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Kars Province

March 14, 2023

Kars Province (Turkish: Kars ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Qersê;[3] Armenian: Կարսի նահանգ[4]) is a province of Turkey, located in the northeastern part of the country. It shares part of its closed border with Armenia. The provincial capital is the city of Kars. The provinces of Ardahan and Iğdır were part of Kars Province until the 1990s.

Kars Province
Kars ili
Province of Turkey
Kars city
Location of Kars Province in Turkey
CountryTurkey
RegionNortheast Anatolia
SubregionAğrı
Government
 • Electoral districtKars
 • GovernorEyüp Tepe[1]
Area
 • Total9,587 km2 (3,702 sq mi)
Population
 (2018)[2]
 • Total288,878
 • Density30/km2 (78/sq mi)
Area code0474
Vehicle registration36

History

In ancient times, Kars (Armenian: Կարս) was part of the province of Ararat in the Kingdom of Armenia. The first known people were the followers of Vanand (Վանանդ), for whom Kars was their main settlement and fortress. In 928, Kars became the capital of Bagratid Armenia. In 968, the capital of Armenia was moved to Ani, but Kars remained the capital of the feudal principality of Vanand.

The Seljuks quickly relinquished direct control over Kars and it became a small emirate whose territory corresponded closely to that of Vanand, and which bordered the similarly created but larger Shaddadid emirate centered at Ani. The Kars emirate was a vassal of the Saltukids in Erzurum, whose forces were effective in opposing Georgian attempts at seizing Kars. Later on, in 1207, Georgian and Armenian forces commanded by David Soslan and brothers Ivane and Zakare Zakarian-Mkhargrzeli captured Kars after a long siege. It was a part of Zakarid Armenia, principality under rule of Zakarians–Mkhargrdzeli, vassals of Bagrationi dynasty of Georgia. George IV son of Tamar, was appointed as a viceroy of Kars[citation needed]. It was conquered in 1242 by the Mongols; was regained by Georgian Kingdom during the reign of George V the Brilliant (1314–1346) and remained as part of the Kingdom before its disintegration, which then passed into the hands of Georgian Atabegs belonging to the House of Jaqeli[citation needed]. During the rule of the Persian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, the fortress of Kars, located in what was then the eastern part of the city, fell into disrepair. However, as Kars was within a border region its defensive structures were often renewed, and they continued to advance to such a degree, that in the 19th century Kars was well known around the world as a castle.

As a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877 to 1878, the province of Kars was incorporated into the Russian Empire as part of the militarily administered Kars Oblast and remained so until 1918. It was seen as a border province of a Russian Empire which was seeking to expand yet further by the conquest of more territory belonging to the Ottoman Empire.[5] The period from 1878 to 1918 was marked in the province of Kars by the settlement by the Russian authorities of a very heterogeneous mix of Christian populations, including Armenians, Caucasus Greeks, Russians, Georgians[citation needed], and even smaller numbers from other Christian communities hitherto with little or no historical links to the region, such as ethnic Germans, Poles, Estonians, Lithuanians, and Russian sectarian communities such as Molokans and Doukhobors. Many from the non-Russian Christian Orthodox communities (Georgians, Caucasus Greeks, and the minority of Armenians who were Lessor Orthodox) had themselves fought in or collaborated with the Russian Imperial army to capture Kars province from the Muslim Ottomans. They saw this as a means of fulfilling their own ambitions to recapture Christian territory on the back of the Russian imperial enterprise.[5][verification needed]

As a part of Turkey

In September 1935 the third Inspectorate General (Umumi Müfettişlik, UM) was created.[6] The Inspectorates Generals regions ruled with wide-ranging authority over the population in order to Turkefy its population.[7] The third UM span over the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Kars Gümüşhane, Erzincan and Ağrı. It was governed by a Inspector General seated in the city of Erzurum.[6][8] The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party.[9]

Demographics (1874–2017)

