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South Bend, Indiana

March 14, 2023

"South Bend" redirects here. For other uses, see South Bend (disambiguation).

South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States,[6] on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. At the 2020 census, the city had a total of 103,453 residents and is the fourth-largest city in Indiana. The metropolitan area had a population of 324,501 in 2020, while its combined statistical area had 812,199.[7] The city is located just south of Indiana's border with Michigan.

South Bend, Indiana
City
From top, left to right: Downtown South Bend skyline and St. Joseph River, the Third St. Joseph County Courthouse, Notre Dame Stadium, the Studebaker National Museum, and South Shore Line
Flag
Seal
Nicknames: 
Lotion City, Wagon City, Metropolis of Northern Indiana[1]
Motto: 
"Peace"
Location of South Bend in St. Joseph County, Indiana
South Bend
South Bend
Coordinates: 41°40′35″N 86°15′01″W / 41.67639°N 86.25028°W / 41.67639; -86.25028Coordinates: 41°40′35″N 86°15′01″W / 41.67639°N 86.25028°W / 41.67639; -86.25028
Country United States
State Indiana
CountySt. Joseph
Incorporated (City)1865
FounderAlexis Coquillard
Government
 • TypeStrong Mayor-Council
 • BodySouth Bend Common Council
 • MayorJames Mueller (D)
Area
[2]
 • City42.40 sq mi (109.82 km2)
 • Land41.98 sq mi (108.72 km2)
 • Water0.43 sq mi (1.10 km2)
Elevation
[4]
692 ft (211 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City 103,453
 • Density2,464.57/sq mi (951.58/km2)
 • Urban
 278,921 (US: 144th)[3]
 • Urban density1,885.5/sq mi (728.0/km2)
 • Metro
 324,501 (US: 160th)
 • CSA
 812,199 (US: 68th)
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
46601, 46604, 46612–46617, 46619–46620, 46624, 46626, 46628–46629, 46634–46635, 46637, 46660, 46680, 46699
Area code574
FIPS code18-71000
GNIS feature ID452796
DemonymsSouth Bender, Domer (Notre Dame)
Interstate Highways
U.S. Highways
Major State Roads
WaterwaysSt. Joseph River, Kankakee River, Juday Creek, Bowman Creek
AirportsSouth Bend International Airport
Public transit
GDP $1.6 billion[5]
Websitewww.southbendin.gov

The area was settled in the early 19th century by fur traders[8] and was established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bend's economy through the mid-20th century. River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation, the Oliver Chilled Plow Company, and other large corporations.

The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it peaked at 132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to suburban areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry. Today, the largest industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, and tourism. Remaining large corporations based in the area include Crowe, Honeywell, and AM General. The city's economy and culture are influenced by the nearby University of Notre Dame.[9]

The city was featured in national news coverage of former mayor Pete Buttigieg, a candidate in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and current Secretary of Transportation in the Biden administration.[10]

History

Early history

The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans. One of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the Miami tribe. Later, the Potawatomi moved into the region, utilizing the rich food and natural resources found along the river. The Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the Kankakee River.[11] This route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders.[12] The French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, the first white European to set foot in what is now South Bend,[13] used this portage between the St. Joseph River and the Kankakee River in December 1679.

First settlements

The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area. In 1820, Pierre Frieschutz Navarre arrived, representing the American Fur Company (AFC) of John Jacob Astor. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend.[14] Alexis Coquillard, another agent of the AFC,[14][15] established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station.[16] In 1827, Lathrop Minor Taylor established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Joseph's, Indiana was used.[15] By 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office. Taylor was appointed postmaster, and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana.[14] The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, as several other communities were named Southold at the time.

In 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of St. Joseph County with 128 residents.[17] That same year, Horatio Chapin moved to the settlement, opened the first general store with imported (out of state) goods and helped established the first church and Sunday school.[14] Around the same time, design began on what would become the town of South Bend. The town was formally established in 1835, with Chapin as the first president of the board of town trustees.[18] In 1856, attorney Andrew Anderson, Chapin's son-in-law, founded May Oberfell Lorber, the oldest continuous business in St. Joseph County.[19] He compiled a complete index of South Bend's real estate records.[20]

In 1841, Schuyler Colfax was appointed St. Joseph County deputy auditor. Colfax purchased the South Bend Free Press and then turned it into a pro-Whig newspaper, the St. Joseph Valley Register. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1850, at which he opposed the barring of African American migration to Indiana. He joined the Republican Party, like many Whigs of his day, and was elected to Congress in 1855, becoming Speaker of the House in 1863 during the administration of Abraham Lincoln. In 1868, he was elected vice president under Ulysses S. Grant. Colfax returned to South Bend after his stint in Washington and is buried in City Cemetery, west of downtown.[21]

Early business

During the late 1830s through the 1850s, much of South Bend's development centered on the industrial complex of factories located on the two races (man-made canals along the St. Joseph River in South Bend). Several dams were created and factories were built on each side of the river. On October 4, 1851, the first steam locomotive entered South Bend.[14] This shifted commerce from the river to the railroad. In 1852, Henry Studebaker set up Studebaker wagon shop, later becoming the world's largest wagon builder and the only one to later succeed as an automobile manufacturer. The Singer Sewing Company and the Oliver Chilled Plow Company were among other companies that made manufacturing the driving force in the South Bend economy until the mid-20th century.[14] Another important economic act was the dredging of the Kankakee River in 1884 to create farmland.[22] During this time period there was a great immigration of Europeans, such as Polish, Hungarian, Irish, German, Italian, and Swedish people to South Bend because of available employment in area factories.[23]

 
South Bend in 1866

South Bend benefited from its location on the Michigan Road, the main north–south artery of northern Indiana in the 19th century.[14] Another significant development occurred near South Bend in 1842, when Father Edward Sorin founded the University of Notre Dame just north of the town.[24] It became a major factor in the area's economy and culture.[25]

Establishment and early history

South Bend was incorporated as a city on May 22, 1865, and its first elections were held on June 5, 1865, with William G. George elected as its first mayor[15] The official city motto, "Peace", refers to the fact that incorporation came in the month following the Confederate surrender that effectively ended the American Civil War.

Industrial growth was rapid after the Civil War, most notably with the Studebaker wagon factory, and the Oliver plow company. Good jobs and high wages attracted immigrants from Europe, especially Germans, Irish, and Poles. The majority were Catholic, and they achieved higher rates of social mobility than the same ethnic groups in the Northeast .[26]

Olivet African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church was founded in South Bend in March 1870, making it the first African American church in the city.[27] Olivet AME is still an active African Methodist Episcopal Church, and celebrated its 145th anniversary in 2015.[28]

A sergeant from South Bend fired the first American shells against Germany in World War I.[29]

History with Ku Klux Klan

In 1923, the African American owner of a soda fountain received a letter signed "KKK", threatening to kill an African American man held in the city's jail and harm the rest of the city's African American population. Within a few days, over a thousand African Americans fled the city.[30]

In 1924, the Ku Klux Klan held a conference and planned a parade from its local headquarters at 230 S. Michigan St. In preparation, Klan members were posted around town to direct traffic. Notre Dame students, well aware of the anti-Catholic nature of the Klan, vigorously protested this intrusion, and before noon all of the Klansmen traffic directors had been "unmasked and unrobed." Notre Dame students continued the fight, with several hundred gathering outside of the Klan headquarters, throwing rocks and smashing windows in protest. Local police as well as Notre Dame officials eventually managed to convince them to return to campus.[31][32][33] It is said that even legendary football coach Knute Rockne became involved in the struggle to calm down the students.[34]

Later business

Other industries developed in South Bend in the early 20th century, including Birdsell Manufacturing Company, the Bendix Corporation, Honeywell, AlliedSignal, South Bend Lathe Works, the O'Brien Paint Corp., the South Bend Toy Company, South Bend Range, South Bend Bait Company, and South Bend Watch Company. Workers at the Bendix Corporation staged the first sit-in strike in American history in 1936.[35] Fast development led to the creation of electric rail transportation throughout the area, and in 1925, the South Shore interurban streetcar service was established from downtown South Bend to downtown Chicago.[36] The South Shore line still runs daily to and from Chicago and also is a major freight carrier in the area.

On June 30, 1934, the Merchants National Bank in South Bend was the last bank to be robbed by the Dillinger gang.[37]

 
This 1922 pamphlet demonstrates the visions of progress and global importance in the peak period of industrialization in South Bend.

Recent history

On September 29, 1929, South Bend completed its "track elevation program".[38] This was a railroad infrastructure project which saw the removal of Grand Trunk Western Railroad tracks from Division Street, the removal of level crossings from Chapin to Miami streets, the creation of a modern freight layout, and the construction of Union Station.[38] This project had been seventeen years in the making,[38] and had been the subject of the Indiana Supreme Court case Vandalia Railroad v. South Bend, which was subsequently affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States.[38][39]

In 1949, legendary percussionist Lionel Hampton was informed that his concert at South Bend's Palais du Royale would be a blacks-only event; he threatened to call for a boycott of the venue, and the affair proceeded as an integrated evening, which newspapers said led to all attendees breaking out in "paroxysms of ecstasy."[40]

By 1950, more than half of all employment was in the manufacturing sector.[41] Due to economic difficulties, Studebaker closed its automotive manufacturing plants in South Bend in December 1963.[42] A general decline in manufacturing soon followed as industry was restructured nationwide. By 2000, manufacturing was only 16 percent of the local economy. Due to the severe loss of jobs, the city's population decreased by nearly 30,000 during that period.[41]

In 1984, South Bend community leaders began seeking a minor-league baseball team for the city. A stadium was constructed in 1986 and a 10-year player-development contract was signed with the Chicago White Sox. The team would be known as the South Bend White Sox. In 1994, the team's name was changed to the South Bend Silver Hawks,[43] and then to The South Bend Cubs in 2015. They are a Class A minor league affiliate of the Chicago Cubs in the Midwest League.

In 2015, the City of South Bend celebrated its 150th birthday. The yearlong festival culminated with the ceremonial illumination of the first River Lights along the St. Joseph River. Mayor Pete Buttigieg welcomed the coming of the next 150 years of South Bend's heritage accompanied by five previous South Bend mayors: Steve Luecke, Joe Kernan, Roger Parent, Peter Nemeth and Jerry Miller.[44]

In 2015, the city's population increased by 286, the largest one-year growth in over twenty years.[45] The former Studebaker plant has been developed as the Ignition Park center to attract new businesses, especially in the tech industry.[46] South Bend has also seen new development, particularly in the tech field, a decline in unemployment, and a renewal of the downtown area under Buttigieg's tenure, which has been described as a revival and South Bend as a 'turnaround city'.[47][48][49][50][51] South Bend also was in the national spotlight during the 2019-20 Democratic presidential campaign of former mayor Pete Buttigieg.

Geography

 
An aerial photo of Downtown South Bend

South Bend is located 5 mi (8.0 km) from the Michigan border and approximately equidistant from Illinois and Ohio. The city is 93 mi (150 km) from Chicago. The shore of Lake Michigan is 20 mi (32 km) away.

According to the 2010 census, South Bend has a total area of 41.877 square miles (108.46 km2), of which 41.46 square miles (107.38 km2) (or 99%) is land and 0.417 square miles (1.08 km2) (or 1%) is water.[52]

Cityscape

The St. Joseph River flows from the east end of the city turning north near the city center, giving South Bend its name at the bend in the river. South Bend is located on the north–south continental divide, and the river flows northwest into Lake Michigan.[53] The downtown area is located in the north-central part of the city along the St. Joseph River. Notre Dame, Indiana, is directly adjacent to the north. The city extends further north on the west side, mainly with manufacturing and distribution facilities near the South Bend International Airport. Mishawaka, Indiana, is adjacent to South Bend's east side.

Neighborhoods

Notable neighborhoods in the city include:

  • Far Northwest, Near Northwest, and Keller Park are located off of Portage Avenue. along the riverfront.
  • Northeast South Bend is between the River and SR 23 north of East LaSalle Avenue.
  • River Park is located north and south of Mishawaka Avenue. It has been the subject of several redevelopment projects intended to revitalize the area.[54][55]
  • The Wayne Street neighborhood between Washington Street and Sunnymede Avenue along Jefferson Boulevard was designated a historic district in 1987.[56]
  • Rum Village is in Southwest South Bend north of West Ewing Avenue and west of South Main Street.
  • The Eddy Street Commons is a mixed-use complex along North Eddy Street across Angela Boulevard from Notre Dame.
  • Leeper Park is south of the River and northwest of the Memorial Hospital main campus.

