fbpx
Wikipedia

Jasmine

April 19, 2023

This article is about the plant genus. For the given name, see Jasmine (given name). For other uses, see Jasmine (disambiguation).

Jasmine (taxonomic name: Jasminum; /ˈjæsmɪnəm/, YASS-min-əm[5]) is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae.[4][6][7]: 193  It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania.[7]: 194  Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. A number of unrelated plants contain the word "jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "jasmine").

Jasmine
Jasminum officinale, common jasmine
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Tribe: Jasmineae
Genus: Jasminum
L.
Type species
Jasminum officinale
Species

More than 200, see List of Jasminum species[1][2][3]

Synonyms[4]
  • Mogorium Juss.
  • Noldeanthus Knobl.
  • Nyctanthos St.-Lag.
Common jasmine

Description

See also: Glossary of botanical terms

Jasmine can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.

Flowers and fruit

The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.[7][additional citation(s) needed]

The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe.

The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (triploid 3n=39), Jasminum flexile (tetraploid 4n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (triploid 3n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (tetraploid 4n=52).[7][additional citation(s) needed]

Distribution and habitat

Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australasia and Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.[8][9][10] Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[11]

Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from West Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Northeast Africa, and East Africa, and is now naturalized in the Iberian peninsula.[7][12]

Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.[13][14] Jasminum polyanthum, also known as White Jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.[15]

Etymology

The name comes from Old French jessemin, from Persian: یاسمن‎, romanized: yāsamin[16] which is derived from the Middle Persian word yāsaman. After the Muslim conquest of Persia it was borrowed as yāsamīn (يَاسَمِين) in Arabic. Through Arabic the name entered Ottoman Turkish and then to Middle French around 1570.[17][18] The word was first used in English in the 16th century.[18]

The Persian name is also where the genus name Jasminum comes from.[19]

Taxonomy

Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[7] Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[20]

 

Species

Main article: List of Jasminum species

Species include:[21]

  •  

    Jasminum sambac "Grand Duke of Tuscany"

  •  

    A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud.

  •  

    Jasmine buds

  •  

    Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower

  •  

    Jasmine flowers

Jasmonates

Main article: Jasmonate

Jasmine lends its name to jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.[22] Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants.[23]

Cultural importance

Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.[24] It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.[25] Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.[26] They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987[27][28] and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower.[29]

"Jasmine" is a common female given name.

  •  

    surface of Jasmine tea

  •  

    The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century

  •  

    Jasmine used as garland

  •  

    Jasmine flower blooming

Symbolism

Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol.

Other plants called "jasmine"

References

  1. ^ "Jasminum". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  2. ^ "10. Jasminum Linnaeus". Chinese Plant Names. 15: 307. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  3. ^ UniProt. "Jasminum". Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  4. ^ a b "Tacca J.R.Forst. & G.Forst". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  5. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
  6. ^ "Jasminum L." World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f A.K. Singh (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6.
  8. ^ C.C. Townsend and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in Flora of Iraq, Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.
  9. ^ Ernst Schmidt; Mervyn Lötter; Warren McCleland (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-919777-30-6.
  10. ^ Jasminum @ EFloras.org.
  11. ^ H. Panda (2005). Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. National Institute Of Industrial Research. p. 220. ISBN 978-81-7833-027-3.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ "Jasminum". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  13. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Jasminum fluminense". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  14. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Jasminum dichotomum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-02-04.
  16. ^ Weekley, Ernest (1921). "jasmine, jessamine". An etymological dictionary of modern English. London J. Murray. p. 779.
  17. ^ "Definition of Jasmine". Merriam-Webster. 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
  18. ^ a b "Jasmine". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  19. ^ Bayton, Ross (2019). The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names. London, UK: Royal Horticultural Society. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-78472-677-5.
  20. ^ USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ GRIN. . Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  22. ^ Demole E; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin". Helv Chim Acta. 45 (2): 675–85. doi:10.1002/hlca.19620450233.
  23. ^ Sharma, M; Laxmi, A (2016). "Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 1129. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.01129. PMC 4701901. PMID 26779205.
  24. ^ "What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower?". Earth.com. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  25. ^ August 8; Comments, 2018 | Micaela Nerguizian |. "Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding". Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  26. ^ "10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club". www.gardenloversclub.com. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
  27. ^ Michael, Ayari; Vincent Geisser (2011). (in French). Témoignage chrétien. Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  28. ^ (in French). Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com. 2011-02-25. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  29. ^ Kim, Elvis H (September 2021). "Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age". International Area Studies Review. 24 (3): 205–223. doi:10.1177/22338659211026006. ISSN 2233-8659. S2CID 237434616.
  30. ^ Anabel Bachour (23 February 2017). "Damascus, the City of Jasmine". Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  31. ^ Hitt, Christine (1 May 2018). "7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  32. ^ Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Akhtar, Moin (26 October 2020). "Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird". ILM.com.pk. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  34. ^ "Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita". National Museum of the Philippines. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  35. ^ "Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers". Gardening Tips | Flower Wiki. 2017-01-03. Retrieved 2019-04-25.

