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Stellera

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Stelara.

Stellera is a genus of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae, with a single species Stellera chamaejasme[1] found in mountainous regions of Central Asia, China, Siberia and South Asia. S. chamaejasme is a herbaceous perennial plant with heads of white, pink or yellow flowers, grown as an ornamental plant in rock gardens and alpine houses, but considered a weed playing a rôle in the desertification of grasslands in parts of its native range. Like many others of its family, it is a poisonous plant with medicinal and other useful properties.

Stellera
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Thymelaeaceae
Subfamily: Thymelaeoideae
Genus: Stellera
L.[2]
Species:
S. chamaejasme
Binomial name
Stellera chamaejasme
L.[1]

Common names edit

Two common names recorded for the plant in Mongolian are одои далан туруу (odoi dalan turuu) and чонын Чолбодос (choniin cholbodos) - incomplete translation: choniin "of the wolf" + cholbodos [=?, possibly "poison"]. A common name for the plant in Tibetan is rejag.[3]

Description edit

Stellera chamaejasme is a herbaceous perennial. Unbranched stems, 20–30 cm tall, emerge in a cluster from an underground rhizome. Narrow, overlapping leaves are borne along the stems. Individual leaves are narrow and pointed, up to 2 cm long. The flowers are grouped into rounded tightly packed terminal heads. Flowers lack petals, instead having petaloid sepals forming a tube up to 1.5 cm long with usually five (but possibly four or six) short lobes. The flower colour varies from shades of pink and white to yellow. There are twice as many stamens as calyx lobes, in two series. The ovary has a single chamber (locule). The fruit is a dry drupe, enclosed by the remains of the calyx.[4][5]

Taxonomy edit

 
Jasminum polyanthum in bloom, showing wine-red exteriors of corollas reminiscent of those of Stellera (re. species name chamaejasme i.e. "ground jasmine").

The genus Stellera was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[2] He recognized two species: Stellera passerina (now placed in the genus Thymelaea as T. passerina) and Stellera chamaejasme.[6] The generic name Stellera (not to be confused with the entirely unrelated Stellaria) commemorates Georg Wilhelm Steller (Stöller), while the specific epithet chamaejasme is a rendering into botanical Latin orthography of the Greek χαμαί khamai "(down) on the ground" and ιασμε iasme "jasmine". The name in its entirety thus means "Steller's plant that resembles a kind of jasmine (that creeps) on the ground". The flower of Stellera chamaejasme is fragrant like that of jasmine and also has a wine-red exterior, like that of certain species of jasmine, e.g. common jasmine Jasminum officinale and the Chinese species Jasminum polyanthum. Unlike jasmine, however, Stellera is a herbaceous plant, not a woody one, and its stems do not twine.

Many species names were later created in the genus, but all are now usually considered synonyms of other species, including S. chamaejasme,[1] although the Flora of China states that there are 10 to 12 species.[5] Studies in 2002 and 2009, based on chloroplast DNA, placed Stellera in a small group of related genera, either as sister to Wikstroemia or embedded within it; however for most genera only one species was included.[7][8]

Distribution and habitat edit

Stellera chamaejasme is native to northern and western China, Tibet, the Himalayas (Nepal, Bhutan), the state of Uttar Pradesh in north India, Russia and Mongolia.[4][9] In China, it is found on sunny dry slopes and sandy places between 2600 and 4200 m.[9]

Cultivation edit

Stellera chamaejasme is cultivated as an ornamental plant in rock gardens and alpine houses. It is considered difficult to grow, needing a sunny position and gritty soil if grown outside, or a large pot if grown under cover. It is propagated by seed.[4]

Toxicity edit

 
Compared and contrasted: roots of (fancied) human-like form of A: Stellera chamaejasme and B: Mandragora officinarum, the fabled Mandrake. Note also (centre) crown of Stellera, shown bearing a single, herbaceous flowering shoot.
 
Stellera chamaejasme (in bud) growing in Gansu province, Western China, where it has the common name of Langdu (狼毒花) "wolf poison" - probably because it was formerly employed as such.