Climate

South Bend has a humid continental climate, with a Köppen climate classification of Dfa. Lake Michigan exerts a great influence on the climate of South Bend, including lake effect snow in winter and a tendency to moderate temperatures year round.[57] June, July and August are the warmest months, with average temperatures above 69 °F (21 °C). Normally, 42 days with thunderstorms occur each year.[57] The snowiest month is usually January, with snowfall normally recorded from October through April.[58] On average, South Bend receives 64.5 inches (164 cm) of snow per year.[57] Spring and fall can be mild and overcast, but also severely stormy at times with 293 partly cloudy to cloudy days each year.[59]

Climate data for South Bend, Indiana (South Bend Regional Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1893–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 68
(20) 		74
(23) 		85
(29) 		91
(33) 		97
(36) 		106
(41) 		109
(43) 		105
(41) 		99
(37) 		92
(33) 		82
(28) 		70
(21) 		109
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 53.9
(12.2) 		56.5
(13.6) 		70.9
(21.6) 		80.2
(26.8) 		87.3
(30.7) 		92.8
(33.8) 		93.5
(34.2) 		91.7
(33.2) 		89.3
(31.8) 		81.6
(27.6) 		67.2
(19.6) 		56.3
(13.5) 		95.3
(35.2)
Average high °F (°C) 31.2
(−0.4) 		34.9
(1.6) 		46.2
(7.9) 		59.0
(15.0) 		70.1
(21.2) 		79.4
(26.3) 		82.7
(28.2) 		80.8
(27.1) 		74.4
(23.6) 		61.8
(16.6) 		47.7
(8.7) 		36.3
(2.4) 		58.7
(14.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 24.1
(−4.4) 		27.1
(−2.7) 		36.7
(2.6) 		48.1
(8.9) 		59.1
(15.1) 		68.8
(20.4) 		72.4
(22.4) 		70.7
(21.5) 		63.7
(17.6) 		52.0
(11.1) 		39.8
(4.3) 		29.6
(−1.3) 		49.3
(9.6)
Average low °F (°C) 17.0
(−8.3) 		19.3
(−7.1) 		27.2
(−2.7) 		37.1
(2.8) 		48.1
(8.9) 		58.1
(14.5) 		62.1
(16.7) 		60.5
(15.8) 		53.0
(11.7) 		42.1
(5.6) 		31.8
(−0.1) 		23.0
(−5.0) 		39.9
(4.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −4.5
(−20.3) 		1.6
(−16.9) 		9.9
(−12.3) 		22.6
(−5.2) 		33.7
(0.9) 		44.1
(6.7) 		51.1
(10.6) 		50.5
(10.3) 		39.2
(4.0) 		29.4
(−1.4) 		18.4
(−7.6) 		4.4
(−15.3) 		−7.7
(−22.1)
Record low °F (°C) −22
(−30) 		−20
(−29) 		−13
(−25) 		11
(−12) 		24
(−4) 		35
(2) 		42
(6) 		40
(4) 		29
(−2) 		12
(−11) 		−7
(−22) 		−18
(−28) 		−22
(−30)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.66
(68) 		2.31
(59) 		2.35
(60) 		3.49
(89) 		4.20
(107) 		4.04
(103) 		3.78
(96) 		4.01
(102) 		3.49
(89) 		3.72
(94) 		2.78
(71) 		2.40
(61) 		39.23
(996)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 21.6
(55) 		16.1
(41) 		6.8
(17) 		1.0
(2.5) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		5.1
(13) 		13.7
(35) 		64.5
(164)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 16.8 12.5 12.4 13.4 13.4 11.0 9.5 10.0 9.6 11.5 12.6 14.8 147.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 13.1 9.7 5.1 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 3.4 9.0 42.2
Source: NOAA[60][61]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18501,652—
18603,832132.0%
18707,20688.0%
188013,28084.3%
189021,81964.3%
190035,99965.0%
191053,68449.1%
192070,98332.2%
1930104,19346.8%
1940101,268−2.8%
1950115,91114.5%
1960132,44514.3%
1970125,850−5.0%
1980109,727−12.8%
1990105,511−3.8%
2000107,7892.2%
2010101,168−6.1%
2020103,4532.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[62]
2010-2020[63]

2020 census

South Bend city, Indiana - Demographic Profile
(NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race / Ethnicity Pop 2010[64] Pop 2020[63] % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 56,474 51,891 55.82% 50.16%
Black or African American alone (NH) 26,496 26,102 26.19% 25.23%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 310 300 0.31% 0.29%
Asian alone (NH) 1,295 1,549 1.28% 1.50%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 55 57 0.05% 0.06%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 233 651 0.23% 0.63%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 3,189 5,654 3.15% 5.47%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 13,116 17,249 12.96% 16.67%
Total 101,168 103,453 100.00% 100.00%

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

2010 census

As of the census[65] of 2010, there were 101,168 people, 39,760 households, and 23,526 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,440.1 inhabitants per square mile (942.1/km2). There were 46,324 housing units at an average density of 1,117.3 per square mile (431.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 60.5% White, 26.6% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.0% of the population.

There were 39,760 households, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.9% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 33.3% Of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.19.

The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

Ethnicity

Per the 2013 American Community Survey of the U.S. Census Bureau, the following ancestries were reported: African-American - 26%, German - 14.8%, Irish - 10.4%, Polish - 8.2%, English - 5.0%, American - 3.3%, Italian - 2.6%, Hungarian - 2.4%, French - 2.0%, Dutch - 1.4%, Swedish - 1.1%, Belgian - 0.9%.[66]

Economy

 
25-story Liberty Tower, the tallest building in South Bend

South Bend's location on the St. Joseph River led to an industrial-based economy in the late 19th century and early-to-mid-20th century. In 1923, industrialist and entrepreneur Vincent H. Bendix selected South Bend as the site of his new manufacturing plant for automotive parts.[67] He chose South Bend primarily because it was on a rail line midway between Chicago and Detroit, the two automotive manufacturing centers of the United States at the time.[67] Eventually, the Bendix corporation built a vast manufacturing complex on its South Bend acreage served by the major railroads, including a huge shipping and receiving building where railroad cars could enter at one end, unload, and depart at the opposite end.

By the end of World War II, manufacturing began to diminish.[68] The Studebaker plant, which had at one time employed 45,000 persons, closed in 1963; its engine block plant shuttered the following year. Parts of the Bendix factory complex were later acquired and divided between Honeywell Corporation and Bosch Corporation, respectively. Honeywell Aerospace continues to manufacture aviation products at its former Bendix facility. In 2010, Bosch announced that it would cease all operations at its Bendix plant location in South Bend by the end of 2011.[69] Bosch vacated the building entirely in October 2012. Curtis Products of South Bend moved into the building in May 2013.

Employers

Since the 1960s, education, health care, and small business have come to the forefront of South Bend's economy, though the city has never regained the level of prosperity it enjoyed before that time. Nearby University of Notre Dame is a large contributor to the local economy. The university is the second largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County, employing 6,086 people.[70]

Health care is another major contributor to the South Bend economy. In 2012, Memorial Health System announced that it was merging with Elkhart General Hospital, located in Elkhart County, to form Beacon Health System.[71] Beacon is the largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County, employing 7,088 people.[70] Other notable businesses include Honeywell, Bosch, and PEI Genesis. AM General, Crowe Horwath, and Tire Rack all have corporate headquarters in South Bend.

According to the 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[70] the city's top employers are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Beacon Health System (Memorial) 7,088
2 University of Notre Dame 6,086
3 South Bend Community School Corporation 3,432
4 Indiana University South Bend 1,401
5 St. Joseph County 1,377
6 City of South Bend 1,285
7 Four Winds Casino 1,200
8 AM General 1,200
9 The South Bend Clinic 854
10 Press Ganey 850

Technology

Efforts are under way to spur economic growth in South Bend. The St. Joe Valley Metronet is a 50-mile (80 km) dark fiber optic network that encircles South Bend and Mishawaka that allows for strong telecommunications connectivity.[72] The South Bend Metronet, named Zing, is bringing more high-tech firms to the city and surrounding area. This telecommunications network has allowed for the advent of various data centers in South Bend, which serves as a hub between Chicago, Indianapolis, Detroit, and Cincinnati. In 2015, the City of South Bend announced it would provide free wireless internet access via the Metronet in the city's downtown and East Bank areas.[73]

The Union Station Technology Center was purchased from the city in 1979 and is currently Northern Indiana's largest data center.[74] There are currently plans to extend the data center into a fully operating high-tech data hub in the old Studebaker "Ivy Tower" assembly plant next door, creating what will be called the Renaissance District.[75]

Innovation Park and Ignition Park

Innovation Park and Ignition Park, dual-certified technology parks, have attracted technology businesses to South Bend. Located across the street from the University of Notre Dame, Innovation Park was completed in 2009 and houses innovative researchers from companies and the university.[76] Ignition Park, located just south of the downtown area, is planned to become home to 3 million square feet (280,000 m2) of high-tech space on 140 acres (570,000 m2) of land previously owned by the Studebaker Corporation.[77] The first tenant, Data Realty, moved into the location in the fall of 2012.[78] The second building in the new park, a research and testing facility for massive turbo machinery, is part of a partnership between the city, General Electric, Great Lakes Capital, Indiana Michigan Power, University of Notre Dame, and the state of Indiana.[79]

Redevelopment

Redevelopment is underway for some of the abandoned industrial facilities, with the abandoned Oliver Corporation buildings being the most recent example of reclaimed property.[80] The city also faced programs with large swaths of vacant housing after the decline of the manufacturing industry. In 2013, 1,347 homes were vacant or abandoned.[81] The city created the Vacant and Abandoned Properties Initiative in February 2013, which aimed to take care of 1,000 vacant or abandoned homes in 1,000 days, either through demolition, repairs, or some other satisfactory means.[82]

The Smart Street Initiative, a 20-year plan to make the city safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorists, began in 2013 with the conversion of one-way streets to two-way streets,[83] to bring more businesses to the area, create shorter travel routes, and to reduce speeding. The other part of the initiative is the West Side Main Streets Plan, a revitalization plan for the Lincoln Way West and Western Avenue corridor focusing on guiding business owners, residents, and developers to improve the street front by offering a reimbursement on exterior improvements from the city and the Urban Enterprise Association.[84]

Recognition

In 2012, Kiplinger's Personal Finance ranked South Bend eighth in the "Ten Best Cities for Cheapskates".[85] South Bend was also ranked among the 40 hottest real estate markets for business by Expansion Management magazine,[86] and Smart+Connected Communities Institute featured South Bend as one of the top ten cities worldwide that is reinventing themselves through technology.[87]

Arts and culture

Culture

South Bend was influenced by a large influx of Polish Catholic immigrants in the late 19th century.[88] Dyngus Day is widely celebrated on the Monday after Easter and it is the beginning of the city elections campaign season.[89] Fat Tuesday is also celebrated in South Bend, with paczkis being a staple food product in the city for the day.[90] The city and surrounding county have 23 Catholic churches, 11 Catholic schools and three Catholic universities (the University of Notre Dame, Holy Cross College, and Saint Mary's College, all located in the adjacent unincorporated area of Notre Dame).[91]

Music festivals

 
Local band Interstate Traffic performing at South by South Bend

The city hosts several annual festivals. The South Bend International Festival began ten years ago[when?] as the South Bend Reggae Festival and now features local and international musical artists who perform in African, Latino, and American cultural styles. Proceeds from the festival are given to the Pangani Foundation of South Bend, which provides medical supplies to hospitals in Malawi.[92]

WBYT FM – B100 (Country Station) hosts an Annual All Day Country Concert, with over 37,000 free tickets in early September.

The World Pulse Festival, broadcast by LeSEA Broadcasting network, is held annually in South Bend. It is hosted by Pulse FM, a local Christian music radio station. The event is an annual Contemporary Christian music festival, attracting more than 50,000 visitors each year.[93]

In 2013, a new annual festival began in South Bend called South by South Bend, named after the famous South By Southwest of Austin, Texas. The festival is a celebration of the local music scene, with local bands and artists performing on the park grounds and other public venues around the city.[94] The goals of the festival include strengthening the bond between the communities of South Bend and Notre Dame, supporting local artistic expression, and promoting local business.[95] In 2015, the festival was renamed Sounds by South Bend, to avoid confusion with the Austin festival and to more accurately represent the purpose of the event.[96]

Museums, arts and entertainment

The South Bend Museum of Art is located in Century Center in downtown South Bend. The museum was opened to the public in March 1996, and features a variety of artists from South Bend and the Michiana region. Currently, over 850 works are featured in the permanent collection. The museum also offers several classes and workshops for adults and children.[97]

The History Museum

The History Museum is the public name of the Northern Indiana Historical Society, the second-oldest historical society in Indiana, established in 1867 to collect and interpret the history of the northern Indiana region by St. Joseph County's leading citizens. The Oliver Mansion (also known by its original name, Copshaholm) is one of the central features of the museum. The 38-room mansion was built in 1895 and is currently listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The home was built by Joseph Doty Oliver, son of James Oliver, the founder of the Oliver Farm Equipment Company, once the largest plow manufacturer in the United States.[98] In addition to the Oliver Mansion and the Workers Home (a 1920s Polish-American family home), the museum includes areas dedicated to the history of the St. Joseph River Valley, the University of Notre Dame, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, and the Kidsfirst Children's Museum.[98]

Studebaker National Museum

The Studebaker National Museum holds a large collection of wagons and automobiles from the 150-year history of the Studebaker Corporation.[99] The museum began as a collection of wagons and automobiles produced by Studebaker, including the presidential carriages of Lincoln, McKinley, Harrison, and Grant. The company donated the collection to the city of South Bend in 1966. The collection was housed in various locations from Century Center to its current location in downtown South Bend, adjacent to The History Museum. The two museums share one campus, and together form The Museums at Washington and Chapin.[100] The former South Bend mansion of Clement Studebaker, named Tippecanoe Place, is now a restaurant.

Indiana University Civil Rights Heritage Center

The Indiana University South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Center is housed in the former Engman Public Natatorium. What was once the city's first indoor swimming pool excluded and then segregated against African Americans for its first twenty-eight years. In 2010, Indiana University South Bend re-opened the building, and now offers tours and events focusing on the histories of civil rights and the experiences of African Americans, Latinos, and LGBTQ people in South Bend.

Theatrical buildings

 
Morris Performing Arts Center in South Bend

The Morris Performing Arts Center, built in 1922, included the Palace Theater, a venue for vaudeville. The theatre's heyday was in 1940 with the premiere of Knute Rockne, All American, starring Ronald Reagan. A crowd estimated at 24,000 gathered outside. The theater was scheduled for demolition in 1959, when E. M. Morris purchased the facility and sold it to the city for one dollar, after which it was renamed the Morris Civic Auditorium. A total renovation as well as expansion of the stage area was completed in 2000. The Morris Performing Arts Center also includes the restored Palais Royale Ballroom.[101] The center houses the Broadway Theater League and the South Bend Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra's Shanghai-born former conductor, Tsung Yeh, was the first conductor ever to hold music directorships of both a western symphony orchestra and a major Chinese orchestra.[102]

South Bend is also home to The South Bend Hot Patooties, a group that performs a shadowcast of The Rocky Horror Picture Show.[103] The group has performed at various South Bend venues including the State Theater, Legends of Notre Dame, The Potawatomi Conservatories, and the historic Birdsell Mansion.[104]

South Bend Civic Theater, founded in 1957, was for many years located at The Firehouse, 701 Portage Avenue. It was a small intimate black box theater. In 2007, a new theater opened at 403 North Main Street in what was formerly the Scottish Rite Building. This facility includes a 209-seat main stage auditorium and a 90-seat "black box" studio theatre.[105] The theater produces more than a dozen plays per year, including several productions in its Family Series.

