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Wikipedia

Masturbation

January 13, 2023

"Jacking off" redirects here. Not to be confused with jacking.

Masturbation is the sexual stimulation of one's own genitals for sexual arousal or other sexual pleasure, usually to the point of orgasm.[1][2][3] The stimulation may involve hands, fingers, everyday objects, sex toys such as vibrators, or combinations of these.[1][2] Mutual masturbation is masturbation with a sexual partner,[3][4] and may include manual stimulation of a partner's genitals (fingering or a handjob),[4] or be used as a form of non-penetrative sex.[5]

A man masturbating by stimulating his penis
A woman masturbating by stimulating her vulva – Gustav Klimt's Woman seated with thighs apart (1916)

Masturbation is frequent in both sexes and at any age. Various medical and psychological benefits have been attributed to a healthy attitude toward sexual activity in general and to masturbation in particular. No causal relationship is known between masturbation and any form of mental or physical disorder.[6][7] Masturbation is considered by clinicians to be a normal and healthy part of sexual enjoyment.

Masturbation has been depicted in art since prehistoric times, and is both mentioned and discussed in very early writings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, some European theologians and physicians described it in negative terms, but during the 20th century, these taboos generally declined. There has been an increase in discussion and portrayal of masturbation in art, popular music, television, films, and literature. Today, religions vary in their views of masturbation; some view it as a spiritually detrimental practice, some see it as not spiritually detrimental, and others take a situational view. The legal status of masturbation has also varied through history and masturbation in public is illegal in most countries.[8] Animal masturbation has been observed in many species, both in the wild and in captivity.[9][10][11]

Etymology

The English word masturbation was introduced in the 18th century, based on the Latin verb masturbari, alongside the slightly earlier onanism. The Latin verb masturbari is of uncertain origin. Suggested derivations include an unattested word for penis, *mazdo, cognate with Greek μέζεα mézea 'genitals', or alternatively a corruption of an unattested *manu stuprare ("to defile with the hand"), by association with turbare 'to disturb'.[12][13]

Terminology

While masturbation is the formal word for this practice, many other expressions are in common use. Terms such as playing with yourself, pleasuring oneself and slang such as wanking,[14] jerking off,[15] fapping[16] and frigging are common. Self-abuse and self-pollution were common in early modern times and are still found in modern dictionaries. A large variety of other euphemisms and dysphemisms exist which describe masturbation. For a list of terms, see the entry for masturbate in Wiktionary.

Techniques

General

 
Two vibrators in a sex shop

Masturbation involves touching, pressing, rubbing, or massaging a person's genital area, either with the fingers or against an object such as a pillow; inserting fingers or an object into the vagina or anus (see anal masturbation); and stimulating the penis or vulva with an electric vibrator, which may also be inserted into the vagina or anus. It may also involve touching, rubbing, or pinching the nipples or other erogenous zones while masturbating. Both sexes sometimes apply lubricants to reduce friction.[17]

Reading or viewing pornography, sexual fantasies, or other erotic stimuli may lead to a desire for sexual release such as by masturbation. Pornography is also used in order to assist with masturbation and to improve the experience of masturbating.[18] Some people get sexual pleasure by inserting objects, such as urethral sounds, into the urethra (the tube through which urine and, in men, semen, flows),[19] a practice known as urethral play or "sounding".[20] Other objects such as ball point pens and thermometers are sometimes used, although this practice can lead to injury or infection.[21] Some people use sex machines to simulate intercourse.[22]

Men and women may masturbate until they are close to orgasm, stop for a while to reduce excitement, and then resume masturbating. They may repeat this cycle multiple times. This "stop and go" build-up, known as "edging", can achieve even stronger orgasms.[23] Rarely, people quit stimulation just before orgasm to retain the heightened energy that normally comes down after orgasm.[24]

Female

See also: Fingering (sexual act)

Female masturbation involves the stroking or rubbing of a woman's vulva, especially her clitoris, with an index or middle finger, or both. Sometimes one or more fingers may be inserted into the vagina to stroke its frontal wall where the G-spot may be located.[25] Masturbation aids such as a vibrator, dildo, or Ben Wa balls can also be used to stimulate the vagina and clitoris. Many women caress their breasts or stimulate a nipple with the free hand and anal stimulation is also enjoyed by some. Personal lubricant is sometimes used during masturbation, especially when penetration is involved, but this is not universal and many women find their natural lubrication sufficient.

Like males, common positions for female masturbation include lying on back or face down, sitting, squatting, kneeling, or standing. In a bath or shower, a female may direct water via a handheld showerhead at her clitoris, vulva, or perineum. Lying face down one may use the hands, one may straddle a pillow, the corner or edge of the bed, a partner's leg or some scrunched-up clothing and "hump" the vulva and clitoris against it. Standing up, a chair, the corner of an item of furniture, or even a washing machine can be used to stimulate the clitoris through the labia and clothing. Some masturbate only using pressure applied to the clitoris without direct contact, for example by pressing the palm or ball of the hand against underwear or other clothing.[citation needed] In the 1920s, Havelock Ellis reported that turn-of-the-century seamstresses using treadle-operated sewing machines could achieve orgasm by sitting near the edge of their chairs.[26]

Women can stimulate themselves sexually by crossing their legs tightly and clenching the muscles in their legs, creating pressure on the genitals. This can potentially be done in public without observers noticing. Thoughts, fantasies, and memories of previous instances of arousal and orgasm can produce sexual excitation. Some women can orgasm spontaneously by force of will alone, although this may not strictly qualify as masturbation as no physical stimulus is involved.[27][28]

Sex therapists will sometimes recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm, for example, to help improve sexual health and relationships, to help determine what is erotically pleasing to them, and because mutual masturbation can lead to more satisfying sexual relationships and added intimacy.[29][30]

Male

 
One of the illustrations to De figuris Veneris by Édouard-Henri Avril. It portrays a male masturbating while sexually fantasizing.

The most common masturbation technique among males is to hold the penis with a loose fist and then move the hand up and down on the glans and the shaft of the penis.[31] This type of stimulation can result in orgasm and ejaculation. The hand motion and the speed of the action may vary throughout the masturbation session. Some men may use their free hand to fondle their scrotum and testicles, the perineum, and other body parts, or may place both hands directly on the penis. Common positions include standing, sitting, lying on one's back or lying face down, squatting, or kneeling.[citation needed]

Masturbation techniques may differ between males. For some men, the foreskin remains covering the glans during masturbation or it may be partially or completely retracted manually, and sometimes automatically, depending on the individual.[32][33] For others, on whom the glans is mostly or completely uncovered, masturbation can include a more direct contact between the hand and the glans and also stimulation of the shaft skin.[33] In some cases, to avoid friction and irritation or to enhance sexual sensation, men prefer to use a personal lubricant or saliva.[31] Men may also rub or massage different areas of their glans, like its ventral surface, the left and right sides, the rounded rim, known as the corona, and around the frenulum.[34] Some men lie face down in prone position and gently rub their penis against a comfortable surface, such as a mattress or pillow, a technique known as prone masturbation.[31][35]

Prostate massage is one other technique used for sexual stimulation, often in order to reach orgasm. The prostate is sometimes referred to as the "male G-spot" or P-spot.[36] Some men can achieve orgasm through stimulation of the prostate gland, by stimulating it using a well-lubricated finger or dildo inserted through the anus into the rectum. Men who report the sensation of prostate stimulation often give descriptions similar to females' accounts of G-spot stimulation.[37][38] In some men, prostate stimulation might produce more intense orgasms than penile stimulation.[37] Stimulating the prostate from outside, via pressure on the perineum, can be pleasurable as well.[39] Anal masturbation without any prostate stimulation, with fingers or otherwise, is also a technique that some men enjoy. The muscles of the anus contract during orgasm, thus the presence of an object holding the sphincter open can strengthen the sensation of the contractions and intensify orgasm.[40]

