A petroglyph is an image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art. Outside North America, scholars often use terms such as "carving", "engraving", or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images. Petroglyphs, estimated to be 20,000 years old are classified as protected monuments and have been added to the tentative list of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. Petroglyphs are found worldwide, and are often associated with prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek prefix petro-, from πέτραpetra meaning "stone", and γλύφωglýphō meaning "carve", and was originally coined in French as pétroglyphe.
Rock art in Iran, Teimareh regionRock carving known as Meerkatze (named by archaeologist Leo Frobenius), rampant lionesses in Wadi Mathendous, Mesak Settafet region of Libya.European petroglyphs: Laxe dos carballos in Campo Lameiro, Galicia, Spain (4th–2nd millennium BCE), depicting cup and ring marks and deer hunting scenesPetroglyph of a camel; Negev, southern Israel.Petroglyphs of the archaeological site of Las Labradas, situated on the coast of the municipality of San Ignacio (Mexican state of Sinaloa)
In scholarly texts, a petroglyph is a rock engraving, whereas a petrograph (or pictograph) is a rock painting.[1][2] In common usage, the words are sometimes used interchangeably.[3][4] Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art or parietal art. Petroforms, or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground, are also quite different. Inuksuit are not petroglyphs, but human-made rock forms found in Arctic regions.
Composite image of petroglyphs from Scandinavia (Häljesta, Västmanland in Sweden). Nordic Bronze Age. The glyphs have been painted to make them more visible.A petroglyph of a caravan of bighorn sheep near Moab, Utah, United States; a common theme in glyphs from the desert Southwest and Great Basin
Petroglyphs have been found in all parts of the globe except Antarctica, with highest concentrations in parts of Africa, Scandinavia and Siberia, many examples of petroglyphs found globally are dated to approximately the Neolithic and late Upper Paleolithic boundary (roughly 10,000 to 12,000 years ago).
Around 7,000 to 9,000 years ago, following the introduction of a number of precursors of writing systems, the existence and creation of petroglyphs began to suffer and tail off, with different forms of art, such as pictographs and ideograms, taking their place. However, petroglyphs continued to be created and remained somewhat common, with various cultures continuing to use them for differing lengths of time, including cultures who continued to create them until contact with Western culture was made in the 19th and 20th centuries.[citation needed]
Interpretation
Many hypotheses exist as to the purpose of petroglyphs, depending on their location, age, and subject matter. Some petroglyph images most likely held a deep cultural and religious significance for the societies that created them. Many petroglyphs are thought to represent a type of symbolic or ritualistic language or communication style that remains not fully understood. Others, such as geocontourglyphs, more clearly depict or represent a landform or the surrounding terrain, such as rivers and other geographic features.[citation needed]
Some petroglyph maps, depicting trails, as well as containing symbols communicating the time and distances travelled along those trails, exist; other petroglyph maps act as astronomical markers. As well as holding geographic and astronomical importance, other petroglyphs may also have been a by-product of various rituals: sites in India, for example, have seen some petroglyphs identified as musical instruments or "rock gongs".[5]
Some petroglyphs likely formed types of symbolic communication, such as types of proto-writing.[6] Later glyphs from the Nordic Bronze Age in Scandinavia seem to refer to some form of territorial boundary between tribes, in addition to holding possible religious meanings. Petroglyph styles have been recognised as having local or regional "dialects" from similar or neighboring peoples. Siberian inscriptions loosely resemble an early form of runes, although no direct relationship has been established.
Petroglyphs from different continents show similarities. While people would be inspired by their direct surroundings, it is harder to explain the common styles. This could be mere coincidence, an indication that certain groups of people migrated widely from some initial common area, or indication of a common origin. In 1853, George Tate presented a paper to the Berwick Naturalists' Club, at which a John Collingwood Bruce agreed that the carvings had "... a common origin, and indicate a symbolic meaning, representing some popular thought."[7] In his cataloguing of Scottish rock art, Ronald Morris summarized 104 different theories on their interpretation.[8]
More controversial explanations of similarities are grounded in Jungian psychology and the views of Mircea Eliade. According to these theories it is possible that the similarity of petroglyphs (and other atavistic or archetypalsymbols) from different cultures and continents is a result of the genetically inherited structure of the human brain.[citation needed]
Other theories suggest that petroglyphs were carved by spiritual leaders, such as shamans, in an altered state of consciousness,[9] perhaps induced by the use of natural hallucinogens. Many of the geometricpatterns (known as form constants) which recur in petroglyphs and cave paintings have been shown by David Lewis-Williams to be hardwired into the human brain. They frequently occur in visual disturbances and hallucinations brought on by drugs, migraine, and other stimuli.
Recent analysis of surveyed and GPS-logged petroglyphs around the world has identified commonalities indicating pre-historic (7,000–3,000 BCE) intense auroras, or natural light display in the sky, observable across the continents.[10][11]
The Rock Art Research Institute (RARI) of the University of the Witwatersrand studies present-day links between religion and rock art among the San people of the Kalahari Desert.[12] Though the San people's artworks are predominantly paintings, the beliefs behind them can perhaps be used as a basis for understanding other types of rock art, including petroglyphs. To quote from the RARI website:
Using knowledge of San beliefs, researchers have shown that the art played a fundamental part in the religious lives of its painters. The art captured things from the San's world behind the rock-face: the other world inhabited by spirit creatures, to which dancers could travel in animal form, and where people of ecstasy could draw power and bring it back for healing, rain-making and capturing the game.[13]
Bambari, Lengo and Bangassou in the south; Bwale in the west
Toulou
Djebel Mela
Koumbala
Chad
Niola Doa
Republic of the Congo
The Niari Valley, 250 km south west of Brazzaville
Egypt
Qurta, on the east bank of the Nile River in the upper Nile valley, has Nubian Sandstone formations featuring the first and earliest known examples of petroglyphs in the region of North Africa, dating back to 19–15,000 years BP[14][15]
Wadi Hammamat in Qift, many carvings and inscriptions dating from before the earliest Egyptian Dynasties to the modern era, including the only painted petroglyph known from the Eastern Desert and drawings of Egyptian reed boats dated to 4000 BCE
Inscription Rock in South Sinai, is a large rock with carvings and writings ranging from Nabatean to Latin, Ancient Greek and Crusader eras located a few miles from the Ain Hudra Oasis. A second rock sites approximately 1 km from the main rock near the Nabatean tombs of Nawamis with carvings of animals including Camels, Gazelles and others. The original archaeologists who investigated these in the 1800s have also left their names carved on this rock.
Giraffe petroglyphs found in the region of Gebel el-Silsila. The rock faces have been used for extensive quarrying of materials for temple building especially during the period specified as the New Kingdom. The Giraffe depictions are located near a stela of the king Amenhotep IV. The images are not dated, but they are probably dated from the Predynastic periods.
