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Wikipedia

Fondation Suisse de Déminage

April 08, 2024

FSD (Fondation suisse de déminage) is a Swiss non-governmental organisation specialising in mine action.[1] Since its creation in 1997, FSD has carried out operations in some 30 countries[2] on four continents.[3] Its programmes include the following four components: humanitarian demining, explosive ordnance risk education, victim assistance, and stockpile destruction and management. In 26 years, more than 1.4 million items of explosive ordnance have been neutralised by FSD.

Fondation Suisse de Déminage
Company typeNon-governmental organisation
IndustryLandmine relief
Founded1997
Headquarters
Geneva
,
Switzerland
Area served
Global
Key people
Jürg Streuli, president, Hansjörg Eberle, director-general, Michel Diot, founder and first president of FSD, Henri Leu, founder and former president of FSD,
Websitefsd.ch

Based in Geneva,[4] the organisation in 2024 employed more than 700 staff in eight countries. FSD is a ZEWO label holder since 2003, a Swiss label that certifies organisations are transparent and trustworthy to donors.[5] The organisation also holds the ISO 9000:2015 certification.

History edit

FSD was founded in 1997 in Fribourg under the name of "Fédération suisse de déminage" by Michel Diot, Henri Leu, Hansjörg Eberle and six other members. The first project aimed to train Bosnian asylum seekers who had fled to Switzerland in mine clearance so that they could participate in the reconstruction of their country.[6]

Between 1998 and 2002, FSD launched additional mine action projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina,[7] Croatia, Kosovo,[8] Pakistan, Albania,[9] Afghanistan, Lebanon and Sri Lanka.

In 2001, FSD signed a cooperation agreement with the World Food Programme (WFP) to enable the safe delivery of food aid in Afghanistan and to secure WFP facilities and infrastructure.[10] A similar collaboration was established in Iraq as early as 2003,[11] followed by a series of other agreements between FSD and UN agencies, including in Sudan and Ukraine.

In the aftermath of the attack on the UN headquarters in Baghdad, several FSD staff members helped to evacuate survivors from the bombed building and provided first aid to the injured, putting themselves at considerable risk. FSD received a merit award from the United Nations in recognition of the bravery and dedication beyond the call of duty of its team members in Baghdad.[12]

In 2003, the Swiss Demining Federation transformed from an association under Swiss law to a Foundation and was renamed, "Fondation suisse de déminage".

Missions edit

The main objective of FSD is to protect civilian populations from mines and explosive remnants of war. Its activities include locating and destroying unexploded ordnance and abandoned mines and ammunition, raising awareness of the dangers of explosive ordnance, assisting victims of accidental explosions, and destroying stockpiles of weapons and ammunition. FSD is also involved in research projects to continuously search for new technologies to enhance and improve safety and efficiency in mine action, including the use of specialised drones and satellite imagery.[13]

In addition to the clearance of explosive hazards, FSD also extends its mandate to include decontaminating soils of toxic and polluting substances and support to ongoing peace processes in post-conflict areas through reconstruction, rehabilitation and socio-economic development for vulnerable communities and displaced people.[14]

Mine action edit

Africa edit

Angola edit

The mine problem in Angola is a result of decades of fighting during the Angolan War of Independence and the subsequent civil war. In 2007, FSD was mandated by the Angolan government to carry out a demining needs assessment.[15]

Burundi edit

Burundi endured a decade of civil war leaving the country littered with explosive remnants of war, placed without a dispersal plan. In 2003, the government ratified the Ottawa Treaty, and the National Council for the Defence of Democracy (CNDD-FDD) and signed the Geneva Call commitment in the presence of an FSD delegation.[16] Due to a partnership between UNDP, UNICEF, FSD and MAG, with funding from Swiss cooperation and the Government of Burundi, humanitarian mine clearance projects began.[17]

FSD established a project supporting the peace process, based on the creation of a national mine action authority, assessments of the impact of mines on local communities and risk education in mined areas. In 2006, FSD also conducted a general community survey across the country, in which 97% of all mine-affected communities were visited and assessed. The results of this survey formed the basis for demining activities in the following two years.[18] The approach proposed by FSD was based on a partnership with the International Centre for Research and Initiatives for Dialogue (CIRID),[19] a Burundian NGO based in Geneva.

Burundi was declared landmine-free in 2011.[20]

Central African Republic edit

In collaboration with Association FSD France, FSD has been carrying out humanitarian projects in the Central African Republic since 2014, even though the country is marred by a decade-long civil war.[21] An awareness-raising campaign on the risks of handling unexploded and abandoned weapons and ammunition was launched in 2014. Between 2015 and 2017, FSD implemented a project of humanitarian and dignified reburial of people who had been summarily buried outside of recognised cemeteries, as well as armed violence reduction campaigns.[22] In 2017, FSD started a project to rehabilitate Batangafo town located in the Ouahm-Fafa prefecture.[23] Since 2019, FSD has run a programme in support of demilitarisation, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants as part of the Khartoum Peace Agreement,[24] including through the rehabilitation of infrastructure. Activities to support socio-economic development and to promote the reintegration of former combatants are also implemented.[25] Within the framework of its projects, FSD signed an agreement with the "Jeunesse pionnière nationale" to support the training of young people in the implementation of its projects.[26]

Chad edit

The explosive contamination of Chad is largely as a result of the 1973 Chadian–Libyan War and 30 years of internal conflict. The contamination is a permanent threat to the local populations, and has a negative impact on the socio-economic development of Borkou, Ennedi and Tibesti, which are among Chad's poorest regions.[27]

From 2017 to 2022, FSD was part of the PRODECO clearance project, launched in 2017 by the European Union, in consortium with three other organisations: Humanity and Inclusivity, MAG and Secours Catholique Développement (SECADEV), a local victim support NGO.[28] Within the framework of this project, the role of FSD was to provide administrative, logistical, managerial and technical support to the national mine action authority (HCND - High Commission for National Demining).[29] FSD also provided technical support to update the national demining database (IMSMA) used for the collection of clearance data and the production of maps and reports.[30] The project came to an end in 2022.

Democratic Republic of Congo edit

The Democratic Republic of Congo has experienced numerous conflicts of varying intensity since 1996 without the extent of actual mine contamination being known. FSD's involvement in the country dates back to November 2003, at the request of UNMAS,[31] and aimed to set up two emergency demining teams benefitting local communities and humanitarian aid organisations in Bunia.[32] The deployment and mission orders of the teams were placed under the responsibility of the Mine Action Coordination Centre (UNMACC) established by the UN in Kinshasa within its peacekeeping force, MONUSCO. FSD recruited and trained around twenty local staff. Operations were suspended in 2005 due to lack of funding.

Libya edit

FSD began demining operations in 2011 and after several deployments and varied operations, left the country in 2018.[33] To coordinate the mine action response after the first Libyan Civil War in 2011, the UN and international NGOs joined forces to form a "Joint Mine Action Coordination Team" (JMACT) of which FSD was a member.[34] The USA-funded FSD's programme to locate and destroy explosive remnants of war in Libya's ex-combat zones to prevent possible weapons, such as anti-aircraft missiles, from falling into the hands of terrorists.[35] The programme started in 2011 and initially included two combat clearance teams[36] before focusing efforts around the city of Sirte after the death of Colonel Gaddafi.[37] From 2013 to 2018, FSD conducted its humanitarian clearance activities from Tripoli and ammunition management and storage disposal and training in Hun and Waddan for a mixture of Libyan police and military engineer personnel.

In 2013, under a separate programme, FSD implemented a country wide survey of former Libyan ammunition storage areas based out of Benghazi under funding from the US Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Fund (NDF). This provided data on quantities of ordnance that had been stored, the state and security of storage facilities and informed future ordnance management and disposal needs.