Nationality[10] 18741[11] 18972[12] 1916[13] 19273 19504 1965 2017[14]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % %
Turkic peoples 22,758 61.8% 103,457 35.6% 102,748 28.21 160,576 78.2% 311,400 75.9% 471,287 77.7% 66.8%
Kurds6 6,404 17.4% 42,968 14.8% 67,450 18.52 42,945 21% 94,847 23.1% 134,136 22.1% 33.2%
Armenians 5,014 13.6% 73,406 25.3% 118,217 32.46 21 0% 23 0% 5 0% —
Greeks 681 1.8% 32,593 11.2% 16,787 4.61 0 0% 13 0% 6 0% —
Slavs — — 31,099 10.7% 18,997 5.22 — — 565 0.1% 75 0% —
Others 1,965 5.3% 7,131 2.5% 40,015 10.99 1,688 0.8% 3,388 0.8% 804 0.1% —
1 Kars Eyalet salname,2 Russian Empire Census results in Kars Oblast, 3 First Turkish census concerning mother tongue in Kars Province (including Ardahan Province),
4 Includes Ardahan Province6 Includes Zazas and Yezidis.

Districts

 

Kars province is divided into 8 districts (ilçe), each named after the administrative center of the district:

There are 383 villages in Kars.

Kars nature, wildlife and ecotourism

Kars has a wealth of wildlife that is being documented by the Kars-Iğdır Biodiversity Project run by the KuzeyDoğa Society.[15] The project has recorded 356 of Turkey's 486 bird species in the region, including Ardahan and Iğdır provinces that were formerly part of Kars. At least 233 of these occur at Lake Kuyucuk,[16] that is the most important wetland in the region. Sarıkamış Forests in the south harbor Indian wolves, Syrian brown bear, Caucasian lynx and other animals, and Aras (Araxes) River wetlands comprise a key stop-over site for many migrating birds. Aras River Bird Research and Education Center at Yukarı Cıyrıklı village has recorded 303 bird species at this single location alone.

Economy

The economy of Kars Province is dominated by agriculture, livestock breeding and forestry. 85% of the active population in Kars Province are farmers or herders. 60% of the gross domestic income is received from those sectors. Industry, tourism and commerce is developing.[17]

The climate limits the cultivation of plants in the region. In Kağızman and Tuzluca, cotton, sugar beet, beans and vetches are grown. Vegetable gardening and orchards are not very developed. Wheat, barley, cotton and in small quantity tobacco are grown in the province.[17]

Livestock breeding in the region is more important than agriculture. Grassland, meadows and the rich vegetation led to the development of livestock breeding. The grassland and meadows, which make out 70% of the area of Kars Province, are capable of providing at least ten times of the current livestock potential's breeding. Kars is the biggest cattle breeding province in Turkey, and is the center of livestock trade.[17] Efforts are being made to increase goose breeding, which is very special to Kars region. Aside its meat taking a special place in the Kars cuisine, goose liver and down feather started already to be exported to Europe.[18][19]

Kars Province is not abundant with woods although the region is favorable for forests. Only 4% of the province area is covered with woods. Scots Pine, spruce and alder are the tree species most found in the woods of Kars. Around 15,000 m3 (530,000 cu ft) timber is produced by logging in forestry.[17]

Ore beds of rock salt, arsenic, asbestos, magnesite, gypsum and perlite are explored, however, only rock salt is mined.[17]

Main industrial plants in Kars are of meat processing, livestock feed processing, gristmill, yarn, tannery, footwear, cement and brick factories.[17]

Cuisine

Among the most famous food products special to Kars region are Kars honey, Kars Kasseri, Kars Gruyère cheese, which tastes like Swiss Emmental cheese, and Kars style roasted goose.[20][21][22]

Monuments

Kars contains numerous monuments, the most notable being the ruined Armenian city of Ani and the 9th century Church of the Apostles.

In popular culture

Kars was the setting for the popular novel Snow by Orhan Pamuk.

