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Euphorbiaceae

March 10, 2023

Euphorbiaceae (/juːfˈoʊrbiːˌeɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/), the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias,[2] which is also the name of a genus in the family. Most spurges, such as Euphorbia paralias, are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are shrubs or trees, such as Hevea brasiliensis. Some, such as Euphorbia canariensis,[3]: 206  are succulent and resemble cacti because of convergent evolution.[4] This family has a cosmopolitan global distribution. The greatest diversity of species is in the tropics; however, the Euphorbiaceae also have many species in nontropical areas of all continents except Antarctica.

Euphorbiaceae
Temporal range: Maastrichtian–Recent
Parts of the candlenut tree
(Aleurites moluccana)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Juss.[1]
Subfamilies

Description

 
Cyathia of Euphorbia baylissii
 
Croton cultivar 'Petra'

The leaves are alternate, seldom opposite, with stipules. They are mainly simple, but where compound, are always palmate, never pinnate. Stipules may be reduced to hairs, glands, or spines, or in succulent species are sometimes absent.

The plants can be monoecious or dioecious. The radially symmetrical flowers are unisexual, with the male and female flowers usually on the same plant. As can be expected from such a large family, a wide variety exists in the structure of the flowers. The stamens (the male organs) number from one to 10 (or even more). The female flowers are hypogynous, that is, with superior ovaries.

The genera in tribe Euphorbieae, subtribe Euphorbiinae (Euphorbia and close relatives) show a highly specialized form of pseudanthium ("false flower" made up of several true flowers) called a cyathium. This is usually a small, cup-like involucre consisting of fused-together bracts and peripheral nectary glands, surrounding a ring of male flowers, each a single stamen. In the middle of the cyathium stands a female flower, a single pistil with branched stigmas. This whole arrangement resembles a single flower.

The fruit is usually a schizocarp, but sometimes a drupe. A typical schizocarp is the regma, a capsular fruit with three or more cells, each of which splits open explosively at maturity, scattering the small seeds.

The family contains a large variety of phytotoxins (toxic substances produced by plants), including diterpene esters, alkaloids, and cyanogenic glycosides (e.g. root tubers of cassava). The seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis contain the highly toxic carbohydrate-binding protein ricin.[5]

A milky latex is a characteristic of the subfamilies Euphorbioideae and Crotonoideae, and the latex of the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis is the primary source of natural rubber. The latex is poisonous in the Euphorbioideae, but innocuous in the Crotonoideae.[citation needed] White mangrove, also known as blind-your-eye mangrove latex (Excoecaria agallocha), causes blistering on contact and temporary blindness if it contacts the eyes, hence its name. The latex of spurge was used as a laxative.

Recent[when?] molecular studies have shown that the enigmatic family Rafflesiaceae, which was only recently recognized to belong to order Malpighiales, is derived from within the Euphorbiaceae.[6]

Euphorbiaceae are monoecious and open pollinated and so self-incompatibility is rare - although it has been reported in the past, apparently this was in error. It is confirmed to be absent or incomplete in herbaceous Chamaesyce by Ehrenfeld 1976, Hevea by Bouharmont 1962, and Manihot by Jennings 1963 and George & Shifriss 1967.[7]

Taxonomy

Main article: List of Euphorbiaceae genera

The family Euphorbiaceae is the fifth-largest flowering plant family[8] and has about 7,500 species[9] organised into 300 genera,[8] 37 tribes, and three subfamilies; Acalyphoideae,[8] Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae.[10] Amongst the oldest fossils of the group include the permineralised fruit Euphorbiotheca deccanensis from the Intertrappean Beds of India, dating to the late Maastrichtian at the end of the Cretaceous, around 66 million years ago. [11]

Uses and toxicity

Some species of Euphorbiaceae have economic significance, such as cassava (Manihot esculenta), castor oil plant (Ricinus communis), Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas), and the Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Many are grown as ornamental plants, such as poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) or garden croton (Codiaeum variegatum). Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) are invasive weeds in North America.[12]

Seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) contain the extremely potent toxin, ricin.

Although some species of the Euphorbiaceae have been used in traditional medicine,[13] as of 2019, there is no rigorous clinical evidence that euphorbia extracts are effective for treating any disease. Numerous Euphorbiaceae species are listed on the poisonous plant database of the US Food and Drug Administration mainly because of the toxic sap.[14]

Phytochemistry

Phytochemicals found in Euphorbiaceae species include diterpenoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, neriifolins (also found in oleander), cycloartenol, lectin, and taraxerol, among others.[13][15]

Conservation

Some species of this family are facing the risk of extinction.[16][17] These include the Euphorbia species E. appariciana, E. attastoma, E. crossadenia,[18] and E. gymnoclada.

