SS and police leader
The title of SS and Police Leader (SS und Polizeiführer) designated a senior Nazi Party official who commanded various components of the SS and the German uniformed police (Ordnungspolizei), before and during World War II in the German Reich proper and in the occupied territories.
Levels edit
Three levels of subordination were established for holders of this title:
- SS and Police Leader (SS- und Polizeiführer, SSPF)
- Higher SS and Police Leader (Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer, HSSPF)
- Supreme SS and Police Leader (Höchster SS- und Polizeiführer, HöSSPF)
Establishment edit
The office of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer (Higher SS and Police Leader, HSSPF) was authorized by a decree of 13 November 1937, signed by Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick. This decree authorized the creation of HSSPF in each of the 13 German armed forces Wehrkreise (Military Districts) in the German Reich, but only in the event of mobilization. At that time, the HSSPF would serve as deputies to Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police, for the purpose of coordinating and integrating all local and regional SS and police formations into the defense organization of the Reich. The first HSSPF activated were those appointed in the Wehrkreise bordering Austria during the Anschluss crisis in March 1938, and Czechoslovakia during the summer and autumn of the same year.[1]
Appointments to these posts came from the ranks of existing SS-Oberabschnitte Führer (SS Main District Leaders), and in nearly all instances they held both positions simultaneously. The Oberabschnitte were the SS commands in each of the Wehrkreise. The purpose of the Higher SS and Police Leader was to be a direct command authority for every SS and police unit in these given geographical regions, answering only to Himmler and, through him, to Adolf Hitler. They were to act as Himmler's chief liaison to, and unifier of, all SS and police components in a region.[2]
After the March 1938 Anschluss when Austria was absorbed into the German Reich, two new Wehrkreise and corresponding HSSPF were established there as well. Likewise, after the October 1939 conquest of Poland, two additional Wehrkreise and corresponding HSSPF were created for those Polish areas that were directly incorporated into the Reich.[3]
In all other occupied territories, no Wehrkreise were established, so the HSSPF were independent commands with several subordinate SS- und Polizeiführer (SS and Police Leader, SSPF) commands reporting to them. These positions were created beginning in November 1939 to assist the HSSPF in administering the large areas under their jurisdiction.[4]
Finally, in the autumn of 1943, Himmler created two Höchster SS- und Polizeiführer (Supreme SS and Police Leader, HöSSPF) posts with jurisdiction over very large territories; these were Italien (1943–1945) and Ukraine (1943–1944), each of which had both HSSPF and SSPF reporting to them.[5]
Operations edit
The SS and Police Leaders directly commanded a headquarters staff with representatives from almost every branch of the SS and the police. This typically included the Ordnungspolizei (Orpo; regular police), SiPo (security police) including the Gestapo (secret police), Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV; Nazi concentration camps), SD (intelligence service), and certain units of the Waffen-SS (combat units). Most of the HSSPF normally held the rank of SS-Gruppenführer or above, and answered directly to Himmler in all matters pertaining to the SS within their area of responsibility. Most SSPF normally held the rank of SS-Oberführer or SS-Brigadeführer and reported to their HSSPF. The role of all SS and Police Leaders was to be part of the SS control mechanism within their jurisdiction, policing the population and overseeing the activities of the SS men within each respective district.[6] The HSSPF could bypass the chain of command of the administrative offices for the SS, SD, SiPo, SS-TV and Orpo in their district under the "guise of an emergency situation", thereby gaining direct operational control of these groups.[7]
