRY According to Hoffman Anne Morrow Lindbergh s fascination with Saint Ex was transparent in all she wrote about him as might be expected when one aviator writer romantic is writing about another Saint Exupery visited with Anne for two days but spoke with Charles Lindbergh who arrived home late for an hour Besides their vast differences on how Adolf Hitler and the European conflict should be treated Charles did not speak French and Saint Exupery did not speak English well Their discussions passed through Anne s meager French were somewhat muted However the excited conversation between Antoine and Anne soon blossomed like monster flowers with each finishing the other s sentences Ironically while Saint Exupery would later campaign for an early US entry into the war Lindbergh strongly opposed American involvement in the European war and wanted an arrangement with Hitler like Stalin s The meeting between the two future P 38 war pilots was termed less than a rousing success Moreover Charles later became unhappy about his wife s vast esteem for the French adventurer Another source states that it was co publisher Curtice Hitchcock who viewed the author sketches and doodles at a supper party one evening and then suggested writing a children s book to Saint Exupery 56 An additional likely reason for the publisher s encouragement P L Travers the author of the popular children s books series on Mary Poppins was at that time working on her third installment that would be published by a Reynal amp Hitchcock competitor in 1943 the same year as The Little Prince Saint Exupery s U S publisher pressed him to have a competing children s book on the market for Christmas 1942 Saint Exupery was 43 the year the fable was published and 44 the year he died He originally wrote the story with 43 sunsets but posthumous editions often quote 44 sunsets possibly in tribute On one of Saint Exupery s flights his aircraft engine started failing His aircraft mechanic onboard later recalled that Saint Exupery was completely calm Saint Ex simply started doodling cartoons which he handed back to me with a big grin 24 Following one of his crashes in a sophisticated single pilot spy aircraft that resulted in him being grounded Saint Exupery spared no effort in his campaign to return to active combat flying duty He utilized all his contacts and powers of persuasion to overcome his age and physical handicap barriers which would have completely barred an ordinary patriot from serving as a war pilot Instrumental in his reinstatement was an agreement he proposed to John Phillips a fluently bilingual Life Magazine correspondent in February 1944 where Saint Exupery committed to write and I ll donate what I do to you for your publication if you get me reinstated into my squadron 76 Phillips later met with a high level U S Army Air Forces press officer in Italy Colonel John Reagan McCrary who conveyed the Life Magazine request to General Eaker Eaker s approval for Saint Exupery s return to flying status would be made not through favoritism but through exception The brutalized French it was noted would cut a German s throat probably with more relish than anybody Various sources state that his final flight was either his seventh eight ninth or even his tenth covert reconnaissance mission He volunteered for almost every such proposed mission submitted to his squadron and protested fiercely after being grounded following his second sortie which ended with a demolished P 38 His connections in high places plus a publishing agreement with Life Magazine were instrumental in having the grounding order against him lifted 77 For some time Saint Exupery s friends colleagues and compatriots were actively working to keep the aging accident prone author grounded out of harm s way In 2009 the director of the Village Petite France Little France Village in South Korea stated that there were 350 different editions of Orin Wanja The Little Prince in Korean including editions in Manga 94 A further complication occurred due to Saint Exupery s opinions of French General Charles de Gaulle whom he held in low regard Even though both men were working to free