The Siege of Kars, 1855 is a book published by The Stationery Office, 2000, and is an account of its defence and capitulation as reported by one General Williams, one of many British officers lent to the Turkish army to lead garrisons and train regiments in the war against Russia.

In the book, Life and Times of Alexis Zorbas by Nikos Kazantzakis, Zorbas talks about his visit to the Kars province in order to find work and where he also attended an extravagant wedding in Kars.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Müdürlüğü, Kars Valiliği Bilgi İşlem Şube. "T.C. Kars Valilği". www.kars.gov.tr.
  2. ^ "Population of provinces by years - 2000-2018". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  3. ^ "Li Qersê 12 kes hatin desteserkirin" (in Kurdish). Rûdaw. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  4. ^ "111-ամյա տատիկը՝ ծննդավայր Կարսի կարոտով" (in Armenian). Azatutyun. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  5. ^ a b Coene, Frederik, 'The Caucasus - An Introduction', (2011)
  6. ^ a b "Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri". Dergipark. p. 2. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  7. ^ Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 244–247. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  8. ^ Bayir, Derya (2016-04-22). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8.
  9. ^ Fleet, Kate; Kunt, I. Metin; Kasaba, Reşat; Faroqhi, Suraiya (2008-04-17). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
  10. ^ Fuat Dündar (2000). Türkiye Nüfus Sayımlarında Azınlıklar (in Turkish). ISBN 97 5-80 86-77-4.
  11. ^ Georg Kobro (1991). Das Gebiet von Kars und Ardahan (in German). Munich.
  12. ^ "Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России" (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  13. ^ [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 198–201. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
  14. ^ Deniz Özyakişir (October 2017). "Göç olgusuna etnik kimlik açısından bir yaklaşım: kars örneği" (PDF) (in Turkish): 1133. Retrieved 19 January 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ "kuzeydoga".
  16. ^ . www.kuyucuk.org. Archived from the original on 2008-03-02.
  17. ^ a b c d e f "Kars-Ekonomik Faaliyetler" (in Turkish). Coğrafya Dünyası. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  18. ^ Küpeli, Mustafa (2011-12-11). "Kaz Kars, Ardahan ve Bölge için Bir Ekonomik Potansiyeldir". Serhat'ın Sesi Siyasal Birikim (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  19. ^ . Yeni Umut Gazetesi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2013-03-28. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  20. ^ Yaşin, Mehmet (2007-01-21). "Kars'ta kaz kebabı ziyafeti". Hürriyet Yazarlar (in Turkish). Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  21. ^ Taşdemir, Yüksel Turan. "Kars Kazı, Kars Kars kaşarı , Kars Grevyeri, Kars Balı ve Bu Yöreye Özel Besinler" (in Turkish). Tavsiye Ediyorum. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  22. ^ "Kars usulu Kaz / Kars style roasted goose". Turkish cuisine. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-07.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kars Province.
  • Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Kars (province)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 682–683.
  • (in Turkish) Kars governor's official website
  • (in Turkish) Kars municipality's official website
  • (in English)
  • (in Turkish) Kars Daily News
  • (in English)
  • Pictures of the city of Kars and of nearby Ani
  • (in English) Serhat Development Agency information on Kars