Himmler authorized SS and Police Bases (SS- und Polizeistützpunkte) to be established in occupied Poland and occupied areas of the Soviet Union. They were to be "armed industrialized agricultural complexes" to maintain order where they were established. This did not go beyond the planning stage.[8]
In 1944 and 1945, many HSSPF were promoted to their corresponding general's rank in the Waffen-SS by Himmler. This was apparently an attempt to provide potential protection for them, by giving them combatant status under the Hague Convention rules of warfare.[9]
War crimes and crimes against humanity edit
The SS and Police Leaders were key figures in many of the war crimes committed by SS personnel. The HSSPF served as commanding SS generals for any Einsatzgruppen (death squads) operating in their area. This entailed ordering the deaths of tens of thousands of persons. In addition, they launched anti-partisan operations and directed police units to acquire forced labor for war-related projects.[12]
The SS and Police Leaders were the overseeing authority of the Jewish ghettos in Poland and directly coordinated deportations to Nazi extermination camps. They had direct command over Order Police battalions and SD regiments that were assigned to guard the ghettos. The HSSPF regularly provided SS and police guards and other support personnel for the transports to the death camps, and also negotiated with the agencies and ministries of the Reich for rolling stock, supplies and provisions, rail schedules, and an array of other requirements necessary to keep the roundups and the death trains moving efficiently. And, in the satellite and client states, the HSSPF negotiated directly with the puppet or collaborationist governments to hand over their Jews for deportation to the East. Finally, the HSSPF were also directly involved in the construction and operation of the extermination camps.[13] Following the end of the war, many SS and Police Leaders, particularly those who had served in Poland and the Soviet Union, either committed suicide or were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity.[14]
Tables edit
There were two HöSSPF commands and 38 HSSPF commands, 19 in the Reich and 19 in the occupied lands. Most of these had several different commanders over the lifetime of the post.[15] Similarly, there were 49 SSPF commands subordinated to those HSSPF leaders in the occupied territories, also with multiple commanders over the years. Some of these areas were renamed, merged, or dissolved during the duration of their existence, particularly as German military control over the eastern territories was relentlessly eroded later in the war.[16]
The tables below provide as complete an accounting of the SS and police commands and their leaders as is known. They list the permanent appointees, but omit any substitutes who temporarily acted in that capacity when the incumbent was on leave or on another assignment.
| SS Designation | Area | HQ | HöSSPF | Dates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italien | Italy | Rome; Verona; Bolzano | Karl Wolff | September 1943 – May 1945 |
| Ukraine | Ukraine | Kiev | Hans-Adolf Prützmann | October 1943 – September 1944 |
| SS Designation | Wehrkreis | Area | HQ | HSSPF | Dates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nordost | I | East Prussia | Königsberg | Wilhelm Rediess Jakob Sporrenberg Hans-Adolf Prützmann | June 1938 – June 1940 June 1940 – May 1941 May 1941 – May 1945 |
| Ostsee (Nord prior to April 1940) | II | Pomerania Mecklenburg | Stettin | Emil Mazuw | August 1938 – May 1945 |
