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Shaykh al-Islām

August 29, 2023

Shaykh al-Islām (Arabic: شيخ الإسلام, romanized: Šayḫ al-Islām; Persian: شِیخُ‌الاسلام, Sheykh-ol-Eslām; Urdu: شِیخُ‌الاسلام, Sheykh-ul-Islām; Ottoman Turkish: شیخ‌ الاسلام, Turkish: Şeyhülislam[1]) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.[2]: 399 [3] It first emerged in Khurasan towards the end of the 4th Islamic century.[2]: 399  In the central and western lands of Islam, it was an informal title given to jurists whose fatwas were particularly influential, while in the east it came to be conferred by rulers to ulama who played various official roles but were not generally muftis. Sometimes, as in the case of Ibn Taymiyyah, the use of the title was subject to controversy. In the Ottoman Empire, starting from the early modern era, the title came to designate the chief mufti, who oversaw a hierarchy of state-appointed ulama. The Ottoman Sheikh al-Islam (French spelling: cheikh-ul-islam[note 1]) performed a number of functions, including advising the sultan on religious matters, legitimizing government policies, and appointing judges.[2]: 400 [5]

Shaykh al-Islām in different languages

With the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924, the official Ottoman office of Shaykh al-Islām, already in decline, was eliminated.[6] Modern times have seen the role of chief mufti carried out by grand muftis appointed or elected in a variety of ways.[3]

Classical usage Edit

Like other honorific titles starting with the word sheikh, the term shaykh al-islam was in the classical era reserved for ulama and mystics. It first appeared in Khurasan in the 4th century AH (10th century AD).[2]: 399  In major cities of Khurasan it seems to have had more specific connotations, since only one person held the title at any given time and place. Holders of the title in Khurasan were among the most influential ulama, but there is no evidence that they delivered fatwas.

Under the Ilkhans, the Delhi Sultanate and the Timurids the title was conferred, often by the ruler, to high-ranking ulama who performed various functions but were not generally muftis.[2]: 400 

In the Kashmiri Sultanate, it was implemented during the reign of Sultan Sikandar. He established the office of the Shaikhu'l-Islam under the influence of Sayyid Muhammad Hamadan, who had come to Kashmir in 1393 AD.[7]

In Syria and Egypt, it was given to influential jurists and had an honorific rather than an official role. By 700 AH/1300 AD in the central and western lands of Islam, the term became associated with giving of fatwas.

Ibn Taymiyya was given the title by his supporters but his adversaries contested this use.[2]: 400  For example, the Hanafi scholar 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari issued a fatwa stating that anyone who called Ibn Taymiyya "Shaykh al-islam" had committed disbelief (kufr).[8][9] However, Shafiite scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani defended the title of Shaykh al Islam for Ibn Taymiyyah, saying in his own words, "...His status as imam, sheikh, Taqiyuddin Ibn Taimiyah, is brighter than the sun. And his title with Shaykhul Islam, we still often hear from holy orals until now, and will continue to survive tomorrow.."[10][11], which was recorded by his student al Sakhawi.[11] The Hanbalite madhhab scholar and follower of Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (himself also given Shaykh al Islam title by his contemporary) defended the usage of the title for him. Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim are both known for contradicting the views of the majority of scholars of all four schools of thought (Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali) of their time in Damascus and of later periods.[12][13]

There is disagreement on whether the title was honorific or represented a local mufti in Seljuq and early Ottoman Anatolia.[2]: 400 

In the Ottoman Empire Edit

Further information: List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire
 
Sheikh ul-islam Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi during the reign of Ottoman Sultan and Caliph Abdul Hamid II