The Russians living in Dauria still hold Stellera in high esteem on account of its root, despite the fact that its violent effects have already dispatched a good many people to the afterlife. This root resembles a crudely-carved human figure to a degree even greater than that of the [famous] Alraune or Mandragora, such that one can often distinguish clearly in its natural form [protuberances resembling] a head, arms and legs; which has led to its being given the most apposite name of Muzhik koren [Мужик корен] or "Man root" by the Russians. The oldest rootstocks of this plant can reach the size of a large carrot, and [if taken as medicine] produce the most violent effects. Such old roots can produce more than fifty - and sometimes as many as a hundred - flowering shoots, which, crowned with their beautiful and fragrant flowers, give not the least hint of the violent and pernicious effects residing in the root that bore them. The exterior of the flower is usually of a dark reddish-purple, or, more rarely sulphur-yellow colour; while the interior is white. Add to this the fact that the flowers display, upon opening, a white border and in the middle a red or yellow patch, and the flowers present the most ravishing aspect. The young Tungus boys are in the habit of adorning their bare heads with a kind of hat which they create most artistically by interweaving whole flowering stems of the plant. On this plant one often finds a flower in which two normal flowers seem fused into one, bearing a corolla with nine lobes and eighteen stamens arranged in two rows.

[Translated from the French of a text closely based on the account of Prussian naturalist and explorer Peter Simon Pallas ].[10]

The plant is virulently poisonous and has caused fatalities both in humans and in livestock. The powdered roots have been used as a laxative,[11] as a pesticide and as a fish poison, and have also been used in small doses as a drastic anthelmintic for sheep and goats.[12] The plant is common in Western China, where it goes by the common name of Langdu (狼毒花) lit. "wolf poison" (狼 lang "wolf" + 毒 dú "poison" + 花 huā "flower"). It is used as a medicinal herb in China, but can be considered an undesirable element in the flora if it should proliferate to too great an extent, as its large, water-thirsty roots speed up the desertification of prairies.[13] A work on native Chinese medicinal plants aimed at farmers states that Stellera is a very poisonous plant used as an insecticide and that, if consumed by an animal, will cause the victim's intestines to disintegrate.[14]

Corroboration of this evidence for the damaging effect upon animal intestines of the consumption of certain plants belonging to the Thymelaceae may be found in an account of "Lasiosiphon kraussianus Hutch. & Dalz. " (referable, possibly to Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) Meisn. or a Gnidia sp.) of South Africa: the plant is exceedingly poisonous and rapidly fatal to stock: the intestines of an animal perforate about a day after eating it. This lethal property is put to use by certain African tribes who use the powdered root of the plant to poison waterholes during the rainy season, the poison remaining potent for seven days and killing any animal which drinks it.[15]

The plant family to which Stellera belongs - Thymelaceae - is notable for the number of poisonous species which it contains and also for a certain similarity in chemistry to the family Euphorbiaceae, both families having a number of genera producing phorbol esters.[16][17] It is interesting to note, in this context, that Chinese herbal medicine recognises a similarity in action between Stellera and certain Euphorbia species: Perry (1980)[18] notes that, in a Chinese materia medica of 1959,[19] Stellera, Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. (syn. E. pallasii Turcz.) and Euphorbia sieboldiana Morr. & Decne. are listed under the same heading (no. 86, langdu) - and as possessing the same or very similar medicinal properties: pungent, poisonous plants used as cathartics, anthelmintics, expectorants, also used topically to treat ulcers and skin diseases.

Chemistry and properties edit

The principal constituents of Stellera chamaejasme include, among others, flavonoids, coumarins, lignans and diterpenoids. A recent work on the medicinal plants of Mongolia [3] notes the presence in the root (rhizome) of sugars, organic acids, saponins and tannins and the following specific compounds: the flavonoids 5,7-dihydroxy-4',11-dimethoxy-3',14-dimethylbenzoflavanone, ruixianglangdusu A and B, 4',4'",5,5",7,7"-hexahydroxy-3,3"-biflavone, 7-methoxyneochamaejasmin A; the coumarins: sfondine, isobergapten, pimpinellin, isopimpinellin, umbelliferone, daphniretin, bicoumastechamin and daphnetin; diterpenes (unspecified); the lignans: (+)-kusunokinin, lirioresinol-B, magnolenin C, (-)-pinoresinol monomethyl ether, (-)-pinoresinol, (+)-matairesinol, isohinokinin, and (-)-eudesmin; and the steroids: daucosterol, β-sitosterol. Above-ground parts of the plant were found to contain the coumarins: daphnorin, daphnetin, daphnoretin, daphnetin 8-O-b-D-glycopyranoside and chamaejasmoside.[3]