| Spree (Ost prior to November 1939) | III | Berlin Brandenburg | Berlin | August Heissmeyer | September 1939 – May 1945 |
| Elbe | IV | Saxony Halle-Merseburg | Dresden | Theodor Berkelmann Udo von Woyrsch Ludolf-Hermann von Alvensleben | June 1938 – April 1940 April 1940 – February 1944 February 1944 – May 1945 |
| Südwest | V | Württemberg Baden Alsace | Stuttgart | Kurt Kaul Otto Hofmann | September 1939 – April 1943 April 1943 – May 1945 |
| West | VI | Westphalia Northern Rheinland | Düsseldorf | Fritz Weitzel Theodor Berkelmann Friedrich Jeckeln Karl Gutenberger | June 1938 – April 1940 April 1940 – July 1940 July 1940 – June 1941 July 1941 – May 1945 |
| Süd | VII | Upper Bavaria Swabia | Munich | Karl von Eberstein Wilhelm Koppe | March 1938 – April 1945 April 1945 – May 1945 |
| Südost | VIII | Silesia | Breslau | Ernst-Heinrich Schmauser Richard Hildebrandt | May 1941 – February 1945 February 1945 – May 1945 |
| Fulda-Werra | IX | Hesse Hesse-Nassau Thuringia | Arolsen | Josias zu Waldeck und Pyrmont | October 1938 – May 1945 |
| Nordsee (Nordwest prior to April 1940) | X | Schleswig-Holstein Northern Hanover Hamburg Oldenburg Bremen | Hamburg | Hans-Adolf Prützmann Rudolf Querner Georg-Henning Graf von Bassewitz-Behr | June 1938 – April 1941 May 1941 – January 1943 February 1943 – May 1945 |
| Mitte | XI | Anhalt Brunswick Southern Hanover Magdeburg | Hanover | Friedrich Jeckeln Günther Pancke Wilhelm Fuchs Hermann Höfle Rudolf Querner | June 1938 – July 1940 July 1940 – July 1943 July 1943 – September 1943 September 1943 – October 1944 October 1944 – May 1945 |
| Rhein (Merged with Westmark in May 1943 to form Rhein-Westmark) | XII | Southern Rheinland Palatinate Saarland (to July 1940) Luxembourg (from July 1940) | Wiesbaden | Richard Hildebrandt Jakob Sporrenberg Erwin Rösener Theodor Berkelmann | April 1939 – October 1939 October 1939 – July 1940 July 1940– November 1941 December 1941 – May 1943 |
| Westmark (Lothringen-Saarpfalz prior to February 1941) (Merged with Rhein in May 1943 to form Rhein-Westmark) | XII | Saarland Lorraine | Metz; Saarbrücken | Theodor Berkelmann | July 1940 – May 1943 |
| Rhein-Westmark | XII | Southern Rheinland Palatinate Luxembourg Saarland Lorraine | Wiesbaden | Theodor Berkelmann Jürgen Stroop | May 1943 – November 1943 November 1943 – May 1945 |
| Main | XIII | Franconia Lower Bavaria Upper Palatinate | Nuremberg | Karl von Eberstein Benno Martin | March 1938 – December 1942 December 1942 – May 1945 |
| Donau | XVII | Lower Austria Upper Austria | Vienna | Ernst Kaltenbrunner Rudolf Querner Walter Schimana | September 1938 – January 1943 January 1943 – October 1944 October 1944 – May 1945 |
| Alpenland | XVIII | Carinthia Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg | Salzburg | Alfred Rodenbücher Gustav Adolf Scheel Erwin Rösener | April 1939 – April 1941 April 1941 – November 1941 November 1941 – May 1945 |
| Weichsel | XX | Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia | Danzig | Richard Hildebrandt Fritz Katzmann | September 1939 – April 1943 April 1943 – May 1945 |
| Warthe | XXI | Reichsgau Wartheland | Posen | Wilhelm Koppe Theodor Berkelmann Heinz Reinefarth Willy Schmelcher | October 1939 – November 1943 November 1943 – December 1943 January 1944 – December 1944 December 1944 – May 1945 |
| SS Designation | Area | HQ | HSSPF | Dates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Böhmen und Mähren | Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia | Prague | Karl Hermann Frank Richard Hildebrandt | April 1939 – April 1945 April 1945 – May 1945 |
| Ost | General Government | Kracow | Theodor Eicke Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger Wilhelm Koppe | September 1939 October 1939 – November 1943 November 1943 – May 1945 |
| Nord | Norway | Oslo | Fritz Weitzel Wilhelm Rediess | April 1940 – June 1940 June 1940 – May 1945 |
| Nordwest | Netherlands | The Hague | Hanns Albin Rauter | June 1940 – May 1945 |