In the Ottoman Empire, which controlled much of the Sunni Islamic world from the 14th to the 20th centuries, the Grand Mufti was given the title Sheikh ul-islam (Ottoman Turkish: Şeyḫülislām). The Ottomans had a strict hierarchy of ulama, with the Sheikh ul-Islam holding the highest rank. A Sheikh ul-Islam was chosen by a royal warrant amongst the qadis of important cities. The Sheikh ul-Islam had the power to confirm new sultans. However, once the sultan was affirmed, the sultan retained a higher authority than the Sheik ul-Islam. The Sheikh ul-Islam issued fatwas, which were written interpretations of the Quran that had authority over the community. The Sheikh ul-Islam represented the Sacred Law of Shariah and in the 16th century its importance rose which led to increased power. Sultan Murad IV appointed a Sufi, Zakeriyazade Yahya Efendi, as his Sheikh ul-Islam during this time which led to violent disapproval.[citation needed] The objection to this appointment made obvious the amount of power the Sheikh ul-Islam had, since people were worried he would alter the traditions and norms they were living under by issuing new fatwas.[citation needed]

The office of Sheikh ul-islam was abolished in 1924, at the same time as the Ottoman Caliphate. After the National Assembly of Turkey was established in 1920, the office of Sheikh ul-Islam was placed in the Shar’iyya wa Awqaf Ministry. In 1924, the office of Sheikh ul-Islam was abolished along with the Caliphate. The office was replaced by the Presidency of Religious Affairs.[14] As the successor entity to the office of the Sheikh ul-Islam, the Presidency of Religious Affairs is the most authoritative entity in Turkey in relation to Sunni Islam.[14]

Honorific recipients Edit

The following Islamic scholars have been given the honorific title "Shaykh al-Islam":