Other

The Snite Museum of Art of the University of Notre Dame is a fine arts museum that contains 29,000 works of art.

The Fischoff National Chamber Music Association, sponsor of the world's largest chamber music competition, was founded in South Bend in 1973. The annual Fischoff National Chamber Music Competition is held on the campus of the University of Notre Dame.

Schuyler Colfax, the 17th Vice President of the United States, is interred in South Bend City Cemetery.[106]

Sports

 
"The Cove" in South Bend

South Bend Lions FC

A USL2 soccer franchise named in November 2019, located in South Bend. The team plays at TCU School Field with an inaugural season in Summer of 2020. In the summer of 2022 the South Bend Lions earned the title, Champions of the USL2 Valley Division.

South Bend Cubs

The city is home to the South Bend Cubs, a Class A Minor League Baseball team, which plays at Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium in downtown South Bend. In 2014, the franchise changed its name and logo to the South Bend Cubs[107] and became affiliated with the Chicago Cubs; prior to this, it had been known as the South Bend Silver Hawks and affiliated with the Arizona Diamondbacks. In 2005, the franchise nearly moved to Marion, Illinois, but a group of investors, led by former Indiana governor and former South Bend mayor Joe Kernan, bought the Silver Hawks in order to ensure the team stayed in South Bend.[45]

Buildings and stadium

The Ballpark Synagogue is a 1901 synagogue building on the grounds of the ballpark, which serves as the team's fan store. It is the nation's only ballpark synagogue and it is available for weddings and other events.[108][109] The stadium is also used for multiple community events. In 2015, the South Bend Cubs broke their previous ticket sales record, with a total of 347,678 tickets sold.[110]

South Bend Roller Girls

The city also hosts the South Bend Roller Girls,[111] the city's non-profit flat-track roller derby league. Founded in March 2010, the league has worked to support fundraising for local charities, such as the Salvation Army's Adopt-A-Family program, the American Cancer Society's Making Strides Against Breast Cancer, and the St. Joe County Humane Society. The South Bend Roller Girls traveling/competitive team, The Studebreakers, is named after the historic Studebaker Corporation. The team is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.

East Race Waterway

Main article: East Race Waterway

South Bend is home to the first artificial whitewater center in North America, the East Race Waterway, adjacent to Century Center. The East Race Waterway is one of only four operating artificial whitewater facilities in the United States, the others being Dickerson Whitewater Course (in Dickerson, Maryland), U.S. National Whitewater Center (in Charlotte, North Carolina), Adventure Sports Center International (in McHenry, Maryland), and Riversports Rapids (in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma). The East Race Waterway is one of only six such facilities to have ever been operated in the US, the others being the four aforementioned courses and the now-defunct Ocoee Whitewater Center (in Ducktown, Tennessee). Prior to the opening of Riversports Rapids, the East Race had long been the only such US facility not located in an East Coast state. The waterway is closed as of 2021 because a hydroelectric dam is being built at the source.[112]

Other sports

During World War II, the South Bend Blue Sox All-American Girls Professional Baseball League team was formed in the city. The team participated in all the league's seasons from 1943 to 1954.[113]

The Blackthorn Golf Course in South Bend is home to the Four Winds Invitational of the Symetra Tour.[114]

The Notre Dame Fighting Irish also provides sports activity the South Bend locale, with football, basketball, and other collegiate sports attracting fans to the region. Along with Notre Dame, South Bend was the site of the VII Special Olympics Summer World Games in 1987. Notre Dame also hosted the 1983 AAU Junior Olympics.

Parks and recreation

 
Rafters enjoying the East Race in South Bend, Indiana

South Bend's first zoo was located at Leeper Park from 1902 until 1914. The present zoo at Potawatomi Park began in 1921 when Albert R. Erskine, the president of the Studebaker Corporation, donated a single deer as the start of the zoo. The Potawatomi Zoo is the second oldest zoo in Indiana. It features more than 400 animals in its 23 acres (93,000 m2). The zoo is now operated by the Potawatomi Zoological Society. Along with the zoo, the South Bend Parks and Recreation department operates over 50 parks, golf courses, and recreational areas throughout the city.[115] Notable parks include Rum Village Park, which has a disc golf course, mountain bike trails, hiking trails, and a nature center,[116] and Potawatomi Park, which has the region's largest Universally Accessible Playground and an outdoors Performance Arts Pavilion and viewing area.[117]

Near the Potawatomi Zoo are the Potawatomi Greenhouses and the Ella Morris and Muessel-Ellison Botanical Conservatories. The greenhouses were originally constructed in the 1920s, with the conservatories added in the 1960s.[118] In 2007, the greenhouses and conservatories were in danger of closing due to increased operating costs, but a campaign by the Botanical Society of South Bend was able to raise funds to keep the facilities operating.[119]

The city is home to the East Race Waterway, which is used for boating and water sports (see above).[119]

While developing the 2006 City Plan, the city's 20-year comprehensive plan, citizens said the encouragement of bicycling as a form of alternative transportation was a top priority. In 2010, South Bend became one of 303 communities in the United States to be recognized as a "Bicycle-Friendly Community" by the League of American Bicyclists due to the city's "remarkable commitments to bicycling.[120] The city has developed a long-term plan for building a 116-mile (187 km) South Bend Bikeway network. As of late 2014, 66.8 miles (107.5 km) of bicycle routes have been established, including 17.4 miles (28.0 km) of multipurpose paths separated from streets, 17.0 miles (27.4 km) of striped bike lanes, and 32.4 miles (52.1 km) of on-street routes bearing other designations.[121] The area is also served by the St. Joseph County Parks Dept, which maintains eight different parks and recreation areas. The Parks department serves the metro area and is headed by a permanent staff and an appointed board.

Law and government

See also: List of mayors of South Bend, Indiana; Mayoral elections in South Bend, Indiana; and South Bend Common Council
 
County-City Building in downtown South Bend

South Bend government follows the mayor-council representative model of municipal government and, along with the St. Joseph county government, occupies the County-City Building in downtown South Bend.

The government of South Bend is led by the office of the mayor, who is elected to a four-year term and acts as chief executive for the city government. The current mayor is James Mueller.

The legislative branch of the South Bend government is the South Bend Common Council.

The final elected member of the South Bend government is the city clerk, who is responsible for maintaining official city records and providing general clerical assistance to the City Council.[122] The current clerk is Dawn M. Jones.[123]

Michael A. Dvorak is the prosecuting attorney for the 60th Judicial Circuit, which consists of St. Joseph County. He was first elected in 2002.[124]

State and national representation

South Bend is represented in the Indiana House of Representatives by Maureen Bauer, Jake Teshka, and Ryan Dvorak, and in the Indiana State Senate by David L. Niezgodski. All members of the Indiana General Assembly representing South Bend are Democrats, except Jake Teshka, who is a Republican.

South Bend is part of Indiana's 2nd Congressional District.

Politics

The Democratic Party is very successful in South Bend. Every South Bend mayor since 1972 has been a Democrat.[125] As of 2021, all but one City Council member is a Democrat.[126]

On March 26, 2012, South Bend passed the Human Rights Ordinance, outlawing discrimination in employment, housing, or other areas against citizens based on "race, religion, color, sex, disability, national origin, ancestry, sexual orientation or gender identity, or familial status."[127] It is one of only 6 cities in Indiana to offer legal protections for citizens based on sexual orientation and gender identity.[128] The protections are enforced by the city's Human Rights Commission, which oversees investigation and legal recourse in cases of discrimination.[129]

 
Courthouse in South Bend

On June 16, 2015, then-Mayor Pete Buttigieg announced in a South Bend Tribune editorial that he is gay, becoming the first openly gay executive in the state of Indiana.[130][131]

Law enforcement

Main article: South Bend Police Department

The police force in South Bend has undergone many changes and expansions in its history, starting in 1831 when the first constables were appointed. Law enforcement was reorganized and renamed multiple times throughout its history, until the department became officially known as the South Bend Police Department in 1903.[132] Scott Ruszkowski has served as chief since 2015.[133]

Education

 
Main Building at the University of Notre Dame
Main article: Education in South Bend, Indiana

Colleges

The South Bend area contains several institutions of higher education.

Colleges located near South Bend:

K–12 schools

Public schools in South Bend are operated by the South Bend Community School Corporation. The corporation runs 17 primary centers (grades K–5), seven intermediate centers (mostly grades 6–8), four high schools (grades 9–12) and an alternative school (grade 9–12), serving 16,725 students during the 2019–20 school year.[137] In 2018–19, the school district received an accountability grade overall of C.[138] Purdue Polytechnic High Schools also maintains a campus in South Bend on Lafayette Ave.[139]

There are also several private schools: namely, Trinity School at Greenlawn, recipient of four Blue Ribbon Awards from the U.S. Department of Education,[140] and The Stanley Clark School. Additionally, the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend operates 11 parochial grade schools and one high school in South Bend.[141] This includes St. Joseph School, which is a National Register of Historic Places listing and two-time National Blue Ribbon Award recipient.

Public library

South Bend is served by the St. Joseph County Public Library with a Main Library, and branches in Francis, German, and Lasalle townships.[142] There are a total of ten branches of the public library system throughout the county and from which any library card holder can select. The main library reopened in November 2021 after a full remodel that took two years.[143]

Places of worship

South Bend is home to over 100 places of worship, including mostly Christian churches, three synagogues, and one mosque.

Christian churches

  • Apostolic House of Deliverance
  • Apostolic Temple AWCF
  • Calvary Baptist Church
  • Cathedral of St. James (Episcopal)
  • Christ the King Catholic Church
  • Christ the King Lutheran Church (ELCA)
  • Church of the Holy Trinity (Episcopal)
  • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS)
  • Clay Church (United Methodist)
  • Community Baptist Church
  • Community Congregational Church
  • Corpus Christi Catholic Community
  • Emmaus Evangelical Lutheran Church (LCMS)
  • Evangel Heights United Methodist Church
  • Faith Apostolic Ministries
  • Fellowship Baptist Church
  • First Baptist Church South Bend
  • First Church of Christ, Scientist
  • First Presbyterian Church
  • First Unitarian Church of South Bend
  • First United Methodist Church
  • Gloria Dei Lutheran Church (ELCA)
  • The Grace Place
  • Grace United Methodist Church
  • Holy Cross Catholic Church
  • Holy Family Catholic Church
  • Holy Trinity Lutheran Church (ELCA)
  • New Bethel Tabernacle Church PAW
  • New Life Assembly of God
  • Oak Tree Community Church Baptist
  • Our Lady of Hungary Catholic Church
  • Our Redeemer Lutheran Church (LCMS)
  • Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic Church
  • Southlawn United Methodist Church
  • St. Adalbert Catholic Church
  • St. Andrew Greek Orthodox Church
  • St. Anthony de Padua Catholic Church
  • St. Augustine Catholic Church
  • St. Casimir Catholic Church
  • St. Hedwig Catholic Church
  • St. John the Baptist Catholic Church
  • St. Joseph Catholic Church
  • St. Jude Catholic Church
  • St. Mary Polish National Catholic Church
  • St. Matthew Cathedral (Catholic)
  • St. Michael & All Angels Episcopal Church
  • St. Nectarios Orthodox Church (ACROD)
  • St. Patrick Catholic Church
  • St. Paul Lutheran Church (LCMS)
  • St. Paul's Memorial United Methodist Church
  • Sts. Peter and Paul Serbian Orthodox Church
  • St. Peter's United Church of Christ
  • St. Stanislaus Catholic Church
  • St. Thérèse, Little Flower Catholic Church
  • South Bend City Church
  • South Bend First Church of the Nazarene
  • South Bend First Seventh-day Adventist Church
  • South Side Baptist Church
  • Southgate Church (Assemblies of God)
  • United Pentecostal Church Ironwood UPCI
  • Zion United Church of Christ

Non-Christian places of worship

Former places of worship

Media

 
South Bend Tribune former main office

Newspaper

One major daily newspaper serves the South Bend metro area: the South Bend Tribune. It is distributed throughout the Michiana region seven days per week. The South Bend Tribune is owned by GateHouse Media, part of the Gannett system, which publishes 156 daily newspapers in 39 states.[144]

Radio

South Bend's radio stations' formats include public radio, sports radio, classical music, religious, country, classic rock, pop, and urban contemporary, among others.

 
WNIT Center for Public Media in downtown South Bend

Television

As of the 2016–17 rankings, the South Bend-Elkhart designated market area is the 96th largest market in the United States, with 310,170 homes (0.27% of the U.S. population).[145] Most of the major television networks have affiliates in the Michiana area.

Television stations broadcasting in the Greater South Bend area include:

Cable Channel Number Call Sign Network
16 WNDU-TV NBC
22 WSBT-TV CBS
25 WCWW-LD CW
28 WSJV Heroes & Icons
34 WNIT-TV PBS
46 WHME-TV Family
57 WBND-LD ABC
69 WMYS-LD MyNetworkTV

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in South Bend, Indiana

Roads

South Bend's location around the St. Joseph River has influenced the development of its streets. While city streets mainly follow a grid plan, road development also adapted to the river's path. South Bend is connected to state and national highway systems by State Roads 2, 23, and 933; U.S. Route 20 and 31; and Interstate 80 and 90, the Indiana Toll Road. The original routes of both the Lincoln Highway and the Dixie Highway also pass through South Bend. South Bend was also a town along the intrastate Michigan Road.

Parts of Eddy Street, Sample Street, Chapin Avenue, Marion Street, and Madison Street form an incomplete loop around the downtown area; this was formerly referred to as "the innerbelt".[146] Portions of State Roads 23 and 933 follow this route.

For transportation around the South Bend metro area, there is the St. Joseph Valley Parkway, designated in places as US 20, US 31, and State Road 331, which bypasses South Bend to the south and west, and connects to Michigan to the north and the greater Elkhart area to the east. The Indiana Toll Road (Interstates 80 and 90) passes through northern South Bend.

