It is a serious pest of rice. They are largely responsible for the great reduction in the rice growing in East Asia, India and Indonesia. It was probably introduced in Spain and Hawaii by humans, where it is widely spread towards Northern Territory of Australia.[1][3]
The wingspan is 18 mm in male and 18–20 mm in female. In the male, the head and thorax are brown and white. Abdomen pale. Forewings with somewhat acute apex which is ochreous, wholly suffused with brown except a patch in cell and a streak below medial nervure. Inner margin whitish. A sinuous rufous medial line runs with silvery spots on its inner side, also on discocellulars, and below vein 2. A rufous submarginal line, highly angled at vein 6 and with silvery line on its outer edge. A marginal series of black specks found. Cilia rufous. Hindwings whitish.[4]
In the female, it is much more orange-fulvous coloured. Forewings irrorated (sprinkled) with brown. Medial and submarginal lines almost obsolete. The silvery spots below the cell prominent and sometimes double. The postmedial area irrorated with silvery scales.
Ecology and life cycle
Eggs are scale like and translucent white to dark yellow. These naked clusters consist of nearly 60 overlapping rows.[5]
First-instar larvae are greyish white with a black head. Head capsule gradually turns brown towards final stages. Full-grown larvae are yellow, with five, dim, longitudinal lines, and can grow to a length of about 25 mm.[5]
Pupation takes place in a stem of the food plant. Pupae are reddish brown with two ribbed crest on the pronotal margins. Several spines are located in the cremaster on the last abdominal segment.[5]
There are two different populations of rice stem borer, one associated with rice and the other with Water Oats (Zizania latifolia). Biological differences between these populations, including the time at which mating occurs, which suggested that there maybe cryptic species. Genetic analyses have indicated, however, that there is gene flow between these host-associated populations [6]
Attack
They bore the stems of their host plants, and therefore are classified as rice stem borers.[7]
Almost all plant parts, from twigs, leaves, stems are attacked. Caterpillars can be largely internal feeders, whereas adults are external sap feeders. Heavily attacked plants can show varying symptoms from dead heart, white heads, dwarfing, stunting, rot, abnormal forms, and rosetting. Finally the whole plant will die. Dead hearts are the most obvious field symptoms.
Prevention
The pest should diagnosed early in the symptoms, unless it is not worthy to protect the cultivation. Many traditional and agricultural practices like flooding and harrowing or ploughing to turn in stubble and straw are effective to prevent pests in the next growing season. The use of early-maturing varieties and at harvest, planting synchronization and stem removal close to ground is managed.[8]
Biologically, they can easily removed by usage of tachinidParatheresia claripalpis, which is extensively practiced in Malaysia. The ichneumonidEriborus sinicus is also used in Asia and Hawaii.[8]
Planting highly resistant varieties of rice and transgenic plants is also known to reduce the attack of these pests.[8]
Notes and references
^ abGe, Z. Y.; Wan, P. J.; Li, G. Q.; Xia, Y. G.; Han, Z. J. (2014). "Characterization of cysteine protease-like genes in the striped rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis". Genome. 57 (2): 79–88. doi:10.1139/gen-2013-0188. PMID 24702065.
^Jalaeian, M.; Golizadeh, A.; Sarafrazi, A. (August 2017). "The geographical distribution of moth stem borers (Lep.: Crambidae & Noctuidae) in paddy fields of Iran". Plant Pest Research. University of Guilan. 7 (2). Abstract. doi:10.22124/iprj.2017.2436.
^Gao, Junchuan; Li, Weimin; Jiang, Guorong (1987). "Discussion on the economic threshold of the striped rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker)". Acta Phytophylactica Sinica. 14 (2): 107–114.
^Hampson, G. F. (1896). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. Moths Volume IV. Taylor and Francis – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Zimmerman, Elwood C. (1958). Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 8 Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea. University of Hawaii Press. hdl:10125/7337.
Rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), overwintering in super rice and its control using cultivation techniques
Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Taiwan
Chemical control of the striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) in rice
Asiatic rice borer
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chilo suppressalis.
Wikispecies has information related to Chilo suppressalis.
