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Hakkâri Province

January 16, 2023

Hakkâri Province (pronounced [hacːaːɾi], Turkish: Hakkâri ili, Kurdish: Parêzgeha Colemêrg[2]), is a province in the southeast of Turkey.[3] The administrative centre is the city of Hakkâri. The province had a population of 278,218 in 2021.[1] The current Governor is İdris Akbıyık.[4]

Hakkâri Province
Province
Hakkâri Province
CountryTurkey
SeatHakkâri
Government
 • Governorİdris Akbıyık
Area
7,121 km2 (2,749 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[1]
278,178
 • Density39/km2 (100/sq mi)
Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Websitehakkari.gov.tr

The province is a stronghold for Kurdish nationalism and a hotspot in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[5][6]

Districts

 
Districts of Hakkâri province

Hakkâri province is divided into five districts (capital district in bold):

Demographics

Hakkari Province is located in Turkish Kurdistan[7] and has an overwhelmingly Kurdish population.[8] The province is tribal and most of the Kurds adhere to the Shafiʽi school with the Naqshbandi order having a strong presence around Şemdinli.[9] The Kurdish tribes in the province include the Doski, Ertuşi, Gerdi, Herki, Jirki and Pinyaniş.[10] The area had a significant Christian Assyrian population from various tribes before the Assyrian genocide in 1915. The Assyrian tribes in the region were Jilu, Dez, Baz, Tkhuma, Tal and Tyari.[11] Relations between Assyrians and Kurds have been described as 'tense coexistence' due to the ability to coexist despite the recurring disputes over land and life stock and robbery of each other and of travelers. Assyrian resentment in the region was more directed towards the Ottomans than the Kurds, due to the Ottoman hostility towards the Christian minority, viewing them as a disloyal non-Muslim component.[12]

Hakkari Sanjak, part of Van Vilayet, had a population of 5,896 in 1881-1882 of which 81.9% was Muslim and 18.1% Christian.[13]

98.8% of the population was Muslim, while Jews constituted the largest religious minority with 0.1% in the 1945 census. Only one Christian was enumerated in 1945, being from the Protestant denomination.[14] In the same census, Kurdish and Turkish were the first language for 87.8% and 11.4% of the population, respectively.[15] The Jewish population in province left for Israel shortly after 1948.[16] In the 1950 census, 89.5% of the population spoke Kurdish as first language, while the second largest first language was Turkish being 9%.[17] In the subsequent census of 1955, Kurdish constituted the first language for 88.4% of the population and Turkish for 11.5%. The same census found 100% of the population to be Muslim.[18] Kurdish and Turkish remained the two largest first languages in the 1960 census for 80.7% and 19.2% of the population, respectively.[19] As with the previous census, Muslims constituted 100% of the population.[20] In the last census conducted in Turkey in 1965, Kurdish remained the largest first language with 86.2%, while Turkish remained the second largest first language at 12.3%.[21] 99.1% of the population was Muslim and 0.8% was Christian in 1965.[22]

In 1980, the only language spoken in rural parts was Kurdish while both Kurdish and Turkish were spoken in urban areas, due to the presence of military and civil officials from other parts of Turkey.[23]

History

Following the devastation of the urban centers of Mesopotamia at the hands of Timur, a military leader operating under the guise of restoring the Mongol Empire, he was known as "the Sword of Islam." His conquest of Baghdad and the general area, especially the destruction of Tikrit, affected the Syrian Orthodox Church which sheltered near Nineveh at Mar Mattai Monastery. Following the destruction of Christians in the region, the Ismailis and Sunni and Shi'a Muslims was attacked indiscriminately by Timur during the second part of the 14th century. The few survivors sought refuge among the Assyrians of Hakkari and the surrounding region. This region also produced many bishops and patriarchs as hereditary succession was used to prevent a full ecclesiastical collapse of the church. By the 16th century, the Assyrians disappeared from many cities where they previously thrived, such as in Tabriz and Nisibis. The head of the Church of the East moved from Baghdad to Maragheh by 1553.[24]