Intercity bus service

South Bend is served by a single Greyhound station. The busses had operated out of the airport until 2019, when they relocated to a leased portion of the South Street Station.[147]

Transit

Public transportation in South Bend is controlled by Transpo (South Bend Public Transportation Corporation). Transpo operates bus routes between stations located in South Bend and Mishawaka and provides services to the towns of Osceola and Roseland, from Monday through Saturday.[148] In 2006, the Transpo fleet switched to biodiesel fuel. In 2015, Transpo added 16 new buses powered by compressed natural gas. The Transpo facility is also the first LEED Platinum transit facility in the country.[149] The South Street Station serves as the main hub for most passengers, with multiple platforms and buses arriving frequently. Connections can be made to the Interurban Trolley in Mishawaka.

Aviation

 
South Bend Regional Airport in 2005; since renamed to South Bend International Airport

South Bend serves as the transportation hub for Michiana. The South Bend International Airport lies off of U.S. 31 and the Indiana Toll Road in the northwest corner of South Bend. The airport connects South Bend to larger hubs including Atlanta, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, New York City, Orlando, Phoenix, Punta Gorda, Sarasota, and St. Petersburg, Florida. In April 2014, the airport changed its name from "South Bend Regional Airport" to the current "South Bend International" after receiving International designation from U.S. Customs and Border Protection.[150] Final design plans are being approved for a Federal Inspection Station and General Aviation Facility.[151] The airport welcomed its first international arrival through the General Aviation Facility in June 2017.

Rail

The South Shore Line, an electric commuter railroad, runs from South Bend Airport station seven times a day (five on weekends) to Millennium Station in downtown Chicago. A once-daily limited-stop express service was added in 2015 on weekdays, with trains taking 1 hour and 55 minutes from South Bend to Chicago.[152] There is a proposal to reroute or extend the existing track southeast to a new terminus downtown South Bend.[153]

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to South Bend Station via two trains a day, the Lake Shore Limited between Chicago and New York City or Boston, and the Capitol Limited between Chicago and Washington, D.C. A bus line connects Notre Dame and the South Bend airport to Chicago's O'Hare and Midway airports, with several northwest Indiana stops.[154]

South Bend had electric streetcars from 1885 until the 1930s.[155] In 2021, a group proposed the concept of building a new streetcar system, running from Notre Dame University, through South Bend, to Mishawaka.[156][157]

Utilities

Electricity in South Bend is provided by Indiana Michigan Power, a subsidiary of American Electric Power.[158] Natural gas is supplied by the Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), a subsidiary of NiSource.[159]

 
North Pumping Station, just outside downtown South Bend, was built in 1912, and is in the National Register of Historic Places.[160]

The South Bend Water Works deliver water to residents of South Bend. The water is collected from 32 deep wells and runs through 545 miles (877 km) of water main to be distributed to South Bend residents.[161] In 2008, in order to increase the efficiency of its sewer system, South Bend began the installation of an array of intelligent sensors and valves allowing it to become the first city to migrate its sewer system management to the cloud. When a section of the system is under heavy use, this system can divert flow to other, less busy, sections. This more efficient system has helped to save the city an estimated $100 million in new sewage pipes.[162]

Environmental initiatives

In 2015, South Bend engaged in a partnership with the University of Notre Dame to revitalize the Bowman Creek ecosystem. Bowman Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in South Bend that has suffered from contamination. The Bowman Creek initiative included partners from local high schools, colleges, and business leaders focused on improvements to both the creek and the neighborhoods. The vision for the collaboration is to institute a unique water quality monitoring system, similar to South Bend's combined sewer overflow system.[163]

Sister cities

South Bend has four sister cities:[164][165]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from South Bend, Indiana

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Further reading

  • Bodnar, John. "Power and memory in oral history: Workers and managers at Studebaker." Journal of American History 75.4 (1989): 1201-1221. online
  • Breza, Kathleen. "The Polish-American Community in South Bend." (ERIC, 1975). online
  • Esslinger, Dean R. Immigrants and the city: Ethnicity and mobility in a nineteenth century Midwestern community (Kennikat Press, 1975); focus on demography and social mobility of Germans, Poles, and other Catholics in South Bend
  • Fotia, Elizabeth R., and Karen Rasmussen. "The Italian-Americans of the South Bend-Mishawaka Area." (ERIC, 1975) online.
  • "Language and identity of Latinos in South Bend," (Institute for Latino Studies, University of Notre Dame) 3#4 (fall 2009) pp 1–16. online
  • Mattox, Jake. The Negro in South Bend: A Social Study Sermon: The Quest of Restless Souls (1922) reprint Wolfson Press, 2009. online review
  • Mize, Sandra Yocum. "Parish History as Theological Resource: A Case Study of Little Flower Parish, South Bend, Indiana." Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 105.3/4 (1994): 77-91. online
  • Mize, Sandra Yocum. "Lay Participation in Parish Life: Little Flower Parish, South Bend, Indiana." US Catholic Historian 9.4 (1990): 419-432. online
  • Osterhus, Grace. "City Directories Tell the Story of South Bend." Indiana Magazine of History (1939): 261-281. online
  • Palmer, John. South Bend: Crossroads of Commerce (Arcadia Publishing, 2003) online.
  • Prizant, Yael. "Reimagining the Rust Belt: South Bend, Indiana, and The Citizen Project." Studies in the Literary Imagination 50.1 (2017): 21-43. excerpt
  • Robinson, Gabrielle. German Settlers of South Bend (Arcadia Publishing, 2003).
  • Rotman, Deborah L. "The fighting Irish: historical archaeology of nineteenth-century Catholic immigrant experiences in South Bend, Indiana." Historical Archaeology 44 (2010): 113-131. online
  • Rotman, Deborah L. "Irish-Catholic immigrant life in South Bend, Indiana: refined earthenwares and the 19th-century social worlds of the Midwest." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 37.1 (2012): 25-44.
  • Swastek, Joseph. "The Poles in South Bend to 1914." Polish American Studies 2.3/4 (1945): 79-88.
  • White, Joseph M. Worthy of the Gospel of Christ: A History of the Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend: Commemorating the 150th Anniversary of the Diocese and Catholic Life in Northern Indiana (Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 2007).
  • Wineland, Ben. "Then and Now: The Origins and Development of the Gay Community in South Bend." IUSB Undergraduate Research Journal of History 6 (2016): 71-82. online
  • Young, Jan. Studebaker and the Railroads (2009) online.

External links

  • Official website  
  • Downtown South Bend
  • St. Joseph County Chamber of Commerce
  • Visit South Bend Mishawaka
  • South Bend, Indiana at Curlie
  •   Geographic data related to South Bend, Indiana at OpenStreetMap