A scientific paper of 2015 refers to this plant - regarded as a choice and hard-to-grow ornamental by European and American gardeners - as being one of the most toxic of grassland weeds in the range where it is native and notes that cattle which consume its shoots and flowers may be fatally poisoned. The paper notes further that populations of the plant are in no way endangered, having been flourishing and increasing for some years: this appears to be due not simply to the plant's competing vigorously with other species for water and nutrients, but also to its containing / secreting herbicidal compounds.Water and ethanol extracts of S. chamaejasme inhibited seed germination and/or seedling growth in no fewer than 13 plant species, and the phytotoxic effects were stronger upon dicotyledonous plants than upon monocotyledonous plants. The phytotoxic compounds were observed to be liberated particularly by dead or moribund specimens of S. chamaejasme and to lead to reduced seedling growth in the grasses Lolium perenne L., Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski and Bromus inermis Leyss. and the legumes Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb. (see Melilotus), Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. (sainfoin) and Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa). Furthermore, pesticidal properties were confirmed to be present in S. chameajasme: the ethanolic extract of S. chameajasme strongly inhibited the growth of the following insect pests: the butterfly Pieris rapae, the aphid Myzus persicae and the corn-borer moth Ostrinia furnacalis, and showed contact and oral toxicities against two other stem-borer moths which are pests of rice: Sesamia inferens and Chilo suppressalis.[20]

Papermaking edit

In Tibet, the thick, fibrous root of Stellera is harvested, cooked, and beaten for making paper.[21]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Search results for Stellera", The Plant List, retrieved 2017-11-26
  2. ^ a b "Plant Name Details for Stellera L.", The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2017-11-26
  3. ^ a b c Medicinal Plants in Mongolia pub. World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific Region 2013 ISBN 978-92-9061-632-0
  4. ^ a b c Beckett, K., ed. (1994), "Stellera", Encyclopaedia of Alpines : Volume 2 (L–Z), Pershore, UK: AGS Publications, p. 1285, ISBN 978-0-900048-62-3
  5. ^ a b Wang, Yinzheng & Gilbert, Michael G., "Stellaria", in Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.), Flora of China (online), eFloras.org, retrieved 2017-11-26
  6. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1753), "Stellera", Species Plantarum (in Latin), vol. 1, Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentius Salvius, p. 559, retrieved 2017-11-26
  7. ^ van der Bank, Michelle; Fay, Michael F. & Chase, Mark W. (2002), "Molecular Phylogenetics of Thymelaeaceae with particular reference to African and Australian genera", Taxon, 51 (2): 329–339, doi:10.2307/1554901, JSTOR 1554930