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Hogarth, D. G. (January 1906). "Reviewed Work: Corps de Droit Ottoman by George Young". The English Historical Review. Oxford University Press. 21 (81): 186–189. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXI.LXXXI.186. JSTOR 549456. - CITED: p. 189: "'Sheikh-ul-Islam,' for instance, should be written 'Sheiklı ul-Islam,' and so forth. This mistake is common, but none the less a mistake." - Review of Corps de Droit Ottoman
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i J.H. Kramers-[R.W. Bulliet] & R.C. Repp (1997). "Skaykh al-Islam". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume IX: San–Sze (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.
  3. ^ a b Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, p 509-510. ISBN 0691134847
  4. ^ Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg. pp. 21–51.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (info page on book at Martin Luther University) - Cited: p. 40 (PDF p. 42)
  5. ^ James Broucek (2013). "Mufti/Grand mufti". In Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone (ed.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press.
  6. ^ Brockett, Adrian Alan, Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'an
  7. ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (2005). Kashmīr under the sultāns. Delhi: Aakar Books. ISBN 81-87879-49-1. OCLC 71835146.
  8. ^ Correct Islamic Doctrine/Islamic Doctrine by Ibn Khafif
  9. ^ The Biographies Of The Elite Lives Of The Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters by Gibril Fouad Haddad
  10. ^ Baits, Ammi Nur. "Gelar Syaikhul Islam untuk Ibnu Taimiyah". Konsultasi Syariah. Dewan Pembina Konsultasisyariah.com. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  11. ^ a b Sakhawi, Shams al Din (1999). "كتاب الجواهر والدرر في ترجمة شيخ الإسلام ابن حجر". al maktabat al shaamilat al haditha. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  12. ^ Holtzman, Livnat (January 2009). "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya". Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 211.
  13. ^ Bori, Caterina; Holtzman, Livnat (January 2010). "A Scholar in the Shadow". Oriente Moderno: 19.
  14. ^ a b Establishment and a Brief History, Presidency of Religious Affairs
  15. ^ Gibril Fouad Haddad (2015). The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams and Hadith Masters. Zulfiqar Ayub. p. 141.
  16. ^ Lucas, Scott C. (2004). Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd, Ibn Maʻīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal. Brill. p. 368. ISBN 9789004133198.
  17. ^ Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam (1999). The Belief of the People of Truth. Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad. As-Sunnah Foundation of America. p. 57. ISBN 9781930409026.
  18. ^ Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari By Abu-`Abdullah Muhammad-Bin-Isma`il Al-Bukhari
  19. ^ Yazaki, Saeko (2012). Islamic Mysticism and Abu Talib Al-Makki: The Role of the Heart. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 978-0415671101.
  20. ^ Kamal al-Din ibn Abi Sharif (2017). Muhammad al-'Azazi (ed.). الفرائد في حل شرح العقائد وهو حاشية ابن أبي شريف على شرح العقائد للتفتازاني (in Arabic). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya. p. 19. ISBN 9782745189509.
  21. ^ Khalid al-Baghdadi (2021). حاشية مولانا خالد النقشبندي على السيالكوتي على الخيالي على شرح التفتازاني على العقائد النسفية (in Arabic). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya. p. 4. ISBN 9782745190345.
  22. ^ M. M. Sharif, A History of Muslim Philosophy, 1.242. ISBN 9694073405
  23. ^ Islam and Other Religions: Pathways to Dialogue by Irfan Omar
  24. ^ Mona Siddiqui (2012). The Good Muslim: Reflections on Classical Islamic Law and Theology. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780521518642. The Hidaya is a classic book of Islamic jurisprudence by Sheikh al-Islam Burhan al-Din 'Ali b. Abu Bakr al-Marghinani (d. 1197).
  25. ^ Jackson, Sherman (1996). Islamic Law and the State: The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihab Al-Din Al-Qarafi (Studies in Islamic Law & Society). Brill. p. 10. ISBN 9004104585.