| Ostland und Russland-Nord | Reichskommissariat Ostland | Riga | Hans-Adolf Prützmann Friedrich Jeckeln Hermann Behrends | June 1941 – October 1941 November 1941 – January 1945 February 1945 – May 1945 |
| Russland-Mitte (To April 1943) Russland-Mitte und Weissruthenia | Belarus | Mogilev; Minsk | Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski Curt von Gottberg | June 1941 – June 1944 July 1944 – August 1944 |
| Russland-Süd (Subordinated to HöSSPF Ukraine from October 1943) | Reichskommissariat Ukraine | Kiev | Friedrich Jeckeln Hans-Adolf Prützmann | June 1941 – October 1941 November 1941 – March 1944 |
| Serbien, Montenegro und Sandschak | Serbia Montenegro | Belgrade | August Meyszner Hermann Behrends | January 1942 – April 1944 April 1944 – October 1944 |
| Frankreich | Occupied France | Paris | Carl Oberg | May 1942 – November 1944 |
| Kroatien | Croatia | Zagreb | Konstantin Kammerhofer | March 1943 – January 1945 |
| Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland (Subordinated to HöSSPF Italien) | Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral | Trieste | Odilo Globocnik | September 1943 – May 1945 |
| Griechenland | Greece | Athens | Jürgen Stroop Walter Schimana Hermann Franz | September 1943 – October 1943 October 1943 – September 1944 September 1944 – November 1944 |
| Schwarzes Meer (Subordinated to HöSSPF Ukraine from October 1943) | Black Sea coast | Nikolajew | Ludolf-Hermann von Alvensleben Richard Hildebrandt | October 1943 – December 1943 December 1943 – September 1944 |
| Dänemark | Denmark | Copenhagen | Günther Pancke | October 1943 – May 1945 |
| Ungarn | Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946) | Budapest | Otto Winkelmann | March 1944 – February 1945 |
| Belgien-Nordfrankreich | Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France | Brussels | Richard Jungclaus Friedrich Jeckeln | August 1944 – September 1944 September 1944 – January 1945 |
| Albanien | Albania | Tirana | Josef Fitzthum | August 1944 – December 1944 |
| Slowakei | Slovak Republic (1939–1945) | Pressburg | Gottlob Berger Hermann Höfle | August 1944 – September 1944 September 1944 – May 1945 |
| Siebenbürgen | Transylvania | – | Richard Hildebrandt Artur Phleps | August 1944 – September 1944 September 1944 |
| SS Designation | Reported to HSSPF or HöSSPF* of: | SS and Police Leader | Dates |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aserbeidschan** | Russland-Süd | Konstantin Kammerhofer | November 1942 – April 1943 |
| Awdejewka** | Russland-Süd Ukraine* | Karl-Heinz Bürger | October 1942 – December 1943 |
| Bergvölker-Ordshonikidse** | Russland-Süd | Wilhelm Günther | May 1942 – August 1942 |
| Bialystok | Russland-Mitte (To April 1943) Russland-Mitte und Weissruthenia | Werner Fromm Otto Hellwig Heinz Roch | January 1942 – January 1943 May 1943 – July 1944 July 1944 – October 1944 |
| Bozen | Italien* | Karl Brunner | September 1943 – May 1945 |
| Charkow | Russland-Süd | Willy Tensfeld Hans Haltermann Günther Merk | August 1941 – May 1943 May 1943 – September 1943 September 1943 – October 1943 |
| Dnjepropetrowsk-Krivoi-Rog | Russland-Süd Ukraine* | Georg-Henning Graf von Bassewitz-Behr Hermann Harm Waldemar Wappenhans Karl Schäfer | November 1941 – August 1942 August 1942 – October 1942 October 1942 – October 1943 October 1943 – November 1943 |
| Estland | Ostland und Russland-Nord | Hinrich Möller Walther Schröder | August 1941 – April 1944 April 1944 – October 1944 |
| Friaul (Renamed Adriatische-West, April 1945) | Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland | Ludolf Jakob von Alvensleben | October 1944 – May 1945 |
| Görz | Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland | Karl Taus | May 1944 – May 1945 |
| Istrien | Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland | Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau | October 1944 – May 1945 |