Some men keep their hands stationary while pumping into it with pelvic thrusts in order to simulate the motions of sexual intercourse. The nipples are erogenous zones and vigorous stimulation of them during masturbation can result in enhanced sexual arousal.[41] Others may also use vibrators and other sexual devices for sexual stimulation. The device can be used to stimulate the penis and other areas, like the scrotum, the perineum or the anus.[42] Other sexual toys for men are artificial vaginas, like fleshlight, and simulacrums.[43] In a bath or shower, a man may direct water via a handheld showerhead at his frenulum, testicles, or perineum. A somewhat controversial ejaculation control technique is to put intense pressure on the perineum, about halfway between the scrotum and the anus, just before ejaculating. This can, however, redirect semen into the bladder (referred to as retrograde ejaculation).[44]

Mutual

 
Gerda Wegener's 1925 artwork "Les delassements d'Eros" ("The recreations of Eros"), which depicts sexual activity by two women
 
Johann Nepomuk Geiger, watercolor, 1840
See also: Non-penetrative sex

Mutual masturbation involves two or more people who sexually stimulate each other, usually with the hands. It can be practiced by people of any sexual orientation, and can be part of other sexual activity. It may be used as foreplay, or as an alternative to sexual penetration. When used as an alternative to penile-vaginal penetration, the goal may be to preserve virginity or to avoid risk of pregnancy.[45][46]

Mutual masturbation can be practiced in pairs or groups with or without actually touching another person for example:[citation needed]

  • Non-contact mutual masturbation – Two people masturbating in the presence of each other but not touching.
  • Contact mutual masturbation – One person touching another person to masturbate. The other person may do the same during or after.
  • Non-contact group – More than two people masturbating in the presence of each other in a group but not touching each other.
  • Contact group – More than two people physically touching each other to masturbate as a group.
  • Mutual masturbation foreplay – The manual stimulation of each other's genitals where the session eventually leads to sexual intercourse.[47]

Frequency, age, and sex

Frequency of masturbation is determined by many factors, e.g., one's resistance to sexual tension, hormone levels influencing sexual arousal, sexual habits, peer influences, health and one's attitude to masturbation formed by culture; E. Heiby and J. Becker examined the latter.[48] Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation, wherein masturbation is not cause, but effect,[49][50][51] with the exception of inserting foreign objects into the urinary bladder.[52]

Different studies have found that masturbation is frequent in humans. Alfred Kinsey's 1950s studies on US population have shown that 92% of men and 62% of women have masturbated during their lifespan.[28] Similar results have been found in a 2007 British national probability survey. It was found that, between individuals aged 16 to 44, 95% of men and 71% of women masturbated at some point in their lives. 73% of men and 37% of women reported masturbating in the four weeks before their interview, while 53% of men and 18% of women reported masturbating in the previous seven days.[53]

The Merck Manual says that 97% of men and 80% of women have masturbated and that, generally speaking, males masturbate more than females.[54][55] The Global Self Pleasure Report of 2018 found that the United Kingdom was the country with the highest rate of masturbation.[56]

Masturbation is considered normal when performed by children,[57][7][58] even in early infancy.[49][59][60] In 2009, the Sheffield NHS Health Trust issued a pamphlet called "Pleasure" which discussed the health benefits of masturbation. This was done in response to data and experience from the other EU member states to reduce teen pregnancy and STIs (STDs), and to promote healthy habits.[61]

According to the New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry (1st ed.), "Masturbation and sexual play are common well before puberty. Sexual behaviour in young children is common, and should only be regarded as a sign of sexual abuse when it is out of context and is inappropriate."[62]

In the book Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America, by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the authors point out, "A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis". "Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience orgasm."[63] Italian gynecologists Giorgio Giorgi and Marco Siccardi observed via ultrasound a female fetus possibly masturbating and having what appeared to be an orgasm.[64]

Popular belief asserts that individuals of either sex who are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are; however, much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a relationship. Contrary to this belief, several studies actually reveal a positive correlation between the frequency of masturbation and the frequency of intercourse. A study has reported a significantly higher rate of masturbation in gay men and women who were in a relationship.[53][65][66][67]

Coon and Mitterer stated: "Approximately 70 percent of married women and men masturbate at least occasionally."[68][69][70]

Do more men masturbate than women? Yes. While 89 percent of women reported that they had masturbated at some time, the figure was 95 percent for men. (Some cynics add, “And the other 5 percent lied!”)[71]

— Mitterer, Coon and Martini, 2015

Evolutionary utility

Female masturbation alters conditions in the vagina, cervix and uterus, in ways that can alter the chances of conception from intercourse, depending on the timing of the masturbation. A woman's orgasm between one minute before and 45 minutes after insemination favors the chances of that sperm reaching her egg. If, for example, she has had intercourse with more than one male, such an orgasm can increase the likelihood of a pregnancy by one of them.[72][73] Female masturbation can also provide protection against cervical infections by increasing the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris out of the cervix.[73]

In males, masturbation flushes out old sperm with low motility from the male's genital tract. The next ejaculation then contains more fresh sperm, which have higher chances of achieving conception during intercourse. If more than one male has intercourse with a female, the sperm with the highest motility will compete more effectively.[74][75][76]

Health effects

Benefits

The American Medical Association declared masturbation as normal by consensus in 1972.[77] It does not deplete one's body of energy[78] or produce premature ejaculation.[79] The medical consensus is that masturbation is a medically healthy and psychologically normal habit.[55][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87] According to the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, "It is considered abnormal only when it inhibits partner-oriented behavior, is done in public, or is sufficiently compulsive to cause distress."[55][88] The existence of "masturbation addiction" has not been proven, but "masturbation compulsion" probably exists.[89]

Solo masturbation is a sexual activity that is nearly free of risk of sexually transmitted infection.[90] With two or more participants, the risk of sexually transmitted infection, while not eliminated, remains lower than with most forms of penetrative sex. Support for such a view and for making masturbation part of the American sex education curriculum, led to the dismissal of US Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders during the Clinton administration.[91]

Masturbation among adolescents contributes to their developing a sense of mastery over sexual impulses, and it has a role in the physical and emotional development of prepubescents and pubescents.[92]

Sex therapists sometimes recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm; for example, to help improve sexual health and relationships, to help determine what is erotically pleasing to them, and because mutual masturbation can lead to more satisfying sexual relationships and added intimacy.[29][30] Encyclopedia Britannica endorses the use of masturbation inside sex therapy.[93] Britannica also calls "myths" the ideas that masturbation would be unhealthy or immature behavior.[94]

Mutual masturbation enables partners in a couple to reveal the "map to [their] pleasure centers", learning how they enjoy being touched. When intercourse is inconvenient or impractical, mutual masturbation affords couples the opportunity to obtain sexual release as often as desired.[95]

It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve depression and lead to a higher sense of self-esteem.[96] When one partner in a relationship wants more sex than the other, masturbation can provide a balancing effect and promote a more harmonious relationship.[95]

In 2003, an Australian research team led by Graham Giles of The Cancer Council Australia[97] found that males who masturbated frequently had a lower probability of developing prostate cancer, although they could not demonstrate a direct causation. A 2008 study concluded that frequent ejaculation between the ages of 20 and 40 was correlated with higher risk of developing prostate cancer, while frequent ejaculation in the sixth decade of life was found to be correlated with a lower risk.[98] However, a larger 2016 study found that regular ejaculation markedly reduced prostate cancer risk in all age groups.[99]

A study published in 1997 found an inverse association between death from coronary heart disease and frequency of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction can be triggered by sexual activity.