Kollur, Triukoilur 35 km from Villupuram in Tamil Nadu. A large dolmen with four petroglyphs that portray men with trident and a wheel with spokes has been found. The discovery was made by K.T. Gandhirajan. This is the second instance when a dolmen with petrographs has been found in Tamil Nadu, India.[25] In October 2018, petroglyphs were discovered in the Ratnagiri and Rajapur areas in the Konkan region of western Maharashtra. Those rock carvings which might date back to 10,000 BC, depict animals like hippopotamuses and rhinoceroses which aren't found in that region of India.[26] Some carving depicts, what appears to be Pisces constellation.[27]* Perumukkal, Tindivanam District, Tamil Nadu, India.
Ratnagiri Maharashtra Petroglyphs, An eight ftlong petroglyph in Devache Gothane village in Rajapur district, Maharashtra.[30]Goddess Lajja Gauri who is similarly portrayed, squatting and with legs facing outward.
Kethaiyurumpu, Tamil Nadu. Situated 28 km north west of Dindigal, Tamil Nadu nearby Idaiyakottai and six km south west of Oddanchartam has revealed several petroglyphs mostly represent abstract symbols on two rocks, which looks like a temporary rock shelter were noticed adjacent to a Murugan temple which is in ruins on top of the Kothaiyurumbu hill.
During recent years a large number of rock carvings has been identified in different parts of Iran. The vast majority depict the ibex.[31][32] Rock drawings were found in December 2016 near Golpayegan, Iran, which may be the oldest drawings discovered, with one cluster possibly 40,000 years old. Accurate estimations were unavailable due to US sanctions.[33]
Petroglyphs are the most ancient works of art left by humankind that provide an opening to the past eras of life and help us to discover different aspects of prehistoric lives. Tools to create petroglyphs can be classified by the age and the historical era; they could be flint, thighbone of hunted quarries, or metallic tools. The oldest pictographs in Iran are seen in Yafteh cave in Lorestan that date back 40,000 and the oldest petroglyph discovered belongs to Timareh dating back to 40,800 years ago.
Iran provides demonstrations of script formation from pictogram, ideogram, linear (2300 BC) or proto Elamite, geometric old Elamite script, Pahlevi script, Arabic script (906 years ago), Kufi script, and Farsi script back to at least 250 years ago. More than 50000 petroglyphs have been discovered, extended over all Iran's states.[34]
The oldest reliably dated rock art in the Americas is known as the "Horny Little Man." It is petroglyph depicting a stick figure with an oversized phallus and carved in Lapa do Santo, a cave in central-eastern Brazil and dates from 12,000 to 9,000 years ago.[42]
^Wieschhoff, Heinrich Albert (1945). Africa. University of Pennsylvania Press. Most noteworthy among the relics of Africa's early periods are the rock-paintings (petrographs) and rock-engravings (petroglyphs) which have been discovered in many parts of the continent.
^T. Douglas Price (2012). Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. Oxford University Press. p. 116. This art falls into two categories, depending on how it is made: petroglyphs are carved into rock, and pictographs are painted on the rock.
^"petrograph". Merriam-Webster. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
^Webster's Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. Random House. 2001. p. 1449. ISBN0-681-31723-X.
^Ancient Indians made 'rock music'. BBC News (2004-03-19). Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
^Houston, Stephen D. (1 October 2004). "The Archaeology of Communication Technologies". Annual Review of Anthropology. 33 (1): 223–250. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143724. ISSN 0084-6570.
^J. Collingwood Bruce (1868; cited in Beckensall, S., Northumberland's Prehistoric Rock Carvings: A Mystery Explained. Pendulum Publications, Rothbury, Northumberland. 1983:19)
^Morris, Ronald (1979) The Prehistoric Rock Art of Galloway and The Isle of Man, Blandford Press, ISBN978-0-7137-0974-2.
^[See: D. Lewis-Williams, A Cosmos in Stone: Interpreting Religion and Society through Rock Art (Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2002).]
^Peratt, A.L. (2003). "Characteristics for the occurrence of a high-current, Z-pinch aurora as recorded in antiquity". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 31 (6): 1192. Bibcode:2003ITPS...31.1192P. doi:10.1109/TPS.2003.820956. S2CID 24640096.
^Peratt, Anthony L.; McGovern, John; Qoyawayma, Alfred H.; Van Der Sluijs, Marinus Anthony; Peratt, Mathias G. (2007). "Characteristics for the Occurrence of a High-Current Z-Pinch Aurora as Recorded in Antiquity Part II: Directionality and Source". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 35 (4): 778. Bibcode:2007ITPS...35..778P. doi:10.1109/TPS.2007.902630. S2CID 124068782.
^Rockart.wits.ac.za 2017-07-30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
^"Rock Art Research Institute (RARI)". University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
^Huyge, Dirk; Vandenberghe, Dimitri A.G.; De Dapper, Morgan; Mees, Florias; Claes, Wouter; Darnell, John C. (21 November 2011). "First evidence of Pleistocene rock art in North Africa: securing the age of the Qurta petroglyphs (Egypt) through OSL dating". Antiquity. 85 (330): 1184–1193. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00061998. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
^"Egypt: The Aurochs of Qurta". World Archaeology (53). 28 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
^Parkington, J. Morris, D. & Rusch, N. 2008. Karoo rock engravings. Clanwilliam: Krakadouw Trust; Morris, D. & Beaumont, P. 2004. Archaeology in the Northern Cape: some key sites. Kimberley: McGregor Museum.
^Ben Nasr, Jaafar (June 2015). "The Rock Art of Tunisia When, Why and to whom?". Expression (8).
^Yahia-Acheche, Sophie (2 June 2013). "Ousselat (Jebel — ; Tunisie) : Préhistoire et art rupestre". Encyclopédie berbère (in French) (36): 5986–5993. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2870. ISSN 1015-7344.
^Jaafar Ben Nasr (November 2021). "Les peintures rupestres de l'abri de Zamla (Jebel Ousselat – Tunisie centrale) : la représentation d'une planimétrie agraire ?". Antiquités Africaines. 57: 19–32.
^Roux, Henri (1911). "Peinture Rupestre du Djebel-Bliji (Sud -Tunisien)". Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. 2 (1): 31–32. doi:10.3406/bmsap.1911.8311.
^Ben Nasr, Jaâfar; Houla, Yassine (1 October 2020). "Les gravures rupestres d'Aïn Charchara (Smar-Tataouine; Sud-Est tunisien)". L'Anthropologie. Art préhistorique (in French). 124 (3): 102762. doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2020.102762. ISSN 0003-5521. S2CID 225122514.
^Khechoyan, Anna (January 2007). "The Rock Art of the Mt. Aragats System | Anna Khechoyan". Xxii International Valcamonica Symposium Rock Art in the Frame of the Cultural Heritage of Humankind l'Arte Rupestre Nel Quadro del Patrimonio Culturale dell'umanità,Centro Congressi - Darfo Boario Terme (Bs) Italy 18th - 24th May. Academia.edu. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
^ abcdO'Sullivan, Rebecca (2018). "East Asia: Rock Art". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (2 ed.). Springer. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3131-1. ISBN978-3-319-51726-1.