Ottoman control

Main article: Emirate of Hakkâri

Although the region was nominally under Ottoman control since the 16th century, it was administered as Emirate of Hakkâri by its Kurdish and Assyrian inhabitants.[25][26] Kurds also settled Armenian farmers in the region.[27] The situation changed after the Badr Khan rule and the Tanzimat reforms as the Ottomans were now able to extend their full control unopposed.[28] The region was part of Van Vilayet during the Ottoman era as Hakkari sanjak with Başkale serving as capital, except from 1880 to 1888 where it was elevated to vilayet status.[12] As of 1920, Hakkari was producing lead. The lead, which came from a government owned mine, was used to make bullets.[29]

Massacres of Badr Khan

Main article: Massacres of Badr Khan

In the 19th century, several competing Kurdish centers began emerging in the region. Mir Muhammed, the Kurdish Emir of the Soran Emirate, situated around Rawandiz was able to depose his rivals and control a region stretching from Mardin to Persian Azerbaijan.[30] He was however defeated in battle when he tried to subdue the Assyrians of Hakkari in 1838. The Ottomans, seeking to consolidate their control of the region, engaged him in a costly war which eventually led to the dissolution of his Emirate.[31] After the fall of his main rival, Bedir Khan Beg of Bohtan sought to extend his dominion by annexing the Assyrian regions in Hakkari.[32] He took advantage of a rift between the patriarch Shimun XVII Abraham and Nur Allah, the Emir of Hakkari. Bedir Khan allied with Nur Allah and attacked the Assyrians of Hakkari in the summer of 1843, massacring them and taking those who survived as slaves. Another massacre was inflicted in 1846 on the Tyari tribe, also residing in Hakkari. The western powers, alarmed by the massacres pressured the Ottomans to intervene and the Emir of Bohtan was ultimately defeated and exiled to Crete in 1847.[33]

Genocide and exodus

On the eve of the First World War, patriarch Shimun XIX Benyamin was promised preferential treatment in anticipation of the war.[34] Shortly after the war began, however, Assyrian and Armenian settlements to the north of Hakkari were attacked and sacked by Kurdish irregulars allied with the Ottoman Army in the Assyrian genocide.[35][36] Others were forced into labour battalions and later executed.[37]

The turning point was when the patriarch's brother was taken prisoner as he was studying in Constantinople. The Ottomans demanded Assyrian neutrality and executed him as a warning.[38][39] In return, the patriarch declared war on the Ottomans on 10 April 1915.[38]

The Assyrians were immediately attacked by Kurdish irregulars backed by the Ottomans, driving most of the Assyrians of Hakkari to the mountain tops, as those who stayed in their villages were killed.[38] Shimun Benjamin was able to move unnoticed to Urmia, which at the time was under Russian control, and tried to persuade them to send a relief force to the besieged Assyrians.[38] When the Russians replied that the request was unreasonable, he returned to Hakkari and led the surviving 50,000 Assyrians through the mountains to safety in Urmia.[38] Thousands perished from cold and hunger during this march.[38] In 1924, Turkey expelled the last Christian inhabitants in the region.[40]

In Turkey

In order to Turkify the local population,[41] in June 1927 the Law 1164 was passed[42] which allowed the creation of Inspectorates-General (Umumi Müffetişlik, UM).[43] The province therefore was included in the so-called First Inspectorate General, which span over the provinces of Hakkâri, Siirt, Van, Mardin, Bitlis, Sanlıurfa, Elaziğ, and Diyarbakır.[44] The first UM was created on the 1 January 1928 and centered in Diyarbakır.[45] The UM was governed by an Inspector General, who governed with a wide-ranging authority over civilian, juridical and military matters.[43] The office of the Inspector General was dissolved in 1952 during the government of the Democrat Party.[46] Hakkari though was still banned for foreign citizens until 1965.[44]

From July 1987 to August 2002 Hakkari was within the OHAL state of emergency region.[47] It was Governed by a so-called Supergovernor, who was invested with additional powers than a normal Governor. He was given authority over all the other provincial Governors in the OHAL area and also the power to permanently relocate and resettle the village's population.[48]