France from Nazi occupation Saint Exupery saw de Gaulle with apprehension and consequently provided no public support to the General In response de Gaulle struck back at the author by implying that the author was a German supporter and then had all his literary works banned in France s North African colonies Saint Exupery s writings were with irony banned simultaneously in both occupied France and Free France 98 74 Although Macaulay Culkin had been earning approximately 8 million per film project at that point he provided his narration to the museum for nothing and we are grateful for his services according to a Morgan representative 129 The d Gay portion of the estate refers to Saint Exupery s married sister Orson Welles purchased the movie rights to the story the day after reading the novella in a single sitting 61 Welles was unable to persuade Walt Disney to assist him in turning his screenplay of the story into a film with Disney fearing such a screen release would upstage his own screen adaptations of other stories The signed copy is inscribed For Stephen to whom I have already spoken about The Little Prince and who perhaps will be his friend 58 References edit de Saint Exupery amp Woods 1943 a b genome ch bbc co uk accessed 9 October 2021 de Saint Exupery amp Cuffe 2006 de Saint Exupery amp Morpurgo 2018 de Saint Exupery amp Testot Ferry 2018 a b Definitive Translation of Le Petit Prince New Straits Times 20 September 2000 Accessed via Gale General OneFile 9 November 2011 Gale Document Number GALE A65327245 de Saint Exupery amp Norminton 2019 a b c d e LePetitePrince net website 2011 Le Petit Prince 1945 Gallimard Archived 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine lepetitprince net website Retrieved 26 October 2011 a b c d e Gopnik Adam The Strange Triumph of The Little Prince The New Yorker 29 April 2014 Retrieved 5 May 2014 a b c Adamson Thomas Little Prince Discovery Offers New Insight Into Classic Book Associated Press via TimesTribune com 3 May 2012 Retrieved 6 January 2013 Bell Susan 2008 I Shot French Literary Hero Out Of The Sky The Scotsman Johnston Press Digital Publishing 17 March 2008 Retrieved 4 August 2009 a b Van Gelder Lawrence 2000 Footlights Celestial Traveller The New York Times 9 May 2000 Goding Stowell C 1972 Le Petit Prince de Saint Exupery by George Borglum review The French Review American Association of Teachers of French October 1972 Vol 46 No 1 pp 244 245 Retrieved 26 October 2011 subscription Listening to The Little Prince Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Paris Antoine de Saint Exupery Foundation Retrieved from TheLittlePrince com website 6 January 2013 a b c d e f Miller Jennifer Why The Little Prince Is Actually A New York Classic Fast Company Retrieved from FastCoCreate com on 2 February 2014 The Little Prince becomes world s most translated book excluding religious works CTV News 7 April 2017 Retrieved 30 December 2018 a b Shattuck Kathryn 2005 A Prince Eternal The New York Times 3 April 2005 Mun Delsalle Y Jean 2011 Guardians of the Future The Peak Magazine March 2011 pg 63 Archived 2 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Naina Dey 14 January 2010 Cult of subtle satire The Statesman Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 Retrieved 5 February 2010 Shmoop Editorial Team The Little Prince Tone Shmoop com website 11 November 2008 Retrieved 7 April 2014 The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint Exupery Danuscript wordpress com website 4 August 2012 Retrieved 7 April 2014 Chrisler Ben A Dimension Of Flight THE WINGED LIFE A Portrait of Antoine de Saint Exupery Poet and Airman review The New York Times 10 July 1955 a b c d e f g Galantie Lewis Antoine de Saint Exupery The Atlantic Monthly April 1947 pp 133 141 Retrieved 6 April 2014 Van Gelder Robert A Talk With Antoine de Saint Exupery The French Poet Pilot and Philosopher Describes His Methods of Work The New York Times 19 January 1941 p BR2 a b c James Barry ANTOINE DE SAINT EXUPERY The Life and Death of the Little Prince The New York Times 28 October 1993 Webster 1993 p 246 Breaux Adele June 1971 Saint Exupery in America 1942 