References

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
  2. ^ "Definition of EUPHORBIA". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
  3. ^ Bramwell, D.; Bramwell, Z. (2001). Wild Flowers of the Canary Islands (2nd ed.). Madrid: Rueda. ISBN 978-8472071292.
  4. ^ Natasha Nguyen (2014). "Convergent evolution of cacti and euphorbias". Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  5. ^ Wedin GP, Neal JS, Everson GW, Krenzelok EP (May 1986). "Castor bean poisoning". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 4 (3): 259–261. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(86)90080-X. PMID 3964368.
  6. ^ Baum, David A.; Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Nickrent, Daniel L.; Latvis, Maribeth; Davis, Charles C. (2007-03-30). "Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae". Science. 315 (5820): 1812. Bibcode:2007Sci...315.1812D. doi:10.1126/science.1135260. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17218493. S2CID 27620205.
  7. ^ Webster, G. L. (2014). "Euphorbiaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants - Volume XI - Flowering Plants, Eudicots - Malpighiales. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 51–216/x+331. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. OCLC 868922400. ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1. ISBN 3642394167.
  8. ^ a b c Gillespie, Lynn J.; Armbruster, W. Scott (1997). "A Contribution to the Guianan Flora: Dalechampia, Haematostemon, Omphalea, Pera, Plukenetia, and Tragia (Euphorbiaceae) with Notes on Subfamily Acalyphoideae". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany (86): 6. doi:10.5479/si.0081024X.86. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  9. ^ "The Plant list: Euphorbiaceae". Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh and Missouri Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  10. ^ Gurcharan Singh (2004). Plants Systematics: An Integrated Approach. Enfield, N.H: Science Publishers. ISBN 1-57808-351-6.
  11. ^ Reback, Rachel G.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Wurdack, Ken; Manchester, Steven R. (2022-02-01). "Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (2): 128–138. doi:10.1086/717691. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 239507275.
  12. ^ Gucker, Corey L (2010). . Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  13. ^ a b Mondal, Sumanta; Ghosh, Debjit (2016). "A complete profile on blind-your-eye mangrove Excoecaria Agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological aspects". Pharmacognosy Reviews. 10 (20): 123–138. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.194049. PMC 5214557. PMID 28082796.
  14. ^ . US Food and Drug Administration. 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  15. ^ Mali, Prashant Y.; Panchal, Shital S. (2017). "Euphorbia neriifolia L.: Review on botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 10 (5): 430–438. doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.003. ISSN 1995-7645. PMID 28647179.
  16. ^ Olson, Mark E.; Lomelí S., José A.; Cacho, N. Ivalú (2005). "Extinction threat in the Pedilanthus clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae), with special reference to the recently rediscovered E. conzattii (P. pulchellus)". American Journal of Botany. 92 (4): 634–641. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.4.634. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21652441.
  17. ^ Rønsted, Nina; Horn, James W.; Simonsen, Henrik Toft; Nilsson, Niclas; Grace, Olwen M.; Saslis-Lagoudakis, C. Haris; Ernst, Madeleine (2016-07-28). "Evolutionary prediction of medicinal properties in the genus Euphorbia L." Scientific Reports. 6: 30531. Bibcode:2016NatSR...630531E. doi:10.1038/srep30531. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4964329. PMID 27464466.
  18. ^ Zaya, David N.; Howe, Henry F. (2009). "The anomalous Kentucky coVeetree: megafaunal fruit sinking to extinction?". Oecologia. Oecologia: Springer-Verlag. 161 (2): 221–226. Bibcode:2009Oecol.161..221Z. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.3841. doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1372-3. PMID 19488788. S2CID 18015.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euphorbiaceae.