^Dolmen with petroglyphs found near Villupuram. Beta.thehindu.com (2009-09-19). Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
^"Prehistoric art hints at lost Indian civilisation". BBC. 1 October 2018.
^"12000-year-old-petroglyphs-in-india". 8 November 2018.
^Kamat, Nandkumar. . The Navhind Times. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
^Petroglyphs of Ladakh: The Withering Monuments. tibetheritagefund.org
^Sriram, Jayant (20 October 2018). "The petroglyphs of Ratnagiri". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
^. iranrockart.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014.
^Foundation, Bradshaw. "Middle East Rock Art Archive – Iran Rock Art Gallery". bradshawfoundation.com.
^"Archaeologist uncovers 'the world's oldest drawings'". independent.co.uk. 12 December 2016.
^ abcNobuhiro, Yoshida (1994) The Handbook For Petrograph Fieldwork, Chou Art Publishing, ISBN4-88639-699-2, p. 57
^Nobuhiro, Yoshida (1994) The Handbook For Petrograph Fieldwork, Chou Art Publishing, ISBN4-88639-699-2, p. 54
^Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai – UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Whc.unesco.org (2011-06-28). Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
^Fitzhugh, William W. and Kortum, Richard (2012) Rock Art and Archaeology: Investigating Ritual Landscape in the Mongolian Altai. Field Report 2011. The Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
^"British Rock Art Blog | A Forum about Prehistoric Rock Art in the British Islands". Rockartuk.wordpress.com. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
^Photos 2011-03-01 at the Wayback Machine. Celticland.com. (2007-08-13). Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
^"Umeå, Norrfors". Europreart.net. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
^Choi, Charles. "Call this ancient rock carving 'little horny man'." Science on NBC News. 22 Feb 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^"Settlers at La Silla". www.eso.org. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
^"Llamas at La Silla". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
^ ab"Ometepe Island Info – El Ceibo". ometepeislandinfo.com. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
^Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island BC 2004-08-07 at the Wayback Machine. Britishcolumbia.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
^"Petroglyph Park - Gabriola Museum". gabriolamuseum.org. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
^Bill Steer (27 July 2016). "Petroglyphs - Temagami's Rare Works of Art". www.northernontario.travel. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^Keyser, James D. (July 1992). Indian Rock Art of the Columbia Plateau. University of Washington Press. ISBN978-0-295-97160-5.
^Moore, Donald W. Petroglyph Canyon Tours. Desertusa.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
^Grimes Point National Recreation Trail, Nevada BLM Archaeological Site 2006-12-06 at the Wayback Machine. Americantrails.org (2012-01-13). Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
^Museums & Historic Sites 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. ohiohistory.org. Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
^. Craborchardmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
^"Petroglyph National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". nps.gov.
^Three Rivers Petroglyph Site 2007-06-18 at the Wayback Machine. Nm.blm.gov (2012-09-13). Retrieved on 2013-02-12.
Harmanşah, Ömür (ed) (2014), Of Rocks and Water: An Archaeology of Place, 2014, Oxbow Books, ISBN1-78297-674-4, 9781782976745
Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L. & Soper A., The Art and Architecture of China, Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675
Further reading
Beckensall, Stan and Laurie, Tim, Prehistoric Rock Art of County Durham, Swaledale and Wensleydale, County Durham Books, 1998 ISBN1-897585-45-4
Beckensall, Stan, Prehistoric Rock Art in Northumberland, Tempus Publishing, 2001 ISBN0-7524-1945-5
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petroglyphs.
Rock Art Studies: A Bibliographic Database Bancroft Library's citations to rock art literature.
August 24, 2023
petroglyph, other, uses, disambiguation, rock, carving, redirects, here, other, uses, rock, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additi. For other uses see Petroglyph disambiguation Rock carving redirects here For other uses see Rock art This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Petroglyph news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message A petroglyph is an image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising picking carving or abrading as a form of rock art Outside North America scholars often use terms such as carving engraving or other descriptions of the technique to refer to such images Petroglyphs estimated to be 20 000 years old are classified as protected monuments and have been added to the tentative list of UNESCO s World Heritage Sites Petroglyphs are found worldwide and are often associated with prehistoric peoples The word comes from the Greek prefix petro from petra petra meaning stone and glyfw glyphō meaning carve and was originally coined in French as petroglyphe Rock art in Iran Teimareh regionRock carving known as Meerkatze named by archaeologist Leo Frobenius rampant lionesses in Wadi Mathendous Mesak Settafet region of Libya European petroglyphs Laxe dos carballos in Campo Lameiro Galicia Spain 4th 2nd millennium BCE depicting cup and ring marks and deer hunting scenesPetroglyph of a camel Negev southern Israel Petroglyphs of the archaeological site of Las Labradas situated on the coast of the municipality of San Ignacio Mexican state of Sinaloa In scholarly texts a petroglyph is a rock engraving whereas a petrograph or pictograph is a rock painting 1 2 In common usage the words are sometimes used interchangeably 3 4 Both types of image belong to the wider and more general category of rock art or parietal art Petroforms or patterns and shapes made by many large rocks and boulders over the ground are also quite different Inuksuit are not petroglyphs but human made rock forms found in Arctic regions Contents 1 History 2 Interpretation 3 List of petroglyph sites 3 1 Africa 3 1 1 Algeria 3 1 2 Cameroon 3 1 3 Central African Republic 3 1 4 Chad 3 1 5 Republic of the Congo 3 1 6 Egypt 3 1 7 Ethiopia 3 1 8 Gabon 3 1 9 Libya 3 1 10 Morocco 3 1 11 Namibia 3 1 12 Niger 3 1 13 South Africa 3 1 14 Zambia 3 2 Asia 3 2 1 Armenia 3 2 2 Azerbaijan 3 2 3 China 3 2 4 Georgia 3 2 5 Hong Kong 3 2 6 India 3 2 7 Iran 3 2 8 Israel 3 2 9 Japan 3 2 10 Jordan 3 2 11 Kazakhstan 3 2 12 Laos 3 2 13 South Korea 3 2 14 Kyrgyzstan 3 2 15 Macau 3 2 16 Malaysia 3 2 17 Mongolia 3 2 18 Pakistan 3 2 19 Philippines 3 2 20 Saudi Arabia 3 