  8. ^ Beaumont, Angela J.; Edwards, Trevor J.; Manning, John; Maurin, Olivier; Rautenbach, Marline; Motsi, Moleboheng C.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. & Van Der Bank, Michelle (2009), "Gnidia (Thymelaeaceae) is not monophyletic: taxonomic implications for Thymelaeoideae and a partial new generic taxonomy for Gnidia", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 160 (4): 402–417, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00988.x
  9. ^ a b Wang, Yinzheng & Gilbert, Michael G., "Stellaria chamaejasme", in Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan (eds.), Flora of China (online), eFloras.org, retrieved 2017-11-26
  10. ^ [Author anonymous] Histoire des Decouvertes faites par divers savans voyageurs dans plusieurs contrées de la Russie & de la Perse, relativement à l'Histoire civile & naturelle à l'Économie rurale, au commerce &c. pub. Aberne, chez François Seizer et Comp., Tôme V, 1787 page 499. Reissued by Nabu Public Domain Reprints, U.S.A.[verification needed]
  11. ^ http://banyamoya.ru/lekarstvennye-rasteniya/352-slabitelnye-chast-2.html Retrieved 14.10 on Thursday 30/4/20.
  12. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: R-Z. CRC. p. 395. ISBN 978-1-4398-9570-2.
  13. ^ Flora of China Online http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014523 Retrieved 13.43 on Thursday 30/4/20.
  14. ^ Chung kuo t'u nung yao chih - A Chinese native medicinal flora for farmers, preface by Kuo Mo-j'o, Director, Acad. Sinica and compiled by a committee (gives brief account of medicinal use of each plant and fuller account of insecticidal properties) pub. Beijing, 1959.
  15. ^ Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd edition,Watt J.M.& Breyer-Brandwijk M.G. pub.E.&S.Livingstone Ltd. 1962 page 1024-5.
  16. ^ Wink, Michael and van Wyk, Ben-Erik, Mind-Altering and Poisonous Plants of the World, A Scientifically Accurate Guide to 1200 Toxic and Intoxicating Plants , pub. Timber Press Inc. 2008, ISBN 978-0-88192-952-2, pps. 320-21: Section "Diterpenes", subsection "Phorbol Esters".
  17. ^ Goel, G; Makkar, H. P.; Francis, G; Becker, K (2007). "Phorbol esters: Structure, biological activity, and toxicity in animals". International Journal of Toxicology. 26 (4): 279–88. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.6537. doi:10.1080/10915810701464641. PMID 17661218. S2CID 11550625.
  18. ^ Perry, Lily M. assisted by Metzger, Judith Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia, pub. The MIT Press 1980 ISBN 0 262 16076 5, page 144.
  19. ^ Chung yao chih [New Chinese Materia Medica] pub. Beijing 1959 vol. 1: Roots( being a project undertaken by the following institutions: Pharmaceut. Inst. Acad. Med., Peking; Bot. Gard., Acad. Sinica, Nanking; Peking Med. Col., Dept. Pharmacy; Tientsin Drug Supply House; Peking Coll. Chinese Medicine; Peking Drug Supply House. Preface by C.E. Wang. Translated by Mr. T.S. Wei.
  20. ^ Yan, Zhiqiang; Zeng, Liming; Jin, Hui; Qin, Bo (7 April 2015). "Potential ecological roles of flavonoids from Stellera chamaejasme". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 10 (3): e1001225. doi:10.1080/15592324.2014.1001225. PMC 4622577. PMID 25848835.
  21. ^ Huett, Bruce (2020), "The revival of Himalayan papermaking: historical, socio-cultural and economic aspects.", Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi, 3: 427–450