March 14, 2023
south, bend, indiana, south, bend, redirects, here, other, uses, south, bend, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged. South Bend redirects here For other uses see South Bend disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources South Bend Indiana news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St Joseph County Indiana United States 6 on the St Joseph River near its southernmost bend from which it derives its name At the 2020 census the city had a total of 103 453 residents and is the fourth largest city in Indiana The metropolitan area had a population of 324 501 in 2020 while its combined statistical area had 812 199 7 The city is located just south of Indiana s border with Michigan South Bend IndianaCityFrom top left to right Downtown South Bend skyline and St Joseph River the Third St Joseph County Courthouse Notre Dame Stadium the Studebaker National Museum and South Shore LineFlagSealNicknames Lotion City Wagon City Metropolis of Northern Indiana 1 Motto Peace Location of South Bend in St Joseph County IndianaSouth BendShow map of IndianaSouth BendShow map of the United StatesCoordinates 41 40 35 N 86 15 01 W 41 67639 N 86 25028 W 41 67639 86 25028 Coordinates 41 40 35 N 86 15 01 W 41 67639 N 86 25028 W 41 67639 86 25028Country United StatesState IndianaCountySt JosephIncorporated City 1865FounderAlexis CoquillardGovernment TypeStrong Mayor Council BodySouth Bend Common Council MayorJames Mueller D Area 2 City42 40 sq mi 109 82 km2 Land41 98 sq mi 108 72 km2 Water0 43 sq mi 1 10 km2 Elevation 4 692 ft 211 m Population 2020 City103 453 Density2 464 57 sq mi 951 58 km2 Urban278 921 US 144th 3 Urban density1 885 5 sq mi 728 0 km2 Metro324 501 US 160th CSA812 199 US 68th Time zoneUTC 5 EST Summer DST UTC 4 EDT ZIP Codes46601 46604 46612 46617 46619 46620 46624 46626 46628 46629 46634 46635 46637 46660 46680 46699Area code574FIPS code18 71000GNIS feature ID452796DemonymsSouth Bender Domer Notre Dame Interstate HighwaysU S HighwaysMajor State RoadsWaterwaysSt Joseph River Kankakee River Juday Creek Bowman CreekAirportsSouth Bend International AirportPublic transitGDP 1 6 billion 5 Websitewww wbr southbendin wbr govThe area was settled in the early 19th century by fur traders 8 and was established as a city in 1865 The St Joseph River shaped South Bend s economy through the mid 20th century River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation the Oliver Chilled Plow Company and other large corporations The population of South Bend declined after 1960 when it peaked at 132 445 This was chiefly due to migration to suburban areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry Today the largest industries in South Bend are health care education small business and tourism Remaining large corporations based in the area include Crowe Honeywell and AM General The city s economy and culture are influenced by the nearby University of Notre Dame 9 The city was featured in national news coverage of former mayor Pete Buttigieg a candidate in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and current Secretary of Transportation in the Biden administration 10 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 First settlements 1 3 Early business 1 4 Establishment and early history 1 4 1 History with Ku Klux Klan 1 5 Later business 1 6 Recent history 2 Geography 2 1 Cityscape 2 2 Neighborhoods 2 3 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 2020 census 3 2 2010 census 3 3 Ethnicity 4 Economy 4 1 Employers 4 2 Technology 4 2 1 Innovation Park and Ignition Park 4 3 Redevelopment 4 4 Recognition 5 Arts and culture 5 1 Culture 5 2 Music festivals 5 3 Museums arts and entertainment 5 3 1 The History Museum 5 3 2 Studebaker National Museum 5 3 3 Indiana University Civil Rights Heritage Center 5 3 4 Theatrical buildings 5 3 5 Other 6 Sports 6 1 South Bend Lions FC 6 2 South Bend Cubs 6 2 1 Buildings and stadium 6 3 South Bend Roller Girls 6 4 East Race Waterway 6 5 Other sports 7 Parks and recreation 8 Law and government 8 1 State and national representation 8 2 Politics 8 3 Law enforcement 9 Education 9 1 Colleges 9 2 K 12 schools 9 3 Public library 10 Places of worship 10 1 Former places of worship 11 Media 11 1 Newspaper 11 2 Radio 11 3 Television 12 Transportation 12 1 Roads 12 2 Intercity bus service 12 3 Transit 12 4 Aviation 12 5 Rail 13 Utilities 13 1 Environmental initiatives 14 Sister cities 15 Notable people 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External linksHistory EditEarly history Edit The St Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans One of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the Miami tribe Later the Potawatomi moved into the region utilizing the rich food and natural resources found along the river The Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s The South Bend area was popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St Joseph River to the Kankakee River 11 This route was used for centuries first by the Native Americans then by French explorers missionaries and traders 12 The French explorer Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle the first white European to set foot in what is now South Bend 13 used this portage between the St Joseph River and the Kankakee River in December 1679 First settlements Edit The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area In 1820 Pierre Frieschutz Navarre arrived representing the American Fur Company AFC of John Jacob Astor He settled near what is now downtown South Bend 14 Alexis Coquillard another agent of the AFC 14 15 established a trading post known as the Big St Joseph Station 16 In 1827 Lathrop Minor Taylor established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company in whose records the name St Joseph s Indiana was used 15 By 1829 the town was growing with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders They applied for a post office Taylor was appointed postmaster and the post office was designated as Southold Allen County Indiana 14 The following year the name was changed to South Bend probably to ease confusion as several other communities were named Southold at the time In 1831 South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of St Joseph County with 128 residents 17 That same year Horatio Chapin moved to the settlement opened the first general store with imported out of state goods and helped established the first church and Sunday school 14 Around the same time design began on what would become the town of South Bend The town was formally established in 1835 with Chapin as the first president of the board of town trustees 18 In 1856 attorney Andrew Anderson Chapin s son in law founded May Oberfell Lorber the oldest continuous business in St Joseph County 19 He compiled a complete index of South Bend s real estate records 20 Alexis Coquillard In 1841 Schuyler Colfax was appointed St Joseph County deputy auditor Colfax purchased the South Bend Free Press and then turned it into a pro Whig newspaper the St Joseph Valley Register He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1850 at which he opposed the barring of African American migration to Indiana He joined the Republican Party like many Whigs of his day and was elected to Congress in 1855 becoming Speaker of the House in 1863 during the administration of Abraham Lincoln In 1868 he was elected vice president under Ulysses S Grant Colfax returned to South Bend after his stint in Washington and is buried in City Cemetery west of downtown 21 Early business Edit During the late 1830s through the 1850s much of South Bend s development centered on the industrial complex of factories located on the two races man made canals along the St Joseph River in South Bend Several dams were created and factories were built on each side of the river On October 4 1851 the first steam locomotive entered South Bend 14 This shifted commerce from the river to the railroad In 1852 Henry Studebaker set up Studebaker wagon shop later becoming the world s largest wagon builder and the only one to later succeed as an automobile manufacturer The Singer Sewing Company and the Oliver Chilled Plow Company were among other companies that made manufacturing the driving force in the South Bend economy until the mid 20th century 14 Another important economic act was the dredging of the Kankakee River in 1884 to create farmland 22 During this time period there was a great immigration of Europeans such as Polish Hungarian Irish German Italian and Swedish people to South Bend because of available employment in area factories 23 South Bend in 1866 South Bend benefited from its location on the Michigan Road the main north south artery of northern Indiana in the 19th century 14 Another significant development occurred near South Bend in 1842 when Father Edward Sorin founded the University of Notre Dame just north of the town 24 It became a major factor in the area s economy and culture 25 Establishment and early history Edit South Bend was incorporated as a city on May 22 1865 and its first elections were held on June 5 1865 with William G George elected as its first mayor 15 The official city motto Peace refers to the fact that incorporation came in the month following the Confederate surrender that effectively ended the American Civil War Industrial growth was rapid after the Civil War most notably with the Studebaker wagon factory and the Oliver plow company Good jobs and high wages attracted immigrants from Europe especially Germans Irish and Poles The majority were Catholic and they achieved higher rates of social mobility than the same ethnic groups in the Northeast 26 Olivet African Methodist Episcopal AME Church was founded in South Bend in March 1870 making it the first African American church in the city 27 Olivet AME is still an active African Methodist Episcopal Church and celebrated its 145th anniversary in 2015 28 A sergeant from South Bend fired the first American shells against Germany in World War I 29 History with Ku Klux Klan Edit In 1923 the African American owner of a soda fountain received a letter signed KKK threatening to kill an African American man held in the city s jail and harm the rest of the city s African American population Within a few days over a thousand African Americans fled the city 30 In 1924 the Ku Klux Klan held a conference and planned a parade from its local headquarters at 230 S Michigan St In preparation Klan members were posted around town to direct traffic Notre Dame students well aware of the anti Catholic nature of the Klan vigorously protested this intrusion and before noon all of the Klansmen traffic directors had been unmasked and unrobed Notre Dame students continued the fight with several hundred gathering outside of the Klan headquarters throwing rocks and smashing windows in protest Local police as well as Notre Dame officials eventually managed to convince them to return to campus 31 32 33 It is said that even legendary football coach Knute Rockne became involved in the struggle to calm down the students 34 Later business Edit Other industries developed in South Bend in the early 20th century including Birdsell Manufacturing Company the Bendix Corporation Honeywell AlliedSignal South Bend Lathe Works the O Brien Paint Corp the South Bend Toy Company South Bend Range South Bend Bait Company and South Bend Watch Company Workers at the Bendix Corporation staged the first sit in strike in American history in 1936 35 Fast development led to the creation of electric rail transportation throughout the area and in 1925 the South Shore interurban streetcar service was established from downtown South Bend to downtown Chicago 36 The South Shore line still runs daily to and from Chicago and also is a major freight carrier in the area On June 30 1934 the Merchants National Bank in South Bend was the last bank to be robbed by the Dillinger gang 37 This 1922 pamphlet demonstrates the visions of progress and global importance in the peak period of industrialization in South Bend Recent history Edit On September 29 1929 South Bend completed its track elevation program 38 This was a railroad infrastructure project which saw the removal of Grand Trunk Western Railroad tracks from Division Street the removal of level crossings from Chapin to Miami streets the creation of a modern freight layout and the construction of Union Station 38 This project had been seventeen years in the making 38 and had been the subject of the Indiana Supreme Court case Vandalia Railroad v South Bend which was subsequently affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States 38 39 In 1949 legendary percussionist Lionel Hampton was informed that his concert at South Bend s Palais du Royale would be a blacks only event he threatened to call for a boycott of the venue and the affair proceeded as an integrated evening which newspapers said led to all attendees breaking out in paroxysms of ecstasy 40 By 1950 more than half of all employment was in the manufacturing sector 41 Due to economic difficulties Studebaker closed its automotive manufacturing plants in South Bend in December 1963 42 A general decline in manufacturing soon followed as industry was restructured nationwide By 2000 manufacturing was only 16 percent of the local economy Due to the severe loss of jobs the city s population decreased by nearly 30 000 during that period 41 In 1984 South Bend community leaders began seeking a minor league baseball team for the city A stadium was constructed in 1986 and a 10 year player development contract was signed with the Chicago White Sox The team would be known as the South Bend White Sox In 1994 the team s name was changed to the South Bend Silver Hawks 43 and then to The South Bend Cubs in 2015 They are a Class A minor league affiliate of the Chicago Cubs in the Midwest League In 2015 the City of South Bend celebrated its 150th birthday The yearlong festival culminated with the ceremonial illumination of the first River Lights along the St Joseph River Mayor Pete Buttigieg welcomed the coming of the next 150 years of South Bend s heritage accompanied by five previous South Bend mayors Steve Luecke Joe Kernan Roger Parent Peter Nemeth and Jerry Miller 44 In 2015 the city s population increased by 286 the largest one year growth in over twenty years 45 The former Studebaker plant has been developed as the Ignition Park center to attract new businesses especially in the tech industry 46 South Bend has also seen new development particularly in the tech field a decline in unemployment and a renewal of the downtown area under Buttigieg s tenure which has been described as a revival and South Bend as a turnaround city 47 48 49 50 51 South Bend also was in the national spotlight during the 2019 20 Democratic presidential campaign of former mayor Pete Buttigieg Geography Edit An aerial photo of Downtown South BendSouth Bend is located 5 mi 8 0 km from the Michigan border and approximately equidistant from Illinois and Ohio The city is 93 mi 150 km from Chicago The shore of Lake Michigan is 20 mi 32 km away According to the 2010 census South Bend has a total area of 41 877 square miles 108 46 km2 of which 41 46 square miles 107 38 km2 or 99 is land and 0 417 square miles 1 08 km2 or 1 is water 52 Cityscape Edit The St Joseph River flows from the east end of the city turning north near the city center giving South Bend its name at the bend in the river South Bend is located on the north south continental divide and the river flows northwest into Lake Michigan 53 The downtown area is located in the north central part of the city along the St Joseph River Notre Dame Indiana is directly adjacent to the north The city extends further north on the west side mainly with manufacturing and distribution facilities near the South Bend International Airport Mishawaka Indiana is adjacent to South Bend s east side Neighborhoods Edit Notable neighborhoods in the city include Far Northwest Near Northwest and Keller Park are located off of Portage Avenue along the riverfront Northeast South Bend is between the River and SR 23 north of East LaSalle Avenue River Park is located north and south of Mishawaka Avenue It has been the subject of several redevelopment projects intended to revitalize the area 54 55 The Wayne Street neighborhood between Washington Street and Sunnymede Avenue along Jefferson Boulevard was designated a historic district in 1987 56 Rum Village is in Southwest South Bend north of West Ewing Avenue and west of South Main Street The Eddy Street Commons is a mixed use complex along North Eddy Street across Angela Boulevard from Notre Dame Leeper Park is south of the River and northwest of the Memorial Hospital main campus Climate Edit South Bend has a humid continental climate with a Koppen climate classification of Dfa Lake Michigan exerts a great influence on the climate of South Bend including lake effect snow in winter and a tendency to moderate temperatures year round 57 June July and August are the warmest months with average temperatures above 69 F 21 C Normally 42 days with thunderstorms occur each year 57 The snowiest month is usually January with snowfall normally recorded from October through April 58 On average South Bend receives 64 5 inches 164 cm of snow per year 57 Spring and fall can be mild and overcast but also severely stormy at times with 293 partly cloudy to cloudy days each year 59 Climate data for South Bend Indiana South Bend Regional Airport 1981 2010 normals extremes 1893 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 68 20 74 23 85 29 91 33 97 36 106 41 109 43 105 41 99 37 92 33 82 28 70 21 109 43 Mean maximum F C 53 9 12 2 56 5 13 6 70 9 21 6 80 2 26 8 87 3 30 7 92 8 33 8 93 5 34 2 91 7 33 2 89 3 31 8 81 6 27 6 67 2 19 6 56 3 13 5 95 3 35 2 Average high F C 31 2 0 4 34 9 1 6 46 2 7 9 59 0 15 0 70 1 21 2 79 4 26 3 82 7 28 2 80 8 27 1 74 4 23 6 61 8 16 6 47 7 8 7 36 3 2 4 58 7 14 8 Daily mean F C 24 1 4 4 27 1 2 7 36 7 2 6 48 1 8 9 59 1 15 1 68 8 20 4 72 4 22 4 70 7 21 5 63 7 17 6 52 0 11 1 39 8 4 3 29 6 1 3 49 3 9 6 Average low F C 17 0 8 3 19 3 7 1 27 2 2 7 37 1 2 8 48 1 8 9 58 1 14 5 62 1 16 7 60 5 15 8 53 0 11 7 42 1 5 6 31 8 0 1 23 0 5 0 39 9 4 4 Mean minimum F C 4 5 20 3 1 6 16 9 9 9 12 3 22 6 5 2 33 7 0 9 44 1 6 7 51 1 10 6 50 5 10 3 39 2 4 0 29 4 1 4 18 4 7 6 4 4 15 3 7 7 22 1 Record low F C 22 30 20 29 13 25 11 12 24 4 35 2 42 6 40 4 29 2 12 11 7 22 18 28 22 30 Average precipitation inches mm 2 66 68 2 31 59 2 35 60 3 49 89 4 20 107 4 04 103 3 78 96 4 01 102 3 49 89 3 72 94 2 78 71 2 40 61 39 23 996 Average snowfall inches cm 21 6 55 16 1 41 