2 21 Taiwan 3 2 22 Thailand 3 2 23 Vietnam 3 2 24 Yemen 3 3 Europe 3 3 1 England 3 3 2 Finland 3 3 3 France 3 3 4 Ireland 3 3 5 Italy 3 3 6 Northern Ireland 3 3 7 Norway 3 3 8 Portugal 3 3 9 Scotland 3 3 10 Spain 3 3 11 Russia 3 3 12 Sweden 3 3 13 Turkey 3 3 14 Ukraine 3 3 15 Wales 3 4 Central and South America and the Caribbean 3 4 1 Argentina 3 4 2 Aruba 3 4 3 Brazil 3 4 4 Chile 3 4 5 Colombia 3 4 6 Costa Rica 3 4 7 Dominican Republic 3 4 8 Grenada 3 4 9 Montserrat 3 4 10 Nicaragua 3 4 11 Paraguay 3 4 12 Peru 3 4 13 Saint Kitts and Nevis 3 4 14 Suriname 3 4 15 Trinidad and Tobago 3 4 16 Venezuela 3 5 North America 3 5 1 Canada 3 5 2 Mexico 3 5 3 United States 3 6 Oceania 3 6 1 Australia 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory Edit Composite image of petroglyphs from Scandinavia Haljesta Vastmanland in Sweden Nordic Bronze Age The glyphs have been painted to make them more visible A petroglyph of a caravan of bighorn sheep near Moab Utah United States a common theme in glyphs from the desert Southwest and Great BasinPetroglyphs have been found in all parts of the globe except Antarctica with highest concentrations in parts of Africa Scandinavia and Siberia many examples of petroglyphs found globally are dated to approximately the Neolithic and late Upper Paleolithic boundary roughly 10 000 to 12 000 years ago Around 7 000 to 9 000 years ago following the introduction of a number of precursors of writing systems the existence and creation of petroglyphs began to suffer and tail off with different forms of art such as pictographs and ideograms taking their place However petroglyphs continued to be created and remained somewhat common with various cultures continuing to use them for differing lengths of time including cultures who continued to create them until contact with Western culture was made in the 19th and 20th centuries citation needed Interpretation EditMany hypotheses exist as to the purpose of petroglyphs depending on their location age and subject matter Some petroglyph images most likely held a deep cultural and religious significance for the societies that created them Many petroglyphs are thought to represent a type of symbolic or ritualistic language or communication style that remains not fully understood Others such as geocontourglyphs more clearly depict or represent a landform or the surrounding terrain such as rivers and other geographic features citation needed Some petroglyph maps depicting trails as well as containing symbols communicating the time and distances travelled along those trails exist other petroglyph maps act as astronomical markers As well as holding geographic and astronomical importance other petroglyphs may also have been a by product of various rituals sites in India for example have seen some petroglyphs identified as musical instruments or rock gongs 5 Some petroglyphs likely formed types of symbolic communication such as types of proto writing 6 Later glyphs from the Nordic Bronze Age in Scandinavia seem to refer to some form of territorial boundary between tribes in addition to holding possible religious meanings Petroglyph styles have been recognised as having local or regional dialects from similar or neighboring peoples Siberian inscriptions loosely resemble an early form of runes although no direct relationship has been established Petroglyphs from different continents show similarities While people would be inspired by their direct surroundings it is harder to explain the common styles This could be mere coincidence an indication that certain groups of people migrated widely from some initial common area or indication of a common origin In 1853 George Tate presented a paper to the Berwick Naturalists Club at which a John Collingwood Bruce agreed that the carvings had a common origin and indicate a symbolic meaning representing some popular thought 7 In his cataloguing of Scottish rock art Ronald Morris summarized 104 different theories on their interpretation 8 More controversial explanations of similarities are grounded in Jungian psychology and the views of Mircea Eliade According to these theories it is possible that the similarity of petroglyphs and other atavistic or archetypal symbols from different cultures and continents is a result of the genetically inherited structure of the human brain citation needed Other theories suggest that petroglyphs were carved by spiritual leaders such as shamans in an altered state of consciousness 9 perhaps induced by the use of natural hallucinogens Many of the geometric patterns known as form constants which recur in petroglyphs and cave paintings have been shown by David Lewis Williams to be hardwired into the human brain They frequently occur in visual disturbances and hallucinations brought on by drugs migraine and other stimuli Recent analysis of surveyed and GPS logged petroglyphs around the world has identified commonalities indicating pre historic 7 000 3 000 BCE intense auroras or natural light display in the sky observable across the continents 10 11 The Rock Art Research Institute RARI of the University of the Witwatersrand studies present day links between religion and rock art among the San people of the Kalahari Desert 12 Though the San people s artworks are predominantly paintings the beliefs behind them can perhaps be used as a basis for understanding other types of rock art including petroglyphs To quote from the RARI website Using knowledge of San beliefs researchers have shown that the art played a fundamental part in the religious lives of its painters The art captured things from the San s world behind the rock face the other world inhabited by spirit creatures to which dancers could travel in animal form and where people of ecstasy could draw power and bring it back for healing rain making and capturing the game 13 List of petroglyph sites EditAfrica Edit A petroglyph in Bidzar CameroonAlgeria Edit Tassili n AjjerCameroon Edit BidzarCentral African Republic Edit Bambari Lengo and Bangassou in the south Bwale in the west Toulou Djebel Mela KoumbalaChad Edit Niola DoaRepublic of the Congo Edit The Niari Valley 250 km south west of BrazzavilleEgypt Edit Qurta on the east bank of the Nile River in the upper Nile valley has Nubian Sandstone formations featuring the first and earliest known examples of petroglyphs in the region of North Africa dating back to 19 15 000 years BP 14 15 Wadi Hammamat in Qift many carvings and inscriptions dating from before the earliest Egyptian Dynasties to the modern era including the only painted petroglyph known from the Eastern Desert and drawings of Egyptian reed boats dated to 4000 BCE Inscription Rock in South Sinai is a large rock with carvings and writings ranging from Nabatean to Latin Ancient Greek and Crusader eras located a few miles from the Ain Hudra Oasis A second rock sites approximately 