| Kattowitz | Südost | Christoph Diehm | October 1944 – May 1945 |
| Kaukasien-Kuban** | Russland-Süd | Konstantin Kammerhofer Theobald Thier | August 1942 – November 1942 November 1942 – May 1943 |
| Kertsch-Tamanhalbinsel** | Russland-Süd | Theobald Thier | May 1943 – July 1943 |
| Kiew | Russland-Süd Ukraine* | Hans Haltermann Paul Hennicke | October 1941 – May 1943 May 1943 – December 1943 |
| Krakau | Ost (General Government) | Karl Zech Hans Schwedler Julian Scherner Theobald Thier | November 1939 – October 1940 October 1940 – August 1941 August 1941 – March 1944 March 1944 – January 1945 |
| Lemberg | Ost (General Government) | Fritz Katzmann Theobald Thier Christoph Diehm | August 1941 – April 1943 July 1943 – February 1944 February 1944 – September 1944 |
| Lettland | Ostland und Russland-Nord | Walther Schröder | August 1941 – October 1944 |
| Litauen | Ostland und Russland-Nord | Lucian Wysocki Hermann Harm Kurt Hintze | August 1941 – July 1943 July 1943 – April 1944 April 1944 – September 1944 |
| Lublin | Ost (General Government) | Odilo Globocnik Jakob Sporrenberg | November 1939 – August 1943 August 1943 – November 1944 |
| Metz | Rhein-Westmark | Anton Dunckern | October 1944 – November 1944 |
| Mittelitalien-Verona | Italien* | Karl-Heinz Bürger | December 1943 – May 1945 |
| Mitte-Norwegen | Nord | Richard Kaaserer | November 1944 – May 1945 |
| Mogilew | Russland-Mitte (To April 1943) Russland-Mitte und Weissruthenia | Georg-Henning Graf von Bassewitz-Behr Franz Kutschera Hans Haltermann | August 1942 – April 1943 April 1943 – September 1943 September 1943 – July 1944 |
| Montenegro | Serbien, Montenegro und Sandschak | Richard Fiedler | October 1943 – October 1944 |
| Nikolajew | Russland-Süd Ukraine* | Fritz Tittmann Waldemar Wappenhans Paul Zimmermann Ludolf-Hermann von Alvensleben | October 1941 – September 1942 September 1942 – April 1943 April 1943 – October 1943 October 1943 – February 1944 |
| Nord-Kaukasien** | Russland-Süd | Karl-Heinz Bürger | August 1942 – October 1942 |
| Nord-Norwegen | Nord | Heinz Roch | November 1944 – May 1945 |
| Ober-Elsaß | Südwest | Friedrich Suhr | December 1944 – May 1945 |
| Oberitalien-Mitte | Italien* | Ernst-Albrecht Hildebrandt | April 1944 – October 1944 |
| Oberitalien-West | Italien* | Willy Tensfeld | January 1944 – May 1945 |
| Pripet | Russland-Mitte und Weissruthenia | Ernst Hartmann | December 1943 – September 1944 |
| Quarnero | Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland | Wilhelm Traub | October 1944 – May 1945 |
| Radom | Ost (General Government) | Fritz Katzmann Carl Oberg Herbert Böttcher | November 1939 – August 1941 August 1941 – May 1942 May 1942 – January 1945 |
| Rostow-Awdejewka | Russland-Süd | Richard Wendler Gerret Korsemann Paul Hennicke | January 1942 – May 1942 May 1942 – October 1942 October 1942 – May 1943 |
| Rowno (Renamed Wolhynien-Luzk, September 1942) | Russland-Süd Ukraine* | Gerret Korsemann Waldemar Wappenhans Wilhelm Günther Ernst Hartmann | August 1941 – January 1942 January 1942 – August 1942 September 1942 – June 1944 June 1944 – September 1944 |
| Salzburg | Alpenland | Erwin Schulz | April 1945 – May 1945 |
| Sandschak | Serbien, Montenegro und Sandschak | Karl von Krempler Richard Kaaserer | September 1943 – June 1944 June 1944 – November 1944 |
| Saratow | Russland-Mitte | Walter Schimana | September 1941 – November 1941 |
| Shitomir | Russland-Süd Ukraine* | Otto Hellwig Willy Schmelcher Ernst Hartmann Christoph Diehm | October 1941 – May 1943 May 1943 – September 1943 October 1943 – January 1944 January 1944 – February 1944 |
| Stalino-Donezgebiet | Russland-Süd | Hans Döring Willy Tensfeld | November 1941 – May 1943 May 1943 – September 1943 |
| Stanislav-Rostow (Renamed Rostow-Awdejewka, January 1942) | Russland-Süd | Richard Wendler | August 1941 – January 1942 |
| Süd-Norwegen | Nord | Jakob Sporrenberg | November 1944 – May 1945 |