Coordinates: 40°27′17″N 43°03′37″E / 40.45472°N 43.06028°E / 40.45472; 43.06028

March 14, 2023
kars, province, turkish, kars, kurdish, parêzgeha, qersê, armenian, Կարսի, նահանգ, province, turkey, located, northeastern, part, country, shares, part, closed, border, with, armenia, provincial, capital, city, kars, provinces, ardahan, iğdır, were, part, unti. Kars Province Turkish Kars ili Kurdish Parezgeha Qerse 3 Armenian Կարսի նահանգ 4 is a province of Turkey located in the northeastern part of the country It shares part of its closed border with Armenia The provincial capital is the city of Kars The provinces of Ardahan and Igdir were part of Kars Province until the 1990s Kars Province Kars iliProvince of TurkeyKars cityLocation of Kars Province in TurkeyCountryTurkeyRegionNortheast AnatoliaSubregionAgriGovernment Electoral districtKars GovernorEyup Tepe 1 Area Total9 587 km2 3 702 sq mi Population 2018 2 Total288 878 Density30 km2 78 sq mi Area code0474Vehicle registration36 Contents 1 History 1 1 As a part of Turkey 2 Demographics 1874 2017 3 Districts 4 Kars nature wildlife and ecotourism 5 Economy 6 Cuisine 7 Monuments 8 In popular culture 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksHistory EditIn ancient times Kars Armenian Կարս was part of the province of Ararat in the Kingdom of Armenia The first known people were the followers of Vanand Վանանդ for whom Kars was their main settlement and fortress In 928 Kars became the capital of Bagratid Armenia In 968 the capital of Armenia was moved to Ani but Kars remained the capital of the feudal principality of Vanand The Seljuks quickly relinquished direct control over Kars and it became a small emirate whose territory corresponded closely to that of Vanand and which bordered the similarly created but larger Shaddadid emirate centered at Ani The Kars emirate was a vassal of the Saltukids in Erzurum whose forces were effective in opposing Georgian attempts at seizing Kars Later on in 1207 Georgian and Armenian forces commanded by David Soslan and brothers Ivane and Zakare Zakarian Mkhargrzeli captured Kars after a long siege It was a part of Zakarid Armenia principality under rule of Zakarians Mkhargrdzeli vassals of Bagrationi dynasty of Georgia George IV son of Tamar was appointed as a viceroy of Kars citation needed It was conquered in 1242 by the Mongols was regained by Georgian Kingdom during the reign of George V the Brilliant 1314 1346 and remained as part of the Kingdom before its disintegration which then passed into the hands of Georgian Atabegs belonging to the House of Jaqeli citation needed During the rule of the Persian Empire and the Ottoman Empire the fortress of Kars located in what was then the eastern part of the city fell into disrepair However as Kars was within a border region its defensive structures were often renewed and they continued to advance to such a degree that in the 19th century Kars was well known around the world as a castle As a result of the Russo Turkish War of 1877 to 1878 the province of Kars was incorporated into the Russian Empire as part of the militarily administered Kars Oblast and remained so until 1918 It was seen as a border province of a Russian Empire which was seeking to expand yet further by the conquest of more territory belonging to the Ottoman Empire 5 The period from 1878 to 1918 was marked in the province of Kars by the settlement by the Russian authorities of a very heterogeneous mix of Christian populations including Armenians Caucasus Greeks Russians Georgians citation needed and even smaller numbers from other Christian communities hitherto with little or no historical links to the region such as ethnic Germans Poles Estonians Lithuanians and Russian sectarian communities such as Molokans and Doukhobors Many from the non Russian Christian Orthodox communities Georgians Caucasus Greeks and the minority of Armenians who were Lessor Orthodox had themselves fought in or collaborated with the Russian Imperial army to capture Kars province from the Muslim Ottomans They saw this as a means of fulfilling their own ambitions to recapture Christian territory on the back of the Russian imperial enterprise 5 verification needed As a part of