Mali edit

After a decade of conflict between multiple armed groups and the 2020 Malian coup d'état, Mali faces an ever-growing threat from explosive devices. In 2014 this was initially from conventional weapons, mines and ordnance but quickly grew into armed non-state actors using improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Mali does not have a national mine action authority and therefore remains dependent on external entities to coordinate demining efforts.[38] From 2013 to 2014, FSD carried out an explosive ordnance risk education project and an ammunition safety management project in collaboration with UNICEF, UNMAS and other international actors. This programme enabled the training of several experts on-site to ensure a sustainable transfer of skills.[39]

Mozambique edit

When FSD's programme started in Mozambique in 2006, the country was one of the most heavily mined in the world. FSD's project provided technical support and capacity building in humanitarian demining, victim assistance and mine risk education to the Regional Office of the National Institute for Demining (IND). In 2008, the IND team trained by FSD achieved promising results, marking the end of this project.[40][41][42] In 2015, Mozambique was declared landmine-free.[43]

Sudan edit

Since its independence in 1956, Sudan has experienced several civil wars, which have left a legacy of mines and explosive remnants of war.[44] FSD was mandated in February 2004 through UNOPS to support the Sudanese mine action authorities and UNMAS, thus sending teams to the Nuba Mountains region. Additionally, FSD started a skills transfer partnership with the Khartoum-based NGO FPDO (Friends of Peace and Development Organization).[45] In May 2006, FSD trained national staff to conduct mine clearance in the Kassala and the Red Sea State.[46] At the same time, FSD conducted missions to support disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration for development efforts around the Darfur and Malakal.

South Sudan edit

In 2004, FSD signed a partnership agreement with the local NGO SIMAS « Sudan Integrated Mine Action Services» and the World Food Programme[47] pledging to recruit, train and mentor deminers in southern Sudan and to support the work of the United Nations Advance Mission in the Sudan (UNAMIS). In late 2005, FSD deployed 30 expatriates and 250 local deminers as part of a clearance programme to secure key access routes from the south of the country to Juba enabling the World Food Programme to distribute aid and facilitate the return of refugees.[48] With the support of FSD in 2007, SIMAS employed, trained, and deployed its first demining team after receiving accreditation from the United Nations Mine Action Office (UNMAS). In partnership with FSD, SIMAS organised a workshop in 2010 in Juba for representatives of the Transitional Government of Southern Sudan, the Southern Sudan Demining Authority, UNMAO and UNICEF, in response to the low level of support for mine action in South Sudan and the decline of international funding.[49] FSD continued to support SIMAS for many years after this with technical advice, proposal writing and mentoring until 2016.

Asia & Pacific edit

Afghanistan edit

Afghanistan is one of the most mine-affected countries in the world. Many civilians are still killed or maimed every year by accidental explosions.[50] FSD operations in Afghanistan began in 2001 with the dispatch of clearance teams to support the deployment of the World Food Programme and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in Kandahar and later in Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kabul.[51] In 2010, FSD started a clearance programme in the remote mountainous region of Darwaz (Badakhshan province) and conducted mine risk education sessions and, from 2019 onwards, a programme of socio-economic assistance to mine victims.[52] FSD continues its work in the area despite the uncertain situation since the 2021 Taliban offensive.[53]

Laos edit

From 2004 to 2010, FSD supported WFP's food security programme and carried out clearance and rehabilitation of rice fields, irrigation systems and fish farms, as well as road improvements in the eastern districts of Savannakhet.[54] In September 2007, FSD cleared the Sekong area in partnership with CARE Australia as part of their livelihoods improvement project.[55] In parallel to its demining work, FSD assisted local entities by providing training in explosive ordnance disposal. Additionally, FSD participated in drafting national clearance standards and in the creation of a national database for the National Regulatory Authority.[56] In 2008 and 2009, FSD developed training standards for national authorities to govern the quality of technical training in Laos and to ensure that international training standards are followed.[57]

Pakistan edit

Pakistan has a significant number of victims of mines and explosive remnants of war.[58] The contamination of the country is the result of various armed conflicts with India, the Soviet-Afghan War,[59] followed by the anti-government incursion and occupation of some districts by the Taliban in 2009. Extensive fighting in the Northwest Frontier Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa resulted in a mass displacement of over 2.8 million people. Their removal from combat zones was quickly followed by their return to an environment highly contaminated by explosive remnants of war, the context in which FSD began its work.[60]

From 2009 to 2011, FSD ran a large-scale project that focused on raising awareness of the danger of explosive remnants of war. In association with the Sustainable Peace and Development Organisation (SPADO)[61] and with the Organisation for Basic Education and Vocational Training (Best),[62] FSD trained twenty teams from afflicted areas to teach safety skills to the affected population.

The Philippines edit

FSD's programme in the Philippines began in 2005 with technical support to the peace process between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front on the island of Mindanao. In close collaboration with Association FSD France, FSD carried out technical and non-technical survey work, mine risk education and the facilitation of clearance of explosive remnants of war. In 2020, a mine risk education campaign was launched on social networks following restrictions related to COVID-19. In 2022, FSD conducted more than 586 mine risk education sessions for 24,000 people. During the same period, contamination surveys were conducted in more than 600 villages, including 234 at-risk areas, of which 81 were subsequently decontaminated.[63][64]

Sri Lanka edit

During Sri Lanka's 26-year civil war, thousands of anti-personnel mines were laid. According to information from the National Mine Action Centre, the total remaining contaminated area was still 23,306,478 square metres in 2019.[65]

From 2002 to 2013, FSD ran one of the largest clearance programmes in Sri Lanka. The programme began after a formal request for assistance from UNDP, which in turn mandated FSD to build national capacity for future District Mine Action Office (DMAO) operations.[66] In addition, FSD cleared districts in the north and east of the country for the duration of the programme. After the resumption of hostilities in 2006,[67] efforts shifted from local capacity building to emergency mine and explosive remnants of war awareness campaigns. As NGOs were not allowed to carry out risk education, FSD worked with community liaison officers to understand the local mine action priorities of displaced people and to carry out awareness sessions.[68]

To allow the return of displaced persons as soon as possible, demining operations continued with four Dok-Ing MV-4 machines and other mechanical means.[69] The clearance of wells from explosive ordnance by specific FSD teams also had a major impact, as it required them to be cleaned out completely, thus ensuring access to drinking water for the local population. In addition, FSD collaborated with the Regional Mine Action Bureau (RMAC) and the Sri Lankan Electricity Board. Demining operations also supported the Master Plan of the Mahaweli Development Programme.[70]

Vietnam edit

Vietnam suffers from massive mine and ERW contamination. Since the end of the Vietnam War, according to government estimates, more than 40,000 people have fallen victim to these explosive remnants.[71]

Throughout 2007, FSD developed close contacts with the Vietnamese government through the Vietnamese Embassy in Bern. Two assessment missions were conducted to evaluate the needs in three central provinces.[72]

South America edit

Colombia edit

For 50 years, Colombia has experienced internal struggles between government forces, the FARC and ELN guerrillas and the paramilitary group AUC. Thirty of Colombia's 32 departments are affected by the presence of explosive devices.[73]

