The plants are mostly shrubs and trees; most of its families have a cosmopolitan distribution in the tropics and subtropics, with limited expansion into temperate regions. An interesting distribution occurs in Madagascar, where three endemic families of Malvales (Sphaerosepalaceae, Sarcolaenaceae and Diegodendraceae) occur.
Many species of Malvaceae, sensu lato (in the broad sense), are valued for their wood, with that of Ochroma (balsa) being known for its lightness, and that of Tilia (lime, linden, or basswood) as a popular wood for carving. Fruit of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) are used as an ingredient for chocolate. Kola nuts (genus Cola) are notable for their high caffeine content and were commonly used in the past in preparation of various cola drinks. They are still in use as a stimulant, particularly in West Africa where they are chewed for this effect.[4] Other well-known members of Malvales in the APG II sense are daphnes, hibiscus, hollyhocks, okra, jute, baobab trees, cotton, kapok (which mostly comes from Ceiba pentandra, but also from other "Kapok trees" also of Malvales, such as Bombax ceiba), and durian.
The morphology of Malvales is diverse, with few common characteristics. Among those most commonly encountered are leaf shapes in palmate form, sepals which are connate, and a specific structure and chemical composition of the seeds. The cortex is often fibrous, built of soft phloem layers.
Taxonomyedit
Early classifications such as that of Dahlgren placed the Malvales in the superorder Malviflorae (also called Malvanae). Family boundaries and circumscriptions of the "core" Malvales families, Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae, have long been problematic. A close relationship among these families, and particularly Malvaceae and Bombacaceae, has generally been recognized, although until recently most classification systems have maintained them as separate families. With numerous molecular phylogenies showing Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae, and Tiliaceae as traditionally defined are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic, a consensus has been emerging for a trend to expand Malvaceae to include these three families. This expanded circumscription of Malvaceae has been recognized in the most recent version of the Thorne system, by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, and in the most recent comprehensive treatment of vascular plant families and genera, the Kubitzki system.[5]
The dominant family in the APG II-system is the extended Malvaceae (Malvaceae sensu lato) with over 4000 species, followed by Thymelaeaceae with 750 species. This expanded circumscription of Malvaceae is taken to include the families Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. Under the older Cronquist system the order contained these four "core Malvales" families plus the Elaeocarpaceae and was placed among the Dilleniidae. Some of the currently included families were placed by Cronquist in the Violales.
^Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
^Nickrent, Daniel L. "Cytinaceae are sister to Muntingiaceae (Malvales)", Taxon 56 (4): 1129-1135 (2007) (abstract)
^Starin, Dawn (December 2013). "Kola nut: so much more than just a nut". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 106 (12): 510–512. doi:10.1177/0141076813507708. PMC3842857. PMID 24158941.
^Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki. 2003. Malvaceae, pp. 225–311. In K. Kubitzki (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
Bibliographyedit
Alverson, W. S., K. G. Karol, D. A. Baum, M. W. Chase, S. M. Swensen, R. McCourt, and K. J. Sytsma (1998). Circumscription of the Malvales and relationships to other Rosidae: Evidence from rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany85, 876–887. (Available online: Abstract 2010-06-26 at the Wayback Machine)
Edlin, H. L. 1935. A critical revision of certain taxonomic groups of the Malvales. New Phytologist 34: 1-20, 122–143.
Judd, W.S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens, M. J. Donoghue (2002). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 2nd edition. pp. 405–410 (Malvales). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. ISBN0-87893-403-0.
Kubitzki, K. and M. W. Chase. 2003. Introduction to Malvales, pp. 12– 16. In K. Kubitzki (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
du Mortier, B. C. J. (1829). Analyse des Familles de Plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent, p. 43. Imprimerie de J. Casterman, Tournay.