  26. ^ Allah's Names and Attributes (Islamic Doctrines & Beliefs) by Imam Al-Bayhaqi (Author), Gibril Fouad Haddad (Translator)
  27. ^ مغلوث، سامي بن عبد الله (31 December 2018). أطلس أعلام المحدثين (Atlas of Hadith Scholars). al-ʿUbaikān li-n-Našr. p. 314. ISBN 9786035091886.
  28. ^ Islamic Culture - Volume 45 - Page 195
  29. ^ Correct Islamic Doctrine/Islamic Doctrine - Page 11.
  30. ^ Ibn Taymīyah, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm; Al-Ani, Salman Hassan; Ahmad Tel, Shadia (2009). Kitab Al-Iman Book of Faith. Islamic Book Trust. p. 3, Quoting al uqud al durriyah min manaqib shaykh al islam ibn Taymiyyah. ISBN 9789675062292. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  31. ^ Mohammad Hassan Khalil, Islam and the Fate of Others: The Salvation Question, Oxford University Press, 3 May 2012, p 89. ISBN 0199796661
  32. ^ Ayub, Zulfiqar (2 May 2015). THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams & Scholars. Zulfiqar Ayub Publications. p. 291.
  33. ^ The Middle East Documentation Center (MEDOC) At The University Of Chicago (2002). "knowledge.uchicago.edu". Mamlūk Studies Review Vol. VI (2002). 6: 118. doi:10.6082/M1XP7300.
  34. ^ The Biographies Of The Elite Lives Of The Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters by Gibril Fouad Haddad.
  35. ^ Al-Bayhaqi (1999). Allah's Names and Attributes. Vol. 4 of Islamic Doctrines & Beliefs. Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad. Islamic Supreme Council of America. p. 113. ISBN 9781930409033.
  36. ^ Tasawwuf al-Subki
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  38. ^ "The Biography of Imam al-Kamal ibn al-Humam". Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya.
  39. ^ THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams & Scholars page 281
  40. ^ Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali (2012). مصطفى عبد القادر عطا (ed.). شذرات الذهب في أخبار من ذهب [Particles of Gold in Chronicles on Those Who Passed Away] (in Arabic). Vol. 8. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya. p. 62.
  41. ^ Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P., eds. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume XI: W–Z (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 406. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.
  42. ^ Safinah Safinat al-Naja' - The Ship of Salvation
  43. ^ Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire by John O. Hunwick
  44. ^ The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri by Aaron Spevack
  45. ^ Ghersetti, Antonella (18 October 2016). Al-Suyūṭī, a Polymath of the Mamlūk Period Proceedings of the Themed Day of the First Conference of the School of Mamlūk Studies (Ca' Foscari University, Venice, June 23, 2014). Brill. p. 259. ISBN 9789004334526.
  46. ^ Sayyid Rami Al Rifai (3 July 2015). The Islamic Journal From Islamic Civilisation To The Heart Of Islam, Ihsan, Human Perfection. Sunnah Muakada. p. 37.
  47. ^ Oliver Leaman, ed. (2015). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 9781472569455. IBN KEMAL (873–940/1468–1534) The famous shaykh al-Islam of the Ottoman Empire and one of the most prolific writers of Ottoman intellectual history, Shams al-Din Ahmad b. Sulayman b. Kamal Pasha, known more commonly as Ibn Kemal
  48. ^ IslamKotob (January 1995). "The chosen guard from the flags of the centuries - المختار المصون من أعلام القرون)". p. 72.
  49. ^ Oliver Leaman, ed. (2015). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 78. ISBN 9781472569455.
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  51. ^ IslamKotob. "The softness of summer and the harvest of fruits from the biographies of notables of the first class of the eleventh century 2 - لطف السمر و قطف الثمر من تراجم أعيان الطبقة الأولى من القرن الحادي عشر 2)". p. 78.
  52. ^ Muhammad Hisham Kabbani (2004). The Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions. Islamic Supreme Council of America. p. 187. ISBN 9781930409224.
  53. ^ Metcalf, Barbara D. "Husain Ahmad Madani, Maulana". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  54. ^ Syeda, Lubna Shireen (2014-08-10). "A study of jamiat-ulama-i-hind with special reference to maulana hussain ahmad madani in freedom movement (A.D. 1919-A.D.1947)". Ambedkar University.
  55. ^ Lewis 1986, p. 915.