January 01, 1970
stellera, confused, with, stelara, genus, flowering, plant, family, thymelaeaceae, with, single, species, chamaejasme, found, mountainous, regions, central, asia, china, siberia, south, asia, chamaejasme, herbaceous, perennial, plant, with, heads, white, pink,. Not to be confused with Stelara Stellera is a genus of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae with a single species Stellera chamaejasme 1 found in mountainous regions of Central Asia China Siberia and South Asia S chamaejasme is a herbaceous perennial plant with heads of white pink or yellow flowers grown as an ornamental plant in rock gardens and alpine houses but considered a weed playing a role in the desertification of grasslands in parts of its native range Like many others of its family it is a poisonous plant with medicinal and other useful properties Stellera Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malvales Family Thymelaeaceae Subfamily Thymelaeoideae Genus StelleraL 2 Species S chamaejasme Binomial name Stellera chamaejasmeL 1 Contents 1 Common names 2 Description 3 Taxonomy 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Cultivation 6 Toxicity 7 Chemistry and properties 8 Papermaking 9 ReferencesCommon names editTwo common names recorded for the plant in Mongolian are odoi dalan turuu odoi dalan turuu and chonyn Cholbodos choniin cholbodos incomplete translation choniin of the wolf cholbodos possibly poison A common name for the plant in Tibetan is rejag 3 Description editStellera chamaejasme is a herbaceous perennial Unbranched stems 20 30 cm tall emerge in a cluster from an underground rhizome Narrow overlapping leaves are borne along the stems Individual leaves are narrow and pointed up to 2 cm long The flowers are grouped into rounded tightly packed terminal heads Flowers lack petals instead having petaloid sepals forming a tube up to 1 5 cm long with usually five but possibly four or six short lobes The flower colour varies from shades of pink and white to yellow There are twice as many stamens as calyx lobes in two series The ovary has a single chamber locule The fruit is a dry drupe enclosed by the remains of the calyx 4 5 Taxonomy edit nbsp Jasminum polyanthum in bloom showing wine red exteriors of corollas reminiscent of those of Stellera re species name chamaejasme i e ground jasmine The genus Stellera was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 2 He recognized two species Stellera passerina now placed in the genus Thymelaea as T passerina and Stellera chamaejasme 6 The generic name Stellera not to be confused with the entirely unrelated Stellaria commemorates Georg Wilhelm Steller Stoller while the specific epithet chamaejasme is a rendering into botanical Latin orthography of the Greek xamai khamai down on the ground and iasme iasme jasmine The name in its entirety thus means Steller s plant that resembles a kind of jasmine that creeps on the ground The flower of Stellera chamaejasme is fragrant like that of jasmine and also has a wine red exterior like that of certain species of jasmine e g common jasmine Jasminum officinale and the Chinese species Jasminum polyanthum Unlike jasmine however Stellera is a herbaceous plant not a woody one and its stems do not twine Many species names were later created in the genus but all are now usually considered synonyms of other species including S chamaejasme 1 although the Flora of China states that there are 10 to 12 species 5 Studies in 2002 and 2009 based on chloroplast DNA placed Stellera in a small group of related genera either as sister to Wikstroemia or embedded within it however for most genera only one species was included 7 8 Edgeworthia Wikstroemia Stellera Diarthron Thymelaea DaphneDistribution and habitat editStellera chamaejasme is native to northern and western China Tibet the Himalayas Nepal Bhutan the state of Uttar Pradesh in north India Russia and Mongolia 4 9 In China it is found on sunny dry slopes and sandy places between 2600 and 4200 m 9 Cultivation editStellera chamaejasme is cultivated as an ornamental plant in rock gardens and alpine houses It is considered difficult to grow needing a sunny position and gritty soil if grown outside or a large pot if grown under cover It is propagated by seed 4 Toxicity edit nbsp Compared and contrasted roots of fancied human like form of A Stellera chamaejasme and B Mandragora officinarum the fabled Mandrake Note also centre crown of Stellera shown bearing a single herbaceous flowering shoot nbsp Stellera chamaejasme in bud growing in Gansu province Western China where it has the common name of Langdu 狼毒花 wolf poison probably because it was formerly employed as such The Russians living in Dauria still hold Stellera in high esteem on account of its root despite the fact that its violent effects have already dispatched a good many people to the afterlife This root resembles a crudely carved human figure to a degree even greater than that of the famous Alraune or Mandragora such that one can often distinguish clearly in its natural form protuberances resembling a head arms and legs which has led to its being given the most apposite name of Muzhik koren Muzhik koren