The association between frequency of orgasm and all cause mortality was also examined using the midpoint of each response category recorded as number of orgasms per year. The age adjusted odds ratio for an increase of 100 orgasms per year was 0.64 (0.44 to 0.95).

That is, a difference in mortality appeared between any two subjects when one subject ejaculated at around two times per week more than the other. Assuming a broad range average of between three and five ejaculations per week for healthy males, this would mean five to seven ejaculations per week. This is consistent with a 2003 paper that found the strength of these correlations increased with increasing frequency of ejaculation.[100]

A 2008 study at Tabriz Medical University found that ejaculation reduces swollen nasal blood vessels, freeing the airway for normal breathing. The mechanism is through stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and is long lasting. The study author suggests: "It can be done [from] time-to-time to alleviate the congestion and the patient can adjust the number of intercourses or masturbations depending on the severity of the symptoms."[101]

Sexual climax leaves an individual in a relaxed and contented state, frequently followed by drowsiness and sleep.[102][103][104]

Some professionals consider masturbation equivalent to a cardiovascular workout.[105] Though research remains scant, those suffering from cardiovascular disorders, particularly those recovering from heart attacks, should resume physical activity gradually and with the frequency and rigor which their physical status will allow. This limitation can serve as encouragement to follow through with physical therapy sessions to help improve endurance. In general, sex slightly increases energy consumption.[106][107]

Risks

Those who insert objects as aids to masturbation risk them becoming stuck (e.g. as rectal foreign bodies). Men and women can fall prey to this problem. A woman went into a German hospital with two pencils in her bladder, having pierced her urethra after inserting them during masturbation.[52]

A male whose penis is bluntly traumatized during intercourse or masturbation may, rarely, sustain a penile fracture[108][109][110] or develop Peyronie's disease.[111] Phimosis is "a contracted foreskin (that) may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back".[112] In these cases, any energetic manipulation of the penis can be problematic.

A small percentage of males have postorgasmic illness syndrome (POIS), which can cause severe muscle pain throughout the body and other symptoms immediately following ejaculation, whether due to masturbation or partnered sex. The symptoms last for up to a week.[113][114][115] Some doctors speculate that the frequency of POIS "in the population may be greater than has been reported in the academic literature",[116] and that many cases are undiagnosed.[117]

Compulsive masturbation and other compulsive behaviors can be signs of an emotional problem, which may need to be addressed by a mental health specialist.[118] As with any "nervous habit", it is more helpful to consider the causes of compulsive behavior, rather than try to repress masturbation.[119]

Alongside many other factors—such as medical evidence, age-inappropriate sexual knowledge, sexualized play and precocious or seductive behavior—excessive masturbation may be an indicator of sexual abuse.[120][121]

According to DSM-5-TR, "Delayed ejaculation is associated with highly frequent masturbation, use of masturbation techniques not easily duplicated by a partner, and marked disparities between sexual fantasies during masturbation and the reality of sex with a partner."[122]

Cultural history

Main article: History of masturbation

Ancient world

 
Detail of a krater, dating to c. 560–550 BC, showing a satyr masturbating, a common scene in many ancient Greek pottery paintings[123][124]

The sexual stimulation of one's own genitals has been interpreted variously by different religions, the subject of legislation, social controversy, activism, as well as intellectual study in sexology. Social views regarding masturbation taboo have varied greatly in different cultures, and over history.

There are depictions of male and female masturbation in prehistoric rock paintings around the world. From the earliest records, the ancient Sumerians had very relaxed attitudes toward sex.[125] The Sumerians widely believed that masturbation enhanced sexual potency, both for men and for women,[125] and they frequently engaged in it, both alone and with their partners.[125] Men would often use puru-oil, a special oil probably mixed with pulverized iron ore intended to enhance friction.[125] Masturbation was also an act of creation and, in Sumerian mythology, the god Enki was believed to have created the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by masturbating and ejaculating into their empty riverbeds.[126] The ancient Egyptians also regarded masturbation by a deity as an act of creation; the god Atum was believed to have created the universe by masturbating to ejaculation.[127]

The ancient Greeks also regarded masturbation as a normal and healthy substitute for other forms of sexual pleasure.[128] Most information about masturbation in ancient Greece comes from surviving works of ancient Greek comedy and pottery.[123] Masturbation is frequently referenced in the surviving comedies of Aristophanes, which are the most important sources of information on ancient Greek views on the subject.[123] In ancient Greek pottery, satyrs are often depicted masturbating.[123][124] According to the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by the third-century AD biographer Diogenes Laërtius, Diogenes of Sinope, the fourth-century BC Cynic philosopher, often masturbated in public, which was considered scandalous.[129][130][131] When people confronted him over this, he would say, "If only it were as easy to banish hunger by rubbing my belly."[129][130][131]

Among non-western perspectives on the matter, some teachers and practitioners of Traditional Chinese medicine, Taoist meditative and martial arts say that masturbation can cause a lowered energy level in men. Within the African Congo Basin, the Aka, Ngandu, Lesi, Brbs, and Ituri ethnic groups all lack a word for masturbation in their languages and are confused by the concept of masturbation.[132]

Development of the contemporary Western world view

 
Masturbation was depicted in 19th-century Shunga prints, such as this piece by Kunisada.
 
Self-portrait of Egon Schiele in 1911, depicting masturbation

18th century

Onanism is a hybrid term which combines the proper noun, Onan, with the suffix, -ism.[133] Notions of self-pollution, impurity and uncleanness were increasingly associated with various other sexual vices and crimes of the body (such as fornication, sodomy, adultery, incest and obscene language); in reaction to the 17th-century libertine culture, middle-class moralists increasingly campaigned for a reformation of manners and a stricter regulation of the body. Paradoxically, a crime that was secret and private became a popular and fashionable topic. Moreover, writers tended to focus more on the perceived links with mental and physical illnesses that were deemed to be associated with the sense of moral outrage. Attention increasingly shifted to the prevention and cure of this illness which perilously sapped men of their virility.[134]

The first use of the word "onanism" to consistently and specifically refer to masturbation is a pamphlet first distributed in London in 1716, titled "Onania, or the Heinous Sin of self-Pollution, And All Its Frightful Consequences, In Both Sexes, Considered: With Spiritual and Physical Advice To Those Who Have Already Injured Themselves By This Abominable Practice." The Online Etymology Dictionary, however, claims the earliest known use of onanism occurred in 1727. In 1743–1745, the British physician Robert James published A Medicinal Dictionary, in which he described masturbation as being "productive of the most deplorable and generally incurable disorders" and stated that "there is perhaps no sin productive of so many hideous consequences".[135] One of the many horrified by the descriptions of malady in Onania was the notable Swiss physician Samuel-Auguste Tissot. In 1760, he published L'Onanisme, his own comprehensive medical treatise on the purported ill-effects of masturbation. Though Tissot's ideas are now considered conjectural at best, his treatise was presented as a scholarly, scientific work in a time when experimental physiology was practically nonexistent.[citation needed]

Immanuel Kant regarded masturbation as a violation of the moral law. In The Metaphysics of Morals (1797), he made the a posteriori argument that "such an unnatural use of one's sexual attribute" strikes "everyone upon his thinking of it" as "a violation of one's duty to himself", and suggested that it was regarded as immoral even to give it its proper name (unlike the case of the similarly undutiful act of suicide). He went on, however, to acknowledge that "it is not so easy to produce a rational demonstration of the inadmissibility of that unnatural use", but ultimately concluded that its immorality lay in the fact that "a man gives up his personality … when he uses himself merely as a means for the gratification of an animal drive".[136]