Turkey Edit In September 1935 the third Inspectorate General Umumi Mufettislik UM was created 6 The Inspectorates Generals regions ruled with wide ranging authority over the population in order to Turkefy its population 7 The third UM span over the provinces of Erzurum Artvin Rize Trabzon Kars Gumushane Erzincan and Agri It was governed by a Inspector General seated in the city of Erzurum 6 8 The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during the Government of the Democrat Party 9 Demographics 1874 2017 EditNationality 10 18741 11 18972 12 1916 13 19273 19504 1965 2017 14 Number Number Number Number Number Number Turkic peoples 22 758 61 8 103 457 35 6 102 748 28 21 160 576 78 2 311 400 75 9 471 287 77 7 66 8 Kurds6 6 404 17 4 42 968 14 8 67 450 18 52 42 945 21 94 847 23 1 134 136 22 1 33 2 Armenians 5 014 13 6 73 406 25 3 118 217 32 46 21 0 23 0 5 0 Greeks 681 1 8 32 593 11 2 16 787 4 61 0 0 13 0 6 0 Slavs 31 099 10 7 18 997 5 22 565 0 1 75 0 Others 1 965 5 3 7 131 2 5 40 015 10 99 1 688 0 8 3 388 0 8 804 0 1 1 Kars Eyalet salname 2 Russian Empire Census results in Kars Oblast 3 First Turkish census concerning mother tongue in Kars Province including Ardahan Province 4 Includes Ardahan Province6 Includes Zazas and Yezidis Districts Edit Kars province is divided into 8 districts ilce each named after the administrative center of the district Akyaka Arpacay Digor Kagizman Kars Sarikamis Selim Susuz There are 383 villages in Kars Kars nature wildlife and ecotourism Edit The church of St Gregory of the Abughamrents in Ani Kars has a wealth of wildlife that is being documented by the Kars Igdir Biodiversity Project run by the KuzeyDoga Society 15 The project has recorded 356 of Turkey s 486 bird species in the region including Ardahan and Igdir provinces that were formerly part of Kars At least 233 of these occur at Lake Kuyucuk 16 that is the most important wetland in the region Sarikamis Forests in the south harbor Indian wolves Syrian brown bear Caucasian lynx and other animals and Aras Araxes River wetlands comprise a key stop over site for many migrating birds Aras River Bird Research and Education Center at Yukari Ciyrikli village has recorded 303 bird species at this single location alone Economy EditThe economy of Kars Province is dominated by agriculture livestock breeding and forestry 85 of the active population in Kars Province are farmers or herders 60 of the gross domestic income is received from those sectors Industry tourism and commerce is developing 17 The climate limits the cultivation of plants in the region In Kagizman and Tuzluca cotton sugar beet beans and vetches are grown Vegetable gardening and orchards are not very developed Wheat barley cotton and in small quantity tobacco are grown in the province 17 Livestock breeding in the region is more important than agriculture Grassland meadows and the rich vegetation led to the development of livestock breeding The grassland and meadows which make out 70 of the area of Kars Province are capable of providing at least ten times of the current livestock potential s breeding Kars is the biggest cattle breeding province in Turkey and is the center of livestock trade 17 Efforts are being made to increase goose breeding which is very special to Kars region Aside its meat taking a special place in the Kars cuisine goose liver and down feather started already to be exported to Europe 18 19 Kars Province is not abundant with woods although the region is favorable for forests Only 4 of the province area is covered with woods Scots Pine spruce and alder are the tree species most found in the woods of Kars Around 15 000 m3 530 000 cu ft timber is produced by logging in forestry 17 Ore beds of rock salt arsenic asbestos magnesite gypsum and perlite are explored however only rock salt is mined 17 Main industrial plants in Kars are of meat processing livestock feed processing gristmill yarn tannery footwear cement and brick factories 17 Cuisine EditAmong the most famous food products special to Kars region are Kars honey Kars Kasseri Kars Gruyere cheese which tastes like Swiss Emmental cheese and Kars style roasted goose 20 21 22 Monuments EditKars contains numerous monuments the most