Population statistics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
192724,980—    
194036,446+2.95%
195044,207+1.95%
196067,766+4.36%
1970102,312+4.21%
1980155,463+4.27%
1990172,479+1.04%
2000236,581+3.21%
2010251,302+0.61%
2018286,470+1.65%
source:[49][50]

See also

Bibliography

  • Aboona, H (2008), Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: intercommunal relations on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire, Cambria Press, ISBN 978-1-60497-583-3
  • Alexander, V (1994) [1994], The First Civilization, Victor Alexander, ISBN 978-1-4486-7089-5
  • Dündar, Fuat (2000), Türkiye nüfus sayımlarında azınlıklar (in Turkish), ISBN 9789758086771
  • Gaunt, D; Beṯ-Şawoce, J (2006), Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I, Gorgias Press, ISBN 978-1-59333-301-0
  • McDowall, D (2000), A modern history of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0.
  • Nisan, M (2002) [1991], Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-1375-1.
  • Stafford, R (2006) [1935], The Tragedy of the Assyrians, Gorgias Press, ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0

References

  1. ^ a b "31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Li Colemêrgê boriyên gaza xwezayî hatin danîn" (in Kurdish). Rûdaw. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  4. ^ "T.C. Hakkari Valiliği". www.hakkari.gov.tr. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
  5. ^ Birch, Nicholas (21 May 2010). "PKK's Nihilism Fostering Divisions among Turkey's Kurds". Eurasia.
  6. ^ Kissane, Bill (2014). After Civil War: Division, Reconstruction, and Reconciliation in Contemporary Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 170. ISBN 9780812290301.
  7. ^ Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Allison, Christine (1966). Kurdish Culture and Identity. Zed Books. p. 143. ISBN 9781856493291.
  8. ^ Watts, Nicole F. (2010). Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity). University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295990507.
  9. ^ "124 - Proche-Orient, géopolitique de la crise (premier trimestre 2007) Le Kurdistan irakien". Hérodote (in French). 2007.
  10. ^ aşiretler Raporu (in Turkish) (3 ed.). Kaynak Yayınları. 2014. pp. 153–159. ISBN 978-975-343-220-7.
  11. ^ Becker, Adam H. (2015). Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism. University of Chicago Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780226145457.
  12. ^ a b Coakley, James F. "Hakkari". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  13. ^ Karpat, Kemal (1985). Ottoman population 1830-1914. The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780299091606.
  14. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 176.
  15. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 177.
  16. ^ Özgen, Özden (2016). "Hakkari bölgesinde yaşamış dini topluluklar". İnsan Kaynakları ve Eğitim Müdürü (in Turkish): 48.
  17. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 186.
  18. ^ Dündar (2000), pp. 197–198.
  19. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 207.
  20. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 211.
  21. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 218.
  22. ^ Dündar (2000), p. 222.
  23. ^ Peter Alfred, Andrews; Benninghaus, Rüdiger, eds. (1989). Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey. p. 212.
  24. ^ Alexander 1994, p. 36
  25. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 2.
  26. ^ Sinclair, T. A. (1989-12-31). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. Pindar Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-907132-32-5.
  27. ^ Eppel, Michael (2016). A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism. University of Texas Press. p. 58. ISBN 9781477311073.
  28. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 3
  29. ^ Prothero, W. G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 71.
  30. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 173
  31. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 174
  32. ^ Aboona 2008, p. 179
  33. ^ McDowall 2000, p. 47
  34. ^ Stafford 2006, p. 23
  35. ^ Stafford 2006, p. 24
  36. ^ Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 134
  37. ^ Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 136
  38. ^ a b c d e f Stafford 2006, p. 25
  39. ^ Yusuf, Malik. "The Assyrian Tragedy". www.aina.org. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  40. ^ Nisan 2002, p. 188
  41. ^ Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. pp. 244–247. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  42. ^ Aydogan, Erdal. "Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği'nin Kurulması ve III. Umumî Müfettiş Tahsin Uzer'in Bazı Önemli Faaliyetleri". Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  43. ^ a b Bayir, Derya (2016-04-22). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law. Routledge. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-317-09579-8.
  44. ^ a b Jongerden, Joost (2007-01-01). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War. BRILL. p. 53. ISBN 978-90-04-15557-2.
  45. ^ Umut, Üngör. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 258. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  46. ^ Bozarslan, Hamit (2008-04-17). Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat; Kunt, I. Metin (eds.). The Cambridge History of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
  47. ^ "Case of Dogan and others v. Turkey" (PDF). p. 21. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  48. ^ Jongerden, Joost (2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds. Brill. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-90-47-42011-8.
  49. ^ Genel Nüfus Sayımları
  50. ^ tuik