19th century

By 1838, Jean Esquirol had declared in his Des Maladies Mentales that masturbation was "recognized in all countries as a cause of insanity".[137][138] John Harvey Kellogg and Sylvester Graham were among those who proposed that circumcision and eating a bland, meatless diet would curb masturbation.[139] The medical literature of the time also described more invasive procedures including electric shock treatment, infibulation, restraining devices like chastity belts and straitjackets, cauterization or – as a last resort – wholesale surgical excision of the genitals.[citation needed]

Medical attitudes toward masturbation began to change towards the end of the 19th century when H. Havelock Ellis, in his seminal 1897 work Studies in the Psychology of Sex, questioned Tissot's premises.[140]

20th century

In 1905, Sigmund Freud addressed masturbation in his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and associated it with addictive substances. He described the masturbation of infants at the period when the infant is nursing, at four years of age, and at puberty. At the same time, the supposed medical condition of hysteria—from the Greek hystera or uterus—was being treated by what would now be described as medically administered or medically prescribed masturbation for women. In 1910, the meetings of the Vienna psychoanalytic circle discussed the moral or health effects of masturbation,[141] but its publication on the matter was suppressed. "Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation" is a 1922 essay by another Austrian, the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich. In the seven and a half page essay Reich accepts the prevalent notions on the roles of unconscious fantasy and the subsequent emerging guilt feelings which he saw as originating from the act itself.[citation needed]

By 1930, F. W. W. Griffin, editor of The Scouter, had written in a book for Rover Scouts stating that the temptation to masturbate was "a quite natural stage of development" and, citing Ellis' work, held that "the effort to achieve complete abstinence was a very serious error." The work of sexologist Alfred Kinsey during the 1940s and 1950s, most notably the Kinsey Reports, insisted that masturbation was an instinctive behavior for both males and females. In the US, masturbation has not been a diagnosable condition since DSM II (1968).[142]

Thomas Szasz stated in 1973 the shift in scientific consensus:[81][82][143] "Masturbation: the primary sexual activity of mankind. In the nineteenth century, it was a disease; in the twentieth, it's a cure."[83] In 2019, Encyclopedia Britannica endorses his conclusion (namely masturbation as a cure inside sex therapy).[93]

Dörner and others wrote in their now classic book (1978): "Self-satisfaction is therefore a priceless good for the success of sexual pleasure, but also for other partnership and sexual relationships: for only if I can offer something to myself can I also offer it to someone else. ... Not self-satisfaction, but feelings closely correlated with it need among others help through counseling, respectively therapy!"[144]

In the 1980s, Michel Foucault was arguing masturbation taboo was "rape by the parents of the sexual activity of their children". However, in 1994, when the surgeon general of the United States, Joycelyn Elders, mentioned as an aside that it should be mentioned in school curricula that masturbation was safe and healthy, she was forced to resign,[91] with opponents asserting that she was promoting the teaching of how to masturbate.[citation needed]

21st century

Both practices and cultural views of masturbation have continued to evolve in the 21st century, partly because the contemporary lifeworld is increasingly technical.[according to whom?] For example, digital photographs or live video may be used to share masturbatory experiences either in a broadcast format (possibly in exchange of money, as with performances by webcam models), or between members of a long-distance relationship. Teledildonics is a growing field. Masturbation has been depicted as a complicated part of "Love in the 21st Century" in the BBC drama by the same name.[145]

In modern culture

Stigma

Even though many medical professionals and scientists have found large amounts of evidence that masturbating is healthy[55][80][83][84][85][86][87][79][142] and commonly practiced by males and females, stigma on the topic still persists today. In November 2013, Matthew Burdette, after being filmed masturbating, committed suicide.[146][147][148]

In an article published by the nonprofit organization Planned Parenthood Federation of America, it was reported that:[30]

Proving that these ancient stigmas against masturbation are still alive and felt by women and men, researchers in 1994 found that half of the adult women and men who masturbate feel guilty about it (Laumann, et al., 1994. p.85). Another study in 2000 found that adolescent young men are still frequently afraid to admit that they masturbate (Halpern, et al., 2000, 327).

Sperm donation

Male masturbation may be used as a method to obtain semen for third party reproductive procedures such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation which may involve the use of either partner or donor sperm.[149][150]

At a sperm bank or fertility clinic, a special room or cabin may be set aside so that semen may be produced by male masturbation for use in fertility treatments such as artificial insemination. Most semen used for sperm donation, and all semen donated through a sperm bank by sperm donors, is produced in this way. The facility at a sperm bank used for this purpose is known as a masturbatorium (US) or men's production room (UK). A bed or couch is usually provided for the man, and pornographic films or other material may be made available.[151]

Encouragement

In the UK in 2009, a leaflet was issued by the National Health Service in Sheffield carrying the slogan, "an orgasm a day keeps the doctor away". It also says: "Health promotion experts advocate five portions of fruit and veg a day and 30 minutes' physical activity three times a week. What about sex or masturbation twice a week?" This leaflet has been circulated to parents, teachers and youth workers and is meant to update sex education by telling older school students about the benefits of enjoyable sex. Its authors have said that for too long, experts have concentrated on the need for "safe sex" and committed relationships while ignoring the principal reason that many people have sex. The leaflet is entitled Pleasure. Instead of promoting teenage sex, it could encourage young people to delay losing their virginity until they are certain they will enjoy the experience, said one of its authors.[61][152]

The Spanish region of Extremadura launched a program in 2009 to encourage "sexual self-exploration and the discovery of self-pleasure" in people aged from 14 to 17. The €14,000 campaign includes leaflets, flyers, a "fanzine", and workshops for the young in which they receive instruction on masturbation techniques along with advice on contraception and self-respect. The initiative, whose slogan is, "Pleasure is in your own hands" has angered local right-wing politicians and challenged traditional Roman Catholic views. Officials from the neighboring region of Andalucia have expressed an interest in copying the program.[153]

The text book Palliative care nursing: quality care to the end of life states, "Terminally ill people are likely no different from the general population regarding their masturbation habits. Palliative care practitioners should routinely ask their patients if anything interferes in their ability to masturbate and then work with the patient to correct the problem if it is identified."[154]

The sex-positive movement argues for a supportive environment for masturbation.[citation needed]

Law

The prosecution of masturbation has varied at different times, from complete illegality to virtually unlimited acceptance. In a 17th-century law code for the Puritan colony of New Haven, Connecticut, blasphemers, homosexuals and masturbators were eligible for the death penalty.[155]

Often, masturbation in the sight of others is prosecuted under a general law such as public indecency, though some laws make specific mention of masturbation. In the UK, masturbating in public is illegal under Section 28 of the Town Police Clauses Act 1847. The penalty may be up to 14 days in prison, depending on a range of circumstantial factors.[156] In the US, laws vary from state to state. In 2010, the Supreme Court of Alabama upheld a state law criminalizing the distribution of sex-toys.[157] In the city of Charlotte, North Carolina, masturbating in public is a class 3 misdemeanor.[156] In 2013, a man found masturbating openly on a beach in Sweden was cleared of charges of sexual assault, the court finding that his activities had not been directed towards any specific person.[158]

In many jurisdictions, masturbation by one person of another is considered digital penetration which may be illegal in some cases, such as when the other person is a minor.[citation needed]

There is debate whether masturbation should be promoted in correctional institutions. Restrictions on pornography, used to accompany masturbation, are common in American correctional facilities. Connecticut Department of Corrections officials say that these restrictions are intended to avoid a hostile work environment for correctional officers.[159] Other researchers argue allowing masturbation could help prisoners restrict their sexual urges to their imaginations rather than engaging in prison rape or other non-masturbatory sexual activity that could pose sexually transmitted disease or other health risks.[160]

Religious views

Main article: Religious views on masturbation
See also: Religion and sexuality and Sperm in vain (Judaism)
 
A temple relief at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh, India features a couple in a sexual embrace with a man and a woman masturbating to either side.