1943 a memoir Fairleigh Dickinson University Press ISBN 9780838676103 Schiff 2006 Webster 1993 pp 251 260 Schiff 1996 p 258 a b Schiff 1994 p 256 267 Schiff 1996 p 263 Brittain John 22 June 2015 The International Atomic Energy Agency Linking Nuclear Science and Diplomacy Science and Diplomacy a b c d e f g Reif Rita A Charming Prince Turns 50 His Luster Intact The New York Times 19 September 1993 Saint Exupery Antoine de 1942 Airman s Odyssey Reynal amp Hitchcock 1942 Webster 1993 pp 248 251 Saint Exupery Consuelo de 2003 Schiff 1996 p 378 Brown 2004 Lapointe Josee Le Petit Prince et le Quebec Montreal La Presse 13 September 2013 a b Dunning 1989 a b Hoffman William 1998 A Flight To Eternity Doric Column 16 December 1998 Retrieved 16 October 2011 Study Guide The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint Exupery Minor Themes TheBestNotes com website 14 May 2008 Retrieved 19 May 2014 a b c d e Popova Maria Antoine de Saint Exupery s Original Watercolors for The Little Prince BrainPickings org website 3 February 2014 Retrieved 25 March 2014 Saint Exupery Antoine de 1965 A Sense of Life Funk amp Wagnalls 1965 pg 37 a b c d e f g Schiff Stacy 30 May 1993 A Grounded Soul Saint Exupery in New York The New York Times Retrieved 22 October 2011 Webster 1993 pp 238 242 a b c d Maloney Jennifer The Little Prince lands at the Morgan Library A New Exhibit Explores the Author s Years Writing in New York The Wall Street Journal website 23 January 2014 Retrieved 24 January 2014 Jennifer Dunning 12 May 1989 In the Footsteps of Saint Exupery The New York Times Schiff 1996 p 380 a b c d e f Cotsalas Valerie 10 September 2000 The Little Prince Born in Asharoken The New York Times Retrieved 10 August 2009 a b c Schiff 2006 p 379 Brown Hannibal The Country Where the Stones Fly Visions of a Little Prince Archived from the original documentary research on 9 November 2006 Retrieved 30 October 2006 Chesterton friends of website Dynastie universitaire Un nomme Chesterton Le blog des amis de Gilbert Keith Chesterton Retrieved 29 September 2011 in French Ville de Quebec Site officiel de la Ville de Quebec Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 29 September 2011 in French Schiff 1996 p 278 a b c d Stevens Austin Notes on Books and Authors Saint Exupery on Planets The New York Times 6 December 1942 Breaux Adele 1971 Saint Exupery in America 1942 1943 a memoir Rutherford New Jersey Fairleigh Dickinson University Press p 85 ISBN 9780838676103 OCLC 164146 a b Dunne Carey The Making Of Beloved Children s Book The Little Prince Fast Company Retrieved from FastCoDesign com 2 February 2014 a b c d e f Castronovo Val Made in the U S A The Morgan Library pays tribute to The Little Prince a book how fitting Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine TheThreeTomatoes com website Retrieved 25 March 2014 MacFarquhar Neil Herbert Cahoon 82 Curator at Morgan Library obituary The New York Times 17 May 2000 Retrieved 26 February 2014 a b c d e f The Little Prince is the Subject of a Major Exhibit at the Morgan Library FineBooksMagazine com website 3 December 2013 Retrieved 25 March 2014 a b c d e f Rothstein Edward 70 Years on Magic Concocted in Exile The Morgan Explores the Origins of The Little Prince The New York Times website 23 January 2014 published in print 24 January 2014 p C25 New York edition Retrieved 24 January 2014 a b Un petit prince a New York Montreal La Presse 27 January 2014 Retrieved 12 February 2014 a b c Alison Flood 4 May 2012 Unseen Le Petit Prince Pages Land For Auction The Guardian Retrieved 4 May 2012 Thomas Adamson 2 May 2012 Little Prince Discovery Offers New Insight Associated Press Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 Retrieved 3 May 2012 Antoine de Saint Exupery The Little Prince New York City Reynal amp Hitchcock 1943 Heure 2006 p 272 Bourdon David 1967 The Enigmatic Collector of Utopia Parkway Life 15 December 1967 pg 63 Frey Christopher Read Your Own Adventure The Globe and Mail 7 April 2006 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2007 Original Little Prince Drawing Found in Japan CBC Arts Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 