Notes Edit

  1. ^ In languages of ethnic minorities:[4]
    • Bulgarian: Шейх юл-ислям (Šeyx-ul-Islyam)
    • Greek: Σεϊχ‐ουλισλάμ (Seïchoul-Islam)
    • Armenian: Շեյխ ալ-Իսլամ Šeyx-iwl-islami
    • Ladino: şeh ul islam

External links Edit

 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
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    August 29, 2023
    shaykh, islām, arabic, شيخ, الإسلام, romanized, Šayḫ, islām, persian, یخ, الاسلام, sheykh, eslām, urdu, یخ, الاسلام, sheykh, islām, ottoman, turkish, شیخ, الاسلام, turkish, şeyhülislam, used, classical, honorific, title, outstanding, scholars, islamic, science. Shaykh al Islam Arabic شيخ الإسلام romanized Sayḫ al Islam Persian ش یخ الاسلام Sheykh ol Eslam Urdu ش یخ الاسلام Sheykh ul Islam Ottoman Turkish شیخ الاسلام Turkish Seyhulislam 1 was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences 2 399 3 It first emerged in Khurasan towards the end of the 4th Islamic century 2 399 In the central and western lands of Islam it was an informal title given to jurists whose fatwas were particularly influential while in the east it came to be conferred by rulers to ulama who played various official roles but were not generally muftis Sometimes as in the case of Ibn Taymiyyah the use of the title was subject to controversy In the Ottoman Empire starting from the early modern era the title came to designate the chief mufti who oversaw a hierarchy of state appointed ulama The Ottoman Sheikh al Islam French spelling cheikh ul islam note 1 performed a number of functions including advising the sultan on religious matters legitimizing government policies and appointing judges 2 400 5 Shaykh al Islam in different languages With the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924 the official Ottoman office of Shaykh al Islam already in decline was eliminated 6 Modern times have seen the role of chief mufti carried out by grand muftis appointed or elected in a variety of ways 3 Contents 1 Classical usage 2 In the Ottoman Empire 3 Honorific recipients 4 See also 5 References 6 Notes 7 External linksClassical usage EditLike other honorific titles starting with the word sheikh the term shaykh al islam was in the classical era reserved for ulama and mystics It first appeared in Khurasan in the 4th century AH 10th century AD 2 399 In major cities of Khurasan it seems to have had more specific connotations since only one person held the title at any given time and place Holders of the title in Khurasan were among the most influential ulama but there is no evidence that they delivered fatwas Under the Ilkhans the Delhi Sultanate and the Timurids the title was conferred often by the ruler to high ranking ulama who performed various functions but were not generally muftis 2 400 In the Kashmiri Sultanate it was implemented during the reign of Sultan Sikandar He established the office of the Shaikhu l Islam under the influence of Sayyid Muhammad Hamadan who had come to Kashmir in 1393 AD 7 In Syria and Egypt it was given to influential jurists and had an honorific rather than an official role By 700 AH 1300 AD in the central and western lands of Islam the term became associated with giving of fatwas Ibn Taymiyya was given the title by his supporters but his adversaries contested this use 2 400 For example the Hanafi scholar Ala al Din al Bukhari issued a fatwa stating that anyone who called Ibn Taymiyya Shaykh al islam had committed disbelief kufr 8 9 However Shafiite scholar Ibn Hajar al Asqalani defended the title of Shaykh al Islam for Ibn Taymiyyah saying in his own words His status as imam sheikh Taqiyuddin Ibn Taimiyah is brighter than the sun And his title with Shaykhul Islam we still often hear from holy orals until now and will continue to survive tomorrow 10 11 which was recorded by his student al Sakhawi 11 The Hanbalite madhhab scholar and follower of Ibn Taymiyyah Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya himself also given Shaykh al Islam title by his contemporary defended the usage of the title for him Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim are both known for contradicting the views of the majority of scholars of all four schools