Further reading

  • "Jasminum Linn". Flora of Pakistan: 12. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  • Metcalf, Allan A. (1999). The World in So Many Words. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-95920-9.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jasminum.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Jasmine.
 
Look up Jasmine or Jasminum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

April 19, 2023
jasmine, this, article, about, plant, genus, given, name, given, name, other, uses, disambiguation, taxonomic, name, jasminum, yass, genus, shrubs, vines, olive, family, oleaceae, contains, around, species, native, tropical, warm, temperate, regions, eurasia, . This article is about the plant genus For the given name see Jasmine given name For other uses see Jasmine disambiguation Jasmine taxonomic name Jasminum ˈ j ae s m ɪ n em YASS min em 5 is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae 4 6 7 193 It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia Africa and Oceania 7 194 Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers A number of unrelated plants contain the word jasmine in their common names see Other plants called jasmine JasmineJasminum officinale common jasmineScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder LamialesFamily OleaceaeTribe JasmineaeGenus JasminumL Type speciesJasminum officinaleSpeciesMore than 200 see List of Jasminum species 1 2 3 Synonyms 4 MogoriumJuss NoldeanthusKnobl Nyctanthos St Lag Common jasmine Contents 1 Description 1 1 Flowers and fruit 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Etymology 4 Taxonomy 4 1 Species 5 Jasmonates 6 Cultural importance 6 1 Symbolism 7 Other plants called jasmine 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksDescription EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Glossary of botanical terms Jasmine can be either deciduous leaves falling in autumn or evergreen green all year round and can be erect spreading or climbing shrubs and vines Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple trifoliate or pinnate formation Flowers and fruit Edit The flowers are typically around 2 5 cm 0 98 in in diameter They are white or yellow although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets Each flower has about four to nine petals two locules and one to four ovules They have two stamens with very short filaments The bracts are linear or ovate The calyx is bell shaped They are usually very fragrant 7 additional citation s needed The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13 and most species are diploid 2n 26 However natural polyploidy exists particularly in Jasminum sambac triploid 3n 39 Jasminum flexile tetraploid 4n 52 Jasminum mesnyi triploid 3n 39 and Jasminum angustifolium tetraploid 4n 52 7 additional citation s needed Distribution and habitat EditJasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia Africa Australasia and Oceania although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe 8 9 10 Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia 11 Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe For example the so called Spanish jasmine Jasminum grandiflorum was originally from West Asia the Indian subcontinent Northeast Africa and East Africa and is now naturalized in the Iberian peninsula 7 12 Jasminum fluminense which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name Brazilian Jasmine and Jasminum dichotomum Gold Coast Jasmine are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida 13 14 Jasminum polyanthum also known as White Jasmine is an invasive weed in Australia 15 Etymology EditThe name comes from Old French jessemin from Persian یاسمن romanized yasamin 16 which is derived from the Middle Persian word yasaman After the Muslim conquest of Persia it was borrowed as yasamin ي اس م ين in Arabic Through Arabic the name entered Ottoman Turkish and then to Middle French around 1570 17 18 The word was first used in English in the 16th century 18 The Persian name is also where the genus name Jasminum comes from 19 Taxonomy EditSpecies belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family Oleaceae 7 Jasminum is divided into five sections Alternifolia Jasminum Primulina Trifoliolata and Unifoliolata 20 Species Edit Main article List of Jasminum species Species include 21 J abyssinicum Hochst ex DC forest jasmine J adenophyllum Wall bluegrape jasmine pinwheel jasmine princess jasmine J andamanicum N P Balakr amp N G Nair J angulare Vahl J angustifolium L