Whitlock, B. A. (October 2001). Malvales (Mallow). In: Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Nature Publishing Group, London. (Available online: DOI | ELS site)
Johansson, J.T. 2013 (and onwards). The Phylogeny of Angiosperms. Published online. http://angio.bergianska.se Malvales
November 26, 2023
malvales, order, flowering, plants, circumscribed, system, order, includes, about, 6000, species, within, nine, families, order, placed, eurosids, which, part, eudicots, temporal, range, campanian, recent, preꞒ, nalcea, setosascientific, classificationkingdom,. The Malvales are an order of flowering plants As circumscribed by APG II system the order includes about 6000 species within nine families The order is placed in the eurosids II which are part of the eudicots MalvalesTemporal range Campanian recent 1 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NAlcea setosaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsClade MalvidsOrder MalvalesJuss ex Bercht amp J Presl 2 FamiliesBixaceae including Cochlospermaceae Diegodendraceae Cistaceae Cytinaceae 3 Dipterocarpaceae Malvaceae Muntingiaceae Neuradaceae Sarcolaenaceae Sphaerosepalaceae ThymelaeaceaeThe plants are mostly shrubs and trees most of its families have a cosmopolitan distribution in the tropics and subtropics with limited expansion into temperate regions An interesting distribution occurs in Madagascar where three endemic families of Malvales Sphaerosepalaceae Sarcolaenaceae and Diegodendraceae occur Many species of Malvaceae sensu lato in the broad sense are valued for their wood with that of Ochroma balsa being known for its lightness and that of Tilia lime linden or basswood as a popular wood for carving Fruit of the cacao tree Theobroma cacao are used as an ingredient for chocolate Kola nuts genus Cola are notable for their high caffeine content and were commonly used in the past in preparation of various cola drinks They are still in use as a stimulant particularly in West Africa where they are chewed for this effect 4 Other well known members of Malvales in the APG II sense are daphnes hibiscus hollyhocks okra jute baobab trees cotton kapok which mostly comes from Ceiba pentandra but also from other Kapok trees also of Malvales such as Bombax ceiba and durian Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksDescription edit nbsp Hibiscus moscheutosThe morphology of Malvales is diverse with few common characteristics Among those most commonly encountered are leaf shapes in palmate form sepals which are connate and a specific structure and chemical composition of the seeds The cortex is often fibrous built of soft phloem layers Taxonomy editEarly classifications such as that of Dahlgren placed the Malvales in the superorder Malviflorae also called Malvanae Family boundaries and circumscriptions of the core Malvales families Malvaceae Bombacaceae Tiliaceae and Sterculiaceae have long been problematic A close relationship among these families and particularly Malvaceae and Bombacaceae has generally been recognized although until recently most classification systems have maintained them as separate families With numerous molecular phylogenies showing Sterculiaceae Bombacaceae and Tiliaceae as traditionally defined are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic a consensus has been emerging for a trend to expand Malvaceae to include these three families This expanded circumscription of Malvaceae has been recognized in the most recent version of the Thorne system by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and in the most recent comprehensive treatment of vascular plant families and genera the Kubitzki system 5 The dominant family in the APG II system is the extended Malvaceae Malvaceae sensu lato with over 4000 species followed by Thymelaeaceae with 750 species This expanded circumscription of Malvaceae is taken to include the families Bombacaceae Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae Under the older Cronquist system the order contained these four core Malvales families plus the Elaeocarpaceae and was placed among the Dilleniidae Some of the currently included families were placed by Cronquist in the Violales References edit Malvales www mobot org Retrieved 2023 07 20 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x Nickrent Daniel L Cytinaceae are sister to Muntingiaceae Malvales Taxon 56 4 1129 1135 2007 abstract Starin Dawn December 2013 Kola nut so much more than just a nut Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 106 12 510 512 doi 10 1177 0141076813507708 PMC 3842857 PMID 24158941 Bayer C and K Kubitzki 2003 Malvaceae pp 225 311 In K Kubitzki ed The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol 5 Malvales Capparales and non betalain Caryophyllales Bibliography editAlverson W S K G Karol D A Baum M W Chase S M Swensen R McCourt and K J Sytsma 1998 Circumscription of the Malvales and relationships to other Rosidae Evidence from rbcL sequence data American Journal of Botany 85 876 887 Available online Abstract Archived 2010 06 26 at the Wayback Machine Edlin H L 1935 A critical revision of certain taxonomic groups of the Malvales New Phytologist 34 1 20 122 143 Judd W S C S Campbell E A Kellogg P F Stevens M J Donoghue 2002 Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach 2nd edition pp 405 410 Malvales Sinauer Associates Sunderland Massachusetts ISBN 0 87893 403 0 Kubitzki K and M W Chase 2003 Introduction to Malvales pp 12 16 In K Kubitzki ed The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol 5 Malvales Capparales and non betalain Caryophyllales du Mortier B C J 1829 Analyse des Familles de Plantes avec l indication des principaux genres qui s y rattachent p 43 Imprimerie de J Casterman Tournay Watson L and Dallwitz M J 1992 onwards The families of flowering plants descriptions illustrations identification and information retrievalThe families of flowering plants descriptions illustrations identification and information retrieval http delta intkey com Whitlock B A October 2001 Malvales Mallow In Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences Nature Publishing Group London Available online DOI ELS site External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Malvales nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malvales Tree of Life Malvales Johansson J T 2013 and onwards The Phylogeny of Angiosperms Published online http angio bergianska se Malvales Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Malvales amp oldid 1174438232, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