FSD initially provided ad hoc support to the Colombian government's Mine Observatory from 2004 and supported the CCCM (Colombian campaign to ban landmines). Since 2010, FSD contributed to the training of local experts, and after the signing of the Peace Accords in 2016, the organisation provided technical assistance to "Descontamina Colombia" (the national mine action authority in Colombia), which coordinates mine and explosive remnants of war clearance operations, mine risk education,[74] data management and victim assistance. As part of its support to Descontamina Colombia, FSD was instrumental in the drafting of national mine action standards. In addition, FSD contributed to the drafting and publication of the environmental decree # 1195, 2017 aimed at reducing the environmental impact of humanitarian demining interventions throughout the country, especially in natural parks and other areas of high ecological value.[75]

Europe & Central Asia edit

Albania edit

Albania was contaminated by mines and unexploded remnants of war mainly as a result of the Kosovo War in 1998–1999.[76] FSD deployed a demining programme in the country in October 2000 at the initiative of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and with the support of the Swiss Department of Defence (DDPS),[77] and began by conducting a contamination assessment. In May 2001, FSD was accredited by the Albanian government[78] and recruited and trained about 50 local staff in humanitarian mine clearance, so that it operations could begin in the north of the country. The programme ended in 2004. In 2009, Albania declared itself officially mine-free.[79]

Armenia edit

Armenia's mine contamination is mainly the result of First Nagorno-Karabakh War from 1988 to 1994. As of 2012, FSD organised training to prepare non-technical surveys requested by the Armenian Ministry of Defence.[80] These investigations focused on areas close to the border with Turkey, avoiding the restricted military zone[81] and the Kapan region. From 2013 to early 2015, FSD ran a local skills development programme.[82] The organisation also contributed to the development of the Armenian National Mine Action Standards (NMAS) and supported the Armenian Centre for Humanitarian Demining in the establishment and management of the National Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) database.[83]

Bosnia-Herzegovina edit

The Bosnian War, which took place from 1992 to 1995, resulted in heavy contamination of the country with mines and unexploded ordnance. From 1997 to 1999, FSD maintained a project in collaboration with the UN Mine Action Centre.[84] The programme consisted of two humanitarian demining projects in densely populated areas of Sarajevo.[85] To this end, FSD trained former Bosnian military personnel in mine clearance[86] and employed 16 local deminers.[87]

Croatia edit

The minefields in Croatia are remnants of the Croatian War of Independence. From 1998 to 1999, FSD carried out a demining programme in the village of Kusonje on behalf of the Swiss association Causes Communes. This represented the first humanitarian demining operation carried out by an NGO on Croatian territory.[88]

Kosovo edit

The 1999 international conflict in Kosovo created a serious problem of explosive remnants of war.[89] ICRC signed an agreement with FSD in 2000. Under this agreement, FSD clearance teams responded to urgent requests referred to them by ICRC. The teams worked with local communities to directly involve them in the technical response to the problem of mines and explosive remnants in their villages.[90] In early 2001, due to the decrease in emergencies, FSD restructured its programme into a single unit specialising in combat zone demining. The FSD programme was visited several times by official delegations from the UN, OSCE and KFOR.[91]

Tajikistan edit

FSD has been active in Tajikistan since 2003, carrying out various projects in mine clearance, destruction of stockpiles of weapons and ammunition and capacity building.[92] The programme started with assessments and surveys determining the extent and characteristics of the country's contamination, before moving on to actual mine clearance operations.[93] As part of its programmes, FSD has deployed several methods of demining (manual, mechanical, and with dogs). In recent years, FSD has focused on supporting the Tajik authorities in the safe destruction of stockpiles of weapons and ammunition, including man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS)[94] and in 2023 will once again return to demining.

In 2010, FSD cleared most of the areas contaminated during the Tajikistani Civil War[95] and focused on clearing mine belts laid by former Soviet forces on the Tajik side of the Tajikistan/Afghanistan border.[96] That same year, Norwegian People's Aid joined FSD.[97] Due to a lack of funding, FSD was forced to cease its clearance operations in Tajikistan in 2018 but continued its efforts to destroy stockpiles of weapons and ammunition. By the end of the humanitarian demining programme, FSD had handed over 38 million square metres of land.

Ukraine edit

FSD's involvement in Ukraine dates back to early 2015, with a mine risk education programme in the Donbas region.[98] After obtaining its accreditation for humanitarian demining in the country in 2017,[99] FSD launched a mine and explosive remnants disposal programme in the eastern part of Ukraine, in areas under Ukrainian government control.[100] In 2022 following the Russian invasion, fighting intensified and spread throughout the country and FSD's activities were initially reoriented to provide emergency humanitarian aid (food, shelter, medicine, fuel, etc.).[101] As soon as the security situation allowed, large scale survey, demining and risk education operations resumed with increased staffing and resources in the provinces of Chernihiv[102] and Kharkiv.[103]

FSD's teams in Ukraine also developed significant capacity to survey and clear agricultural land in partnership with WFP and the clearance of urban areas with armoured rubble removal machines and specialist personnel.

In 2023, the FSD set up a new project in Ukraine in partnership with the World Food Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.[104] Ukraine produces food for 400 million people in peacetime, so this project aims to enable the small farms in Kharkiv province to return to cultivating their land sustainably.[105] To achieve this, the FSD has provided mine clearance, risk education and non-technical surveys.

Middle East edit

Iraq edit

Four wars in less than thirty years have left Iraq heavily contaminated by mines and explosive remnants of war. FSD's first intervention in Iraq began in 2003 with a humanitarian clearance programme as well as technical assistance for the World Food Programme.[106][107] In 2016, following the occupation of part of Iraq by the Islamic State group, FSD launched a humanitarian clearance project focusing on artisanal landmines and improvised explosive devices. In the first year, FSD removed more than 5,000 explosive devices and secured millions of square meters of land, particularly in Kurdistan and the northern provinces of Iraq.[108][109][110] FSD also ran an explosive ordnance risk education project with over 500 sessions delivered to approximately 16,000 men, women, boys and girls in Mosul district that year.[111] In September 2020, FSD also started a project to support, mentor and develop a local national demining NGO in Iraq (SHO).[112]

Lebanon edit

Lebanon faces a complex threat of explosive devices stemming mainly from four events: the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1978 - 2000), the Lebanese Civil War (1975 - 1990), the Israeli–Lebanese conflict in 2006 and, more recently, the Syrian civil war spill over (2011 - 2017).[113] FSD's humanitarian clearance project was launched in 2006. It consisted of four teams of eight people under the aegis of UNMAC (United Nations Mine Action Centre) in conjunction with LMAC (Lebanese Mine Action Centre).[114] At the end of the project, more than 587,546 square meters were secured and returned to the community.[115]

Other humanitarian activities edit

In addition to mine action, FSD carries out projects in the following areas: support for peace and development, emergency humanitarian assistance and environmental activities for cleanup and revitalization projects, the protection of biodiversity and resilience against climate change.

Peace and development edit

Activities supporting peace processes are linked to mine action, particularly during negotiations on access to previously mined land and its development for community use. For example, FSD signed a cooperation agreement with the Sri Lankan government and with the Tamil National Army, also known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), helping to consolidate the peace process.[116]

FSD has been involved in the peace process in the Philippines since 2005, providing technical expertise to the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). On the 5th of May 2010, the two former belligerents signed a peace agreement providing for the implementation of a joint demining project, proposed by FSD and the local NGO Philippines Campaign to Ban Landmines.[117][118][119]

In the Central African Republic, FSD offered vocational training to help former rebel combatants reintegrate into society and to assist vulnerable communities to recover with improvement to basic facilities and socio-economic development opportunities.[120]

Emergency aid edit

From time to time, when struck by disaster where FSD has open programmes, FSD provides emergency humanitarian aid in the event of natural disasters or active armed conflict in its areas of operation. Examples include the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka and the war in Ukraine in spring 2022.