4 April 2007 a b Runcie Charlotte The story of The Little Prince and the Big Apple The Telegraph website 24 January 2014 Retrieved 24 January 2014 a b c Long Nick 2012 On Translation and The Little Prince Archived 1 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine EphemeralPursuits com website 8 October 2012 Retrieved 4 December 2012 Shimbun Yomiuri 2001 A Star tling Centenarian Theory Yomiuri Shimbun 10 February 2001 YOSH15078493 Retrieved from Gale OneFile on 9 November 2011 Gale Document Number GALE A70253329 a b c d Schiff Stacy Bookend Par Avion The New York Times 25 June 2000 a b Schiff Stacy Saint Exupery Lands at Last The New York Times 11 April 2004 Schiff 2006 p 421 Eyheramonno Joelle Antoine de Saint Exupery Slamaj personal website 22 October 2011 Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Chamberlain John Books of the Times review The New York Times 6 April 1943 a b Gaffney Adrienne On View Long Live The Little Prince The New York Times blog website 23 January 2014 Retrieved 24 January 2014 Clark Neil Imagination Takes Flight The Life and Mind of Antoine de Saint Exupery The American Conservative October 2009 300 languages Yahoo New Archived from the original on 3 September 2017 Retrieved 3 September 2017 Morgan Library amp Museum Woods Katherine 1886 1968 Archived 10 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine New York CORSAIR Online Catalog of The Pierpont Morgan Library The Morgan Library amp Museum Retrieved 21 April 2012 List of errors in Woods translation By 1995 Translator Alan Wakeman Archived from the original on 17 January 2012 Some Mistakes in the Translation By Katherine Woods List of the foreign editions of The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint Exupery Archived from the original on 20 April 2008 Retrieved 14 April 2008 Wakeman Alan Seeing With The Heart translator s notes Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine retrieved from AWakeman co uk website on 10 April 2011 The Little Prince Collector s Library BookDepository co uk website Retrieved 5 April 2014 Comparing translations It is only with the heart that one can see rightly Translations of The Little Prince Archived 13 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine with excerpts from Woods Testot Ferry s and Howard s translation Retrieved from Editoreric com website Edition in Sardinian Archived 18 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine Hinke C J Quand 2005 Study the Latin I Pray You Whole Earth Review 6 April 2005 No N63 p 109 ISSN 0749 5056 a b In Any Language It s a Bestseller Los Angeles Times 29 September 1993 sourced from Associated Press Retrieved 21 July 2009 Legrand Christine 2005 Quand Le Petit Prince devient So Shiyaxauolec Nta a When The Little Prince Becomes So Shiyaxauolec Nta a Le Monde 6 April 2005 p 1 in French a b L invite Monsieur Han Createur du Village Petite France en Coree Archived 5 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine SaintExupery com website 3 September 2009 Retrieved 16 January 2013 Bathrobe Le Petit Prince in Chinese Japanese and Vietnamese Bathrobe s Le Petit Prince website Retrieved 16 September 2011 Archived 3 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Bathrobe The Sheep Test and Other Tests for Identifying If The Little Prince Was Translated From French or English Bathrobe s Le Petit Prince website Retrieved 16 September 2011 Archived 29 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine Webster 1993 pp 217 218 Schiff 1996 p 414 Severson 2004 pp 166 171 Schiff 1996 p 366 Lepetitprince net 2011 Articles of StEx Brief Chronograph of Publications Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine lepetitprince net website 2011 Retrieved 23 October 2011 Largest book published Guinness World Records Retrieved 22 April 2017 a b The Publication History of The Little Prince The First Issues In The World Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine LePetitPrince net 14 April 2013 The Little Prince lepetitprince net Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 Retrieved 15 April 2013 The Little Prince lepetitprince net Archived