1 km from the main rock near the Nabatean tombs of Nawamis with carvings of animals including Camels Gazelles and others The original archaeologists who investigated these in the 1800s have also left their names carved on this rock Giraffe petroglyphs found in the region of Gebel el Silsila The rock faces have been used for extensive quarrying of materials for temple building especially during the period specified as the New Kingdom The Giraffe depictions are located near a stela of the king Amenhotep IV The images are not dated but they are probably dated from the Predynastic periods Ethiopia Edit TiyaGabon Edit Ogooue River Valley Epona Elarmekora Kongo Boumba Lindili Kaya KayaLibya Edit Akakus Jebel UweinatMorocco Edit The Draa River valley Lion Plate at Twyfelfontein in Namibia 2014 Namibia Edit TwyfelfonteinNiger Edit Life size giraffe carvings on Dabous Rock Air MountainsSouth Africa Edit Driekops Eiland near Kimberley 16 ǀXam and ǂKhomani heartland in the Karoo Northern Cape Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Centre near Kimberley Northern Cape Keiskie near Calvinia Northern CapeTunisia 17 Ouesslat Mountain Ain Kanfous 18 and Zamla 19 Tameghza 20 The Tataouine Region in particular Ghomrassen 21 and Smar 22 Zambia Edit Nyambwezi Falls in the north west province Asia Edit Rock carving on Cheung Chau Island Hong Kong Petroglyphs at Cholpon Ata in Kyrgyzstan Tamgaly petroglyphs in Kazakhstan Buddhist carvings at Ili River in Kazakhstan Petroglyphs on a rock wall found in the Sierra Madre mountain range Rizal Philippines Petroglyph found in Awashima shrine Japan Armenia Edit Petroglyphs at Ughtasar ArmeniaUghtasar Urtsadzor Aragats 23 See also Armenian Eternity signAzerbaijan Edit Gobustan State Reserve Gemigaya Kalbajar Northern AbsheronChina Edit See also Cliff inscriptions Helan Mountains in Yinchuan 24 Hua an Engravings Kangjia shimenzi in Xinjiang 24 Lianyungan Rock Engravings Petroglyphs in Zhuhai Yin Mountains in Inner Mongolia 24 Chifeng Petroglyphs in Inner MongoliaGeorgia Edit Trialeti petroglyphsHong Kong Edit Eight sites in Hong Kong Tung Lung Island Kau Sai Chau Po Toi Island Cheung Chau Shek Pik on Lantau Island Wong Chuk Hang and Big Wave Bay on Hong Kong Island Lung Ha Wan in Sai KungIndia Edit Petroglyphs in Ladakh IndiaBhimbetka rock shelters Raisen District Madhya Pradesh India Kupgal petroglyphs on Dolerite Dyke near Bellary Karnataka India Kudopi Sindhudurg District Maharashtra India Hiwale Sindhudurg District Maharashtra India Barsu Ratnagiri District Maharashtra India Devihasol Ratnagiri District Maharashtra India Edakkal Caves Wayanad District Kerala India Kollur Triukoilur 35 km from Villupuram in Tamil Nadu A large dolmen with four petroglyphs that portray men with trident and a wheel with spokes has been found The discovery was made by K T Gandhirajan This is the second instance when a dolmen with petrographs has been found in Tamil Nadu India 25 In October 2018 petroglyphs were discovered in the Ratnagiri and Rajapur areas in the Konkan region of western Maharashtra Those rock carvings which might date back to 10 000 BC depict animals like hippopotamuses and rhinoceroses which aren t found in that region of India 26 Some carving depicts what appears to be Pisces constellation 27 Perumukkal Tindivanam District Tamil Nadu India Kollur Villupuram Tamil Nadu Unakoti near Kailashahar in North Tripura District Tripura India Usgalimal rock engravings Kushavati river banks in Goa 28 Ladakhi rock art in Ladakh NW Indian Himalaya 29 Ratnagiri Maharashtra Petroglyphs An eight ftlong petroglyph in Devache Gothane village in Rajapur district Maharashtra 30 Goddess Lajja Gauri who is similarly portrayed squatting and with legs facing outward Kethaiyurumpu Tamil Nadu Situated 28 km north west of Dindigal Tamil Nadu nearby Idaiyakottai and six km south west of Oddanchartam has revealed several petroglyphs mostly represent abstract symbols on two rocks which looks like a temporary rock shelter were noticed adjacent to a Murugan temple which is in ruins on top of the Kothaiyurumbu hill Iran Edit Further information Rock art in Iran Map of petroglyphs and pictographs of IranDuring recent years a large number of rock carvings has been identified in different parts of Iran The vast majority depict the ibex 31 32 Rock drawings were found in December 2016 near Golpayegan Iran which may be the oldest drawings discovered with one cluster possibly 40 000 years old Accurate estimations were unavailable due to US sanctions 33 Petroglyphs are the most ancient works of art left by humankind that provide an opening to the past eras of life and help us to discover different aspects of prehistoric lives Tools to create petroglyphs can be classified by the age and the historical era they could be flint thighbone of hunted quarries or metallic tools The oldest pictographs in Iran are seen in Yafteh cave in Lorestan that date back 40 000 and the oldest petroglyph discovered belongs to Timareh dating back to 40 800 years ago Iran provides demonstrations of script formation from pictogram ideogram linear 2300 BC or proto Elamite geometric old Elamite script Pahlevi script Arabic script 906 years ago Kufi script and Farsi script back to at least 250 years ago More than 50000 petroglyphs have been discovered extended over all Iran s states 34 Israel Edit Kibbutz Ginosar Har Karkom NegevJapan Edit Awashima shrine Kitakyushu city 35 Fugoppe Cave Hokkaido 24 Hikoshima Shimonoseki city 35 Miyajima 35 Temiya cave Otaru city 36 Jordan Edit Wadi Rum Wadi FaynanKazakhstan Edit Hunting scene in Koksu petroglyphsKoksu River in Almaty Province Chumysh River basin Tamgaly Tas on the Ili River Tamgaly a World Heritage Site nearly of AlmatyLaos Edit Plain of JarsSouth Korea Edit Bangudae PetroglyphsKyrgyzstan Edit Several sites in the Tien Shan mountains Cholpon Ata the Talas valley Saimaluu Tash and on the rock outcrop called Suleiman s Throne in Osh in the Fergana valleyMacau Edit ColoaneMalaysia Edit Lumuyu PetroglyphsMongolia Edit Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai UNESCO World Heritage site 2011 37 38 Pakistan Edit Ancient Rock Carvings of Sindh Rock art and petroglyphs in Northern Areas Philippines Edit Angono Petroglyphs of Rizal PhilippinesSaudi Arabia Edit Petroglyphs at Wadi Qarn Petroglyphs at Mada in Salih Petroglyphs of musical instruments Petroglyphs of animals Tabuk Hieroglyphic inscriptions Tabuk Islamic inscriptions Qasim Thamudic inscriptions Graffiti Rocks about 110 km SW of Riyadh off the Mecca highway Arwa west of Riyadh al Jawf near al Jawf Jubbah Umm Samnan north of Hail Janin Cave south of Hail Yatib south of Hail Milihiya south of Hail Jebel al Lawz north of Tabuk Wadi Damm near Tabuk Wadi Abu Oud near al Ula Shuwaymis north of Madina Jebel al Manjour amp Ratt north of Madina Hanakiya north of Madina Shimli Bir