Further reading

  • Corut, Ilker (2020). "Ethno‐political subordination and patient dissatisfaction: The Kurdish case in Hakkâri during the AKP period in Turkey, 2003–2013". Journal of the Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism. 26 (3): 553–575. doi:10.1111/nana.12545. S2CID 198681175.
  • Sinclair, Thomas A. (2020), "Hakkari", Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. Three, Brill Publishers, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30218

Coordinates: 37°27′58″N 44°03′52″E / 37.46611°N 44.06444°E / 37.46611; 44.06444

January 16, 2023
hakkâri, province, pronounced, hacːaːɾi, turkish, hakkâri, kurdish, parêzgeha, colemêrg, province, southeast, turkey, administrative, centre, city, hakkâri, province, population, 2021, current, governor, idris, akbıyık, provincecountryturkeyseathakkârigovernme. Hakkari Province pronounced hacːaːɾi Turkish Hakkari ili Kurdish Parezgeha Colemerg 2 is a province in the southeast of Turkey 3 The administrative centre is the city of Hakkari The province had a population of 278 218 in 2021 1 The current Governor is Idris Akbiyik 4 Hakkari ProvinceProvinceHakkari ProvinceCountryTurkeySeatHakkariGovernment GovernorIdris AkbiyikArea7 121 km2 2 749 sq mi Population 2021 1 278 178 Density39 km2 100 sq mi Time zoneTRT UTC 3 Websitehakkari gov trThe province is a stronghold for Kurdish nationalism and a hotspot in the Kurdish Turkish conflict 5 6 Contents 1 Districts 2 Demographics 3 History 3 1 Ottoman control 3 1 1 Massacres of Badr Khan 3 1 2 Genocide and exodus 3 2 In Turkey 4 Population statistics 5 See also 6 Bibliography 7 References 8 Further readingDistricts Edit Districts of Hakkari province Hakkari province is divided into five districts capital district in bold Cukurca District Derecik District since 2018 Hakkari District Semdinli District Yuksekova DistrictDemographics EditHakkari Province is located in Turkish Kurdistan 7 and has an overwhelmingly Kurdish population 8 The province is tribal and most of the Kurds adhere to the Shafiʽi school with the Naqshbandi order having a strong presence around Semdinli 9 The Kurdish tribes in the province include the Doski Ertusi Gerdi Herki Jirki and Pinyanis 10 The area had a significant Christian Assyrian population from various tribes before the Assyrian genocide in 1915 The Assyrian tribes in the region were Jilu Dez Baz Tkhuma Tal and Tyari 11 Relations between Assyrians and Kurds have been described as tense coexistence due to the ability to coexist despite the recurring disputes over land and life stock and robbery of each other and of travelers Assyrian resentment in the region was more directed towards the Ottomans than the Kurds due to the Ottoman hostility towards the Christian minority viewing them as a disloyal non Muslim component 12 Hakkari Sanjak part of Van Vilayet had a population of 5 896 in 1881 1882 of which 81 9 was Muslim and 18 1 Christian 13 98 8 of the population was Muslim while Jews constituted the largest religious minority with 0 1 in the 1945 census Only one Christian was enumerated in 1945 being from the Protestant denomination 14 In the same census Kurdish and Turkish were the first language for 87 8 and 11 4 of the population respectively 15 The Jewish population in province left for Israel shortly after 1948 16 In the 1950 census 89 5 of the population spoke Kurdish as first language while the second largest first language was Turkish being 9 17 In the subsequent census of 1955 Kurdish constituted the first language for 88 4 of the population and Turkish for 11 5 The same census found 100 of the population to be Muslim 18 Kurdish and Turkish remained the two largest first languages in the 1960 census for 80 7 and 19 2 of the population respectively 19 As with the previous census Muslims