Religions vary broadly in their views of masturbation, from considering it completely impermissible (for example in Catholicism, most forms of Islam, and some sects of Judaism)[161] to encouraging and refining it (as, for example, in some Neotantra and Taoist sexual practices).

Rites of passage

The Sambia tribe of New Guinea has rituals and rites of passage surrounding manhood which lasts several years and involves ejaculation through fellatio often several times a day. Semen is valued and masturbation is seen as a waste of semen and is therefore frowned upon even though frequent ejaculation is encouraged. The capacity and need to ejaculate is developed or nurtured for years from an early age but through fellatio so that it can be consumed rather than wasted. Semen is ingested for strength and is considered in the same line as mothers' milk.[162][better source needed]

Other cultures have rites of passage into manhood that culminate in the first ejaculation of a male, usually by the hands of a tribal elder. In some tribes such as the Agta (indigenous Filipino people) stimulation of the genitals is encouraged from an early age.[163] Upon puberty, the young male is then paired off with a "wise elder" or "witch doctor" who uses masturbation to build his ability to ejaculate in preparation for a ceremony.[citation needed] The ceremony culminates in a public ejaculation before a celebration.[citation needed] The ejaculate is saved in a wad of animal skin and worn later to help conceive children. In this and other tribes, the measure of manhood is actually associated more with the amount of ejaculate and his need than penis size.[citation needed]

Popular culture

 
Masturbation, 1911, copper engraving by Mihály Zichy

Music

In popular music, there are various songs that deal with masturbation. Some of the earliest examples are "My Ding-a-Ling" by Chuck Berry and "Mary Ann with the Shaky Hand" and "Pictures of Lily" by The Who.[164]

More recent popular songs include "Love Myself" by Hailee Steinfeld, "Rosie" by Jackson Browne, "Una luna de miel en la mano" by Virus, "I Touch Myself" by the Divinyls, "Very Busy People" by The Limousines, "Dancing With Myself" by Billy Idol, "Everyday I Die" by Gary Numan, "You're Makin' Me High" by Toni Braxton, "Holding My Own" by The Darkness, "Nickelodeon Girls" by Pink Guy, "Vibe On" by Dannii Minogue, "Orgasm Addict" by the Buzzcocks, "Captain Jack" and The Stranger by Billy Joel, "Blister in the Sun" by Violent Femmes, "Longview" by Green Day, "M+Ms" by Blink-182, "Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too" by Say Anything, "Touch of My Hand" by Britney Spears, "Fingers" and "U + Ur Hand" by P!nk,[165] "So Happy I Could Die" by Lady Gaga, "Masturbating Jimmy" by The Tiger Lillies, "When Life Gets Boring" by Gob, "Daybed" by FKA Twigs, "Get a Grip" by Semisonic, and "Darling Nikki" by Prince. The 1983 recording "She Bop" by Cyndi Lauper was one of the first fifteen songs ever required to carry a Parental Advisory sticker for sexual content.[166] In a 1993 interview on The Howard Stern Show, Lauper claimed she recorded the vocal track in the nude.[167] The song "Masturbates" by rock group Mindless Self Indulgence also deals with the concept of auto-erotic activity in a punk framework.

Literature

The 1858 schoolboys' novel Eric, or, Little by Little was a tract against masturbation, but it did not mention the subject except extremely obliquely as "Kibroth-Hattaavah", a place mentioned in the Old Testament where those that lusted after meat were buried.

In October 1972, an important censorship case was held in Australia, leading to the banning of Philip Roth's novel Portnoy's Complaint in that country due to its masturbation references. The censorship led to public outcry at the time.[168]

Further portrayals and references to masturbation have occurred throughout literature, and the practice itself has even contributed to the production of literature among certain writers, such as Wolfe, Balzac, Flaubert and John Cheever.[169] Perhaps the most famous fictional depiction of masturbation occurs in the "Nausicaa" episode of Ulysses by James Joyce. Here the novel's protagonist Bloom brings himself to covert climax during a public fireworks display after being aroused by a young woman's coy exhibitionism.

Television

In the Seinfeld episode "The Contest",[170] the show's main characters enter into a contest to see who can go the longest without masturbating. Because Seinfeld's network, NBC, did not think masturbation was a suitable topic for prime-time television, the word is never used. Instead, the subject is described using a series of euphemisms. "Master of my domain" became a part of the American lexicon from this episode.

Another NBC show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, had a character known as the Masturbating Bear, a costume of a bear with a diaper covering its genitals. The Masturbating Bear would touch his diaper to simulate masturbation. Prior to leaving Late Night to become host of The Tonight Show, Conan O'Brien originally retired the character due to concerns about its appropriateness in an earlier time slot.[171] The Masturbating Bear, however, made his Tonight Show debut during the final days of Conan O'Brien's tenure as host of the Tonight Show. It was clear by then that Conan O'Brien was being removed from the show and he spent his last shows pushing the envelope with skits that typically would not be appropriate for the Tonight Show, one of which was the Masturbating Bear.[172] After much debate on whether or not he would be able to be used on Conan O'Brien's new TBS show, Conan, the Masturbating Bear made an appearance on the first episode.[173]

In March 2007, the UK broadcaster Channel 4 was to air a season of television programs about masturbation, called Wank Week. (Wank is a Briticism for masturbate.) The series came under public attack from senior television figures, and was pulled amid claims of declining editorial standards and controversy over the channel's public service broadcasting credentials.

Film

 
"Every Sperm Is Sacred" performed at the Monty Python reunion, Monty Python Live (Mostly), in July 2014

In Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983), the song "Every Sperm Is Sacred" is a satire of Catholic teachings on reproduction that forbid masturbation (and contraception) by artificial means. In Talking Cock by comedian Richard Herring, the sketch is used to ridicule those who condemn masturbation (and sex) for any purpose other than procreation.[174]

In American Pie (1999), Nadia (Shannon Elizabeth) discovers Jim's (Jason Biggs) pornography collection and while half-naked sitting on his bed masturbates to it. In American Reunion (2012), Noah (Eugene Levy) attempts to explain the potential joys and difficulties of Jim explaining masturbation to his future son.[175]

Pornography

Depictions of male and female masturbation are common in pornography, including gay pornography. Am Abend (1910), one of the earliest pornographic films that have been collected at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction,[176][177] starts with a female masturbation scene. Solo performances in gay pornography have been described in 1985 as "either or both active (tense, upright) and/or passive (supine, exposed, languid, available)", whereas female solo performances are said to be "exclusively passive (supine, spread, seated, squatted, orifices offered, etc.)".[178] Solo pornography recognized with AVN Awards include the All Alone series[179] and All Natural: Glamour Solos.[180]

Other animals

Main article: Masturbation in animals

Masturbatory behavior has been documented in a very wide range of species. Individuals of some species have been known to create tools for masturbation purposes.[11]

See also

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Further reading

  • DeMartino, Manfred F. (1979). Human Autoerotic Practices. New York: Human Sciences Press. ISBN 978-0-87705-373-6.
  • Dodson, Betty (1974). Liberating Masturbation: A Meditation on Self Love. Bodysex Designs. ASIN B001TNSX4C.
  • Hurlbert, David Farley; Whittaker, Karen Elizabeth (1991). "The Role of Masturbation in Marital and Sexual Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Female Masturbators and Nonmasturbators". Journal of Sex Education & Therapy. 17 (4): 272–282. doi:10.1080/01614576.1991.11074029.
  • Marcus, Irwin M. (1975). Masturbation: From Infancy to Senescence. New York: International Universities Press. ISBN 978-0-8236-3150-6.
  • Theobald, Stephanie (2018). Sex Drive. London: Unbound Press. ISBN 978-1-78352-681-9.