notable being the ruined Armenian city of Ani and the 9th century Church of the Apostles In popular culture EditKars was the setting for the popular novel Snow by Orhan Pamuk The Siege of Kars 1855 is a book published by The Stationery Office 2000 and is an account of its defence and capitulation as reported by one General Williams one of many British officers lent to the Turkish army to lead garrisons and train regiments in the war against Russia In the book Life and Times of Alexis Zorbas by Nikos Kazantzakis Zorbas talks about his visit to the Kars province in order to find work and where he also attended an extravagant wedding in Kars Gallery Edit Kars city center Ruins of Ani Ataturk monument in Sarikamis A ruined bridge in Ani Kars AirportSee also EditList of populated places in Kars ProvinceReferences Edit Mudurlugu Kars Valiligi Bilgi Islem Sube T C Kars Valilgi www kars gov tr Population of provinces by years 2000 2018 Turkish Statistical Institute Retrieved 9 March 2019 Li Qerse 12 kes hatin desteserkirin in Kurdish Rudaw 23 July 2019 Retrieved 27 April 2020 111 ամյա տատիկը ծննդավայր Կարսի կարոտով in Armenian Azatutyun 24 April 2020 Retrieved 27 April 2020 a b Coene Frederik The Caucasus An Introduction 2011 a b Ucuncu Umumi Mufettisligi nin Kurulmasi ve III Umumi Mufettis Tahsin Uzer in Bazi Onemli Faaliyetleri Dergipark p 2 Retrieved 8 April 2020 Ungor Umut Young Turk social engineering mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey 1913 1950 PDF University of Amsterdam pp 244 247 Retrieved 8 April 2020 Bayir Derya 2016 04 22 Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law Routledge pp 139 141 ISBN 978 1 317 09579 8 Fleet Kate Kunt I Metin Kasaba Resat Faroqhi Suraiya 2008 04 17 The Cambridge History of Turkey Cambridge University Press p 343 ISBN 978 0 521 62096 3 Fuat Dundar 2000 Turkiye Nufus Sayimlarinda Azinliklar in Turkish ISBN 97 5 80 86 77 4 Georg Kobro 1991 Das Gebiet von Kars und Ardahan in German Munich Pervaya vseobshaya perepis naseleniya Rossijskoj Imperii 1897 g Raspredelenie naseleniya po rodnomu yazyku i uezdam Rossijskoj Imperii krome gubernij Evropejskoj Rossii in Russian Demoskop Weekly Retrieved 19 January 2020 Kavkazskij kalendar na 1917 god Caucasian calendar for 1917 in Russian 72nd ed Tiflis Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye I V na Kavkaze kazenny dom 1917 pp 198 201 Archived from the original on 4 November 2021 Deniz Ozyakisir October 2017 Goc olgusuna etnik kimlik acisindan bir yaklasim kars ornegi PDF in Turkish 1133 Retrieved 19 January 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help kuzeydoga Kuyucuk Lake Project www kuyucuk org Archived from the original on 2008 03 02 a b c d e f Kars Ekonomik Faaliyetler in Turkish Cografya Dunyasi Retrieved 2013 04 07 Kupeli Mustafa 2011 12 11 Kaz Kars Ardahan ve Bolge icin Bir Ekonomik Potansiyeldir Serhat in Sesi Siyasal Birikim in Turkish Archived from the original on 2013 07 06 Retrieved 2013 04 07 Kars tan Almanya ya Kaz Tuyu Ihrac Edildi Yeni Umut Gazetesi in Turkish Archived from the original on 2013 03 28 Retrieved 2013 04 07 Yasin Mehmet 2007 01 21 Kars ta kaz kebabi ziyafeti Hurriyet Yazarlar in Turkish Retrieved 2013 04 07 Tasdemir Yuksel Turan Kars Kazi Kars Kars kasari Kars Grevyeri Kars Bali ve Bu Yoreye Ozel Besinler in Turkish Tavsiye Ediyorum Retrieved 2013 04 07 Kars usulu Kaz Kars style roasted goose Turkish cuisine 26 January 2012 Retrieved 2013 04 07 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kars Province Bealby John Thomas 1911 Kars province Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed pp 682 683 in Turkish Kars governor s official website in Turkish Kars municipality s official website in English The official city guide of the Kars municipality in Turkish Kars Daily News in English Kars weather forecast information Pictures of the city of Kars and of nearby Ani in English Serhat Development Agency information on KarsCoordinates 40 27 17 N 43 03 37 E 40 45472 N 43 06028 E 40 45472 43 06028 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kars Province amp oldid 1140561430, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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