constituted 100 of the population 20 In the last census conducted in Turkey in 1965 Kurdish remained the largest first language with 86 2 while Turkish remained the second largest first language at 12 3 21 99 1 of the population was Muslim and 0 8 was Christian in 1965 22 In 1980 the only language spoken in rural parts was Kurdish while both Kurdish and Turkish were spoken in urban areas due to the presence of military and civil officials from other parts of Turkey 23 History EditFollowing the devastation of the urban centers of Mesopotamia at the hands of Timur a military leader operating under the guise of restoring the Mongol Empire he was known as the Sword of Islam His conquest of Baghdad and the general area especially the destruction of Tikrit affected the Syrian Orthodox Church which sheltered near Nineveh at Mar Mattai Monastery Following the destruction of Christians in the region the Ismailis and Sunni and Shi a Muslims was attacked indiscriminately by Timur during the second part of the 14th century The few survivors sought refuge among the Assyrians of Hakkari and the surrounding region This region also produced many bishops and patriarchs as hereditary succession was used to prevent a full ecclesiastical collapse of the church By the 16th century the Assyrians disappeared from many cities where they previously thrived such as in Tabriz and Nisibis The head of the Church of the East moved from Baghdad to Maragheh by 1553 24 Ottoman control Edit Main article Emirate of Hakkari Although the region was nominally under Ottoman control since the 16th century it was administered as Emirate of Hakkari by its Kurdish and Assyrian inhabitants 25 26 Kurds also settled Armenian farmers in the region 27 The situation changed after the Badr Khan rule and the Tanzimat reforms as the Ottomans were now able to extend their full control unopposed 28 The region was part of Van Vilayet during the Ottoman era as Hakkari sanjak with Baskale serving as capital except from 1880 to 1888 where it was elevated to vilayet status 12 As of 1920 Hakkari was producing lead The lead which came from a government owned mine was used to make bullets 29 Massacres of Badr Khan Edit Main article Massacres of Badr Khan In the 19th century several competing Kurdish centers began emerging in the region Mir Muhammed the Kurdish Emir of the Soran Emirate situated around Rawandiz was able to depose his rivals and control a region stretching from Mardin to Persian Azerbaijan 30 He was however defeated in battle when he tried to subdue the Assyrians of Hakkari in 1838 The Ottomans seeking to consolidate their control of the region engaged him in a costly war which eventually led to the dissolution of his Emirate 31 After the fall of his main rival Bedir Khan Beg of Bohtan sought to extend his dominion by annexing the Assyrian regions in Hakkari 32 He took advantage of a rift between the patriarch Shimun XVII Abraham and Nur Allah the Emir of Hakkari Bedir Khan allied with Nur Allah and attacked the Assyrians of Hakkari in the summer of 1843 massacring them and taking those who survived as slaves Another massacre was inflicted in 1846 on the Tyari tribe also residing in Hakkari The western powers alarmed by the massacres pressured the Ottomans to intervene and the Emir of Bohtan was ultimately defeated and exiled to Crete in 1847 33 Genocide and exodus Edit On the eve of the First World War patriarch Shimun XIX Benyamin was promised preferential treatment in anticipation of the war 34 Shortly after the war began however Assyrian and Armenian settlements to the north of Hakkari were attacked and sacked by Kurdish irregulars allied with the Ottoman Army in the Assyrian genocide 35 36 Others were forced into labour battalions and later executed 37 The turning point was when the