Willd J auriculatum Vahl Indian jasmine needle flower jasmine J azoricum L J beesianum Forrest amp Diels red jasmine J dichotomum Vahl Gold Coast jasmine J didymum G Forst J dispermum Wall J elegans Knobl J elongatum P J Bergius Willd J floridum Bunge J fluminense Vell J fruticans L J grandiflorum L Catalan jasmine jasmin odorant royal jasmine Spanish jasmine J grandiflorum L Vell J humile L Italian jasmine Italian yellow jasmine J lanceolarium Roxb J laurifolium Roxb ex Hornem angel wing jasmine J malabaricum Wight J mesnyi Hance Japanese jasmine primrose jasmine yellow jasmine J multiflorum Burm f Andrews Indian jasmine star jasmine winter jasmine J multipartitum Hochst starry wild jasmine J nervosum Lour J nobile C B Clarke J nudiflorum Lindl winter jasmine J odoratissimum L yellow jasmine J officinale L common jasmine jasmine jessamine poet s jasmine summer jasmine white jasmine J parkeri Dunn dwarf jasmine J polyanthum Franch J sambac L Aiton Arabian jasmine Sambac jasmine J simplicifolium G Forst J sinense Hemsl J subhumile W W Sm J subtriplinerve Blume J tortuosum Willd J urophyllum Hemsl J volubile Jacq Jasminum sambac Grand Duke of Tuscany A double flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud Jasmine buds Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower Jasmine flowersJasmonates EditMain article Jasmonate Jasmine lends its name to jasmonate plant hormones as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates 22 Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom having key roles in responses to environmental cues such as heat or cold stress and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants 23 Cultural importance EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Jasmine news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses such as the perfume industry 24 It is used in rituals like marriages religious ceremonies and festivals 25 Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine or in the case of the thicker motiyaa in Hindi or mograa in Marathi varieties bunches of jasmine are common 26 They may be found around entrances to temples on major thoroughfares and in major business areas A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987 27 28 and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called Jasmine revolutions in reference to the flower 29 Jasmine is a common female given name surface of Jasmine tea The White Jasmine Branch painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang early 12th century Jasmine used as garland Jasmine flower bloomingSymbolism Edit Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol Syria The Syrian city Damascus is called the City of Jasmine 30 Hawaii Jasminum sambac pikake is a common flower used in leis and is the subject of many Hawaiian songs 31 Indonesia Jasminum sambac is the national flower adopted in 1990 32 It goes by the name melati putih and is used in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians especially on the island of Java Pakistan Jasminum officinale is known as the chambeli or yasmin it is the national flower 33 Philippines Jasminum sambac is the national flower Adopted in 1935 it is known as sampaguita in the islands It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images 34 Thailand Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood 35 Tunisia The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine It was chosen as a symbol for the 2010 Tunisian Revolution Other plants called jasmine EditBrazilian jasmine Mandevilla sanderi Cape jasmine Gardenia Carolina jasmine Gelsemium sempervirens Crape jasmine Tabernaemontana divaricata Chilean jasmine Mandevilla laxa Jasmine rice a type of long grain rice Madagascar jasmine Stephanotis floribunda New Zealand jasmine Parsonsia capsularis Night blooming jasmine Cestrum nocturnum Night flowering jasmine Nyctanthes arbor tristis Orange jasmine Murraya paniculata Red jasmine Plumeria rubra Star jasmine Confederate jasmine Trachelospermum Tree jasmine disambiguation References Edit Jasminum Index Nominum Genericorum International Association for Plant Taxonomy Retrieved 2008 06 03 10 Jasminum Linnaeus Chinese Plant Names 15 307 Retrieved 2008 06 03 UniProt Jasminum Retrieved 2008 06 03 a b Tacca J R Forst amp G Forst Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2023 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 pp 606 607 Jasminum L World Flora Online World Flora Consortium 2023 Retrieved 25 March 2023 a b c d e f A K Singh 2006 Flower Crops Cultivation and Management New