or Man root by the Russians The oldest rootstocks of this plant can reach the size of a large carrot and if taken as medicine produce the most violent effects Such old roots can produce more than fifty and sometimes as many as a hundred flowering shoots which crowned with their beautiful and fragrant flowers give not the least hint of the violent and pernicious effects residing in the root that bore them The exterior of the flower is usually of a dark reddish purple or more rarely sulphur yellow colour while the interior is white Add to this the fact that the flowers display upon opening a white border and in the middle a red or yellow patch and the flowers present the most ravishing aspect The young Tungus boys are in the habit of adorning their bare heads with a kind of hat which they create most artistically by interweaving whole flowering stems of the plant On this plant one often finds a flower in which two normal flowers seem fused into one bearing a corolla with nine lobes and eighteen stamens arranged in two rows Translated from the French of a text closely based on the account of Prussian naturalist and explorer Peter Simon Pallas 10 The plant is virulently poisonous and has caused fatalities both in humans and in livestock The powdered roots have been used as a laxative 11 as a pesticide and as a fish poison and have also been used in small doses as a drastic anthelmintic for sheep and goats 12 The plant is common in Western China where it goes by the common name of Langdu 狼毒花 lit wolf poison 狼 lang wolf 毒 du poison 花 hua flower It is used as a medicinal herb in China but can be considered an undesirable element in the flora if it should proliferate to too great an extent as its large water thirsty roots speed up the desertification of prairies 13 A work on native Chinese medicinal plants aimed at farmers states that Stellera is a very poisonous plant used as an insecticide and that if consumed by an animal will cause the victim s intestines to disintegrate 14 Corroboration of this evidence for the damaging effect upon animal intestines of the consumption of certain plants belonging to the Thymelaceae may be found in an account of Lasiosiphon kraussianus Hutch amp Dalz referable possibly to Lasiosiphon kraussianus Meisn Meisn or a Gnidia sp of South Africa the plant is exceedingly poisonous and rapidly fatal to stock the intestines of an animal perforate about a day after eating it This lethal property is put to use by certain African tribes who use the powdered root of the plant to poison waterholes during the rainy season the poison remaining potent for seven days and killing any animal which drinks it 15 The plant family to which Stellera belongs Thymelaceae is notable for the number of poisonous species which it contains and also for a certain similarity in chemistry to the family Euphorbiaceae both families having a number of genera producing phorbol esters 16 17 It is interesting to note in this context that Chinese herbal medicine recognises a similarity in action between Stellera and certain Euphorbia species Perry 1980 18 notes that in a Chinese materia medica of 1959 19 Stellera Euphorbia fischeriana Steud syn E pallasii Turcz and Euphorbia sieboldiana Morr amp Decne are listed under the same heading no 86 langdu and as possessing the same or very similar medicinal properties pungent poisonous plants used as cathartics anthelmintics expectorants also used topically to treat ulcers and skin diseases Chemistry and properties editThe principal constituents of Stellera chamaejasme include among others flavonoids coumarins lignans and diterpenoids A recent work on the medicinal plants of Mongolia 3 notes the presence in the root rhizome of sugars organic acids saponins and tannins and the following specific compounds the flavonoids 5 7 dihydroxy 4 11 dimethoxy 3 14 dimethylbenzoflavanone ruixianglangdusu A and B 4 4 5 5 7 7 hexahydroxy 3 3 biflavone 7 methoxyneochamaejasmin A the coumarins sfondine isobergapten pimpinellin isopimpinellin umbelliferone daphniretin bicoumastechamin and daphnetin diterpenes unspecified the lignans kusunokinin lirioresinol B magnolenin C pinoresinol monomethyl ether pinoresinol matairesinol isohinokinin and eudesmin and the steroids daucosterol b sitosterol Above ground parts of the plant were found to contain the coumarins daphnorin daphnetin daphnoretin daphnetin 8 O b D glycopyranoside and chamaejasmoside 3 A scientific paper of 2015 refers to this plant regarded as a choice and hard to grow ornamental by European and American gardeners as being one of the most toxic of grassland weeds in the range where it is native and notes that cattle which consume its shoots and flowers may be fatally poisoned The paper notes further that populations of the plant are in no way endangered having been flourishing and increasing for some years this appears to be due not simply to the plant s competing vigorously with other species for water and nutrients but also to its containing secreting herbicidal compounds Water and ethanol extracts of S chamaejasme inhibited seed germination and or seedling growth in no fewer than 13 plant species and the phytotoxic effects were