External links

  • Marc Altenloh collection (photos).
  • International Euphorbia Society
  • Cactus and Succulent Society of America
  • Euphorbiaceae in

March 10, 2023
euphorbiaceae, spurge, family, large, family, flowering, plants, english, they, also, commonly, called, euphorbias, which, also, name, genus, family, most, spurges, such, euphorbia, paralias, herbs, some, especially, tropics, shrubs, trees, such, hevea, brasil. Euphorbiaceae j uː f ˈ oʊ r b iː ˌ eɪ s i ˌ aɪ s iː ˌ iː the spurge family is a large family of flowering plants In English they are also commonly called euphorbias 2 which is also the name of a genus in the family Most spurges such as Euphorbia paralias are herbs but some especially in the tropics are shrubs or trees such as Hevea brasiliensis Some such as Euphorbia canariensis 3 206 are succulent and resemble cacti because of convergent evolution 4 This family has a cosmopolitan global distribution The greatest diversity of species is in the tropics however the Euphorbiaceae also have many species in nontropical areas of all continents except Antarctica EuphorbiaceaeTemporal range Maastrichtian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NParts of the candlenut tree Aleurites moluccana Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder MalpighialesFamily EuphorbiaceaeJuss 1 SubfamiliesAcalyphoideae Crotonoideae EuphorbioideaeEuphorbia characias flowers Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Uses and toxicity 3 1 Phytochemistry 4 Conservation 5 References 6 External linksDescription Edit Cyathia of Euphorbia baylissii Croton cultivar Petra The leaves are alternate seldom opposite with stipules They are mainly simple but where compound are always palmate never pinnate Stipules may be reduced to hairs glands or spines or in succulent species are sometimes absent The plants can be monoecious or dioecious The radially symmetrical flowers are unisexual with the male and female flowers usually on the same plant As can be expected from such a large family a wide variety exists in the structure of the flowers The stamens the male organs number from one to 10 or even more The female flowers are hypogynous that is with superior ovaries The genera in tribe Euphorbieae subtribe Euphorbiinae Euphorbia and close relatives show a highly specialized form of pseudanthium false flower made up of several true flowers called a cyathium This is usually a small cup like involucre consisting of fused together bracts and peripheral nectary glands surrounding a ring of male flowers each a single stamen In the middle of the cyathium stands a female flower a single pistil with branched stigmas This whole arrangement resembles a single flower The fruit is usually a schizocarp but sometimes a drupe A typical schizocarp is the regma a capsular fruit with three or more cells each of which splits open explosively at maturity scattering the small seeds The family contains a large variety of phytotoxins toxic substances produced by plants including diterpene esters alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides e g root tubers of cassava The seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis contain the highly toxic carbohydrate binding protein ricin 5 A milky latex is a characteristic of the subfamilies Euphorbioideae and Crotonoideae and the latex of the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis is the primary source of natural rubber The latex is poisonous in the Euphorbioideae but innocuous in the Crotonoideae citation needed White mangrove also known as blind your eye mangrove latex Excoecaria agallocha causes blistering on contact and temporary blindness if it contacts the eyes hence its name The latex of spurge was used as a laxative Recent when molecular studies have shown that the enigmatic family Rafflesiaceae which was only recently recognized to belong to order Malpighiales is derived from within the Euphorbiaceae 6 Euphorbiaceae are monoecious and open pollinated and so self incompatibility is rare although it has been reported in the past apparently this was in error It is confirmed to be absent or incomplete in herbaceous Chamaesyce by Ehrenfeld 1976 Hevea by Bouharmont 1962 and Manihot by Jennings 1963 and George amp Shifriss 1967 7 Taxonomy EditMain article List of Euphorbiaceae genera The family Euphorbiaceae is the fifth largest flowering plant family 8 and has about 7 500 species 9 organised into 300 genera 8 37 tribes and three subfamilies Acalyphoideae 8 Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae 10 Amongst the oldest fossils of the group include the permineralised fruit Euphorbiotheca deccanensis from the Intertrappean Beds of India dating to the late Maastrichtian at the end of the Cretaceous around 66 million years ago 11 Uses and toxicity EditSome species of Euphorbiaceae have economic significance such as cassava Manihot esculenta castor oil plant Ricinus communis Barbados nut Jatropha curcas and the Para rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis Many are grown as ornamental plants such as poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima or garden croton Codiaeum variegatum Leafy spurge Euphorbia esula