6 8 17 1 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 51 5 1 13 13 7 35 64 5 164 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 16 8 12 5 12 4 13 4 13 4 11 0 9 5 10 0 9 6 11 5 12 6 14 8 147 5Average snowy days 0 1 in 13 1 9 7 5 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 4 9 0 42 2Source NOAA 60 61 Demographics EditHistorical population CensusPop Note 18501 652 18603 832132 0 18707 20688 0 188013 28084 3 189021 81964 3 190035 99965 0 191053 68449 1 192070 98332 2 1930104 19346 8 1940101 268 2 8 1950115 91114 5 1960132 44514 3 1970125 850 5 0 1980109 727 12 8 1990105 511 3 8 2000107 7892 2 2010101 168 6 1 2020103 4532 3 U S Decennial Census 62 2010 2020 63 2020 census Edit South Bend city Indiana Demographic Profile NH Non Hispanic Race Ethnicity Pop 2010 64 Pop 2020 63 2010 2020White alone NH 56 474 51 891 55 82 50 16 Black or African American alone NH 26 496 26 102 26 19 25 23 Native American or Alaska Native alone NH 310 300 0 31 0 29 Asian alone NH 1 295 1 549 1 28 1 50 Pacific Islander alone NH 55 57 0 05 0 06 Some Other Race alone NH 233 651 0 23 0 63 Mixed Race Multi Racial NH 3 189 5 654 3 15 5 47 Hispanic or Latino any race 13 116 17 249 12 96 16 67 Total 101 168 103 453 100 00 100 00 Note the US Census treats Hispanic Latino as an ethnic category This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category Hispanics Latinos can be of any race 2010 census Edit As of the census 65 of 2010 there were 101 168 people 39 760 households and 23 526 families residing in the city The population density was 2 440 1 inhabitants per square mile 942 1 km2 There were 46 324 housing units at an average density of 1 117 3 per square mile 431 4 km2 The racial makeup of the city was 60 5 White 26 6 African American 0 5 Native American 1 3 Asian 0 1 Pacific Islander 6 9 from other races and 4 2 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13 0 of the population There were 39 760 households of which 33 1 had children under the age of 18 living with them 34 9 were married couples living together 18 9 had a female householder with no husband present 5 4 had a male householder with no wife present and 40 8 were non families 33 3 Of all households were made up of individuals and 11 4 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2 48 and the average family size was 3 19 The median age in the city was 33 3 years 27 3 of residents were under the age of 18 10 were between the ages of 18 and 24 27 1 were from 25 to 44 23 1 were from 45 to 64 and 12 5 were 65 years of age or older The gender makeup of the city was 48 4 male and 51 6 female Ethnicity Edit Per the 2013 American Community Survey of the U S Census Bureau the following ancestries were reported African American 26 German 14 8 Irish 10 4 Polish 8 2 English 5 0 American 3 3 Italian 2 6 Hungarian 2 4 French 2 0 Dutch 1 4 Swedish 1 1 Belgian 0 9 66 Economy Edit 25 story Liberty Tower the tallest building in South Bend South Bend s location on the St Joseph River led to an industrial based economy in the late 19th century and early to mid 20th century In 1923 industrialist and entrepreneur Vincent H Bendix selected South Bend as the site of his new manufacturing plant for automotive parts 67 He chose South Bend primarily because it was on a rail line midway between Chicago and Detroit the two automotive manufacturing centers of the United States at the time 67 Eventually the Bendix corporation built a vast manufacturing complex on its South Bend acreage served by the major railroads including a huge shipping and receiving building where railroad cars could enter at one end unload and depart at the opposite end By the end of World War II manufacturing began to diminish 68 The Studebaker plant which had at one time employed 45 000 persons closed in 1963 its engine block plant shuttered the following year Parts of the Bendix factory complex were later acquired and divided between Honeywell Corporation and Bosch Corporation respectively Honeywell Aerospace continues to manufacture aviation products at its former Bendix facility In 2010 Bosch announced that it would cease all operations at its Bendix plant location in South Bend by the end of 2011 69 Bosch vacated the building entirely in October 2012 Curtis Products of South Bend moved into the building in May 2013 Employers Edit Since the 1960s education health care and small business have come to the forefront of South Bend s economy though the city has never regained the level of prosperity it enjoyed before that time Nearby University of Notre Dame is a large contributor to the local economy The university is the second largest employer in the city and in St Joseph County employing 6 086 people 70 Health care is another major contributor to the South Bend economy In 2012 Memorial Health System announced that it was merging with Elkhart General Hospital located in Elkhart County to form Beacon Health System 71 Beacon is the largest employer in the city and in St Joseph County employing 7 088 people 70 Other notable businesses include Honeywell Bosch and PEI Genesis AM General Crowe Horwath and Tire Rack all have corporate headquarters in South Bend According to the 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report 70 the city s top employers are Employer of Employees1 Beacon Health System Memorial 7 0882 University of Notre Dame 6 0863 South Bend Community School Corporation 3 4324 Indiana University South Bend 1 4015 St Joseph County 1 3776 City of South Bend 1 2857 Four Winds Casino 1 2008 AM General 1 2009 The South Bend Clinic 85410 Press Ganey 850Technology Edit Efforts are under way to spur economic growth in South Bend The St Joe Valley Metronet is a 50 mile 80 km dark fiber optic network that encircles South Bend and Mishawaka that allows for strong telecommunications connectivity 72 The South Bend Metronet named Zing is bringing more high tech firms to the city and surrounding area This telecommunications network has allowed for the advent of various data centers in South Bend which serves as a hub between Chicago Indianapolis Detroit and Cincinnati In 2015 the City of South Bend announced it would provide free wireless internet access via the Metronet in the city s downtown and East Bank areas 73 The Union Station Technology Center was purchased from the city in 1979 and is currently Northern Indiana s largest data center 74 There are currently plans to extend the data center into a fully operating high tech data hub in the old Studebaker Ivy Tower assembly plant next door creating what will be called the Renaissance District 75 Innovation Park and Ignition Park Edit Innovation Park and Ignition Park dual certified technology parks have attracted technology businesses to South Bend Located across the street from the University of Notre Dame Innovation Park was completed in 2009 and houses innovative researchers from companies and the university 76 Ignition Park located just south of the downtown area is planned to become home to 3 million square feet 280 000 m2 of high tech space on 140 acres 570 000 m2 of land previously owned by the Studebaker Corporation 77 The first tenant Data Realty moved into the location in the fall of 2012 78 The second building in the new park a research and testing facility for massive turbo machinery is part of a partnership between the city General Electric Great Lakes Capital Indiana Michigan Power University of Notre Dame and the state of Indiana 79 Redevelopment Edit Redevelopment is underway for some of the abandoned industrial facilities with the abandoned Oliver Corporation buildings being the most recent example of reclaimed property 80 The city also faced programs with large swaths of vacant housing after the decline of the manufacturing industry In 2013 1 347 homes were vacant or abandoned 81 The city created the Vacant and Abandoned Properties Initiative in February 2013 which aimed to take care of 1 000 vacant or abandoned homes in 1 000 days either through demolition repairs or some other satisfactory means 82 The Smart Street Initiative a 20 year plan to make the city safer for pedestrians bicyclists and motorists began in 2013 with the conversion of one way streets to two way streets 83 to bring more businesses to the area create shorter travel routes and to reduce speeding The other part of the initiative is the West Side Main Streets Plan a revitalization plan for the Lincoln Way West and Western Avenue corridor focusing on guiding business owners residents and developers to improve the street front by offering a reimbursement on exterior improvements from the city and the Urban Enterprise Association 84 Recognition Edit In 2012 Kiplinger s Personal Finance ranked South Bend eighth in the Ten Best Cities for Cheapskates 85 South Bend was also ranked among the 40 hottest real estate markets for business by Expansion Management magazine 86 and Smart Connected Communities Institute featured South Bend as one of the top ten cities worldwide that is reinventing themselves through technology 87 Arts and culture EditCulture Edit South Bend was influenced by a large influx of Polish Catholic immigrants in the late 19th century 88 Dyngus Day is widely celebrated on the Monday after Easter and it is the beginning of the city elections campaign season 89 Fat Tuesday is also celebrated in South Bend with paczkis being a staple food product in the city for the day 90 The city and surrounding county have 23 Catholic churches 11 Catholic schools and three Catholic universities the University of Notre Dame Holy Cross College and Saint Mary s College all located in the adjacent unincorporated area of Notre Dame 91 Music festivals Edit Local band Interstate Traffic performing at South by South Bend The city hosts several annual festivals The South Bend International Festival began ten years ago when as the South Bend Reggae Festival and now features local and international musical artists who perform in African Latino and American cultural styles Proceeds from the festival are given to the Pangani Foundation of South Bend which provides medical supplies to hospitals in Malawi 92 WBYT FM B100 Country Station hosts an Annual All Day Country Concert with over 37 000 free tickets in early September The World Pulse Festival broadcast by LeSEA Broadcasting network is held annually in South Bend It is hosted by Pulse FM a local Christian music radio station The event is an annual Contemporary Christian music festival attracting more than 50 000 visitors each year 93 In 2013 a new annual festival began in South Bend called South by South Bend named after the famous South By Southwest of Austin Texas The festival is a celebration of the local music scene with local bands and artists performing on the park grounds and other public venues around the city 94 The goals of the festival include strengthening the bond between the communities of South Bend and Notre Dame supporting local artistic expression and promoting local business 95 In 2015 the festival was renamed Sounds by South Bend to avoid confusion with the Austin festival and to more accurately represent the purpose of the event 96 Museums arts and entertainment Edit The South Bend Museum of Art is located in Century Center in downtown South Bend The museum was opened to the public in March 1996 and features a variety of artists from South Bend and the Michiana region Currently over 850 works are featured in the permanent collection The museum also offers several classes and workshops for adults and children 97 The History Museum Edit The History Museum is the public name of the Northern Indiana Historical Society the second oldest historical society in Indiana established in 1867 to collect and interpret the history of the northern Indiana region by St Joseph County s leading citizens The Oliver Mansion also known by its original name Copshaholm is one of the central features of the museum The 38 room mansion was built in 1895 and is currently listed in the National Register of Historic Places The home was built by Joseph Doty Oliver son of James Oliver the founder of the Oliver Farm Equipment Company once the largest plow manufacturer in the United States 98 In addition to the Oliver Mansion and the Workers Home a 1920s Polish American family home the museum includes areas dedicated to the history of the St Joseph River Valley the University of Notre Dame the All American Girls Professional Baseball League and the Kidsfirst Children s Museum 98 Studebaker National Museum Edit Studebaker National Museum in South Bend The Studebaker National Museum holds a large collection of wagons and automobiles from the 150 year history of the Studebaker Corporation 99 The museum began as a collection of wagons and automobiles produced by Studebaker including the presidential carriages of Lincoln McKinley Harrison and Grant The company donated the collection to the city of South Bend in 1966 The collection was housed in various locations from Century Center to its current location in downtown South Bend adjacent to The History Museum The two museums share one campus and together form The Museums at Washington and Chapin 100 The former South Bend mansion of Clement Studebaker named Tippecanoe Place is now a restaurant Indiana University Civil Rights Heritage Center Edit The Indiana University South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Center is housed in the former Engman Public Natatorium What was once the city s first indoor swimming pool excluded and then segregated against African Americans for its first twenty eight years In 2010 Indiana University South Bend re opened the building and now offers tours and events focusing on the histories of civil rights and the experiences of African Americans Latinos and LGBTQ people in South Bend Theatrical buildings Edit Morris Performing Arts Center in South Bend The Morris Performing Arts Center built in 1922 included the Palace Theater a venue for vaudeville The theatre s heyday was in 1940 with the premiere of Knute Rockne All American starring Ronald Reagan A crowd estimated at 24 000 gathered outside The theater was scheduled for demolition in 1959 when E M Morris purchased the facility and sold it to the city for one dollar after which it was renamed the Morris Civic Auditorium A total renovation as well as expansion of the stage area was completed in 2000 The Morris Performing Arts Center also includes the restored Palais Royale Ballroom 101 The center houses the Broadway Theater League and the South Bend Symphony Orchestra The orchestra s Shanghai born former conductor Tsung Yeh was the first conductor ever to hold music directorships of both a western symphony orchestra and a major Chinese orchestra 102 South Bend is also home to The South Bend Hot Patooties a group that performs a shadowcast of The Rocky Horror Picture Show 103 The group has performed at various South Bend venues including the State Theater Legends of Notre Dame The Potawatomi Conservatories and the historic Birdsell Mansion 104 South Bend Civic Theater founded in 1957 was for many years located at The Firehouse 701 Portage Avenue It was a small intimate black box theater In 2007 a new theater opened at 403 North Main Street in what was formerly the Scottish Rite Building This facility includes a 209 seat main stage auditorium and a 90 seat black box studio theatre 105 The theater produces more than a dozen plays per year including several productions in its Family Series Other Edit The Snite Museum of Art of the University of Notre Dame is a fine arts museum that contains 29 000 works of art The Fischoff National Chamber Music Association sponsor of the world s largest chamber music competition was founded in South Bend in 1973 The annual Fischoff National Chamber Music Competition is held on the campus of the University of Notre Dame Schuyler Colfax the 17th Vice President of the United States is interred in South Bend City Cemetery 106 Sports Edit The Cove in South Bend South Bend Lions FC Edit A USL2 soccer franchise named in November 2019 located in South Bend The team plays at TCU School Field with an inaugural season in Summer of 2020 In the summer of 2022 the South Bend Lions earned the title Champions of the USL2 Valley Division South Bend Cubs Edit The city is home to the South Bend Cubs a Class A Minor League Baseball team which plays at Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium in downtown South Bend In 2014 the franchise changed its name and logo to the South Bend Cubs 107 and became affiliated with the Chicago Cubs prior to this it had been known as the South Bend Silver Hawks and affiliated with the Arizona Diamondbacks In 2005 the franchise nearly moved to Marion Illinois but a group of investors led by former Indiana governor and former South Bend mayor Joe Kernan bought the Silver Hawks in order to ensure the team stayed in South Bend 45 Buildings and stadium Edit The Ballpark Synagogue is a 1901 synagogue building on the grounds of the ballpark which serves as the team s fan store It is the nation s only ballpark synagogue and it is available for weddings and other events 108 109 The stadium is also used for multiple community events In 2015 the South Bend Cubs broke their previous ticket sales record with a total of 347 678 tickets sold 110 South Bend Roller Girls Edit The city also hosts the South Bend Roller Girls 111 the city s non profit flat track roller derby league Founded in March 2010 the league has worked to support fundraising for local charities such as the Salvation Army s Adopt A Family program the American Cancer Society s Making Strides Against Breast Cancer and the St Joe County Humane Society The South Bend Roller Girls traveling competitive team The Studebreakers is named after the historic Studebaker Corporation The team is a member of the Women s Flat Track Derby Association East Race Waterway Edit Main article East Race Waterway South Bend is home to the first artificial whitewater center in North America the East Race Waterway adjacent to Century Center The East Race Waterway is one of only four operating artificial whitewater facilities in the United States the others being Dickerson Whitewater Course in Dickerson Maryland U S National Whitewater Center in Charlotte North Carolina Adventure Sports Center International in McHenry Maryland and Riversports Rapids in Oklahoma City Oklahoma The East Race Waterway is one of only six such facilities to have ever been operated in the US the others being the four aforementioned courses and the now defunct Ocoee Whitewater Center in Ducktown Tennessee Prior to the opening of Riversports Rapids the East Race had