External links

 
Wiktionary has media related to: masturbation
  •   The dictionary definition of onanism at Wiktionary
  • Messer, Drew C.; Walker, C. Eugene (6 December 2012) [2003]. (PDF). In Ollendick, Thomas H.; Schroeder, Carolyn S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 359–360. ISBN 978-1-4615-0107-7. OCLC 913623298. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2020. Note: Messer's and Walker's article cannot be protected by copyright.
  • Fox, Douglas (16 July 2003). "Masturbating may protect against prostate cancer". New Scientist. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  • Robson, David (1 April 2009). "Masturbation could bring hay fever relief for men". New Scientist. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  • , McKinley Health Center, © The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 2008.
  • Do You Masturbate Too Much? on YouTube (Prof. Debby Herbenick for Men's Health)
  • Masturbation PSA. Masturbation Is A Personal Choice on YouTube (University of Guelph students enrolled in FRHD 4200 Issues in Human Sexuality created Public Service Announcement (PSA) on the health benefits of masturbation.)
  • Masturbation PSA. Masturbation - There Is No Shame In Loving Yourself.Group 5.mov on YouTube (University of Guelph students enrolled in FRHD 4200 Issues in Human Sexuality created Public Service Announcement (PSA) on the health benefits of masturbation.)

January 13, 2023
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Jacking off redirects here Not to be confused with jacking Masturbation is the sexual stimulation of one s own genitals for sexual arousal or other sexual pleasure usually to the point of orgasm 1 2 3 The stimulation may involve hands fingers everyday objects sex toys such as vibrators or combinations of these 1 2 Mutual masturbation is masturbation with a sexual partner 3 4 and may include manual stimulation of a partner s genitals fingering or a handjob 4 or be used as a form of non penetrative sex 5 A man masturbating by stimulating his penis A woman masturbating by stimulating her vulva Gustav Klimt s Woman seated with thighs apart 1916 Masturbation is frequent in both sexes and at any age Various medical and psychological benefits have been attributed to a healthy attitude toward sexual activity in general and to masturbation in particular No causal relationship is known between masturbation and any form of mental or physical disorder 6 7 Masturbation is considered by clinicians to be a normal and healthy part of sexual enjoyment Masturbation has been depicted in art since prehistoric times and is both mentioned and discussed in very early writings In the 18th and 19th centuries some European theologians and physicians described it in negative terms but during the 20th century these taboos generally declined There has been an increase in discussion and portrayal of masturbation in art popular music television films and literature Today religions vary in their views of masturbation some view it as a spiritually detrimental practice some see it as not spiritually detrimental and others take a situational view The legal status of masturbation has also varied through history and masturbation in public is illegal in most countries 8 Animal masturbation has been observed in many species both in the wild and in captivity 9 10 11 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Terminology 3 Techniques 3 1 General 3 2 Female 3 3 Male 3 4 Mutual 4 Frequency age and sex 5 Evolutionary utility 6 Health effects 6 1 Benefits 6 2 Risks 7 Cultural history 7 1 Ancient world 7 2 Development of the contemporary Western world view 7 2 1 18th century 7 2 2 19th century 7 2 3 20th century 7 2 4 21st century 8 In modern culture 8 1 Stigma 8 2 Sperm donation 8 3 Encouragement 8 4 Law 8 5 Religious views 8 6 Rites of passage 9 Popular culture 9 1 Music 9 2 Literature 9 3 Television 9 4 Film 9 5 Pornography 10 Other animals 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksEtymologyThe English word masturbation was introduced in the 18th century based on the Latin verb masturbari alongside the slightly earlier onanism The Latin verb masturbari is of uncertain origin Suggested derivations include an unattested word for penis mazdo cognate with Greek mezea mezea genitals or alternatively a corruption of an unattested manu stuprare to defile with the hand by association with turbare to disturb 12 13 TerminologyWhile masturbation is the formal word for this practice many other expressions are in common use Terms such as playing with yourself pleasuring oneself and slang such as wanking 14 jerking off 15 fapping 16 and frigging are common Self abuse and self pollution were common in early modern times and are still found in modern dictionaries A large variety of other euphemisms and dysphemisms exist which describe masturbation For a list of terms see the entry for masturbate in Wiktionary TechniquesGeneral Two vibrators in a sex shop Masturbation involves touching pressing rubbing or massaging a person s genital area either with the fingers or against an object such as a pillow inserting fingers or an object into the vagina or anus see anal masturbation and stimulating the penis or vulva with an electric vibrator which may also be inserted into the vagina or anus It may also involve touching rubbing or pinching the nipples or other erogenous zones while masturbating Both sexes sometimes apply lubricants to reduce friction 17 Reading or viewing pornography sexual fantasies or other erotic stimuli may lead to a desire for sexual release such as by masturbation Pornography is also used in order to assist with masturbation and to improve the experience of masturbating 18 Some people get sexual pleasure by inserting objects such as urethral sounds into the urethra the tube through which urine and in men semen flows 19 a practice known as urethral play or sounding 20 Other objects such as ball point pens and thermometers are sometimes used although this practice can lead to injury or infection 21 Some people use sex machines to simulate intercourse 22 Men and women may masturbate until they are close to orgasm stop for a while to reduce excitement and then resume masturbating They may repeat this cycle multiple times This stop and go build up known as edging can achieve even stronger orgasms 23 Rarely people quit stimulation just before orgasm to retain the heightened energy that normally comes down after orgasm 24 Female See also Fingering sexual act Female masturbation involves the stroking or rubbing of a woman s vulva especially her clitoris with an index or middle finger or both Sometimes one or more fingers may be inserted into the vagina to stroke its frontal wall where the G spot may be located 25 Masturbation aids such as a vibrator dildo or Ben Wa balls can also be used to stimulate the vagina and clitoris Many women caress their breasts or stimulate a nipple with the free hand and anal stimulation is also enjoyed by some Personal lubricant is sometimes used during masturbation especially when penetration is involved but this is not universal and many women find their natural lubrication sufficient Like males common positions for female masturbation include lying on back or face down sitting squatting kneeling or standing In a bath or shower a female may direct water via a handheld showerhead at her clitoris vulva or perineum Lying face down one may use the hands one may straddle a pillow the corner or edge of the bed a partner s leg or some scrunched up clothing and hump the vulva and clitoris against it Standing up a chair the corner of an item of furniture or even a washing machine can be used to stimulate the clitoris through the labia and clothing Some masturbate only using pressure applied to the clitoris without direct contact for example by pressing the palm or ball of the hand against underwear or other clothing citation needed In the 1920s Havelock Ellis reported that turn of the century seamstresses using treadle operated sewing machines could achieve orgasm by sitting near the edge of their chairs 26 Women can stimulate themselves sexually by crossing their legs tightly and clenching the muscles in their legs creating pressure on the genitals This can potentially be done in public without observers noticing Thoughts fantasies and memories of previous instances of arousal and orgasm can produce sexual excitation Some women can orgasm spontaneously by force of will alone although this may not strictly qualify as masturbation as no physical stimulus is involved 27 28 Sex therapists will sometimes recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm for example to help improve sexual health and relationships to help determine what is erotically pleasing to them and because mutual masturbation can lead to more satisfying sexual relationships and added intimacy 29 30 Male One of the illustrations to De figuris Veneris by Edouard Henri Avril It portrays a male masturbating while sexually fantasizing The most common masturbation technique among males is to hold the penis with a loose fist and then move the hand up and down on the glans and the shaft of the penis 31 This type of stimulation can result in orgasm and ejaculation The hand motion and the speed of the action may vary throughout the masturbation session Some men may use their free hand to fondle their scrotum and testicles the perineum and other body parts or may place both hands directly on the penis Common positions include standing sitting lying on one s back or lying face down squatting or kneeling citation needed Masturbation techniques may differ between males For some men the foreskin remains covering the glans during