Environment edit

In the environment sector, FSD focuses on many depollution operations such as cleaning up land polluted by persistent organic pollutants or heavy metals and reducing the risks posed by uranium mines in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.[121] FSD also has operations contributing to building resilience against climate change and improving food security in Tajikistan, Central African Republic, Afghanistan and Colombia.[122]

Innovation and technology edit

FSD takes an active role in pursuing the development of new technologies to support mine clearance and all of its work to increase safety and efficiency in its operations. In 2016, FSD published a study on the use of drones during humanitarian crises.[123] FSD also worked with the European Space Agency in 2015 to 2018 looking into the use of remote sensing (drones and satellites) to enhance demining capacity. It also joined the technical steering committee of the Odyssey2025 project, which ended in 2020,[124] to support the development of drones capable of detecting PFM-1 mines.[125] Since 2016, FSD has been working in partnership with the Urs Endress Foundation on the FindMine project, aimed at developing a drone capable of locating mines and explosive remnants of war.[126]

Support and funding edit

FSD's humanitarian operations are funded by governments, multilateral organisations, foundations and private donations. Major donors include the European Union, the European Commission (EC), EuropeAid, UNOPS, the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), UNICEF, the US Department of State PM/WRA, the governments of Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, Swiss cantons and cities, foundations and private donors.

The FSD Group edit

The FSD Group, a consolidated entity, includes FSD (Fondation suisse de déminage), Association FSD France and Crosstech SA (a wholly owned commercial subsidiary of FSD).

Association FSD France edit

In 2005, FSD was joined by a new French partner, Association FSD France. This sister organisation is subject to the French law of 1901 on associations. Its objective is to expand the mine action activities already carried out by FSD. Its main donor is the European Commission.

Crosstech SA edit

Crosstech SA is a commercial company wholly owned by FSD. It was established by FSD in 2006 with the objective of implementing mandates that cannot be implemented by humanitarian NGOs.