and Chinese tallow Triadica sebifera are invasive weeds in North America 12 Seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis L contain the extremely potent toxin ricin Although some species of the Euphorbiaceae have been used in traditional medicine 13 as of 2019 update there is no rigorous clinical evidence that euphorbia extracts are effective for treating any disease Numerous Euphorbiaceae species are listed on the poisonous plant database of the US Food and Drug Administration mainly because of the toxic sap 14 Phytochemistry Edit Phytochemicals found in Euphorbiaceae species include diterpenoids terpenoids flavonoids alkaloids tannins neriifolins also found in oleander cycloartenol lectin and taraxerol among others 13 15 Conservation EditSome species of this family are facing the risk of extinction 16 17 These include the Euphorbia species E appariciana E attastoma E crossadenia 18 and E gymnoclada References Edit Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x Definition of EUPHORBIA Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved 2019 06 10 Bramwell D Bramwell Z 2001 Wild Flowers of the Canary Islands 2nd ed Madrid Rueda ISBN 978 8472071292 Natasha Nguyen 2014 Convergent evolution of cacti and euphorbias Retrieved 31 March 2007 Wedin GP Neal JS Everson GW Krenzelok EP May 1986 Castor bean poisoning The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 4 3 259 261 doi 10 1016 0735 6757 86 90080 X PMID 3964368 Baum David A Wurdack Kenneth J Nickrent Daniel L Latvis Maribeth Davis Charles C 2007 03 30 Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae Science 315 5820 1812 Bibcode 2007Sci 315 1812D doi 10 1126 science 1135260 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 17218493 S2CID 27620205 Webster G L 2014 Euphorbiaceae In Kubitzki Klaus ed The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Volume XI Flowering Plants Eudicots Malpighiales Heidelberg Springer pp 51 216 x 331 ISBN 978 3 642 39416 4 OCLC 868922400 ISBN 978 3 642 39417 1 ISBN 3642394167 a b c Gillespie Lynn J Armbruster W Scott 1997 A Contribution to the Guianan Flora Dalechampia Haematostemon Omphalea Pera Plukenetia and Tragia Euphorbiaceae with Notes on Subfamily Acalyphoideae Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 86 6 doi 10 5479 si 0081024X 86 Retrieved 21 May 2018 The Plant list Euphorbiaceae Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh and Missouri Botanic Gardens Retrieved 31 March 2017 Gurcharan Singh 2004 Plants Systematics An Integrated Approach Enfield N H Science Publishers ISBN 1 57808 351 6 Reback Rachel G Kapgate Dashrath K Wurdack Ken Manchester Steven R 2022 02 01 Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India International Journal of Plant Sciences 183 2 128 138 doi 10 1086 717691 ISSN 1058 5893 S2CID 239507275 Gucker Corey L 2010 Euphorbia esula Fire Effects Information System U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 Retrieved 10 June 2019 a b Mondal Sumanta Ghosh Debjit 2016 A complete profile on blind your eye mangrove Excoecaria Agallocha L Euphorbiaceae Ethnobotany phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects Pharmacognosy Reviews 10 20 123 138 doi 10 4103 0973 7847 194049 PMC 5214557 PMID 28082796 FDA Poisonous Plant Database US Food and Drug Administration 2019 Archived from the original on 15 October 2021 Retrieved 10 June 2019 Mali Prashant Y Panchal Shital S 2017 Euphorbia neriifolia L Review on botany ethnomedicinal uses phytochemistry and biological activities Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 10 5 430 438 doi 10 1016 j apjtm 2017 05 003 ISSN 1995 7645 PMID 28647179 Olson Mark E Lomeli S Jose A Cacho N Ivalu 2005 Extinction threat in the Pedilanthus clade Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae with special reference to the recently rediscovered E conzattii P pulchellus American Journal of Botany 92 4 634 641 doi 10 3732 ajb 92 4 634 ISSN 0002 9122 PMID 21652441 Ronsted Nina Horn James W Simonsen Henrik Toft Nilsson Niclas Grace Olwen M Saslis Lagoudakis C Haris Ernst Madeleine 2016 07 28 Evolutionary prediction of medicinal properties in the genus Euphorbia L Scientific Reports 6 30531 Bibcode 2016NatSR 630531E doi 10 1038 srep30531 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 4964329 PMID 27464466 Zaya David N Howe Henry F 2009 The anomalous Kentucky coVeetree megafaunal fruit sinking to extinction Oecologia Oecologia Springer Verlag 161 2 221 226 Bibcode 2009Oecol 161 221Z CiteSeerX 10 1 1 536 3841 doi 10 1007 s00442 009 1372 3 PMID 19488788 S2CID 18015 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euphorbiaceae External links EditMarc Altenloh collection photos International Euphorbia Society Cactus and Succulent Society of America Data from GRIN Taxonomy Euphorbiaceae in L Watson and M J Dallwitz 1992 onwards The families of flowering plants descriptions illustrations identification information retrieval https web archive org web 20070103200438 http delta intkey com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Euphorbiaceae amp oldid 1143831081, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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