from the original on 18 March 2012 Retrieved 15 April 2013 The Little Prince lepetitprince net Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 Retrieved 15 April 2013 El Principito traducido a la graceria sic la variante linguistica particular de Cantalejo in European Spanish Europa Press 15 September 2022 Retrieved 2 December 2022 Gallardo David 7 July 2022 El principito ahora es El chaval principeras y nos cuenta en cheli su universal historia infoLibre in European Spanish Retrieved 2 December 2022 Da gloane Prinz ISBN 978 1 096748 53 3 Xu Fan 22 October 2015 Well remembered French classic make a big splash in China China Daily The Little Prince Friday November 03 2016 Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 Chiu Tsu yin Liu Kay 3 June 2022 Ex culture minister French senator discuss power of children s literature Central News Agency Retrieved 3 June 2022 Cheng meanwhile said that her recent translation of Le Petit Prince by Antoine de Saint Exupery into a new Chinese version and an audio book had led her to reflect on whether people can reconnect with their innocence in a world full of confusion French Code of Intellectual Property in French Archived 29 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine celog fr Retrieved 22 August 2012 Schiff 2006 p 438 Le Petit Prince was registered for U S copyright 6Apr43 A172161 and renewed 31Mar71 R504624 Kevin L Smith 12 February 2015 Can We Strengthen Our Fragile Public Domain Library Journal Archived from the original on 19 November 2016 Retrieved 9 November 2016 The Little Prince Almost in the Public Domain 23 January 2015 Johanna Luyssen 3 June 2015 Pourquoi Saint Exupery est il entre dans le domaine public partout sauf en France in French liberation Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 Retrieved 9 November 2016 a b Beaumont 2010 The Saturday Play The Little Prince BBC Radio 4 FM 25 December 1999 14 00 Radio Times Issue 3957 16 December 1999 p 189 Mark Osborne to Direct The Little Prince movieweb com 14 October 2010 Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 Retrieved 15 September 2013 James Franco Rachel McAdams Jeff Bridges Among Voice Stars for The Little Prince The Hollywood Reporter 5 June 2013 Retrieved 15 September 2013 Broadcasters hop on the Little Prince series Anime News Network Davidts Jean Pierre 1998 Le petit prince retrouve Saint Laurent Editions du Club Quebec loisirs 1998 ISBN 2 89430 326 2 Note original edition Montreal Editions Les Intouchables 1997 Le Petit Prince retrouve Archived from the original on 10 January 2008 Saint Simone Ysatis de My Quest For Fhe True Holy Grail the Nanteos Cup original link dead updated to archive org link Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 query nytimes com gst fullpage html res 9B01E3DF1F30F935A25753C1A9639C8B63 Deaths Kraemer Ruth The New York Times 16 October 2005 Prince Manuscript On Display Archived 6 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Garden City Kansas Garden City Telegram 28 September 1994 p 16 sourced from Associated Press Une exposition sur Le petit prince a New York Montreal La Presse 6 January 2014 derived from the Associated Press Rajagopal Avinash The Little Prince and Le Corbusier Archived 7 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine in Point of View The Metropolis Blog Metropolis magazine January 2014 Retrieved 29 January 2014 a b Cheng Susan A New Exhibition at the Morgan Library Reveals That The Little Prince Is Actually a New York Story Too Complex magazine 21 January 2014 Retrieved from ComplexMag ca on 24 January 2014 a b The Little Prince A New York Story 24 January through 27 April 2014 New York City The Morgan Library amp Museum website January 2014 Retrieved 15 January 2014 Current Exhibitions The Little Prince A New York Story January 24 through 27 April 2014 Morgan Library amp Museum website Retrieved 26 January 2014 Biography of The Little Prince author due in July Agence France Presse via Relaxnews 15 January 2014 Retrieved from TheStar com my website 24 January 2014 The Little Prince Museum in Hakone is closing at the end of March 13 January 2023 Beethoven Virus