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ "Fondation Suisse de Déminage" (in French). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  3. ^ "Annual Report 2021". FSD. 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  4. ^ "Fondation Suisse de Déminage". FSD (in French). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  5. ^ "Fondation Suisse de Déminage" (in French). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  6. ^ "Fribourg donne naissance à la Fédération suisse de déminage". Le Temps (in French). 12 July 1997.
  7. ^ "Two Swiss projects in Bosnia". Le Temps. 27 February 1998. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  8. ^ "The deminers are coming to town". Freiburger nachrichten (in German). 10 March 2000. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  9. ^ "Swiss help with mine clearance in Albania". NZZ (in German). 21 April 2001. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
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  35. ^ Martin Sturzenegger (18 June 2011). ""Ghadhafi hätte keine Freude, wenn er wüsste, was wir hier tun"". tagesanzeiger (in German). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
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April 08, 2024
fondation, suisse, déminage, fondation, suisse, déminage, swiss, governmental, organisation, specialising, mine, action, since, creation, 1997, carried, operations, some, countries, four, continents, programmes, include, following, four, components, humanitari. FSD Fondation suisse de deminage is a Swiss non governmental organisation specialising in mine action 1 Since its creation in 1997 FSD has carried out operations in some 30 countries 2 on four continents 3 Its programmes include the following four components humanitarian demining explosive ordnance risk education victim assistance and stockpile destruction and management In 26 years more than 1 4 million items of explosive ordnance have been neutralised by FSD Fondation Suisse de DeminageCompany typeNon governmental organisationIndustryLandmine reliefFounded1997HeadquartersGeneva SwitzerlandArea servedGlobalKey peopleJurg Streuli president Hansjorg Eberle director general Michel Diot founder and first president of FSD Henri Leu founder and former president of FSD Websitefsd wbr chBased in Geneva 4 the organisation in 2024 employed more than 700 staff in eight countries FSD is a ZEWO label holder since 2003 a Swiss label that certifies organisations are transparent and trustworthy to donors 5 The organisation also holds the ISO 9000 2015 certification Contents 1 History 2 Missions 2 1 Mine action 2 1 1 Africa 2 1 1 1 Angola 2 1 1 2 Burundi 2 1 1 3 Central African Republic 2 1 1 4 Chad 2 1 1 5 Democratic Republic of Congo 2 1 1 6 Libya 2 1 1 7 Mali 2 1 1 8 Mozambique 2 1 1 9 Sudan 2 1 1 10 South Sudan 2 1 2 Asia amp Pacific 2 1 2 1 Afghanistan 2 1 2 2 Laos 2 1 2 3 Pakistan 2 1 2 4 The Philippines 2 1 2 5 Sri Lanka 2 1 2 6 Vietnam 2 1 3 South America 2 1 3 1 Colombia 2 1 4 Europe amp Central Asia 2 1 4 1 Albania 2 1 4 2 Armenia 2 1 4 3 Bosnia Herzegovina 2 1 4 4 Croatia 2 1 4 5 Kosovo 2 1 4 6 Tajikistan 2 1 4 7 Ukraine 2 1 5 Middle East 2 1 5 1 Iraq 2 1 5 2 Lebanon 2 2 Other humanitarian activities 2 2 1 Peace and development 2 2 2 Emergency aid 2 2 3 Environment 2 2 4 Innovation and technology 3 Support and funding 4 The FSD Group 4 1 Association FSD France 4 2 Crosstech SA 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory editFSD was founded in 1997 in Fribourg under the name of Federation suisse de deminage by Michel Diot Henri Leu Hansjorg Eberle and six other members The first project aimed to train Bosnian asylum seekers who had fled to Switzerland in mine clearance so that they could participate in the reconstruction of their country 6 Between 1998 and 2002 FSD launched additional mine action projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 Croatia Kosovo 8 Pakistan Albania 9 Afghanistan Lebanon and Sri Lanka In 2001 FSD signed a cooperation agreement with the World Food Programme WFP to enable the safe delivery of food aid in Afghanistan and to secure WFP facilities and infrastructure 10 A similar collaboration was established in Iraq as early as 2003 11 followed by a series of other agreements between FSD and UN agencies including in Sudan and Ukraine In the aftermath of the attack on the UN headquarters in Baghdad several FSD staff members helped to evacuate survivors from the bombed building and provided first aid to the injured putting themselves at considerable risk FSD received a merit award from the United Nations in recognition of the bravery and dedication beyond the call of duty of its team members in Baghdad 12 In 2003 the Swiss Demining Federation transformed from an association under Swiss law to a Foundation and was renamed Fondation suisse de deminage Missions editThe main objective of FSD is to protect civilian populations from mines and explosive remnants of war Its activities include locating and destroying unexploded ordnance and abandoned mines and ammunition raising awareness of the dangers of explosive ordnance assisting victims of accidental explosions and destroying stockpiles of weapons and ammunition FSD is also involved in research projects to continuously search for new technologies to enhance and improve safety and efficiency in mine action including the use of specialised drones and satellite imagery 13 In addition to the clearance of explosive hazards FSD also extends its mandate to include decontaminating soils of toxic and polluting substances and support to ongoing peace processes in post conflict areas through reconstruction rehabilitation and socio economic development for vulnerable communities and displaced people 14 Mine action edit Africa edit Angola edit The mine problem in Angola is a result of decades of fighting during the Angolan War of Independence and the subsequent civil war In 2007 FSD was mandated by the Angolan government to carry out a demining needs assessment 15 Burundi edit Burundi endured a decade of civil war leaving the country littered with explosive remnants of war placed without a dispersal plan In 2003 the government ratified the Ottawa Treaty and the National Council for the Defence of Democracy CNDD FDD and signed the Geneva Call commitment in the presence of an FSD delegation 16 Due to a partnership between UNDP UNICEF FSD and MAG with funding from Swiss cooperation and the Government of Burundi humanitarian mine clearance projects began 17 FSD established a project supporting the peace process based on the creation of a national mine action authority assessments of the impact of mines on local communities and risk education in mined areas In 2006 FSD also conducted a general community survey across the country in which 97 of all mine affected communities were visited and assessed The results of this survey formed the basis for demining activities in the following two years 18 The approach proposed by FSD was based on a partnership with the International Centre for Research and Initiatives for Dialogue CIRID 19 a Burundian NGO based in Geneva Burundi was declared landmine free in 2011 20 Central African Republic edit In collaboration with Association FSD France FSD has been carrying out humanitarian projects in the Central African Republic since 2014 even though the country is marred by a decade long civil war 21 An awareness raising campaign on the risks of handling unexploded and abandoned weapons and ammunition was launched in 2014 Between 2015 and 2017 FSD implemented a project of humanitarian and dignified reburial of people who had been summarily buried outside of recognised cemeteries as well as armed violence reduction campaigns 22 In 2017 FSD started a project to rehabilitate Batangafo town located in the Ouahm Fafa prefecture 23 Since 2019 FSD has run a programme in support of demilitarisation demobilisation and reintegration DDR of ex combatants as part of the Khartoum Peace Agreement 24 including through the rehabilitation of infrastructure Activities to support socio economic development and to promote the reintegration of former combatants are also implemented 25 Within the framework of its projects FSD signed an agreement with the Jeunesse pionniere nationale to support the training of young people in the implementation of its projects 26 Chad edit The explosive contamination of Chad is largely as a result of the 1973 Chadian Libyan War and 30 years of internal conflict The contamination is a permanent threat to the local populations and has a negative impact on the socio economic development of Borkou Ennedi and Tibesti which are among Chad s poorest regions 27 From 2017 to 2022 FSD was part of the PRODECO clearance project launched in 2017 by the European Union in consortium with three other organisations Humanity and Inclusivity MAG and Secours Catholique Developpement SECADEV a local victim support NGO 28 Within the framework of this project the role of FSD was to provide administrative logistical managerial and technical support to the national mine action authority HCND High Commission for National Demining 29 FSD also provided technical support to update the national demining database IMSMA used for the collection of clearance data and the production of maps and reports 30 The project came to an end in 2022 Democratic Republic of Congo edit The Democratic Republic of Congo has experienced numerous conflicts of varying intensity since 1996 without the extent of actual mine contamination being known FSD s involvement in the country dates back to November 2003 at the request of UNMAS 31 and aimed to set up two emergency demining teams benefitting local communities and humanitarian aid organisations in Bunia 32 The deployment and mission orders of the teams were placed under the responsibility of the Mine Action Coordination Centre UNMACC established by the UN in Kinshasa within its peacekeeping force MONUSCO FSD recruited and trained around twenty local staff Operations were suspended in 2005 due to lack of funding Libya edit FSD began demining operations in 2011 and after several deployments and varied operations left the country in 2018 33 To coordinate the mine action response after the first Libyan Civil War in 2011 the UN and international NGOs joined forces to form a Joint Mine Action Coordination Team JMACT of which FSD was a member 34 The USA funded FSD s programme to locate and destroy explosive remnants of war in Libya s ex combat zones to prevent possible weapons such as anti aircraft missiles from falling into the hands of terrorists 35 The programme started in 2011 and initially included two combat clearance teams 36 before focusing efforts around the city of Sirte after the death of Colonel Gaddafi 37 From 2013 to 2018 FSD conducted its humanitarian clearance activities from Tripoli and ammunition management and storage disposal and training in Hun and Waddan for a mixture of Libyan police and military engineer personnel In 2013 under a separate programme FSD implemented a country wide survey of former Libyan ammunition storage areas based out of Benghazi under funding from the US Non Proliferation and Disarmament Fund NDF This provided data on quantities of ordnance that had been stored