of thought Hanafi Shafi i Maliki and Hanbali of their time in Damascus and of later periods 12 13 There is disagreement on whether the title was honorific or represented a local mufti in Seljuq and early Ottoman Anatolia 2 400 In the Ottoman Empire EditFurther information List of Sheikh ul Islams of the Ottoman Empire Sheikh ul islam Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi during the reign of Ottoman Sultan and Caliph Abdul Hamid IIIn the Ottoman Empire which controlled much of the Sunni Islamic world from the 14th to the 20th centuries the Grand Mufti was given the title Sheikh ul islam Ottoman Turkish Seyḫulislam The Ottomans had a strict hierarchy of ulama with the Sheikh ul Islam holding the highest rank A Sheikh ul Islam was chosen by a royal warrant amongst the qadis of important cities The Sheikh ul Islam had the power to confirm new sultans However once the sultan was affirmed the sultan retained a higher authority than the Sheik ul Islam The Sheikh ul Islam issued fatwas which were written interpretations of the Quran that had authority over the community The Sheikh ul Islam represented the Sacred Law of Shariah and in the 16th century its importance rose which led to increased power Sultan Murad IV appointed a Sufi Zakeriyazade Yahya Efendi as his Sheikh ul Islam during this time which led to violent disapproval citation needed The objection to this appointment made obvious the amount of power the Sheikh ul Islam had since people were worried he would alter the traditions and norms they were living under by issuing new fatwas citation needed The office of Sheikh ul islam was abolished in 1924 at the same time as the Ottoman Caliphate After the National Assembly of Turkey was established in 1920 the office of Sheikh ul Islam was placed in the Shar iyya wa Awqaf Ministry In 1924 the office of Sheikh ul Islam was abolished along with the Caliphate The office was replaced by the Presidency of Religious Affairs 14 As the successor entity to the office of the Sheikh ul Islam the Presidency of Religious Affairs is the most authoritative entity in Turkey in relation to Sunni Islam 14 Honorific recipients EditThe following Islamic scholars have been given the honorific title Shaykh al Islam Abu Mansur al Maturidi 15 b 231 AH Al Daraqutni 16 b 306 AH Abu Uthman al Sabuni b 373 AH 17 Al Bayhaqi b 384 AH 18 Abu Ishaq al Shirazi b 393 AH citation needed Abu Talib al Makki 19 b 386 AH Najm al Din Umar al Nasafi b 461 AH 20 21 Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 2 400 b 481 AH Al Juwayni 22 b 419 AH Fakhr al Din al Razi 23 b 544 AH Ibn al Jawzi b 509 or 510 AH citation needed Burhan al Din al Marghinani b 530 AH 24 Al Izz ibn Abd al Salam 25 26 b 577 AH Al Mundhiri b 581 AH 27 Ibn Daqiq al Id 28 b 625 AH Al Nawawi 29 b 631 AH Ibn Taymiyyah 30 2 b 661 AH Taqi al Din al Subki 31 b 683 AH Ibn al Mulaqqin 32 b 723 AH Siraj al Din al Bulqini 33 34 b 724 AH Zain al Din al Iraqi 35 b 725 AH Taj al Din al Subki 36 b 727 AH Ibn Hajar al Asqalani 37 b 773 AH Al Kamal ibn al Humam 38 b 790 AH Sharaf al Din al Munawi ar 39 b 798 AH Kamal al Din ibn Abi Sharif ar 40 b 822 AH Zakariyya al Ansari 41 42 43 44 b 823 AH Al Suyuti 45 46 b 849 AH Ibn Kemal 47 b 873 AH Shihab al Din al Ramli 48 Ebussuud Efendi 49 b 896 AH Ibn Hajar al Haytami 50 b 909 AH Shams al Din al Ramli 51 b 919 AH Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 52 b 1231 or 1232 AH Hussain Ahmed Madani 53 54 b 1296 AH Muhammad al Tahir ibn Ashur b 1296 AH Baha i Mehmed Efendi b 1595 6 55 Muhammad Tahir ul Qadri b 1951 CE or 1370 AH See also EditCategory Shaykh al Islams of the Religious Council of the Caucasus Category Sheikh ul Islams of the Ottoman Empire Allamah Mufti Sheikh Sheikh Sufism Mawlana Hadrat Grand Mufti Hujjat al IslamReferences Edit Hogarth D G January 1906 Reviewed Work Corps de Droit Ottoman by George Young The English Historical Review Oxford University Press 21 81 186 189 doi 10 1093 ehr XXI LXXXI 186 JSTOR 549456 CITED p 189 Sheikh ul Islam for instance should be written Sheikli ul Islam and so forth This mistake is common but none the less a mistake Review of Corps de Droit Ottoman a b c d e f g h i J H Kramers R W