Hima north of Najran Tathleeth north of Najran Al Magar in Najd Taiwan Edit The Wanshan Rock Carvings Archeological Site near Maolin District Kaohsiung were discovered between 1978 and 2002 Thailand Edit Pha Taem National ParkVietnam Edit Rock engravings in Sapa Sa Pa Lao Cai Province Rock engravings in Namdan Xin Mần District Ha Giang ProvinceYemen Edit Eriosh Petroglyphs island of SocotraEurope Edit Carving The Shoemaker Brastad Sweden Petroglyph in Roque Bentayga Gran Canaria Canary Islands Petroglyph at Dalgarven Mill Ayrshire Scotland Bronze Age petroglyphs depicting weapons Castrino de Conxo Santiago de Compostela Galicia Labyrinth Meis Galicia Cup and ring mark Louro Muros Galicia Deer and cup and ring motifs Touron Ponte Caldelas Galicia Petroglyphs in Zalavruga Belomorsk Karelia RussiaEngland Edit Boscawen un St Buryan Cup and ring marked rocks in Northumberland County Durham Ilkley Moor Yorkshire Gardom s Edge Derbyshire Creswell Crags NottinghamFinland Edit Hauensuoli Hanko FinlandFrance Edit Vallee des Merveilles Mercantour National Park France The sorcerer Vallee des Merveilles France The tribe master Vallee des Merveilles FranceIreland Edit Newgrange Knowth Dowth Loughcrew Tara Clonfinlough Stone Boheh StoneItaly Edit Rock Drawings in Valcamonica World Heritage Site Italy biggest European site over 350 000 Bagnolo stele Valcamonica Italy Grotta del Genovese Sicily Italy Grotta dell Addaura Sicily Italy Rock Engravings in Grosio in Valtellina Italy Grosio Rupe Magna Grosio Rupe Magna Grosio Rupe MagnaNorthern Ireland Edit Knockmany Leftmost of three central stones Knockmany Chambered Tomb Co Tyrone Central of three central stones Knockmany Chambered Tomb Co Tyrone A stone on the right of the passage Knockmany Chambered Tomb Co TyroneSess Kilgreen Sess Kilgreen Chambered Tomb Co Tyrone Sess Kilgreen Chambered Tomb Co TyroneNorway Edit See also List of rock carvings in Norway Rock carvings at Alta World Heritage Site 1985 Rock carvings in Central Norway Rock carvings at Mollerstufossen Rock carvings at TennesPortugal Edit Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Coa Valley Portugal Various zoomorphic creatures including in particular a horse Paleolithic rock engravings breaking the natural rock formation Various zoomorphic creatures including in particular a BullScotland Edit Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume North Ayrshire Burghead Bull Burghead Townhead Galloway 39 Ballochmyle cup and ring marksSpain Edit Millenarian rock carvings Laxe dos carballos at Campo Lameiro this detail depicts a deer hit by several spearsPetroglyphs from Galicia Petroglyphs from the Canary Islands Spain 40 Russia Edit Petroglyph Park near Petrozavodsk Lake Onega Russia Mammoth on the basalt stone in Sikachi Alyan Russia White Sea petroglyphs Republic of Karelia RussiaWhite Sea petroglyphs Republic of Karelia Russia Petroglyph Park near Petrozavodsk Lake Onega Russia Tomskaya Pisanitsa Kanozero Petroglyphs Sikachi Alyan Khabarovsk Krai Kapova cave Bashkortostan Sunduki Petroglyphs KhakassiaSweden Edit Tanumshede Bohuslan World Heritage Site 1994 Himmelstalund by Norrkoping in Ostergotland Enkoping Uppland Southwest Skane Gotaland Alvhem Vastra Gotaland Torhamn Blekinge Namforsen Angermanland Haljesta Vastmanland Slagsta Sodermanland Glosa Jamtland Garde Jamtland Flatruet Harjedalen Grannberget Harjedalen The King s Grave at Kivik Norrforsen Umea 41 Slabro rock carvings in Nykoping Sodermanland Turkey Edit Kagizman Kars Cunni Cave Erzurum Esatli Ordu Gevaruk Valley Hakkari Hakkari Trisin Hakkari Latmos Besparmak Gudul AnkaraUkraine Edit Kamyana Mohyla Zaporizhzhia Oblast Kurgan stelaeWales Edit Garn Turne PembrokeshireCentral and South America and the Caribbean Edit Argentina Edit Cueva de las Manos Santa Cruz Talampaya National Park La Rioja Lihue Calel National Park La Pampa Talampaya National Park La Rioja Province Argentina Petroglyph on Tunduqueral hill at Uspallata ArgentinaAruba Edit Arikok National Park Quadiriki Caves Ayo Rock FormationsBrazil Edit The oldest reliably dated rock art in the Americas is known as the Horny Little Man It is petroglyph depicting a stick figure with an oversized phallus and carved in Lapa do Santo a cave in central eastern Brazil and dates from 12 000 to 9 000 years ago 42 Serra da Capivara National Park a UNESCO World Heritage Site Piaui Vale do Catimbau National Park Pernambuco Inga Stone Paraiba Costao do Santinho Santa Catarina Lagoa Santa Holy Lake Minas Gerais Ivolandia Goias Capivara National Park Piaui Brazil Ivolandia Goias Brazil Costao do Santinho SC BrazilChile Edit Rincon las Chilcas Combarbala Easter Island petroglyphs Numerous rocks boasting thousand year old carvings 43 Llamas at La Silla 44 Petroglyphs at Orongo Rapa Nui Easter Island A Makemake and two birdmen higher upColombia Edit El Abra Cundinamarca Chiribiquete Natural National Park El Abra archaeological site Cundinamarca Petroglyph in the Chiribiquete Natural National Park Possible equine Petroglyph in the Chiribiquete Natural National Park Aboriginal Petroglyphs in the Chiribiquete Natural National Park Costa Rica Edit Rincon de la Vieja GuanacasteDominican Republic Edit Cueva de las Maravillas San Pedro de Macoris Las Caritas near Lake Enriquillo Los Tres Ojos Santo DomingoGrenada Edit Mt Rich PetroglyphsMontserrat Edit Soldier Ghaut petroglyphsNicaragua Edit El Ceibo Petroglyphs 45 Ometepe Rivas Ometepe Petroglyphs 45 Ometepe RivasParaguay Edit Fertility symbols called Ita Letra by the local Panambi y people in a natural shelter in Amambay ParaguayAmambay DepartmentPeru Edit Cumbe Mayo Cajamarca Petroglyphs of Pusharo Manu National Park Madre de Dios region Petroglyphs of Quiaca Puno Region Petroglyphs of Jinkiori Cusco RegionSaint Kitts and Nevis Edit Carib Petroglyphs Wingfield Manor Estate Saint KittsSuriname Edit Corantijn BasinTrinidad and Tobago Edit Caurita The only known Amerindian petroglyph in TrinidadVenezuela Edit Caicara del Orinoco Bolivar Morrocoy National Park Falcon Piedra Pintada Archeological Park within San Esteban National Park Guaraca Carabobo Sardinata Beach Amazonas Taima Taima FalconNorth America Edit Canada Edit Kejimkujik National Park Nova Scotia Petroglyph Provincial Park Nanaimo British Columbia 46 Petroglyphs Provincial Park north of Peterborough Ontario Agnes Lake Quetico Provincial Park Ontario Sproat Lake Provincial Park near Port Alberni British Columbia Stuart Lake British Columbia St Victor Provincial Park Saskatchewan Writing on Stone Provincial Park east of Milk River Alberta Gabriola Island British Columbia 47 East Sooke Regional Park British Columbia Ancient Echoes Interpretive Centre Herschel Saskatchewan Lake Temagami Ontario 48 Mexico Edit Near Parras CoahuilaBoca de Potrerillos Mina Nuevo Leon Chiquihuitillos Mina Nuevo Leon Cuenca del Rio Victoria near Xichu Guanajuato