patriarch s brother was taken prisoner as he was studying in Constantinople The Ottomans demanded Assyrian neutrality and executed him as a warning 38 39 In return the patriarch declared war on the Ottomans on 10 April 1915 38 The Assyrians were immediately attacked by Kurdish irregulars backed by the Ottomans driving most of the Assyrians of Hakkari to the mountain tops as those who stayed in their villages were killed 38 Shimun Benjamin was able to move unnoticed to Urmia which at the time was under Russian control and tried to persuade them to send a relief force to the besieged Assyrians 38 When the Russians replied that the request was unreasonable he returned to Hakkari and led the surviving 50 000 Assyrians through the mountains to safety in Urmia 38 Thousands perished from cold and hunger during this march 38 In 1924 Turkey expelled the last Christian inhabitants in the region 40 In Turkey Edit In order to Turkify the local population 41 in June 1927 the Law 1164 was passed 42 which allowed the creation of Inspectorates General Umumi Muffetislik UM 43 The province therefore was included in the so called First Inspectorate General which span over the provinces of Hakkari Siirt Van Mardin Bitlis Sanliurfa Elazig and Diyarbakir 44 The first UM was created on the 1 January 1928 and centered in Diyarbakir 45 The UM was governed by an Inspector General who governed with a wide ranging authority over civilian juridical and military matters 43 The office of the Inspector General was dissolved in 1952 during the government of the Democrat Party 46 Hakkari though was still banned for foreign citizens until 1965 44 From July 1987 to August 2002 Hakkari was within the OHAL state of emergency region 47 It was Governed by a so called Supergovernor who was invested with additional powers than a normal Governor He was given authority over all the other provincial Governors in the OHAL area and also the power to permanently relocate and resettle the village s population 48 Population statistics EditHistorical populationYearPop p a 192724 980 194036 446 2 95 195044 207 1 95 196067 766 4 36 1970102 312 4 21 1980155 463 4 27 1990172 479 1 04 2000236 581 3 21 2010251 302 0 61 2018286 470 1 65 source 49 50 See also EditEhmede Xani Ali Hariri Hakkari electoral district Sheikh Ubeydullah Hakkari historical region Bibliography EditAboona H 2008 Assyrians Kurds and Ottomans intercommunal relations on the periphery of the Ottoman Empire Cambria Press ISBN 978 1 60497 583 3 Alexander V 1994 1994 The First Civilization Victor Alexander ISBN 978 1 4486 7089 5 Dundar Fuat 2000 Turkiye nufus sayimlarinda azinliklar in Turkish ISBN 9789758086771 Gaunt D Beṯ Sawoce J 2006 Massacres resistance protectors Muslim Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I Gorgias Press ISBN 978 1 59333 301 0 McDowall D 2000 A modern history of the Kurds I B Tauris ISBN 978 1 85043 416 0 Nisan M 2002 1991 Minorities in the Middle East a history of struggle and self expression McFarland ISBN 978 0 7864 1375 1 Stafford R 2006 1935 The Tragedy of the Assyrians Gorgias Press ISBN 978 1 59333 413 0References Edit a b 31 ARALIK 2021 TARIHLI ADRESE DAYALI NUFUS KAYIT SISTEMI ADNKS SONUCLARI XLS TUIK in Turkish Retrieved 16 December 2022 Li Colemerge boriyen gaza xwezayi hatin danin in Kurdish Rudaw 23 July 2019 Retrieved 27 April 2020 Turkiye Mulki Idare Bolumleri Envanteri T C Icisleri Bakanligi in Turkish Retrieved 19 December 2022 T C Hakkari Valiligi www hakkari gov tr Retrieved 2020 03 26 Birch Nicholas 21 May 2010 PKK s Nihilism Fostering Divisions among Turkey s Kurds Eurasia Kissane Bill 2014 After Civil War Division Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Contemporary Europe University of Pennsylvania Press p 170 ISBN 9780812290301 Kreyenbroek Philip G Allison