the state and security of storage facilities and informed future ordnance management and disposal needs Mali edit After a decade of conflict between multiple armed groups and the 2020 Malian coup d etat Mali faces an ever growing threat from explosive devices In 2014 this was initially from conventional weapons mines and ordnance but quickly grew into armed non state actors using improvised explosive devices IEDs Mali does not have a national mine action authority and therefore remains dependent on external entities to coordinate demining efforts 38 From 2013 to 2014 FSD carried out an explosive ordnance risk education project and an ammunition safety management project in collaboration with UNICEF UNMAS and other international actors This programme enabled the training of several experts on site to ensure a sustainable transfer of skills 39 Mozambique edit When FSD s programme started in Mozambique in 2006 the country was one of the most heavily mined in the world FSD s project provided technical support and capacity building in humanitarian demining victim assistance and mine risk education to the Regional Office of the National Institute for Demining IND In 2008 the IND team trained by FSD achieved promising results marking the end of this project 40 41 42 In 2015 Mozambique was declared landmine free 43 Sudan edit Since its independence in 1956 Sudan has experienced several civil wars which have left a legacy of mines and explosive remnants of war 44 FSD was mandated in February 2004 through UNOPS to support the Sudanese mine action authorities and UNMAS thus sending teams to the Nuba Mountains region Additionally FSD started a skills transfer partnership with the Khartoum based NGO FPDO Friends of Peace and Development Organization 45 In May 2006 FSD trained national staff to conduct mine clearance in the Kassala and the Red Sea State 46 At the same time FSD conducted missions to support disarmament demobilisation and reintegration for development efforts around the Darfur and Malakal South Sudan edit In 2004 FSD signed a partnership agreement with the local NGO SIMAS Sudan Integrated Mine Action Services and the World Food Programme 47 pledging to recruit train and mentor deminers in southern Sudan and to support the work of the United Nations Advance Mission in the Sudan UNAMIS In late 2005 FSD deployed 30 expatriates and 250 local deminers as part of a clearance programme to secure key access routes from the south of the country to Juba enabling the World Food Programme to distribute aid and facilitate the return of refugees 48 With the support of FSD in 2007 SIMAS employed trained and deployed its first demining team after receiving accreditation from the United Nations Mine Action Office UNMAS In partnership with FSD SIMAS organised a workshop in 2010 in Juba for representatives of the Transitional Government of Southern Sudan the Southern Sudan Demining Authority UNMAO and UNICEF in response to the low level of support for mine action in South Sudan and the decline of international funding 49 FSD continued to support SIMAS for many years after this with technical advice proposal writing and mentoring until 2016 Asia amp Pacific edit Afghanistan edit Afghanistan is one of the most mine affected countries in the world Many civilians are still killed or maimed every year by accidental explosions 50 FSD operations in Afghanistan began in 2001 with the dispatch of clearance teams to support the deployment of the World Food Programme and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in Kandahar and later in Herat Mazar i Sharif and Kabul 51 In 2010 FSD started a clearance programme in the remote mountainous region of Darwaz Badakhshan province and conducted mine risk education sessions and from 2019 onwards a programme of socio economic assistance to mine victims 52 FSD continues its work in the area despite the uncertain situation since the 2021 Taliban offensive 53 Laos edit From 2004 to 2010 FSD supported WFP s food security programme and carried out clearance and rehabilitation of rice fields irrigation systems and fish farms as well as road improvements in the eastern districts of Savannakhet 54 In September 2007 FSD cleared the Sekong area in partnership with CARE Australia as part of their livelihoods improvement project 55 In parallel to its demining work FSD assisted local entities by providing training in explosive ordnance disposal Additionally FSD participated in drafting national clearance standards and in the creation of a national database for the National Regulatory Authority 56 In 2008 and 2009 FSD developed training standards for national authorities to govern the quality of technical training in Laos and to ensure that international training standards are followed 57 Pakistan edit Pakistan has a significant number of victims of mines and explosive remnants of war 58 The contamination of the country is the result of various armed conflicts with India the Soviet Afghan War 59 followed by the anti government incursion and occupation of some districts by the Taliban in 2009 Extensive fighting in the Northwest Frontier Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa resulted in a mass displacement of over 2 8 million people Their removal from combat zones was quickly followed by their return to an environment highly contaminated by explosive remnants of war the context in which FSD began its work 60 From 2009 to 2011 FSD ran a large scale project that focused on raising awareness of the danger of explosive remnants of war In association with the Sustainable Peace and Development Organisation SPADO 61 and with the Organisation for Basic Education and Vocational Training Best 62 FSD trained twenty teams from afflicted areas to teach safety skills to the affected population The Philippines edit FSD s programme in the Philippines began in 2005 with technical support to the peace process between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front on the island of Mindanao In close collaboration with Association FSD France FSD carried out technical and non technical survey work mine risk education and the facilitation of clearance of explosive remnants of war In 2020 a mine risk education campaign was launched on social networks following restrictions related to COVID 19 In 2022 FSD conducted more than 586 mine risk education sessions for 24 000 people During the same period contamination surveys were conducted in more than 600 villages including 234 at risk areas of which 81 were subsequently decontaminated 63 64 Sri Lanka edit During Sri Lanka s 26 year civil war thousands of anti personnel mines were laid According to information from the National Mine Action Centre the total remaining contaminated area was still 23 306 478 square metres in 2019 65 From 2002 to 2013 FSD ran one of the largest clearance programmes in Sri Lanka The programme began after a formal request for assistance from UNDP which in turn mandated FSD to build national capacity for future District Mine Action Office DMAO operations 66 In addition FSD cleared districts in the north and east of the country for the duration of the programme After the resumption of hostilities in 2006 67 efforts shifted from local capacity building to emergency mine and explosive remnants of war awareness campaigns As NGOs were not allowed to carry out risk education FSD worked with community liaison officers to understand the local mine action priorities of displaced people and to carry out awareness sessions 68 To allow the return of displaced persons as soon as possible demining operations continued with four Dok Ing MV 4 machines and other mechanical means 69 The clearance of wells from explosive ordnance by specific FSD teams also had a major impact as it required them to be cleaned out completely thus ensuring access to drinking water for the local population In addition FSD collaborated with the Regional Mine Action Bureau RMAC and the Sri Lankan Electricity Board Demining operations also supported the Master Plan of the Mahaweli Development Programme 70 Vietnam edit Vietnam suffers from massive mine and ERW contamination Since the end of the Vietnam War according to government estimates more than 40 000 people have fallen victim to these explosive remnants 71 Throughout 2007 FSD developed close contacts with the Vietnamese government through the Vietnamese Embassy in Bern Two assessment missions were conducted to evaluate the needs in three central provinces 72 South America edit Colombia edit For 50 years Colombia has experienced internal struggles between government forces the FARC and ELN guerrillas and the paramilitary group AUC Thirty of Colombia s 32 departments are affected by the presence of explosive devices 73 FSD initially provided ad hoc support to the Colombian government s Mine Observatory from 2004 and supported the CCCM Colombian campaign to ban landmines Since 2010 FSD contributed to the training of local experts and after the signing of the Peace Accords in 2016 the organisation provided technical assistance to Descontamina Colombia the national mine action authority in Colombia which coordinates mine and explosive remnants of war clearance operations mine risk education 74 data management and victim assistance As part of its support to Descontamina Colombia FSD was instrumental in the drafting of national mine action standards In addition FSD contributed to the drafting and publication of the environmental decree 1195 2017 aimed at reducing the environmental impact of humanitarian demining interventions throughout the country especially in natural parks and other areas of high ecological value 75 Europe amp Central Asia edit Albania edit Albania was contaminated by mines and unexploded remnants of war mainly as a result of the Kosovo War in 1998 1999 76 FSD deployed a demining programme in the country in October 2000 at the initiative of the International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC and with the support of the Swiss Department of Defence DDPS 77 and began by conducting a contamination assessment In May 2001 FSD was accredited by the Albanian government 78 and recruited and trained about 50 local staff in humanitarian mine clearance so that it operations could begin in the north of the country The programme ended in 2004 In 2009 Albania declared itself officially mine free 79 Armenia edit Armenia s mine contamination is mainly the result of First Nagorno Karabakh War from 1988 to 1994 As of 2012 FSD organised training to prepare non technical surveys requested by the Armenian Ministry of Defence 80 These investigations focused on areas close to the border with Turkey avoiding the restricted military zone 81 and the Kapan region From 2013 to early 2015 FSD ran a local skills development programme 82 The organisation also contributed to the development of the Armenian National Mine Action Standards NMAS and supported the Armenian Centre for Humanitarian Demining in the establishment and management of the National Information Management System for Mine Action IMSMA database 83 Bosnia Herzegovina edit The Bosnian War which took place from 1992 to 1995 resulted in heavy contamination of the country with mines and unexploded ordnance From 1997 to 1999 FSD maintained a project in