Coahuiltecan Cueva Ahumada Nuevo Leon La Proveedora Caborca Sonora Samalayuca Juarez Chihuahua Las Labradas near Mazatlan SinaloaUnited States Edit For a more comprehensive list see List of petroglyphs in the United States Petroglyph on western coast of Hawaii Hawai i Volcanoes National Park Modern Hopi have interpreted the petroglyphs at Mesa Verde National Park s Petroglyph Point as depictions of the Eagle Mountain Sheep Parrot Horned Toad and Mountain Lion clans and the Ancestral Puebloans who inhabited the mesaArches National Park Utah Bandelier National Monument New Mexico Barnesville Petroglyph Ohio Bloomington Petroglyph Park Utah Capitol Reef National Park Utah Caguana Indian Park Utuado Puerto Rico Columbia Hills State Park Washington 49 Corn Springs Colorado Desert California Coso Rock Art District Coso Range northern Mojave Desert California 50 Death Valley National Park California Dinosaur National Monument Colorado and Utah Dighton Rock Massachusetts Dominguez Canyon Wilderness Colorado Fremont Indian State Park Utah Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park Washington 51 Grand Traverse Bay Michigan Great Basin National Park Nevada Grimes Point Nevada 52 Independence Slab Ohio Inscription Rock Kelleys Island Ohio Ohio Jeffers Petroglyphs Minnesota Judaculla Rock North Carolina Kanopolis State Park Kansas La Cueva del Indio Indians Cave Arecibo Puerto Rico La Piedra Escrita The Written Rock Jayuya Puerto Rico Lava Beds National Monument Tule Lake California Legend Rock Petroglyph Site Thermopolis Wyoming Lemonweir Glyphs Wisconsin Leo Petroglyph Leo Ohio 53 Mesa Verde National Park Colorado Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument Utah Olympic National Park Washington Paintlick Mountain Tazewell Virginia 54 Petit Jean State Park Arkansas Petrified Forest National Park Arizona Petroglyph National Monument New Mexico 55 Picacho Mountain Picacho Arizona Picture Canyon Flagstaff Arizona Picture Rocks Picture Rocks Arizona Puye Cliff Dwellings New Mexico Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Nevada Rochester Rock Art Panel Utah Ring Mountain Marin County California Saint John U S Virgin Islands Sanilac Petroglyphs Historic State Park Sanilac County Michigan Sedona Arizona Seminole Canyon Texas Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area Nevada South Mountain Park Arizona The Cove Palisades State Park Oregon Three Rivers Petroglyphs New Mexico 56 Tibes Indian Park Ponce Puerto Rico Valley of Fire State Park Nevada Washington State Park Washington County Missouri West Virginia glyphs White Mountain Wyoming Rock Springs Wyoming White Tank Mountain Regional Park Waddell Arizona Winnemucca Lake Nevada Writing Rock State Historical Site North Dakota Monolyth at Caguas amp El Yunque Puerto Rico Track Rock Union County Georgia Forsyth Petroglyph Originally discovered locates and documented near Cumming Georgia in Forsyth County but has been relocated to the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens Georgia Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland eastern California Southern Utah Southern Utah Utah Arches National Park Animal print carvings outside of Barnesville Ohio Arizona Picacho Mountain Petroglyphs Columbia River Gorge Washington Upside down man in Western Colorado Rochester Rock Art Panel in the San Rafael Swell in Utah Web like petroglyph on the White Tank Mountain Regional Park Waterfall Trail Arizona Chipping petroglyph on the White Tank Mountain Regional Park Waterfall Trail Arizona Sample of petroglyphs at Painted Rock near Gila Bend Arizona off Interstate 8 Puye Cliff Dwellings New Mexico ThunderBird Rock Carved Petroglyph in West Central Wisconsin Archer like figure Sanilac Petroglyphs Historic State Park Sanilac County Michigan Sky Rock Petroglyphs Bishop California Sky Rock Petroglyphs Bishop California Oceania Edit Australia Edit Arnhem Land Kakadu National Park Northern Australia Kings Canyon Resort Watarrka National Park Northern Australia Gosford Glyphs in Central Coast NSW widely regarded as archaeological forgery Murujuga Western Australia world heritage assessed Sydney Rock Engravings New South Wales Ku ring gai Chase National Park New South Wales Ku ring gai Chase National Park New South Wales Mutawintji National Park New South Wales Burrup Peninsula Western AustraliaSee also EditGeoglyph History of communication List of Stone Age art Megalithic art Pecked curvilinear nucleated Petrosomatoglyph Runestone and image stone Water glyphsReferences Edit Wieschhoff Heinrich Albert 1945 Africa University of Pennsylvania Press Most noteworthy among the relics of Africa s early periods are the rock paintings petrographs and rock engravings petroglyphs which have been discovered in many parts of the continent T Douglas Price 2012 Europe Before Rome A Site by Site Tour of the Stone Bronze and Iron Ages Oxford University Press p 116 This art falls into two categories depending on how it is made petroglyphs are carved into rock and pictographs are painted on the rock petrograph Merriam Webster Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 26 November 2020 Webster s Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language Random House 2001 p 1449 ISBN 0 681 31723 X Ancient Indians made rock music BBC News 2004 03 19 Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Houston Stephen D 1 October 2004 The Archaeology of Communication Technologies Annual Review of Anthropology 33 1 223 250 doi 10 1146 annurev anthro 33 070203 143724 ISSN 0084 6570 J Collingwood Bruce 1868 cited in Beckensall S Northumberland s Prehistoric Rock Carvings A Mystery Explained Pendulum Publications Rothbury Northumberland 1983 19 Morris Ronald 1979 The Prehistoric Rock Art of Galloway and The Isle of Man Blandford Press ISBN 978 0 7137 0974 2 See D Lewis Williams A Cosmos in Stone Interpreting Religion and Society through Rock Art Walnut Creek CA Altamira Press 2002 Peratt A L 2003 Characteristics for the occurrence of a high current Z pinch aurora as recorded in antiquity IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 31 6 1192 Bibcode 2003ITPS 31 1192P doi 10 1109 TPS 2003 820956 S2CID 24640096 Peratt Anthony L McGovern John Qoyawayma Alfred H Van Der Sluijs Marinus Anthony Peratt Mathias G 2007 Characteristics for the Occurrence of a High Current Z Pinch Aurora as Recorded in Antiquity Part II Directionality and Source IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 35 4 778 Bibcode 2007ITPS 35 778P doi 10 1109 TPS 2007 902630 S2CID 124068782 Rockart wits ac za Archived 2017 07 30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Rock Art Research Institute RARI University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Retrieved 9 September 2017 Huyge Dirk Vandenberghe Dimitri A G De Dapper Morgan Mees Florias Claes Wouter Darnell John C 21 November 