India Publishing pp 193 205 ISBN 978 81 89422 35 6 C C Townsend and Evan Guest 1980 Jasminum officinale in Flora of Iraq Vol 4 1 Baghdad pp 513 519 Ernst Schmidt Mervyn Lotter Warren McCleland 2002 Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park Jacana Media p 530 ISBN 978 1 919777 30 6 Jasminum EFloras org H Panda 2005 Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants National Institute Of Industrial Research p 220 ISBN 978 81 7833 027 3 permanent dead link Jasminum Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Agricultural Research Service ARS United States Department of Agriculture USDA USDA NRCS n d Jasminum fluminense The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team USDA NRCS n d Jasminum dichotomum The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland Jasminum polyanthum Archived from the original on 2014 02 04 Weekley Ernest 1921 jasmine jessamine An etymological dictionary of modern English London J Murray p 779 Definition of Jasmine Merriam Webster 2021 10 23 Retrieved 2022 01 20 a b Jasmine Online Etymology Dictionary 2022 Retrieved 4 March 2022 Bayton Ross 2019 The Gardener s Botanical An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names London UK Royal Horticultural Society p 170 ISBN 978 1 78472 677 5 USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program Jasminum L Germplasm Resources Information Network National Germplasm Resources Laboratory Archived from the original on January 26 2012 Retrieved November 22 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link GRIN Jasminum information from NPGS GRIN Taxonomy for Plants National Germplasm Resources Laboratory Beltsville Maryland USDA ARS National Genetic Resources Program Archived from the original on September 24 2015 Retrieved October 19 2012 Demole E Lederer E Mercier D 1962 Isolement et determination de la structure du jasmonate de methyle constituant odorant caracteristique de l essence de jasmin Helv Chim Acta 45 2 675 85 doi 10 1002 hlca 19620450233 Sharma M Laxmi A 2016 Jasmonates Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance Frontiers in Plant Science 6 1129 doi 10 3389 fpls 2015 01129 PMC 4701901 PMID 26779205 What s So Great About the Jasmine Flower Earth com Retrieved 2022 04 27 August 8 Comments 2018 Micaela Nerguizian Hopa Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding Smithsonian Folklife Festival Retrieved 2022 04 27 10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants Photos Garden Lovers Club www gardenloversclub com 22 February 2020 Retrieved 2022 04 27 Michael Ayari Vincent Geisser 2011 Tunisie la Revolution des Nouzouh n a pas l odeur du jasmin in French Temoignage chretien Archived from the original on 2011 01 28 Retrieved 2011 03 14 La revolution par le feu et par un clic in French Le Quotidien d Oran moofid com 2011 02 25 Archived from the original on 2011 07 14 Retrieved 2011 03 14 Kim Elvis H September 2021 Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age International Area Studies Review 24 3 205 223 doi 10 1177 22338659211026006 ISSN 2233 8659 S2CID 237434616 Anabel Bachour 23 February 2017 Damascus the City of Jasmine Peacock Plume Student Media The American University of Paris France Retrieved 26 May 2019 Hitt Christine 1 May 2018 7 of Hawaii s Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique Hawaii Magazine Retrieved 1 March 2022 Keputusan Presiden No 4 Tahun 1993 Archived 2012 04 02 at the Wayback Machine Akhtar Moin 26 October 2020 Pakistan National Flower Animal and Bird ILM com pk Retrieved 2 March 2022 Philippine National Flower Sampaguita National Museum of the Philippines 10 November 2021 Retrieved 2 March 2022 Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers Gardening Tips Flower Wiki 2017 01 03 Retrieved 2019 04 25 Further reading Edit Jasminum Linn Flora of Pakistan 12 Retrieved 2008 06 03 Metcalf Allan A 1999 The World in So Many Words Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0 395 95920 9 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jasminum Wikispecies has information related to Jasmine Look up Jasmine or Jasminum in Wiktionary the free dictionary Flora Europaea Search Results Flora Europaea Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Retrieved 2008 06 03 African Plants Database South African National Biodiversity Institute the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Geneve and Tela Botanica Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jasmine amp oldid 1146876695, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.