Filming Locations Archived 20 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Korea Tourism Organization official site Retrieved 13 December 2009 Gyeonggi do Gapyeong gun Petite France Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Korea Tourism Organization official site Retrieved 13 December 2009 Galschiot Gallery official website Aidoh dk Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 Retrieved 30 January 2014 Berlingske 2011 Tyve Gar Eft Er Galschiot Skulpturer Thieves Make Off With Galschiot Sculpture Yesterday Archived 15 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine in Danish Copenhagen Berlingske e newspaper 17 October 2011 Retrieved 13 January 2012 via Galschiot Gallery website Sylvain 2011 The Legend of Saint Exupery in Brazil Archived 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine TheLittlePrince com website 14 March 2011 Retrieved 5 September 2012 Jovem Museologia 2009 Exposicao O Pequeno Principe Blog Jovem Museologia 14 November 2009 in Portuguese dead link Carvalho Adriano 2009 Exposicao O Pequeno Principe na Oca chega a Sao Paulo The Little Prince Comes to the Oca The Year of France in Brazil Honors Work of Antoine de Saint Exupery CaminhandoJunto com br website 22 October 2009 in Portuguese El monument al Petit Princep a Terrassa Archived 17 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Xu Xiaofei 18 February 2022 Paris exhibit brings The Little Prince home CNN p 1 Retrieved 18 February 2022 L Ecole le Petit Prince Archived 9 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Genech fr website Retrieved 29 May 2014 Ecole elementaire catholique Le Petit Prince Bienvenue Archived 29 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre Sud updated to 2014 Retrieved 28 May 2014 Campeche tem indicios da passagem do autor de O Pequeno Principe G1 27 February 2014 Retrieved 23 December 2017 Albertine Team 20 September 2023 The Little Prince s New York City Homecoming Albertine com Archived from the original on 6 January 2024 Retrieved 6 January 2024 Schiff 1994 p 445 250 works submitted to Little Prince Literary Award Archived 5 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Tehran Times 10 September 2012 and published online 9 September 2012 Retrieved 27 October 2013 Winner of Little Prince Award How can a cockroach be loved Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Iran Book News Agency website 25 September 2012 Retrieved 27 October 2013 Tokuda Hospital Sofia THS Awards Archived 30 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Sofia Bulgaria Tokuda Hospital website Retrieved 30 October 2013 Prvoto izdanie na nagradite Archived 1 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Prize Autism eu website Retrieved 30 October 2013 Shiel Gerry Stricevic Ivanka Sabolovi Dijana Literacy Without Boundaries Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Reading Zagreb Croatia 2005 Archived 1 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Croatian Reading Association Osijek 2007 ISBN 978 953 97433 3 6 Roger Pfund Dave Mills and Madison Banknotes of France Retrieved 26 March 2011 Legacy Archived 28 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine University of Southern California undated Scott Simon 2000 Profile French Pilot and Author Antoine de Saint Exupery broadcast transcription NPR Weekend Edition NPR 23 December 2000 Retrieved from Gale Document Number GALE A1661222035 6 November 2011 Images Of The Israeli Stamp And Related Issues Trussel com website Retrieved 20 August 2011 Images Of International Stamps Government And Private Issue Honoring Saint Exupery Retrieved 20 August 2011 Foundation History B612 Foundation Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 Retrieved 15 April 2012 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2578 Saint Exupery NASA Small Body Database website William J Merlin et al 2000 On a Permanent Name for Asteroid S 1998 45 1 TXT Department of Space Studies Southwest Research Institute Retrieved 9 November 2011 L autre histoire du Petit Prince Clement Jeanni FranceTVInfo 1 December 2014 retrieved 3 July 2023 Little Prince Mohammed Allam Wrestlingdata