masturbation or it may be partially or completely retracted manually and sometimes automatically depending on the individual 32 33 For others on whom the glans is mostly or completely uncovered masturbation can include a more direct contact between the hand and the glans and also stimulation of the shaft skin 33 In some cases to avoid friction and irritation or to enhance sexual sensation men prefer to use a personal lubricant or saliva 31 Men may also rub or massage different areas of their glans like its ventral surface the left and right sides the rounded rim known as the corona and around the frenulum 34 Some men lie face down in prone position and gently rub their penis against a comfortable surface such as a mattress or pillow a technique known as prone masturbation 31 35 Prostate massage is one other technique used for sexual stimulation often in order to reach orgasm The prostate is sometimes referred to as the male G spot or P spot 36 Some men can achieve orgasm through stimulation of the prostate gland by stimulating it using a well lubricated finger or dildo inserted through the anus into the rectum Men who report the sensation of prostate stimulation often give descriptions similar to females accounts of G spot stimulation 37 38 In some men prostate stimulation might produce more intense orgasms than penile stimulation 37 Stimulating the prostate from outside via pressure on the perineum can be pleasurable as well 39 Anal masturbation without any prostate stimulation with fingers or otherwise is also a technique that some men enjoy The muscles of the anus contract during orgasm thus the presence of an object holding the sphincter open can strengthen the sensation of the contractions and intensify orgasm 40 Some men keep their hands stationary while pumping into it with pelvic thrusts in order to simulate the motions of sexual intercourse The nipples are erogenous zones and vigorous stimulation of them during masturbation can result in enhanced sexual arousal 41 Others may also use vibrators and other sexual devices for sexual stimulation The device can be used to stimulate the penis and other areas like the scrotum the perineum or the anus 42 Other sexual toys for men are artificial vaginas like fleshlight and simulacrums 43 In a bath or shower a man may direct water via a handheld showerhead at his frenulum testicles or perineum A somewhat controversial ejaculation control technique is to put intense pressure on the perineum about halfway between the scrotum and the anus just before ejaculating This can however redirect semen into the bladder referred to as retrograde ejaculation 44 Mutual Gerda Wegener s 1925 artwork Les delassements d Eros The recreations of Eros which depicts sexual activity by two women Johann Nepomuk Geiger watercolor 1840 See also Non penetrative sex Mutual masturbation involves two or more people who sexually stimulate each other usually with the hands It can be practiced by people of any sexual orientation and can be part of other sexual activity It may be used as foreplay or as an alternative to sexual penetration When used as an alternative to penile vaginal penetration the goal may be to preserve virginity or to avoid risk of pregnancy 45 46 Mutual masturbation can be practiced in pairs or groups with or without actually touching another person for example citation needed Non contact mutual masturbation Two people masturbating in the presence of each other but not touching Contact mutual masturbation One person touching another person to masturbate The other person may do the same during or after Non contact group More than two people masturbating in the presence of each other in a group but not touching each other Contact group More than two people physically touching each other to masturbate as a group Mutual masturbation foreplay The manual stimulation of each other s genitals where the session eventually leads to sexual intercourse 47 Frequency age and sexFrequency of masturbation is determined by many factors e g one s resistance to sexual tension hormone levels influencing sexual arousal sexual habits peer influences health and one s attitude to masturbation formed by culture E Heiby and J Becker examined the latter 48 Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation wherein masturbation is not cause but effect 49 50 51 with the exception of inserting foreign objects into the urinary bladder 52 Different studies have found that masturbation is frequent in humans Alfred Kinsey s 1950s studies on US population have shown that 92 of men and 62 of women have masturbated during their lifespan 28 Similar results have been found in a 2007 British national probability survey It was found that between individuals aged 16 to 44 95 of men and 71 of women masturbated at some point in their lives 73 of men and 37 of women reported masturbating in the four weeks before their interview while 53 of men and 18 of women reported masturbating in the previous seven days 53 The Merck Manual says that 97 of men and 80 of women have masturbated and that generally speaking males masturbate more than females 54 55 The Global Self Pleasure Report of 2018 found that the United Kingdom was the country with the highest rate of masturbation 56 Masturbation is considered normal when performed by children 57 7 58 even in early infancy 49 59 60 In 2009 the Sheffield NHS Health Trust issued a pamphlet called Pleasure which discussed the health benefits of masturbation This was done in response to data and experience from the other EU member states to reduce teen pregnancy and STIs STDs and to promote healthy habits 61 According to the New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry 1st ed Masturbation and sexual play are common well before puberty Sexual behaviour in young children is common and should only be regarded as a sign of sexual abuse when it is out of context and is inappropriate 62 In the book Human Sexuality Diversity in Contemporary America by Strong Devault and Sayad the authors point out A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically almost violently appearing to experience orgasm 63 Italian gynecologists Giorgio Giorgi and Marco Siccardi observed via ultrasound a female fetus possibly masturbating and having what appeared to be an orgasm 64 Popular belief asserts that individuals of either sex who are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are however much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a relationship Contrary to this belief several studies actually reveal a positive correlation between the frequency of masturbation and the frequency of intercourse A study has reported a significantly higher rate of masturbation in gay men and women who were in a relationship 53 65 66 67 Coon and Mitterer stated Approximately 70 percent of married women and men masturbate at least occasionally 68 69 70 Do more men masturbate than women Yes While 89 percent of women reported that they had masturbated at some time the figure was 95 percent for men Some cynics add And the other 5 percent lied 71 Mitterer Coon and Martini 2015Evolutionary utilityFemale masturbation alters conditions in the vagina cervix and uterus in ways that can alter the chances of conception from intercourse depending on the timing of the masturbation A woman s orgasm between one minute before and 45 minutes after insemination favors the chances of that sperm reaching her egg If for example she has had intercourse with more than one male such an orgasm can increase the likelihood of a pregnancy by one of them 72 73 Female masturbation can also provide protection against cervical infections by increasing the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris out of the cervix 73 In males masturbation flushes out old sperm with low motility from the male s genital tract The next ejaculation then contains more fresh sperm which have higher chances of achieving conception during intercourse If more than one male has intercourse with a female the sperm with the highest motility will compete more effectively 74 75 76 Health effectsBenefits The American Medical Association declared masturbation as normal by consensus in 1972 77 It does not deplete one s body of energy 78 or produce premature ejaculation 79 The medical consensus is that masturbation is a medically healthy and psychologically normal habit 55 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 According to the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy It is considered abnormal only when it inhibits partner oriented behavior is done in public or is sufficiently compulsive to cause distress 55 88 The existence of masturbation addiction has not been proven but masturbation compulsion probably exists 89 Solo masturbation is a sexual activity that is nearly free of risk of sexually transmitted infection 90 With two or more participants the risk of sexually transmitted infection while not eliminated remains lower than with most forms of penetrative sex Support for such a view and for making masturbation part of the American sex education curriculum led to the dismissal of US Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders during the Clinton administration 91 Masturbation among adolescents contributes to their developing a sense of mastery over sexual impulses and it has a role in the physical and emotional development of prepubescents and pubescents 92 Sex therapists sometimes recommend that female patients take time to masturbate to orgasm for example to help improve sexual health and relationships to help determine what is erotically pleasing to them and because mutual masturbation can lead to more satisfying sexual relationships and added