January 19, 2023
chilo, suppressalis, asiatic, rice, borer, striped, rice, stemborer, moth, family, crambidae, widespread, species, known, from, iran, india, lanka, china, eastern, asia, japan, taiwan, malaysia, pacific, asiatic, rice, borerscientific, classificationkingdom, a. Chilo suppressalis the Asiatic rice borer or striped rice stemborer is a moth of the family Crambidae 1 It is a widespread species known from Iran 2 India Sri Lanka China eastern Asia Japan Taiwan Malaysia to the Pacific Asiatic rice borerScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder LepidopteraFamily CrambidaeGenus ChiloSpecies C suppressalisBinomial nameChilo suppressalis Walker 1863 SynonymsCrambus suppressalis Walker 1863 Jartheza simplex Butler 1880 Chilo simplex Chilo oryzae T B Fletcher 1928It is a serious pest of rice They are largely responsible for the great reduction in the rice growing in East Asia India and Indonesia It was probably introduced in Spain and Hawaii by humans where it is widely spread towards Northern Territory of Australia 1 3 Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology and life cycle 3 Attack 4 Prevention 5 Notes and references 6 External linksDescription EditThe wingspan is 18 mm in male and 18 20 mm in female In the male the head and thorax are brown and white Abdomen pale Forewings with somewhat acute apex which is ochreous wholly suffused with brown except a patch in cell and a streak below medial nervure Inner margin whitish A sinuous rufous medial line runs with silvery spots on its inner side also on discocellulars and below vein 2 A rufous submarginal line highly angled at vein 6 and with silvery line on its outer edge A marginal series of black specks found Cilia rufous Hindwings whitish 4 In the female it is much more orange fulvous coloured Forewings irrorated sprinkled with brown Medial and submarginal lines almost obsolete The silvery spots below the cell prominent and sometimes double The postmedial area irrorated with silvery scales Ecology and life cycle EditEggs are scale like and translucent white to dark yellow These naked clusters consist of nearly 60 overlapping rows 5 First instar larvae are greyish white with a black head Head capsule gradually turns brown towards final stages Full grown larvae are yellow with five dim longitudinal lines and can grow to a length of about 25 mm 5 Apart from the major food plant rice larvae also feed on wide array of plants such as Gigantochloa verticellata Echinochloa crusgalli cruspavonis Echinochloa stagnina Eleusine indica Panicum sp Paspalum conjugatum Amaranthus sp Phragmites australis Raphanus raphanistrum Sclerostachya fusca Sorghum sp Typha latifolia Xanthium strumarium and Zizania aquatica 5 Pupation takes place in a stem of the food plant Pupae are reddish brown with two ribbed crest on the pronotal margins Several spines are located in the cremaster on the last abdominal segment 5 There are two different populations of rice stem borer one associated with rice and the other with Water Oats Zizania latifolia Biological differences between these populations including the time at which mating occurs which suggested that there maybe cryptic species Genetic analyses have indicated however that there is gene flow between these host associated populations 6 Attack EditThey bore the stems of their host plants and therefore are classified as rice stem borers 7 Almost all plant parts from twigs leaves stems are attacked Caterpillars can be largely internal feeders whereas adults are external sap feeders Heavily attacked plants can show varying symptoms from dead heart white heads dwarfing stunting rot abnormal forms and rosetting Finally the whole plant will die Dead hearts are the most obvious field symptoms Prevention EditThe pest should diagnosed early in the symptoms unless it is not worthy to protect the cultivation Many traditional and agricultural practices like flooding and harrowing or ploughing to turn in stubble and straw are effective to prevent pests in the next growing season The use of early maturing varieties and at harvest planting synchronization and stem removal close to ground is managed 8 Biologically they can easily removed by usage of tachinid Paratheresia claripalpis which is extensively practiced in Malaysia The ichneumonid Eriborus sinicus is also used in Asia and Hawaii 8 Planting highly resistant varieties of rice and transgenic plants is also known to reduce the attack of these pests 8 Notes and references Edit a b Ge Z Y Wan P J Li G Q Xia Y G Han Z J 2014 Characterization of cysteine protease like genes in the striped rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis Genome 57 2 79 88 doi 10 1139 gen 2013 0188 PMID 24702065 Jalaeian M Golizadeh A Sarafrazi A August 2017 The geographical distribution of moth stem borers Lep Crambidae amp Noctuidae in paddy fields of Iran Plant Pest Research University of Guilan 7 2 Abstract doi 10 22124 iprj 2017 2436 Gao Junchuan Li Weimin Jiang Guorong 1987 Discussion on the economic threshold of the striped rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis Walker Acta Phytophylactica Sinica 14 2 107 114 Hampson G F 1896 The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma Vol Moths Volume IV Taylor and Francis via Biodiversity Heritage Library a b c d Chilo suppressalis striped rice stem borer CABI Retrieved 17 October 2016 Wang Yongmo Chen Huang Hu Bing Liu Yue Walter Gimme H Hereward James 2020 Gene flow across host associated populations of the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis Walker Lepidoptera Crambidae implications for Bt resistance management in rice Pest Management Science 76 2 695 703 doi 10 1002 ps 5567 PMID 31359582 S2CID 198983647 IRRI Rice insect pest factsheet Stem borer Rice Knowledge Bank Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 a b c Striped rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis Plantwise Technical Factsheet Retrieved 17 October 2016 External links EditZimmerman Elwood C 1958 Insects of Hawaii Vol 8 Lepidoptera Pyraloidea University of Hawaii Press hdl 10125 7337 Australian Insects Rice striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis Lepidoptera Pyralidae overwintering in super rice and its control using cultivation techniques Chilo suppressalis Lepidoptera Pyralidae in Taiwan Chemical control of the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis Walker in rice Asiatic rice borer Biological cycle of Rice Stem Borer Chilo suppressalis Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chilo suppressalis Wikispecies has information related to Chilo suppressalis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chilo suppressalis amp oldid 1131345063, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