collaboration with the UN Mine Action Centre 84 The programme consisted of two humanitarian demining projects in densely populated areas of Sarajevo 85 To this end FSD trained former Bosnian military personnel in mine clearance 86 and employed 16 local deminers 87 Croatia edit The minefields in Croatia are remnants of the Croatian War of Independence From 1998 to 1999 FSD carried out a demining programme in the village of Kusonje on behalf of the Swiss association Causes Communes This represented the first humanitarian demining operation carried out by an NGO on Croatian territory 88 Kosovo edit The 1999 international conflict in Kosovo created a serious problem of explosive remnants of war 89 ICRC signed an agreement with FSD in 2000 Under this agreement FSD clearance teams responded to urgent requests referred to them by ICRC The teams worked with local communities to directly involve them in the technical response to the problem of mines and explosive remnants in their villages 90 In early 2001 due to the decrease in emergencies FSD restructured its programme into a single unit specialising in combat zone demining The FSD programme was visited several times by official delegations from the UN OSCE and KFOR 91 Tajikistan edit FSD has been active in Tajikistan since 2003 carrying out various projects in mine clearance destruction of stockpiles of weapons and ammunition and capacity building 92 The programme started with assessments and surveys determining the extent and characteristics of the country s contamination before moving on to actual mine clearance operations 93 As part of its programmes FSD has deployed several methods of demining manual mechanical and with dogs In recent years FSD has focused on supporting the Tajik authorities in the safe destruction of stockpiles of weapons and ammunition including man portable air defence systems MANPADS 94 and in 2023 will once again return to demining In 2010 FSD cleared most of the areas contaminated during the Tajikistani Civil War 95 and focused on clearing mine belts laid by former Soviet forces on the Tajik side of the Tajikistan Afghanistan border 96 That same year Norwegian People s Aid joined FSD 97 Due to a lack of funding FSD was forced to cease its clearance operations in Tajikistan in 2018 but continued its efforts to destroy stockpiles of weapons and ammunition By the end of the humanitarian demining programme FSD had handed over 38 million square metres of land Ukraine edit FSD s involvement in Ukraine dates back to early 2015 with a mine risk education programme in the Donbas region 98 After obtaining its accreditation for humanitarian demining in the country in 2017 99 FSD launched a mine and explosive remnants disposal programme in the eastern part of Ukraine in areas under Ukrainian government control 100 In 2022 following the Russian invasion fighting intensified and spread throughout the country and FSD s activities were initially reoriented to provide emergency humanitarian aid food shelter medicine fuel etc 101 As soon as the security situation allowed large scale survey demining and risk education operations resumed with increased staffing and resources in the provinces of Chernihiv 102 and Kharkiv 103 FSD s teams in Ukraine also developed significant capacity to survey and clear agricultural land in partnership with WFP and the clearance of urban areas with armoured rubble removal machines and specialist personnel In 2023 the FSD set up a new project in Ukraine in partnership with the World Food Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations 104 Ukraine produces food for 400 million people in peacetime so this project aims to enable the small farms in Kharkiv province to return to cultivating their land sustainably 105 To achieve this the FSD has provided mine clearance risk education and non technical surveys Middle East edit Iraq edit Four wars in less than thirty years have left Iraq heavily contaminated by mines and explosive remnants of war FSD s first intervention in Iraq began in 2003 with a humanitarian clearance programme as well as technical assistance for the World Food Programme 106 107 In 2016 following the occupation of part of Iraq by the Islamic State group FSD launched a humanitarian clearance project focusing on artisanal landmines and improvised explosive devices In the first year FSD removed more than 5 000 explosive devices and secured millions of square meters of land particularly in Kurdistan and the northern provinces of Iraq 108 109 110 FSD also ran an explosive ordnance risk education project with over 500 sessions delivered to approximately 16 000 men women boys and girls in Mosul district that year 111 In September 2020 FSD also started a project to support mentor and develop a local national demining NGO in Iraq SHO 112 Lebanon edit Lebanon faces a complex threat of explosive devices stemming mainly from four events the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon 1978 2000 the Lebanese Civil War 1975 1990 the Israeli Lebanese conflict in 2006 and more recently the Syrian civil war spill over 2011 2017 113 FSD s humanitarian clearance project was launched in 2006 It consisted of four teams of eight people under the aegis of UNMAC United Nations Mine Action Centre in conjunction with LMAC Lebanese Mine Action Centre 114 At the end of the project more than 587 546 square meters were secured and returned to the community 115 Other humanitarian activities edit In addition to mine action FSD carries out projects in the following areas support for peace and development emergency humanitarian assistance and environmental activities for cleanup and revitalization projects the protection of biodiversity and resilience against climate change Peace and development edit Activities supporting peace processes are linked to mine action particularly during negotiations on access to previously mined land and its development for community use For example FSD signed a cooperation agreement with the Sri Lankan government and with the Tamil National Army also known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam LTTE helping to consolidate the peace process 116 FSD has been involved in the peace process in the Philippines since 2005 providing technical expertise to the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front MILF On the 5th of May 2010 the two former belligerents signed a peace agreement providing for the implementation of a joint demining project proposed by FSD and the local NGO Philippines Campaign to Ban Landmines 117 118 119 In the Central African Republic FSD offered vocational training to help former rebel combatants reintegrate into society and to assist vulnerable communities to recover with improvement to basic facilities and socio economic development opportunities 120 Emergency aid edit From time to time when struck by disaster where FSD has open programmes FSD provides emergency humanitarian aid in the event of natural disasters or active armed conflict in its areas of operation Examples include the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka and the war in Ukraine in spring 2022 Environment edit In the environment sector FSD focuses on many depollution operations such as cleaning up land polluted by persistent organic pollutants or heavy metals and reducing the risks posed by uranium mines in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan 121 FSD also has operations contributing to building resilience against climate change and improving food security in Tajikistan Central African Republic Afghanistan and Colombia 122 Innovation and technology edit FSD takes an active role in pursuing the development of new technologies to support mine clearance and all of its work to increase safety and efficiency in its operations In 2016 FSD published a study on the use of drones during humanitarian crises 123 FSD also worked with the European Space Agency in 2015 to 2018 looking into the use of remote sensing drones and satellites to enhance demining capacity It also joined the technical steering committee of the Odyssey2025 project which ended in 2020 124 to support the development of drones capable of detecting PFM 1 mines 125 Since 2016 FSD has been working in partnership with the Urs Endress Foundation on the FindMine project aimed at developing a drone capable of locating mines and explosive remnants of war 126 Support and funding editFSD s humanitarian operations are funded by governments multilateral organisations foundations and private donations Major donors include the European Union the European Commission EC EuropeAid UNOPS the World Food Programme WFP the United Nations Development Programme UNDP United Nations Mine Action Service UNMAS UNICEF the US Department of State PM WRA the governments of Australia Canada Germany Switzerland Swiss cantons and cities foundations and private donors The FSD Group editThe FSD Group a consolidated entity includes FSD Fondation suisse de deminage Association FSD France and Crosstech SA a wholly owned commercial subsidiary of FSD Association FSD France edit In 2005 FSD was joined by a new French partner Association FSD France This sister organisation is subject to the French law of 1901 on associations Its objective is to expand the mine action activities already carried out by FSD Its main donor is the European Commission Crosstech SA edit Crosstech SA is a commercial company wholly owned by FSD It was established by FSD in 2006 with the objective of implementing mandates that cannot be implemented by humanitarian NGOs See also editOttawa Treaty Mine Ban Treaty Mine clearance agencies DeminingReferences edit FSD Fondation Suisse de Deminage Retrieved 15 June 2023 Fondation Suisse de Deminage in French Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2021 FSD 2022 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Fondation Suisse de Deminage FSD in French Retrieved 15 June 2023 Fondation Suisse de Deminage in French Retrieved 15 June 2023 Fribourg donne naissance a la Federation suisse de deminage Le Temps in French 12 July 1997 Two Swiss projects in Bosnia Le Temps 27 February 1998 Retrieved 14 June 2023 The deminers are coming to town Freiburger nachrichten in German 10 March 2000 Retrieved 14 June 2023 Swiss help with mine clearance in Albania NZZ in German 21 April 2001 Retrieved 14 June 2023 WFP 2002 Annual Report 2001 PDF WFP in French Retrieved 14 June 2023 WFP 2004 Annual Report 2004 PDF WFP Retrieved 14 June 2023 WFP 2004 Annual Report 2004 PDF WFP Retrieved 14 June 2023 Drones in Humanitarian Action A survey on perceptions and applications ReliefWeb 6 September 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2023 FSD Fondation Suisse de Deminage Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2007 PDF FSD 2008 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Burundi Action contre les Mines et REG PDF BiblioMines in French Republic of Burundi UNDP Retrieved 15 June 2023 Rapport de transparence du Burundi de 2006 2021 PDF apminebanconvention in French 2021 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Burundi Mine action the monitor 17 February 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2023 CIRID cirid Retrieved 15 June 2023 Burundi declared landmine free reliefweb 2 