Christine 1966 Kurdish Culture and Identity Zed Books p 143 ISBN 9781856493291 Watts Nicole F 2010 Activists in Office Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey Studies in Modernity and National Identity University of Washington Press ISBN 9780295990507 124 Proche Orient geopolitique de la crise premier trimestre 2007 Le Kurdistan irakien Herodote in French 2007 asiretler Raporu in Turkish 3 ed Kaynak Yayinlari 2014 pp 153 159 ISBN 978 975 343 220 7 Becker Adam H 2015 Revival and Awakening American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism University of Chicago Press p 47 ISBN 9780226145457 a b Coakley James F Hakkari Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage Electronic Edition Retrieved 21 November 2020 Karpat Kemal 1985 Ottoman population 1830 1914 The University of Wisconsin Press p 146 ISBN 9780299091606 Dundar 2000 p 176 Dundar 2000 p 177 Ozgen Ozden 2016 Hakkari bolgesinde yasamis dini topluluklar Insan Kaynaklari ve Egitim Muduru in Turkish 48 Dundar 2000 p 186 Dundar 2000 pp 197 198 Dundar 2000 p 207 Dundar 2000 p 211 Dundar 2000 p 218 Dundar 2000 p 222 Peter Alfred Andrews Benninghaus Rudiger eds 1989 Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey p 212 Alexander 1994 p 36 Aboona 2008 p 2 Sinclair T A 1989 12 31 Eastern Turkey An Architectural amp Archaeological Survey Volume I Pindar Press p 340 ISBN 978 0 907132 32 5 Eppel Michael 2016 A People Without a State The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism University of Texas Press p 58 ISBN 9781477311073 Aboona 2008 p 3 Prothero W G 1920 Armenia and Kurdistan London H M Stationery Office p 71 Aboona 2008 p 173 Aboona 2008 p 174 Aboona 2008 p 179 McDowall 2000 p 47 Stafford 2006 p 23 Stafford 2006 p 24 Gaunt amp Beṯ Sawoce 2006 p 134 Gaunt amp Beṯ Sawoce 2006 p 136 a b c d e f Stafford 2006 p 25 Yusuf Malik The Assyrian Tragedy www aina org Retrieved 2020 05 20 Nisan 2002 p 188 Ungor Umut Young Turk social engineering mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey 1913 1950 PDF University of Amsterdam pp 244 247 Retrieved 8 April 2020 Aydogan Erdal Ucuncu Umumi Mufettisligi nin Kurulmasi ve III Umumi Mufettis Tahsin Uzer in Bazi Onemli Faaliyetleri Retrieved 8 April 2020 a b Bayir Derya 2016 04 22 Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law Routledge p 139 ISBN 978 1 317 09579 8 a b Jongerden Joost 2007 01 01 The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds An Analysis of Spatical Policies Modernity and War BRILL p 53 ISBN 978 90 04 15557 2 Umut Ungor Young Turk social engineering mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey 1913 1950 PDF University of Amsterdam p 258 Retrieved 8 April 2020 Bozarslan Hamit 2008 04 17 Fleet Kate Faroqhi Suraiya Kasaba Resat Kunt I Metin eds The Cambridge History of Turkey Cambridge University Press p 343 ISBN 978 0 521 62096 3 Case of Dogan and others v Turkey PDF p 21 Retrieved 12 November 2019 Jongerden Joost 2007 The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds Brill pp 141 142 ISBN 978 90 47 42011 8 Genel Nufus Sayimlari tuikFurther reading EditCorut Ilker 2020 Ethno political subordination and patient dissatisfaction The Kurdish case in Hakkari during the AKP period in Turkey 2003 2013 Journal of the Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism 26 3 553 575 doi 10 1111 nana 12545 S2CID 198681175 Sinclair Thomas A 2020 Hakkari Encyclopaedia of Islam vol Three Brill Publishers doi 10 1163 1573 3912 ei3 COM 30218 Portals Geography Kurdistan Turkey Coordinates 37 27 58 N 44 03 52 E 37 46611 N 44 06444 E 37 46611 44 06444 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hakkari Province amp oldid 1132344962, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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