stronger upon dicotyledonous plants than upon monocotyledonous plants The phytotoxic compounds were observed to be liberated particularly by dead or moribund specimens of S chamaejasme and to lead to reduced seedling growth in the grasses Lolium perenne L Psathyrostachys juncea Fisch Nevski and Bromus inermis Leyss and the legumes Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb see Melilotus Onobrychis viciifolia Scop sainfoin and Medicago sativa L alfalfa Furthermore pesticidal properties were confirmed to be present in S chameajasme the ethanolic extract of S chameajasme strongly inhibited the growth of the following insect pests the butterfly Pieris rapae the aphid Myzus persicae and the corn borer moth Ostrinia furnacalis and showed contact and oral toxicities against two other stem borer moths which are pests of rice Sesamia inferens and Chilo suppressalis 20 Papermaking editIn Tibet the thick fibrous root of Stellera is harvested cooked and beaten for making paper 21 References edit a b c Search results for Stellera The Plant List retrieved 2017 11 26 a b Plant Name Details for Stellera L The International Plant Names Index retrieved 2017 11 26 a b c Medicinal Plants in Mongolia pub World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Region 2013 ISBN 978 92 9061 632 0 1 a b c Beckett K ed 1994 Stellera Encyclopaedia of Alpines Volume 2 L Z Pershore UK AGS Publications p 1285 ISBN 978 0 900048 62 3 a b Wang Yinzheng amp Gilbert Michael G Stellaria in Wu Zhengyi Raven Peter H amp Hong Deyuan eds Flora of China online eFloras org retrieved 2017 11 26 Linnaeus Carl 1753 Stellera Species Plantarum in Latin vol 1 Stockholm Sweden Laurentius Salvius p 559 retrieved 2017 11 26 van der Bank Michelle Fay Michael F amp Chase Mark W 2002 Molecular Phylogenetics of Thymelaeaceae with particular reference to African and Australian genera Taxon 51 2 329 339 doi 10 2307 1554901 JSTOR 1554930 Beaumont Angela J Edwards Trevor J Manning John Maurin Olivier Rautenbach Marline Motsi Moleboheng C Fay Michael F Chase Mark W amp Van Der Bank Michelle 2009 Gnidia Thymelaeaceae is not monophyletic taxonomic implications for Thymelaeoideae and a partial new generic taxonomy for Gnidia Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 160 4 402 417 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00988 x a b Wang Yinzheng amp Gilbert Michael G Stellaria chamaejasme in Wu Zhengyi Raven Peter H amp Hong Deyuan eds Flora of China online eFloras org retrieved 2017 11 26 Author anonymous Histoire des Decouvertes faites par divers savans voyageurs dans plusieurs contrees de la Russie amp de la Perse relativement a l Histoire civile amp naturelle a l Economie rurale au commerce amp c pub Aberne chez Francois Seizer et Comp Tome V 1787 page 499 Reissued by Nabu Public Domain Reprints U S A verification needed http banyamoya ru lekarstvennye rasteniya 352 slabitelnye chast 2 html Retrieved 14 10 on Thursday 30 4 20 Quattrocchi Umberto 2012 CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants R Z CRC p 395 ISBN 978 1 4398 9570 2 Flora of China Online http www efloras org florataxon aspx flora id 2 amp taxon id 200014523 Retrieved 13 43 on Thursday 30 4 20 Chung kuo t u nung yao chih A Chinese native medicinal flora for farmers preface by Kuo Mo j o Director Acad Sinica and compiled by a committee gives brief account of medicinal use of each plant and fuller account of insecticidal properties pub Beijing 1959 Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd edition Watt J M amp Breyer Brandwijk M G pub E amp S Livingstone Ltd 1962 page 1024 5 Wink Michael and van Wyk Ben Erik Mind Altering and Poisonous Plants of the World A Scientifically Accurate Guide to 1200 Toxic and Intoxicating Plants pub Timber Press Inc 2008 ISBN 978 0 88192 952 2 pps 320 21 Section Diterpenes subsection Phorbol Esters Goel G Makkar H P Francis G Becker K 2007 Phorbol esters Structure biological activity and toxicity in animals International Journal of Toxicology 26 4 279 88 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 320 6537 doi 10 1080 10915810701464641 PMID 17661218 S2CID 11550625 Perry Lily M assisted by Metzger Judith Medicinal Plants of East and Southeast Asia pub The MIT Press 1980 ISBN 0 262 16076 5 page 144 Chung yao chih New Chinese Materia Medica pub Beijing 1959 vol 1 Roots being a project undertaken by the following institutions Pharmaceut Inst Acad Med Peking Bot Gard Acad Sinica Nanking Peking Med Col Dept Pharmacy Tientsin Drug Supply House Peking Coll Chinese Medicine Peking Drug Supply House Preface by C E Wang Translated by Mr T S Wei Yan Zhiqiang Zeng Liming Jin Hui Qin Bo 7 April 2015 Potential ecological roles of flavonoids from Stellera chamaejasme Plant Signaling amp Behavior 10 3 e1001225 doi 10 1080 15592324 2014 1001225 PMC 4622577 PMID 25848835 Huett Bruce 2020 The revival of Himalayan papermaking historical socio cultural and economic aspects Z Badan nad Ksiazka i Ksiegozbiorami Historycznymi 3 427 450 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stellera amp oldid 1173111911, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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