long been the only such US facility not located in an East Coast state The waterway is closed as of 2021 because a hydroelectric dam is being built at the source 112 Other sports Edit During World War II the South Bend Blue Sox All American Girls Professional Baseball League team was formed in the city The team participated in all the league s seasons from 1943 to 1954 113 The Blackthorn Golf Course in South Bend is home to the Four Winds Invitational of the Symetra Tour 114 The Notre Dame Fighting Irish also provides sports activity the South Bend locale with football basketball and other collegiate sports attracting fans to the region Along with Notre Dame South Bend was the site of the VII Special Olympics Summer World Games in 1987 Notre Dame also hosted the 1983 AAU Junior Olympics Parks and recreation Edit Rafters enjoying the East Race in South Bend Indiana South Bend s first zoo was located at Leeper Park from 1902 until 1914 The present zoo at Potawatomi Park began in 1921 when Albert R Erskine the president of the Studebaker Corporation donated a single deer as the start of the zoo The Potawatomi Zoo is the second oldest zoo in Indiana It features more than 400 animals in its 23 acres 93 000 m2 The zoo is now operated by the Potawatomi Zoological Society Along with the zoo the South Bend Parks and Recreation department operates over 50 parks golf courses and recreational areas throughout the city 115 Notable parks include Rum Village Park which has a disc golf course mountain bike trails hiking trails and a nature center 116 and Potawatomi Park which has the region s largest Universally Accessible Playground and an outdoors Performance Arts Pavilion and viewing area 117 Near the Potawatomi Zoo are the Potawatomi Greenhouses and the Ella Morris and Muessel Ellison Botanical Conservatories The greenhouses were originally constructed in the 1920s with the conservatories added in the 1960s 118 In 2007 the greenhouses and conservatories were in danger of closing due to increased operating costs but a campaign by the Botanical Society of South Bend was able to raise funds to keep the facilities operating 119 The city is home to the East Race Waterway which is used for boating and water sports see above 119 While developing the 2006 City Plan the city s 20 year comprehensive plan citizens said the encouragement of bicycling as a form of alternative transportation was a top priority In 2010 South Bend became one of 303 communities in the United States to be recognized as a Bicycle Friendly Community by the League of American Bicyclists due to the city s remarkable commitments to bicycling 120 The city has developed a long term plan for building a 116 mile 187 km South Bend Bikeway network As of late 2014 update 66 8 miles 107 5 km of bicycle routes have been established including 17 4 miles 28 0 km of multipurpose paths separated from streets 17 0 miles 27 4 km of striped bike lanes and 32 4 miles 52 1 km of on street routes bearing other designations 121 The area is also served by the St Joseph County Parks Dept which maintains eight different parks and recreation areas The Parks department serves the metro area and is headed by a permanent staff and an appointed board Law and government EditSee also List of mayors of South Bend Indiana Mayoral elections in South Bend Indiana and South Bend Common Council County City Building in downtown South Bend South Bend government follows the mayor council representative model of municipal government and along with the St Joseph county government occupies the County City Building in downtown South Bend The government of South Bend is led by the office of the mayor who is elected to a four year term and acts as chief executive for the city government The current mayor is James Mueller The legislative branch of the South Bend government is the South Bend Common Council The final elected member of the South Bend government is the city clerk who is responsible for maintaining official city records and providing general clerical assistance to the City Council 122 The current clerk is Dawn M Jones 123 Michael A Dvorak is the prosecuting attorney for the 60th Judicial Circuit which consists of St Joseph County He was first elected in 2002 124 State and national representation Edit South Bend is represented in the Indiana House of Representatives by Maureen Bauer Jake Teshka and Ryan Dvorak and in the Indiana State Senate by David L Niezgodski All members of the Indiana General Assembly representing South Bend are Democrats except Jake Teshka who is a Republican South Bend is part of Indiana s 2nd Congressional District Politics Edit The Democratic Party is very successful in South Bend Every South Bend mayor since 1972 has been a Democrat 125 As of 2021 all but one City Council member is a Democrat 126 On March 26 2012 South Bend passed the Human Rights Ordinance outlawing discrimination in employment housing or other areas against citizens based on race religion color sex disability national origin ancestry sexual orientation or gender identity or familial status 127 It is one of only 6 cities in Indiana to offer legal protections for citizens based on sexual orientation and gender identity 128 The protections are enforced by the city s Human Rights Commission which oversees investigation and legal recourse in cases of discrimination 129 Courthouse in South Bend On June 16 2015 then Mayor Pete Buttigieg announced in a South Bend Tribune editorial that he is gay becoming the first openly gay executive in the state of Indiana 130 131 Law enforcement Edit Main article South Bend Police Department The police force in South Bend has undergone many changes and expansions in its history starting in 1831 when the first constables were appointed Law enforcement was reorganized and renamed multiple times throughout its history until the department became officially known as the South Bend Police Department in 1903 132 Scott Ruszkowski has served as chief since 2015 133 Education Edit Main Building at the University of Notre Dame Main article Education in South Bend Indiana Colleges Edit The South Bend area contains several institutions of higher education Indiana University South Bend is the third largest campus in the Indiana University system Its total enrollment during the 2019 20 school year was 5 092 students 134 Purdue Polytechnic South Bend 135 Ivy Tech Community College Trine UniversityColleges located near South Bend University of Notre Dame Saint Mary s College Holy Cross College Bethel University 136 K 12 schools Edit Public schools in South Bend are operated by the South Bend Community School Corporation The corporation runs 17 primary centers grades K 5 seven intermediate centers mostly grades 6 8 four high schools grades 9 12 and an alternative school grade 9 12 serving 16 725 students during the 2019 20 school year 137 In 2018 19 the school district received an accountability grade overall of C 138 Purdue Polytechnic High Schools also maintains a campus in South Bend on Lafayette Ave 139 There are also several private schools namely Trinity School at Greenlawn recipient of four Blue Ribbon Awards from the U S Department of Education 140 and The Stanley Clark School Additionally the Diocese of Fort Wayne South Bend operates 11 parochial grade schools and one high school in South Bend 141 This includes St Joseph School which is a National Register of Historic Places listing and two time National Blue Ribbon Award recipient Public library Edit South Bend is served by the St Joseph County Public Library with a Main Library and branches in Francis German and Lasalle townships 142 There are a total of ten branches of the public library system throughout the county and from which any library card holder can select The main library reopened in November 2021 after a full remodel that took two years 143 Places of worship EditSouth Bend is home to over 100 places of worship including mostly Christian churches three synagogues and one mosque Christian churches Apostolic House of Deliverance Apostolic Temple AWCF Calvary Baptist Church Cathedral of St James Episcopal Christ the King Catholic Church Christ the King Lutheran Church ELCA Church of the Holy Trinity Episcopal The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints LDS Clay Church United Methodist Community Baptist Church Community Congregational Church Corpus Christi Catholic Community Emmaus Evangelical Lutheran Church LCMS Evangel Heights United Methodist Church Faith Apostolic Ministries Fellowship Baptist Church First Baptist Church South Bend First Church of Christ Scientist First Presbyterian Church First Unitarian Church of South Bend First United Methodist Church Gloria Dei Lutheran Church ELCA The Grace Place Grace United Methodist Church Holy Cross Catholic Church Holy Family Catholic Church Holy Trinity Lutheran Church ELCA New Bethel Tabernacle Church PAW New Life Assembly of God Oak Tree Community Church Baptist Our Lady of Hungary Catholic Church Our Redeemer Lutheran Church LCMS Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic Church Southlawn United Methodist Church St Adalbert Catholic Church St Andrew Greek Orthodox Church St Anthony de Padua Catholic Church St Augustine Catholic Church St Casimir Catholic Church St Hedwig Catholic Church St John the Baptist Catholic Church St Joseph Catholic Church St Jude Catholic Church St Mary Polish National Catholic Church St Matthew Cathedral Catholic St Michael amp All Angels Episcopal Church St Nectarios Orthodox Church ACROD St Patrick Catholic Church St Paul Lutheran Church LCMS St Paul s Memorial United Methodist Church Sts Peter and Paul Serbian Orthodox Church St Peter s United Church of Christ St Stanislaus Catholic Church St Therese Little Flower Catholic Church South Bend City Church South Bend First Church of the Nazarene South Bend First Seventh day Adventist Church South Side Baptist Church Southgate Church Assemblies of God United Pentecostal Church Ironwood UPCI Zion United Church of Christ Non Christian places of worship Hebrew Orthodox Congregation Islamic Society of Michiana Sinai Synagogue Conservative Judaism Temple Beth El Reform Judaism Gurudwara Sikhism Former places of worship Edit B nai Israel Synagogue Reconstructionist formerly Orthodox closed in 1990 First Presbyterian Church congregation moved to new buildingMedia Edit South Bend Tribune former main office Newspaper Edit One major daily newspaper serves the South Bend metro area the South Bend Tribune It is distributed throughout the Michiana region seven days per week The South Bend Tribune is owned by GateHouse Media part of the Gannett system which publishes 156 daily newspapers in 39 states 144 Radio Edit South Bend s radio stations formats include public radio sports radio classical music religious country classic rock pop and urban contemporary among others WNIT Center for Public Media in downtown South Bend Television Edit As of the 2016 17 rankings the South Bend Elkhart designated market area is the 96th largest market in the United States with 310 170 homes 0 27 of the U S population 145 Most of the major television networks have affiliates in the Michiana area Television stations broadcasting in the Greater South Bend area include Cable Channel Number Call Sign Network16 WNDU TV NBC22 WSBT TV CBS25 WCWW LD CW28 WSJV Heroes amp Icons34 WNIT TV PBS46 WHME TV Family57 WBND LD ABC69 WMYS LD MyNetworkTVTransportation EditMain article Transportation in South Bend Indiana Roads Edit South Bend s location around the St Joseph River has influenced the development of its streets While city streets mainly follow a grid plan road development also adapted to the river s path South Bend is connected to state and national highway systems by State Roads 2 23 and 933 U S Route 20 and 31 and Interstate 80 and 90 the Indiana Toll Road The original routes of both the Lincoln Highway and the Dixie Highway also pass through South Bend South Bend was also a town along the intrastate Michigan Road Parts of Eddy Street Sample Street Chapin Avenue Marion Street and Madison Street form an incomplete loop around the downtown area this was formerly referred to as the innerbelt 146 Portions of State Roads 23 and 933 follow this route For transportation around the South Bend metro area there is the St Joseph Valley Parkway designated in places as US 20 US 31 and State Road 331 which bypasses South Bend to the south and west and connects to Michigan to the north and the greater Elkhart area to the east The Indiana Toll Road Interstates 80 and 90 passes through northern South Bend Intercity bus service Edit South Bend is served by a single Greyhound station The busses had operated out of the airport until 2019 when they relocated to a leased portion of the South Street Station 147 Transit Edit Public transportation in South Bend is controlled by Transpo South Bend Public Transportation Corporation Transpo operates bus routes between stations located in South Bend and Mishawaka and provides services to the towns of Osceola and Roseland from Monday through Saturday 148 In 2006 the Transpo fleet switched to biodiesel fuel In 2015 Transpo added 16 new buses powered by compressed natural gas The Transpo facility is also the first LEED Platinum transit facility in the country 149 The South Street Station serves as the main hub for most passengers with multiple platforms and buses arriving frequently Connections can be made to the Interurban Trolley in Mishawaka Aviation Edit South Bend Regional Airport in 2005 since renamed to South Bend International Airport South Bend serves as the transportation hub for Michiana The South Bend International Airport lies off of U S 31 and the Indiana Toll Road in the northwest corner of South Bend The airport connects South Bend to larger hubs including Atlanta Charlotte Chicago Dallas Las Vegas Minneapolis New York City Orlando Phoenix Punta Gorda Sarasota and St Petersburg Florida In April 2014 the airport changed its name from South Bend Regional Airport to the current South Bend International after receiving International designation from U S Customs and Border Protection 150 Final design plans are being approved for a Federal Inspection Station and General Aviation Facility 151 The airport welcomed its first international arrival through the General Aviation Facility in June 2017 Rail Edit The South Shore Line an electric commuter railroad runs from South Bend Airport station seven times a day five on weekends to Millennium Station in downtown Chicago A once daily limited stop express service was added in 2015 on weekdays with trains taking 1 hour and 55 minutes from South Bend to Chicago 152 There is a proposal to reroute or extend the existing track southeast to a new terminus downtown South Bend 153 Amtrak the national passenger rail system provides service to South Bend Station via two trains a day the Lake Shore Limited between Chicago and New York City or Boston and the Capitol Limited between Chicago and Washington D C A bus line connects Notre Dame and the South Bend airport to Chicago s O Hare and Midway airports with several northwest Indiana stops 154 South Bend had electric streetcars from 1885 until the 1930s 155 In 2021 a group proposed the concept of building a new streetcar system running from Notre Dame University through South Bend to Mishawaka 156 157 Utilities EditElectricity in South Bend is provided by Indiana Michigan Power a subsidiary of American Electric Power 158 Natural gas is supplied by the Northern Indiana Public Service Company NIPSCO a subsidiary of NiSource 159 North Pumping Station just outside downtown South Bend was built in 1912 and is in the National Register of Historic Places 160 The South Bend Water Works deliver water to residents of South Bend The water is collected from 32 deep wells and runs through 545 miles 877 km of water main to be distributed to South Bend residents 161 In 2008 in order to increase the efficiency of its sewer system South Bend began the installation of an array of intelligent sensors and valves allowing it to become the first city to migrate its sewer system management to the cloud When a section of the system is under heavy use this system can divert flow to other less busy sections This more efficient system has helped to save the city an estimated 100 million in new sewage pipes 162 Environmental initiatives Edit In 2015 South Bend engaged in a partnership with the University of Notre Dame to revitalize the Bowman Creek ecosystem Bowman Creek is a tributary of the St Joseph River in South Bend that has suffered from contamination The Bowman Creek initiative included partners from local high schools colleges and business leaders focused on improvements to both the creek and the neighborhoods The vision for the collaboration is to institute a unique water quality monitoring system similar to South Bend s combined sewer overflow system 163 Sister cities EditSouth Bend has four sister cities 164 165 Czestochowa Poland Arzberg Bavaria Germany Guanajuato Mexico Bergisch Gladbach North Rhine Westphalia Germany Notable people EditMain article List of people from South Bend IndianaReferences Edit Indiana Magazine of History 1911 2020 U S Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau Retrieved March 16 2022 United States Census Bureau December 29 2022 2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications Federal Register US Board on Geographic Names United States Geological Survey October 25 2007 Retrieved January 31 2008 South Bend and Elkhart Forecast 2019 Find a County National Association of Counties Archived from the original on May 3 2015 Retrieved June 7 2011 Table 2 Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas April 1 2010 to July 1 2012 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on May 17 2013 Retrieved March 20 2013 Feature Article Southbendcollector com August 23 1998 Retrieved December 17 2015 Explore South Bend Wezerek Gus January 23 2019 How Pete Buttigieg Could Win The 2020 Democratic Nomination FiveThirtyEight Retrieved January 23 2019 Early St Joseph County History The History Museum Retrieved December 17 2015 Local History The History Museum Retrieved December 17 2015 South Bend History French Exploration Establishes South Bend City data com Retrieved December 17 2015 a b c d e f g Palmer John 2003 At The Bend In The River South Bend Crossroads of Commerce Arcadia Publishing ISBN 0 7385 2414 X a b c Howard Timothy E 1907 Chapter XI The City of South Bend History of St Joseph County Indiana The Lewis Publishing Company The First Settlers The History Museum May 24 1904 Retrieved December 