Bulliet amp R C Repp 1997 Skaykh al Islam In Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P amp Lecomte G eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume IX San Sze 2nd ed Leiden E J Brill ISBN 978 90 04 10422 8 a b Gerhard Bowering Patricia Crone Mahan Mirza The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought p 509 510 ISBN 0691134847 Strauss Johann 2010 A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire Translations of the Kanun i Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages In Herzog Christoph Malek Sharif eds The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy Wurzburg pp 21 51 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link info page on book at Martin Luther University Cited p 40 PDF p 42 James Broucek 2013 Mufti Grand mufti In Gerhard Bowering Patricia Crone ed The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought Princeton University Press Brockett Adrian Alan Studies in two transmissions of the Qur an Hasan Mohibbul 2005 Kashmir under the sultans Delhi Aakar Books ISBN 81 87879 49 1 OCLC 71835146 Correct Islamic Doctrine Islamic Doctrine by Ibn Khafif The Biographies Of The Elite Lives Of The Scholars Imams amp Hadith Masters by Gibril Fouad Haddad Baits Ammi Nur Gelar Syaikhul Islam untuk Ibnu Taimiyah Konsultasi Syariah Dewan Pembina Konsultasisyariah com Retrieved 16 November 2021 a b Sakhawi Shams al Din 1999 كتاب الجواهر والدرر في ترجمة شيخ الإسلام ابن حجر al maktabat al shaamilat al haditha Retrieved 16 November 2021 Holtzman Livnat January 2009 Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya Essays in Arabic Literary Biography 211 Bori Caterina Holtzman Livnat January 2010 A Scholar in the Shadow Oriente Moderno 19 a b Establishment and a Brief History Presidency of Religious Affairs Gibril Fouad Haddad 2015 The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars Imams and Hadith Masters Zulfiqar Ayub p 141 Lucas Scott C 2004 Constructive Critics Ḥadith Literature and the Articulation of Sunni Islam The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd Ibn Maʻin and Ibn Ḥanbal Brill p 368 ISBN 9789004133198 Izz al Din ibn Abd al Salam 1999 The Belief of the People of Truth Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad As Sunnah Foundation of America p 57 ISBN 9781930409026 Encyclopedia of Sahih Al Bukhari By Abu Abdullah Muhammad Bin Isma il Al Bukhari Yazaki Saeko 2012 Islamic Mysticism and Abu Talib Al Makki The Role of the Heart Routledge p 122 ISBN 978 0415671101 Kamal al Din ibn Abi Sharif 2017 Muhammad al Azazi ed الفرائد في حل شرح العقائد وهو حاشية ابن أبي شريف على شرح العقائد للتفتازاني in Arabic Beirut Lebanon Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyya p 19 ISBN 9782745189509 Khalid al Baghdadi 2021 حاشية مولانا خالد النقشبندي على السيالكوتي على الخيالي على شرح التفتازاني على العقائد النسفية in Arabic Beirut Lebanon Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyya p 4 ISBN 9782745190345 M M Sharif A History of Muslim Philosophy 1 242 ISBN 9694073405 Islam and Other Religions Pathways to Dialogue by Irfan Omar Mona Siddiqui 2012 The Good Muslim Reflections on Classical Islamic Law and Theology Cambridge University Press p 13 ISBN 9780521518642 The Hidaya is a classic book of Islamic jurisprudence by Sheikh al Islam Burhan al Din Ali b Abu Bakr al Marghinani d 1197 Jackson Sherman 1996 Islamic Law and the State The Constitutional Jurisprudence of Shihab Al Din Al Qarafi Studies in Islamic Law amp Society Brill p 10 ISBN 9004104585 Allah s Names and Attributes Islamic Doctrines amp Beliefs by Imam Al Bayhaqi Author Gibril Fouad Haddad Translator مغلوث سامي بن عبد الله 31 December 2018 أطلس أعلام المحدثين Atlas of Hadith Scholars al ʿUbaikan li n Nasr p 314 ISBN 9786035091886 Islamic Culture Volume 45 Page 195 Correct Islamic Doctrine Islamic Doctrine Page 11 Ibn Taymiyah Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al Ḥalim Al Ani Salman Hassan Ahmad Tel Shadia 2009 Kitab Al Iman Book of Faith Islamic Book Trust p 3 Quoting al uqud al durriyah min manaqib shaykh al islam ibn Taymiyyah ISBN 9789675062292 Retrieved 16 November 2021 Mohammad Hassan Khalil Islam and the Fate of Others The