2011 First evidence of Pleistocene rock art in North Africa securing the age of the Qurta petroglyphs Egypt through OSL dating Antiquity 85 330 1184 1193 doi 10 1017 S0003598X00061998 Retrieved 30 May 2023 Egypt The Aurochs of Qurta World Archaeology 53 28 May 2012 Retrieved 30 May 2023 Parkington J Morris D amp Rusch N 2008 Karoo rock engravings Clanwilliam Krakadouw Trust Morris D amp Beaumont P 2004 Archaeology in the Northern Cape some key sites Kimberley McGregor Museum Ben Nasr Jaafar June 2015 The Rock Art of Tunisia When Why and to whom Expression 8 Yahia Acheche Sophie 2 June 2013 Ousselat Jebel Tunisie Prehistoire et art rupestre Encyclopedie berbere in French 36 5986 5993 doi 10 4000 encyclopedieberbere 2870 ISSN 1015 7344 Jaafar Ben Nasr November 2021 Les peintures rupestres de l abri de Zamla Jebel Ousselat Tunisie centrale la representation d une planimetrie agraire Antiquites Africaines 57 19 32 Roux Henri 1911 Peinture Rupestre du Djebel Bliji Sud Tunisien Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe d Anthropologie de Paris 2 1 31 32 doi 10 3406 bmsap 1911 8311 Mohamed Elhedi Ghrabi 2009 Les peintures rupestres de Ghomrassen PDF Valcamonica Symposium XXIII Ben Nasr Jaafar Houla Yassine 1 October 2020 Les gravures rupestres d Ain Charchara Smar Tataouine Sud Est tunisien L Anthropologie Art prehistorique in French 124 3 102762 doi 10 1016 j anthro 2020 102762 ISSN 0003 5521 S2CID 225122514 Khechoyan Anna January 2007 The Rock Art of the Mt Aragats System Anna Khechoyan Xxii International Valcamonica Symposium Rock Art in the Frame of the Cultural Heritage of Humankind l Arte Rupestre Nel Quadro del Patrimonio Culturale dell umanita Centro Congressi Darfo Boario Terme Bs Italy 18th 24th May Academia edu Retrieved 18 August 2013 a b c d O Sullivan Rebecca 2018 East Asia Rock Art Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology 2 ed Springer pp 1 11 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 51726 1 3131 1 ISBN 978 3 319 51726 1 Dolmen with petroglyphs found near Villupuram Beta thehindu com 2009 09 19 Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Prehistoric art hints at lost Indian civilisation BBC 1 October 2018 12000 year old petroglyphs in india 8 November 2018 Kamat Nandkumar Prehistoric Goan Shamanism The Navhind Times Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 Retrieved 30 March 2011 Petroglyphs of Ladakh The Withering Monuments tibetheritagefund org Sriram Jayant 20 October 2018 The petroglyphs of Ratnagiri The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 23 June 2021 Iran Petroglyphs سنگ نگاره های ایران Iran Petroglyphs iranrockart com Archived from the original on 19 July 2014 Foundation Bradshaw Middle East Rock Art Archive Iran Rock Art Gallery bradshawfoundation com Archaeologist uncovers the world s oldest drawings independent co uk 12 December 2016 Iran Petroglyphs Universal Common language book Iran Petrogylphs Ideogram Symbols book Rock Museums Rock Arts Iran Petroglyphs book For more information http iranrockart com Archived 2011 04 10 at the Wayback Machine http www bradshawfoundation com middle east iran rock art index php https www independent co uk news world middle east world oldest rock drawings archaeologist iran khomeyn mohammed naserifard a7470321 html http www hurriyetdailynews com deciphering irans ancient rock art aspx pageID 238 amp nID 107184 amp NewsCatID 375 http theiranproject com blog tag dr mohammed naserifard a b c Nobuhiro Yoshida 1994 The Handbook For Petrograph Fieldwork Chou Art Publishing ISBN 4 88639 699 2 p 57 Nobuhiro Yoshida 1994 The Handbook For Petrograph Fieldwork Chou Art Publishing ISBN 4 88639 699 2 p 54 Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai UNESCO World Heritage Centre Whc unesco org 2011 06 28 Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Fitzhugh William W and Kortum Richard 2012 Rock Art and Archaeology Investigating Ritual Landscape in the Mongolian Altai Field Report 2011 The Arctic Studies Center National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington D C British Rock Art Blog A Forum about Prehistoric Rock Art in the British Islands Rockartuk wordpress com Retrieved 18 August 2013 Photos Archived 2011 03 01 at the Wayback Machine Celticland com 2007 08 13 Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Umea Norrfors Europreart net Retrieved 18 August 2013 Choi Charles Call this ancient rock carving little horny man Science on NBC News 22 Feb 2012 Retrieved 9 April 2012 Settlers at La Silla www eso org Retrieved 6 June 2017 Llamas at La Silla ESO Picture of the Week Retrieved 29 April 2014 a b Ometepe Island Info El Ceibo ometepeislandinfo com Retrieved 5 March 2017 Petroglyph Provincial Park Nanaimo Vancouver Island BC Archived 2004 08 07 at the Wayback Machine Britishcolumbia com Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Petroglyph Park Gabriola Museum gabriolamuseum org Retrieved 14 April 2018 Bill Steer 27 July 2016 Petroglyphs Temagami s Rare Works of Art www northernontario travel Retrieved 23 August 2020 Keyser James D July 1992 Indian Rock Art of the Columbia Plateau University of Washington Press ISBN 978 0 295 97160 5 Moore Donald W Petroglyph Canyon Tours Desertusa com Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park Grimes Point National Recreation Trail Nevada BLM Archaeological Site Archived 2006 12 06 at the Wayback Machine Americantrails org 2012 01 13 Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Museums amp Historic Sites Archived 2007 07 05 at the Wayback Machine ohiohistory org Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Paint Lick Craborchardmuseum com Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 Retrieved 18 August 2013 Petroglyph National Monument U S National Park Service nps gov Three Rivers Petroglyph Site Archived 2007 06 18 at the Wayback Machine Nm blm gov 2012 09 13 Retrieved on 2013 02 12 Harmansah Omur ed 2014 Of Rocks and Water An Archaeology of Place 2014 Oxbow Books ISBN 1 78297 674 4 9781782976745 Rawson Jessica ed The British Museum Book of Chinese Art 2007 2nd edn British Museum Press ISBN 978 0 7141 2446 9 Sickman Laurence in Sickman L amp Soper A The Art and Architecture of China Pelican History of Art 3rd ed 1971 Penguin now Yale History of Art LOC 70 125675Further reading EditBeckensall Stan and Laurie Tim Prehistoric Rock Art of County Durham Swaledale and Wensleydale County Durham Books 1998 ISBN 1 897585 45 4 Beckensall Stan Prehistoric Rock Art in Northumberland Tempus Publishing 2001 ISBN 0 7524 1945 5External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petroglyphs Rock Art Studies A Bibliographic Database Bancroft Library s citations to rock art literature Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Petroglyph amp oldid 1169035159, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