17 2015 Early South Bend The History Museum Retrieved December 17 2015 J Palmer South Bend Crossroads of Commerce Charleston SC 2003 p 56 May Oberfell Lorber Official website May Oberfell amp Lorfer PDF Indiana Historical Society Archived from the original PDF on September 13 2012 Retrieved October 12 2012 COLFAX Schuyler Biographical Information Bioguide congress gov Retrieved December 17 2015 Dredging Of The River Thekankakeeriver com Archived from the original on January 13 2016 Retrieved December 17 2015 Indiana Emigration and Immigration Learn FamilySearch org December 11 2015 Retrieved December 17 2015 About Notre Dame The University of Notre Dame Official website Retrieved on November 13 2007 Bay Area Economics Notre Dame and The Local Economy 2002 Retrieved on August 31 2006 Archived October 29 2008 at the Wayback Machine Dean R Esslinger Immigrants and the city Ethnicity and mobility in a nineteenth century Midwestern community Kennikat Press 1975 A LOOK BACK Blacks shape South Bend South Bend Tribune Retrieved December 16 2015 South Bend 150 history timeline South Bend Tribune Retrieved December 16 2015 Indiana Sergeant Fired First Shot New York Times October 31 1917 Negroes Leave South Bend in Fear of Klan Chicago Daily Tribune September 12 1923 Smith Alvin May 24 1924 Indiana News Chicago Defender South Bend Bars Klan Parade After Disorder Lodge Headquarters are Stormed Chicago Daily Tribune May 18 1924 Klan and Foes Fight in Indiana Chicago Daily Tribune May 20 1924 N D Students Pledge to Leave Klansmen Alone Chicago Daily Tribune May 21 1924 Fine Sidney 1969 Sit down the General Motors Strike of 1936 1937 Sidney Fine Google Books ISBN 0 472 32948 0 Retrieved December 17 2015 Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District Our History Retrieved on January 2 2008 Archived March 23 2008 at the Wayback Machine Fosmoe Margaret May 20 2015 9 crimes trials in South Bend s history South Bend Tribune South Bend 150 South Bend Tribune Retrieved December 17 2015 a b c d Titus Jacob September 29 2019 South Bend s New Front The Track Elevation of 1929 West SB Retrieved November 30 2019 U S Reports Vandalia Railroad v South Bend 207 U S 359 1907 Library of Congress Washington D C 20540 USA Hampton Kayos Jim Crow at South Bend Dance Date Pittsburgh Courier March 12 1949 a b Indiana Business Review ASouth Bend Mishawaka Elkhart Goshen Retrieved on January 2 2008 Early South Bend Northern Indiana Center for History Retrieved August 30 2006 South Bend Silver Hawks About The Cove Archived 2007 12 30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 30 2006 South Bend lights up for 150th birthday bash South Bend Tribune Retrieved February 19 2016 a b Indianapolis Fort Wayne South Bend see population growth Population Growth Retrieved June 5 2015 Ignition Park an Indiana State Certified Technology Park Ignition Park Archived from the original on March 11 2016 Retrieved December 17 2015 Tullis Paul April 11 2019 Pete Buttigieg Revived South Bend With Tech Up Next America Wired Retrieved July 23 2019 Hicks Michael J An Indiana economist looks at South Bend s revival under Pete Buttigieg MarketWatch Retrieved July 23 2019 Turnaround city Pete Buttigieg pushes theme of South Bend revival in run for president South Bend Tribune Retrieved July 23 2019 Manier Jeremy South Bend a postindustrial Everycity is riding the Pete Buttigieg presidential wave chicagotribune com Retrieved July 23 2019 Did South Bend unemployment fall by half under Buttigieg politifact Retrieved July 23 2019 G001 Geographic Identifiers 2010 Census Summary File 1 United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved July 29 2015 WSBT What Does the North South Continental Divide Sign on the Bypass Mean Archived October 14 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on January 6 2008 River East Development Plan PDF City of South Bend 2019 Retrieved July 20 2022 Home theriverrail com Retrieved July 20 2022 East Wayne Street Building South Bend University of Notre Dame a b c National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office South Bend Indiana Climate Retrieved on January 27 2008 World Climate South Bend IN Indiana USA Climate and Daylight Chart Retrieved on January 27 2008 ClimateZone com South Bend Retrieved on January 27 2008 NowData NOAA Online Weather Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved May 29 2021 Station South Bend Michiana RGNL AP IN U S Climate Normals 2020 U S Monthly Climate Normals 1991 2020 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved May 29 2021 Census of Population and Housing from 1790 US Census Bureau Retrieved January 24 2022 a b P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE 2020 DEC Redistricting Data PL 94 171 South Bend city Indiana United States Census Bureau P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE 2010 DEC Redistricting Data PL 94 171 South Bend city Indiana United States Census Bureau U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved December 11 2012 Bureau US Census Available APIs The United States Census Bureau Retrieved April 29 2020 a b Hallett Anthony amp Diane Vincent H Bendix Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurs John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 0 471 17536 6 1997 p 51 Historic South Bend South Bend s Historical Heritage Archived August 23 2006 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on August 31 2006 Bosch plant to close in South Bend Archived August 11 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved April 25 2011 a b c 2017 City of South Bend Comprehensive Annual Financial Report PDF Beacon new name for Elkhart Memorial group NWIBQ com June 19 2012 Retrieved December 17 2015 About Metronet Zing Metronetzing org Archived from the original on December 5 2010 Retrieved December 17 2015 South Bend to offer free Wi Fi downtown Retrieved September 29 2015 A Company Town Reinvents Itself In South Bend Ind NPR org NPR Retrieved December 17 2015 Fosmoe Margaret May 11 2015 South Bend Renaissance District plans unveiled South Bend Tribune Local South Bend Tribune Retrieved December 17 2015 Ignition Park an Indiana State Certified Technology Park Ignitionpark com Retrieved December 17 2015 Ignition Park High Tech Technology Park in South Bend IN Ignitionpark com Retrieved December 17 2015 Allen Kevin October 26 2013 Data Realty roaring ahead South Bend Tribune Local Economy South Bend Tribune Retrieved December 17 2015 Hickey Megan October 15 2014 Ignition Park breaks ground in South Bend Wndu com Archived from the original on December 5 2014 Retrieved December 17 2015 City of South Bend website South Bend Economic Development Oliver Park Archived March 11 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on August 31 2006 South Bend Vacant and Abandoned Properties City of South Bend January 13 2016 Archived from the original on January 13 2016 Vacant amp Abandoned Properties Initiative City of South Bend November 12 2013 Archived from the original on November 12 2013 http www ci south bend in us government content smar streets initiative dead link West Side Corridors City of South Bend August 21 2015 Archived from the original on August 21 2015 Slide Shows Gallery Kiplinger com Retrieved August 27 2017 Property Details Binswanger Binswanger com Archived from the original on October 9 2015 Retrieved August 27 2017 City s looking smart Articles southbendtribune com Archived from the original on January 13 2016 Retrieved August 27 2017 Swastek Joseph PolishRoots Archived from the original on January 15 2008 Retrieved July 13 2010 Retrieved on January 2 2008 What You Need To Know About Dyngus Day Archived 2011 04 29 at the Wayback Machine dyngusdaybuffalo com Retrieved on January 2 2008 South Bend Prepares for Mardi Gras Archived December 2 2008 at the Wayback Machine WNDU Retrieved on January 2 2008 Area Schools and Parishes Archived August 30 2009 at the Wayback Machine Diocese of Fort Wayne South Bend Retrieved on January 2 2008 Festival expands to International Retrieved August 7 2014 World Pulse Festival Attracts 50000 Archived August 23 2007 at the Wayback Machine Spirit News Retrieved on January 2 2008 SXSB Downtown venues to host first time festival Friday Saturday Retrieved July 30 2015 Harrell Jeff May 8 2014 South by South Bend music festival returns South Bend Tribune Retrieved July 30 2015 Gray Amanda May 7 2015 New name and lower prices for Sounds by South Bend South Bend Tribune Retrieved July 30 2015 South Bend Regional Museum of Art www sbrma org Retrieved on January 6 2008 a b The History Museum The History Museum Retrieved August 27 2017 Studebaker National Museum Campus Location Archived 2007 12 22 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on January 6 2008 Northern Indiana Center for History Archived 2008 01 07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on January 6 2008 Morris Performing Arts Center About Archived 2007 10 09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on January 6 2008 South Bend Symphony Orchestra Maestro Archived from the original on December 3 2009 Retrieved June 9 2009 Upcoming Events Rocky Horror Picture Show film with South Bend s Hot Patooties Shadowcast The State of South Bend October 1 2015 Archived from the original on October 1 2015 Security Check Required Facebook com Retrieved August 27 2017 South Bend Civic Theatre Archived January 5 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on March 2 2008 United States Senate Art amp History Home Schuyler Colfax 17th Vice President 1869 1873 Retrieved on January 6 2008 WSBT UPDATE South Bend Silver Hawks are now the South Bend Cubs Archived from the original on September 25 2014 Retrieved September 29 2015 Jewish communities fade in small towns Articles chicagotribune com Retrieved August 27 2017 America s Only Ballpark Synagogue The New Yorker May 14 2014 Retrieved August 27 2017 South Bend Cubs shatter ticket sales record for season The Washington Times Retrieved September 29 2015 Home South Bend Roller Girls Retrieved August 27 2017 Notre Dame Hydro Project Preparing for a sustainable future by looking to the past Energy amp Emissions Get Involved Office of Sustainability University of Notre Dame All American Girls Professional Baseball League All American Girls Professional Baseball League History Retrieved on August 30 2006 Four Winds Invitational under way in South Bend m wsbt com WSBT TV CBS affiliate June 19 2015 Archived from the original on June 30 2015 Retrieved June 27 2015 List of Parks South Bend Parks and Recreation Website Archived from the original on September 29 2011 Retrieved January 16 2008 Rum Village Park South Bend Parks and Recreation Website Retrieved June 23 2015 Potawatomi Park South Bend Parks and Recreation Website Retrieved June 23 2015 South Bend Conservatory City of South Bend Venues Parks amp Arts Archived from the original on July 15 2007 Retrieved July 13 2010 a b East Race Waterway South Bend Parks and Recreation Website Archived from the original on February 14 2006 Retrieved January 16 2008 South Bend Bikeway Archived June 23 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on June 23 2015 Bike South Bend Archived June 23 2015 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on June 23 2015 City of South Bend About the Clerk City of South Bend About the Clerk Archived August 7 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on October 23 2008 City Clerk Dawn M Jones MPA southbendin gov Retrieved December 6 2019 Biographical Summary of Honorable Micheal G Gotsch Sr List of South Bend Mayors South Bend History Museum Retrieved July 1 2015 Council Members City of South Bend October 7 2012 Archived from the original on October 7 2012 South Bend Human Rights Ordinance Municode Retrieved July 1 2015 HRC List of Cities and Counties with Non discrimination Ordinances That Include Gender Human Rights Campaign Retrieved July 1 2015 South Bend Human Rights Commission City of South Bend Archived from the original on July 1 2015 Retrieved July 1 2015 South Bend Mayor Why coming out matters South Bend Tribune Retrieved June 19 2015 Pete Buttigieg s announcement creates a buzz South Bend Tribune Retrieved June 19 2015 South Bend Police Department History South Bend Police Department Retrieved July 19 2021 South Bend Police Department Leadership South Bend Police Department Retrieved July 1 2015 Fast Facts IU South Bend iusb edu Retrieved April 29 2020 Purdue Polytechnic South Bend 1 Retrieved on 2020 16 12 Bethel University 2 IDOE Compass in gov doe Retrieved August 27 2017 IDOE Compass compass doe in gov Retrieved April 29 2020 PURDUE POLYTECHNIC HIGH SCHOOL SOUTH BEND Retrieved August 12 2022 Blue Ribbon Schools Program PDF February 21 2006 Archived from the original PDF on February 21 2006 Find a School The Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne South Bend Diocesefwsb org Archived from the original on August 28 2017 Retrieved August 27 2017 Locations and hours St Joseph County Public Library Retrieved March 15 2018 Samra Ibrahim November 15 2021 SJCPL Main Street branch re opens for first time in two years after full remodel WNDU com Retrieved July 8 2022 GateHouse Media About Us Retrieved July 24 2019 Nielsen Media Research Television Markets listed numerically courtesy of the Master Station Index at TVJobs com Tvjobs com Archived from the original on August 28 2008 Retrieved August 27 2017 The South Bend Tribune from South Bend Indiana on July 10 1968 31 Newspapers com Greyhound bus lines relocating to Transpo South Street Station in South Bend Transpo General Information Transpo Archived from the original on August 1 2008 Retrieved March 14 2008 Transpo About Transpo Overview amp History sbtranspo com Retrieved August 27 2017 South Bend airport adds international to name South Bend Tribune April 24 2014 Retrieved May 9 2014 International ambitions for South Bend airport Retrieved July 30 2015 Allen Kevin February 3 2015 Chicago express a major step for South Shore South Bend Tribune Retrieved February 29 2020 Sheckler Christian March 21 2021 New train station in South Bend lots of money on studies No progress No location settled South Bend Tribune Retrieved March 28 2021 Amtrak Stations South Bend Amtrak Retrieved January 2 2008 Childs Travis May 6 2019 A Look Back South Bend began running electric streetcars in 1885 South Bend Tribune Archived from the original on June 3 2021 Retrieved June 3 2021 Mazurek Marek May 13 2021 Group Wants Electric Streetcar Brought Back to South Bend Ind GovTech Retrieved June 3 2021 Torie Caroline May 11 2021 Task force proposes RiverRail streetcar line connecting Notre Dame South Bend Mishawaka WSBT Retrieved June 3 2021 Indiana Michigan Power About Archived from the original on April 29 2007 Retrieved January 17 2008 Retrieved on January 16 2008 NIPSCO About NIPSCO Retrieved on January 16 2008 Archived January 5 2010 at the Wayback Machine National Register of Historic Places Form 96001538 National Park Service Retrieved July 1 2015 City of South Bend Water Works FAQ Archived May 16 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on January 16 2008 How South Bend Indiana Saved 100 Million By Tracking Its Sewers Fastcompany com August 5 2013 Retrieved August 27 2017 Smart cities think big with 160 million White House program Fortune Retrieved September 29 2015 City of South Bend Sister Cities Archived December 2 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on January 27 2008 Allen Kevin August 25 2011 South Bend has New Sister City South Bend Tribune Archived from the original on July 25 2012 Retrieved September 1 2011 Further reading EditBodnar John Power and memory in oral history Workers and managers at Studebaker Journal of American History 75 4 1989 1201 1221 online Breza Kathleen The Polish American Community in South Bend ERIC 1975 online Esslinger Dean R Immigrants and the city Ethnicity and mobility in a nineteenth century Midwestern community Kennikat Press 1975 focus on demography and social mobility of Germans Poles and other Catholics in South Bend Fotia Elizabeth R and Karen Rasmussen The Italian Americans of the South Bend Mishawaka Area ERIC 1975 online Language and identity of Latinos in South Bend Institute for Latino Studies University of Notre Dame 3 4 fall 2009 pp 1 16 online Mattox Jake The Negro in South Bend A Social Study Sermon The Quest of Restless Souls 1922 reprint Wolfson Press 2009 online review Mize Sandra Yocum Parish History as Theological Resource A Case Study of Little Flower Parish South Bend Indiana Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 105 3 4 1994 77 91 online Mize Sandra Yocum Lay Participation in Parish Life Little Flower Parish South Bend Indiana US Catholic Historian 9 4 1990 419 432 online Osterhus Grace City Directories Tell the Story of South Bend Indiana Magazine of History 1939 261 281 online Palmer John South Bend Crossroads of Commerce Arcadia Publishing 2003 online Prizant Yael Reimagining the Rust Belt South Bend Indiana and The Citizen Project Studies in the Literary Imagination 50 1 2017 21 43 excerpt Robinson Gabrielle German Settlers of South Bend Arcadia Publishing 2003 Rotman Deborah L The fighting Irish historical archaeology of nineteenth century Catholic immigrant experiences in South Bend Indiana Historical Archaeology 44 2010 113 131 online Rotman Deborah L Irish Catholic immigrant life in South Bend Indiana refined earthenwares and the 19th century social worlds of the Midwest Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 37 1 2012 25 44 Swastek Joseph The Poles in South Bend to 1914 Polish American Studies 2 3 4 1945 79 88 White Joseph M Worthy of the Gospel of Christ A History of the Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne South Bend Commemorating the 150th Anniversary of the Diocese and Catholic Life in Northern Indiana Our Sunday Visitor Publishing 2007 Wineland Ben Then and Now The Origins and Development of the Gay Community in South Bend IUSB Undergraduate Research Journal of History 6 2016 71 82 online Young Jan Studebaker and the Railroads 2009 online External links Edit Indiana portalSouth Bend Indiana at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Downtown South Bend South Bend Indiana and St Joseph County St Joseph County Chamber of Commerce Visit South Bend Mishawaka South Bend Indiana at Curlie Geographic data related to South Bend Indiana at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title South Bend Indiana amp oldid 1141245631, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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