| Taurien-Krim-Simferopol | Russland-Süd Ukraine* | Ludolf-Hermann von Alvensleben Heinz Roch Richard Hildebrandt | November 1941 – October 1943 October 1943 – December 1943 December 1943 – September 1944 |
| Triest | Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland | Georg Michalsen | October 1944 – May 1945 |
| Tschernigow | Russland-Süd | Ludolf-Hermann von Alvensleben Willy Schmelcher Ernst Hartmann | October 1941 – November 1941 November 1941 – July 1943 July 1943 – October 1943 |
| Warsaw | Ost (General Government) | Paul Moder Arpad Wigand Jürgen Stroop Franz Kutschera Paul Otto Geibel | November 1939 – July 1941 August 1941 – April 1943 April 1943 – September 1943 September 1943 – February 1944 March 1944 – February 1945 |
| Weissruthenien (Also known as Minsk) | Ostland und Russland-Nord (To April 1943) Russland-Mitte und Weissruthenia | Jakob Sporrenberg Carl Zenner Karl Schäfer Curt von Gottberg Erich Ehrlinger | July 1941 – August 1941 August 1941 – May 1942 May 1942 – July 1942 July 1942 – September 1943 September 1943 – April 1944 |
| Wolhynien-Brest-Litovsk (Merged with Rowno, 1 January 1942) | Russland-Süd | Waldemar Wappenhans | September 1941 – December 1941 |
**SSPF originally slated to be assigned to HSSPF Kaukasien.
See also edit
References edit
Notes edit
- ^ A further HSSPF command, to be known as Kaukasien was planned for the Caucasus in 1942 to be commanded by Gerret Korsemann but was never activated. The six SSPF commands that were to be subordinated to it were instead assigned to HSSPF Russland-Süd. (Yerger, 1997, p.44)
Citations edit
- ^ On the Historiography of the SS in Museum of Tolerance Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ Yerger 1997, p. 22.
- ^ Yerger 1997, pp. 36–37, 39–40.
- ^ Yerger 1997, pp. 22, 52.
- ^ a b Yerger 1997, pp. 23–25.
- ^ Koehl 2004, pp. 144, 148, 169, 176–177.
- ^ McNab 2009, p. 165.
- ^ Ingrao, Charles W.; Szabo, Franz A. J. (2008). The Germans and the East. Purdue University Press, p. 288. [1]
- ^ "Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 20 day 195". Avalon Project, Yale Law School. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- ^ Robert J. Hanyok, CENTER FOR CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY (2005). "Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945" (PDF) (Second ed.). National Security Agency, United States Government. Retrieved 2011-03-20. UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY, Series IV, Volume 9 The message is on page 52 "Decrypt of Police message [National Archives and Records Administration] (NARA), RG 457, HCC, Box 1386)"
- ^ Hanyok, NSA, eavesdropping.pdf, Page 61, "German Police Decrypts, ZIP/G.P.D.353/14.9.41. Decrypt No.1 is from the Senior Commander of the SS and Police in Southern Russia to Heinrich Himmler, the Chiefs of the Order and Secret Police and the Himmler’s staff. (Source: [National Archives and Records Administration] (NARA), RG 457, Box 1386)"
- ^ McNab 2009, p. 166.
- ^ On the Historiography of the SS in Museum of Tolerance Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ Yerger 1997, p. 23.
- ^ Yerger 1997, pp. 25–51.
- ^ a b Yerger 1997, pp. 52–81.
- ^ Yerger 1997, pp. 25–40.
- ^ Yerger 1997, pp. 39, 43–51.
Bibliography edit
- Koehl, Robert (2004). The SS: A History 1919–45. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-75242-559-7.
- McNab, Chris (2009). The SS: 1923–1945. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-90662-649-5.
- Yerger, Mark C. (1997). Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units and Leaders of the General SS. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0145-4.
Further reading edit
- Birn, Ruth Bettina (1986). Die Hoheren SS- und Polizeiführer: Himmlers Vertreter im Reich und in den besetzten Gebieten. Droste Verlag. ISBN 978-3-77000-710-3.
- Höhne, Heinz (2001) [1969]. The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14139-012-3.