September 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2023 l union europeenne confirme son appui au ministere de la defense nationale a la satisfaction des autorites nationales le potentiel centrafricain in French 1 August 2018 Retrieved 15 June 2023 CAR Operations FSD Retrieved 15 June 2023 Compte rendu de reunion PDF FSD in French 7 October 2020 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Vers l effectivite de la vision de l armee de garnison letambourin in French 18 May 2020 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Arsene Jonathan MOSSEAVO 22 November 2020 Les bonus de la cooperation RCA Union Europeenne LANOCA in French Retrieved 15 June 2023 Edgar Piozza 27 January 2020 La jeunesse pionniere nationale signe un accord de partenariat avec la FSD rjdhrca in French Retrieved 15 June 2023 Chad mine action The Monitor 2018 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Le projet PRODECO EUR 23 millions s inscrit dans la volonte de l UE d œuvrer au benefice des populations vivant dans des zones de conflit ou de post conflit eeas europa in French 15 April 2019 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Haut commissariat au deminage hcnd in French Retrieved 15 June 2023 Chad FSD Retrieved 15 June 2023 FSD deploy mine action emergency response teams in the DR Congo reliefweb 18 November 2003 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Interview d une demineuse de la FSD en RDC reliefweb in French 30 June 2004 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Libya Mine Action Contamination and Impact the Monitor 9 September 2014 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Libya Mine Action Contamination and Impact The Monitor 17 September 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Martin Sturzenegger 18 June 2011 Ghadhafi hatte keine Freude wenn er wusste was wir hier tun tagesanzeiger in German Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2012 PDF FSD 2013 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Libye la Fondation suisse de deminage continue de desamorcer des engins explosifs a Syrte RTS in French 21 February 2012 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Clearing the Mines 2021 PDF Mine Action Review Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2013 PDF FSD 2014 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2006 PDF FSD 2007 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2007 PDF FSD 2008 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2008 PDF FSD 2009 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Barbier Adrien 21 September 2015 Le Mozambique enfin debarrasse de ses mines antipersonnel Le Monde in French Retrieved 15 June 2023 Sudan UNMAS Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2006 PDF FSD 2007 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2004 PDF FSD 2005 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Clearing South Sudan its deadly landmines UN 16 January 2012 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Swiss mine clearers halt work in S Sudan after ambush sudantribune 1 November 2005 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Sudan Support for mine action The Monitor 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2023 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH BACKGROUNDER LANDMINE USE IN AFGHANISTAN PDF Human Rights Watch October 2001 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Peter Scott Bowden The World Food Programme augmenting logistics Forced Migration Review Retrieved 15 June 2023 Afghanistan FSD Retrieved 15 June 2023 Les talibans pourraient accepter que des Afghans quittent le pays apres le 31 aout RTS in French 25 August 2021 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Swiss deminers clear path for 70 000 in Laos swissinfo 4 April 2007 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Australia Supports Improved Livelihoods of Ethnic Communities in Laos laosembassy 10 April 2008 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Kuwait News Agency 3 April 2007 Swiss mine foundation assists Laos to get rid of two million tons of bombs KUNA Retrieved 15 June 2023 Laos Mine action The Monitor 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Global Mapping and Analysis of Anti Vehicle Mine Incidents in 2017 Geneva GICHD SIPRI 2018 Shahid Areesha 4 January 2022 use of landmines in Pakistan rsilpak Retrieved 15 June 2023 pakistan la population est menacee par des munitions intactes restees sur le terrain RTS in French 9 February 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2023 pakistan mine action The Monitor 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Pakistan mine action The Monitor 2013 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Solomon Ben C Villamor Felipe 10 April 2018 marawi duterte china rebuilding The New York Times Retrieved 15 June 2023 deaths foretold children killed by unexploded bomb in sitio kibaritan mindanews April 2016 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Muller Nicholas 28 January 2020 Sri Lanka s Landmine Legacy The diplomat Retrieved 15 June 2023 Aider au deminage RTS in French 17 July 2005 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Bajoria Jayshree 18 May 2009 Sri Lankan conflict CFR Retrieved 15 June 2023 Sri Lanka Mine Action 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Sri Lanka Mine Action The Monitor 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2013 PDF FSD 2014 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Vietnam free mine accidents UNDP 9 May 2019 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Annual Report 2007 PDF FSD 2008 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Colombia UNMAS Retrieved 16 June 2023 Explosive Ordnance Victims and Risk Education Lessons Learned from Colombia 2012 2019 commonlibjmu 22 December 2020 Retrieved 16 June 2023 decreto 1195 de 2017 redjurista in Spanish 11 July 2017 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Albania Mine Action The Monitor 2021 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Schweizer helfen bei Entminung in Albanien NZZ in German 21 April 2001 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Annual Report 2003 PDF FSD 2004 Retrieved 16 June 2023 ALBANIA ANNOUNCES THAT IT IS FREE OF ANTI PERSONNEL MINES cartagenasummit 8 October 2009 Retrieved 16 June 2023 rmenia to host FSD Non Technical Survey panarmenian 24 November 2012 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Armenia clearing the mines PDF Mine Action Review 2017 Retrieved 16 June 2023 armenia mine action The Monitor 2016 Retrieved 16 June 2023 armenia mine action The Monitor 2015 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Deminage en Bosnie RTS in French 26 April 1998 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Deux projets suisses en Bosnie Le Temps in French 27 February 1998 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Comment former les Bosniaques au deminage Le Temps in French 7 August 1997 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Schaller Jean Philippe Deminage en Bosnie RTS in French Retrieved 16 June 2023 Annual Report 1999 PDF FSD 2000 Retrieved 16 June 2023 EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR PDF ICRC June 2001 Retrieved 16 June 2023 International Committee of the red cross The Monitor 2000 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Annual Report 2001 PDF FSD 2002 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Mine Action Support Group Newsletter PDF UNMAS March 2005 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Tajikistan Mine Action The Monitor 2014 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Schindler Markus 2022 Mine Action in Afghanistan and Tajikistan Challenges and Opportunities The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction Retrieved 16 June 2023 Tajikistan Mine Action The Monitor 2015 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Tajikistan Mine Action The Monitor 2010 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Tajikistan Mine Action The Monitor 2011 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Ukraine Mine Action The Monitor 2018 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Ukraine Mine Action The Monitor 2017 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Des millions d ukrainiens menaces par les mines Le Matin 29 December 2018 Retrieved 16 June 2023 La Fondation suisse de deminage adapte ses activites en Ukraine AGEFI in French 15 February 2022 Retrieved 16 June 2023 ukraine unexploded ordnance removal team CNN 22 August 2022 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Sieber Pierre Andre 26 November 2022 En Ukraine deminer prendra 20 ans La liberte in French Retrieved 16 June 2023 Agencies join forces with deminers to reclaim agricultural land in Ukraine UN News news un org 22 June 2023 Retrieved 27 June 2023 Schindler Markus Connell Anthony 2023 Mine Action and Food Security The Complexities of Clearing Ukraine s Agricultural Lands The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction Annual Report 2003 PDF WFP 2004 p 14 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Pauchard Olivier 23 April 2003 Feu vert pour le deminage de l Irak SwissInfo in French Retrieved 16 June 2023 IS versteckt Sprengfallen in Spielsachen 20 Minuten in German 1 October 2016 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Iraq Mine Action The Monitor 2018 Retrieved 16 June 2023 NPA Clearing the Mines PDF Mine Action Review 2019 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Operation deminage Play RTS in French 10 June 2021 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Shareteah Humanitarian Organization Retrieved 16 June 2023 about Lebmac Lebmac Retrieved 16 June 2023 La Suisse au chevet d un Liban malade de ses mines SWI swissinfo ch in French 2 June 2008 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Lebanon Mine Action The Monitor 2011 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Sri Lanka Mine Action The Monitor 2014 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Philippines FSD in French Retrieved 16 June 2023 Des Suisses vont deminer le sud des Philippines 20 minutes in French 15 November 2012 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Des experts suisses demineront l ile de Mindanao Le Temps Le Temps in French 15 November 2012 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Republique centrafricaine fsd ch Environmental Remediation of Uranium Legacy Sites in Central Asia PDF nucleus 18 September 2017 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Tajikistan FSD Retrieved 16 June 2023 Drone in humanitarian mine action PDF FSD Retrieved 16 June 2023 Proof How Small Drones Can Find Buried Landmines in the Desert Using Airborne IR Thermography commons lib jmu 2020 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Hsu Jeremy 28 December 2018 Drones Used to Find Toylike Butterfly Land Mines Scientific American Retrieved 16 June 2023 Partners ursendress stiftung in German Retrieved 16 June 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fondation Suisse de Deminage amp oldid 1217227617, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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