Salvation Question Oxford University Press 3 May 2012 p 89 ISBN 0199796661 Ayub Zulfiqar 2 May 2015 THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS IMAMS amp HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams amp Scholars Zulfiqar Ayub Publications p 291 The Middle East Documentation Center MEDOC At The University Of Chicago 2002 knowledge uchicago edu Mamluk Studies Review Vol VI 2002 6 118 doi 10 6082 M1XP7300 The Biographies Of The Elite Lives Of The Scholars Imams amp Hadith Masters by Gibril Fouad Haddad Al Bayhaqi 1999 Allah s Names and Attributes Vol 4 of Islamic Doctrines amp Beliefs Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad Islamic Supreme Council of America p 113 ISBN 9781930409033 Tasawwuf al Subki Gibb H A R Kramers J H Levi Provencal E Schacht J Lewis B amp Pellat Ch eds 1960 Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume I A B 2nd ed Leiden E J Brill p 791 OCLC 495469456 The Biography of Imam al Kamal ibn al Humam Dar al Ifta al Misriyya THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS IMAMS amp HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams amp Scholars page 281 Ibn al Imad al Hanbali 2012 مصطفى عبد القادر عطا ed شذرات الذهب في أخبار من ذهب Particles of Gold in Chronicles on Those Who Passed Away in Arabic Vol 8 Beirut Lebanon Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyya p 62 Bearman P J Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E amp Heinrichs W P eds 2002 Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume XI W Z 2nd ed Leiden E J Brill p 406 ISBN 978 90 04 12756 2 Safinah Safinat al Naja The Ship of Salvation Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire by John O Hunwick The Archetypal Sunni Scholar Law Theology and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al Bajuri by Aaron Spevack Ghersetti Antonella 18 October 2016 Al Suyuṭi a Polymath of the Mamluk Period Proceedings of the Themed Day of the First Conference of the School of Mamluk Studies Ca Foscari University Venice June 23 2014 Brill p 259 ISBN 9789004334526 Sayyid Rami Al Rifai 3 July 2015 The Islamic Journal From Islamic Civilisation To The Heart Of Islam Ihsan Human Perfection Sunnah Muakada p 37 Oliver Leaman ed 2015 The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy Bloomsbury Publishing p 198 ISBN 9781472569455 IBN KEMAL 873 940 1468 1534 The famous shaykh al Islam of the Ottoman Empire and one of the most prolific writers of Ottoman intellectual history Shams al Din Ahmad b Sulayman b Kamal Pasha known more commonly as Ibn Kemal IslamKotob January 1995 The chosen guard from the flags of the centuries المختار المصون من أعلام القرون p 72 Oliver Leaman ed 2015 The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy Bloomsbury Publishing p 78 ISBN 9781472569455 The Prophets in Barzakh The Hadith of Isra and Mi raj The Immense Merrits of Al Sham The Vision of Allah by Al Sayyid Muhammad Ibn Alawi IslamKotob The softness of summer and the harvest of fruits from the biographies of notables of the first class of the eleventh century 2 لطف السمر و قطف الثمر من تراجم أعيان الطبقة الأولى من القرن الحادي عشر 2 p 78 Muhammad Hisham Kabbani 2004 The Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions Islamic Supreme Council of America p 187 ISBN 9781930409224 Metcalf Barbara D Husain Ahmad Madani Maulana Oxford Islamic Studies Online Retrieved 2022 04 24 Syeda Lubna Shireen 2014 08 10 A study of jamiat ulama i hind with special reference to maulana hussain ahmad madani in freedom movement A D 1919 A D 1947 Ambedkar University Lewis 1986 p 915 sfn error no target CITEREFLewis1986 help Notes Edit In languages of ethnic minorities 4 Bulgarian Shejh yul islyam Seyx ul Islyam Greek Seix oylislam Seichoul Islam Armenian Շեյխ ալ Իսլամ Seyx iwl islami Ladino seh ul islamExternal links Edit Wikisource has original text related to this article NYT 1915 Defense Committee Corners Supplies Presidency of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Turkey Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shaykh al Islam amp oldid 1171624491, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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