com retrieved 3 July 2023 The Little Prince Day actualitte com Antoine Oury Retrieved 19 June 2022 Translations edit See also The Little Prince Literary translations and printed editions de Saint Exupery Antoine 2006 The Little Prince And Letter to a Hostage Translated by Cuffe T V F Penguin ISBN 978 0 14 118562 0 OCLC 1023214985 6 September 2018 The Little Prince Translated by Morpurgo Michael London Vintage Children s Classics ISBN 9781784874179 30 May 2019 The Little Prince Translated by Norminton Gregory Alma Classics ISBN 978 1 84749 824 3 15 January 2018 The Little Prince Translated by Testot Ferry Irene Ware Hertfordshire Wordsworth ISBN 978 1 84022 760 4 OCLC 1105536767 1943 The Little Prince Translated by Woods Katherine 1st ed New York Reynal amp Hitchcock ISBN 9780152023980 OCLC 898880592 Retrieved 28 July 2020 Sources edit Beaumont Peter 1 August 2010 Antoine de Saint Exupery s Little Prince Poised for a Multimedia Return to Earth The Boy Who Lived on an Asteroid Whose Tale Was Told in a Classic French Novella Is Being Revived on TV Film And In Print The Observer Retrieved 15 October 2011 Brown Hannibal 2004 The Country Where the Stones Fly Visions of a Little Prince Archived from the original documentary research on 29 March 2007 Retrieved 16 September 2011 Dunning Jennifer 12 May 1989 In the Footsteps of Saint Exupery The New York Times Retrieved 14 September 2010 Heure Gilles 2006 L insoumis Leon Werth 1878 1955 Paris Editions Viviane Hamy ISBN 978 2878582192 Saint Exupery Consuelo de 2003 The Tale of the Rose The Love Story Behind The Little Prince Translated by Allen Esther New York City Random House ISBN 978 0 8129 6717 3 Schiff Stacy 1994 Saint Exupery A Biography Knopf ISBN 978 0 679 40310 4 permanent dead link Schiff Stacy 1996 Saint Exupery A Biography Vintage Canada ISBN 978 0 679 30822 5 Schiff Stacy 2006 Saint Exupery A Biography Henry Holt ISBN 978 0 805 07913 5 Severson Marilyn S 2004 Masterpieces of French Literature Greenwood Introduces Literary Masterpieces Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 313 31484 1 Webster Paul 1993 Antoine de Saint Exupery The Life and Death of The Little Prince London Pan Macmillan ISBN 978 0 333 61702 1 Further reading editDunn Bruce The Yellow Umbrella A City Fable Mushroom Press 2009 ISBN 978 0615295404 English Galembert Laurent de La grandeur du Petit Prince thesis Editions Le Manuscrit 26 November 2002 ISBN 2 7481 1916 9 French External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Le Petit Prince nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to The Little Prince Le Petit Prince at Project Gutenberg Australia LePetitPrince com in French Site officiel du Petit Prince and TheLittlePrince com Archived 26 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine Official site of The Little Prince NYC ARTS Profile The Little Prince PBS interview on the 2014 Morgan Exhibition video 12 39 The Little Prince A New York Story Exhibition NBC news report on the 2014 Little Prince exhibition at the Morgan Library amp Museum video 3 10 Study Guide at SparkNotes www petit prince collection com Website dedicated to the largest collection of Little Prince books in the world This impressive collection nearly five thousand different editions of the full text in over 420 different languages and dialects belongs to the Jean Marc Probst Foundation for the Little Prince in Lausanne The Little Prince excerpts and collection in 400 languages and dialects and in English List of different editions The Museum of The Little Prince in Hakone Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine and 箱根の星の王子さまのミュージアム in Japanese A bibliography of biographical works on Antoine de Saint Exupery Il Piccolo Principe e Antoine De Saint Exupery in Italian Le Petit Prince series in Indic Languages Enthusiast website The Little Prince Quotations The Little Prince Pictures in Chinese The Little Prince in Arabic laetaprinco org Website dedicated to reading Little Prince online in popular languages Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Little Prince amp oldid 1209025728, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