intimacy 29 30 Encyclopedia Britannica endorses the use of masturbation inside sex therapy 93 Britannica also calls myths the ideas that masturbation would be unhealthy or immature behavior 94 Mutual masturbation enables partners in a couple to reveal the map to their pleasure centers learning how they enjoy being touched When intercourse is inconvenient or impractical mutual masturbation affords couples the opportunity to obtain sexual release as often as desired 95 It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve depression and lead to a higher sense of self esteem 96 When one partner in a relationship wants more sex than the other masturbation can provide a balancing effect and promote a more harmonious relationship 95 In 2003 an Australian research team led by Graham Giles of The Cancer Council Australia 97 found that males who masturbated frequently had a lower probability of developing prostate cancer although they could not demonstrate a direct causation A 2008 study concluded that frequent ejaculation between the ages of 20 and 40 was correlated with higher risk of developing prostate cancer while frequent ejaculation in the sixth decade of life was found to be correlated with a lower risk 98 However a larger 2016 study found that regular ejaculation markedly reduced prostate cancer risk in all age groups 99 A study published in 1997 found an inverse association between death from coronary heart disease and frequency of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction can be triggered by sexual activity The association between frequency of orgasm and all cause mortality was also examined using the midpoint of each response category recorded as number of orgasms per year The age adjusted odds ratio for an increase of 100 orgasms per year was 0 64 0 44 to 0 95 That is a difference in mortality appeared between any two subjects when one subject ejaculated at around two times per week more than the other Assuming a broad range average of between three and five ejaculations per week for healthy males this would mean five to seven ejaculations per week This is consistent with a 2003 paper that found the strength of these correlations increased with increasing frequency of ejaculation 100 A 2008 study at Tabriz Medical University found that ejaculation reduces swollen nasal blood vessels freeing the airway for normal breathing The mechanism is through stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and is long lasting The study author suggests It can be done from time to time to alleviate the congestion and the patient can adjust the number of intercourses or masturbations depending on the severity of the symptoms 101 Sexual climax leaves an individual in a relaxed and contented state frequently followed by drowsiness and sleep 102 103 104 Some professionals consider masturbation equivalent to a cardiovascular workout 105 Though research remains scant those suffering from cardiovascular disorders particularly those recovering from heart attacks should resume physical activity gradually and with the frequency and rigor which their physical status will allow This limitation can serve as encouragement to follow through with physical therapy sessions to help improve endurance In general sex slightly increases energy consumption 106 107 Risks Those who insert objects as aids to masturbation risk them becoming stuck e g as rectal foreign bodies Men and women can fall prey to this problem A woman went into a German hospital with two pencils in her bladder having pierced her urethra after inserting them during masturbation 52 A male whose penis is bluntly traumatized during intercourse or masturbation may rarely sustain a penile fracture 108 109 110 or develop Peyronie s disease 111 Phimosis is a contracted foreskin that may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back 112 In these cases any energetic manipulation of the penis can be problematic A small percentage of males have postorgasmic illness syndrome POIS which can cause severe muscle pain throughout the body and other symptoms immediately following ejaculation whether due to masturbation or partnered sex The symptoms last for up to a week 113 114 115 Some doctors speculate that the frequency of POIS in the population may be greater than has been reported in the academic literature 116 and that many cases are undiagnosed 117 Compulsive masturbation and other compulsive behaviors can be signs of an emotional problem which may need to be addressed by a mental health specialist 118 As with any nervous habit it is more helpful to consider the causes of compulsive behavior rather than try to repress masturbation 119 Alongside many other factors such as medical evidence age inappropriate sexual knowledge sexualized play and precocious or seductive behavior excessive masturbation may be an indicator of sexual abuse 120 121 According to DSM 5 TR Delayed ejaculation is associated with highly frequent masturbation use of masturbation techniques not easily duplicated by a partner and marked disparities between sexual fantasies during masturbation and the reality of sex with a partner 122 Cultural historyMain article History of masturbation Ancient world Detail of a krater dating to c 560 550 BC showing a satyr masturbating a common scene in many ancient Greek pottery paintings 123 124 The sexual stimulation of one s own genitals has been interpreted variously by different religions the subject of legislation social controversy activism as well as intellectual study in sexology Social views regarding masturbation taboo have varied greatly in different cultures and over history There are depictions of male and female masturbation in prehistoric rock paintings around the world From the earliest records the ancient Sumerians had very relaxed attitudes toward sex 125 The Sumerians widely believed that masturbation enhanced sexual potency both for men and for women 125 and they frequently engaged in it both alone and with their partners 125 Men would often use puru oil a special oil probably mixed with pulverized iron ore intended to enhance friction 125 Masturbation was also an act of creation and in Sumerian mythology the god Enki was believed to have created the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by masturbating and ejaculating into their empty riverbeds 126 The ancient Egyptians also regarded masturbation by a deity as an act of creation the god Atum was believed to have created the universe by masturbating to ejaculation 127 The ancient Greeks also regarded masturbation as a normal and healthy substitute for other forms of sexual pleasure 128 Most information about masturbation in ancient Greece comes from surviving works of ancient Greek comedy and pottery 123 Masturbation is frequently referenced in the surviving comedies of Aristophanes which are the most important sources of information on ancient Greek views on the subject 123 In ancient Greek pottery satyrs are often depicted masturbating 123 124 According to the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by the third century AD biographer Diogenes Laertius Diogenes of Sinope the fourth century BC Cynic philosopher often masturbated in public which was considered scandalous 129 130 131 When people confronted him over this he would say If only it were as easy to banish hunger by rubbing my belly 129 130 131 Among non western perspectives on the matter some teachers and practitioners of Traditional Chinese medicine Taoist meditative and martial arts say that masturbation can cause a lowered energy level in men Within the African Congo Basin the Aka Ngandu Lesi Brbs and Ituri ethnic groups all lack a word for masturbation in their languages and are confused by the concept of masturbation 132 Development of the contemporary Western world view Masturbation was depicted in 19th century Shunga prints such as this piece by Kunisada Self portrait of Egon Schiele in 1911 depicting masturbation 18th century Onanism is a hybrid term which combines the proper noun Onan with the suffix ism 133 Notions of self pollution impurity and uncleanness were increasingly associated with various other sexual vices and crimes of the body such as fornication sodomy adultery incest and obscene language in reaction to the 17th century libertine culture middle class moralists increasingly campaigned for a reformation of manners and a stricter regulation of the body Paradoxically a crime that was secret and private became a popular and fashionable topic Moreover writers tended to focus more on the perceived links with mental and physical illnesses that were deemed to be associated with the sense of moral outrage Attention increasingly shifted to the prevention and cure of this illness which perilously sapped men of their virility 134 The first use of the word onanism to consistently and specifically refer to masturbation is a pamphlet first distributed in London in 1716 titled Onania or the Heinous Sin of self Pollution And All Its Frightful Consequences In Both Sexes Considered With Spiritual and Physical Advice To Those Who Have Already Injured Themselves By This Abominable Practice The Online Etymology Dictionary however claims the earliest known use of onanism occurred in 1727 In 1743 1745 the British physician Robert James published A Medicinal Dictionary in which he described masturbation as being productive of the most deplorable and generally incurable disorders and stated that there is perhaps no sin productive of so many hideous consequences 135 One of the many horrified by the descriptions of malady in Onania was the notable Swiss physician Samuel Auguste Tissot In 1760 he published L Onanisme his own comprehensive medical treatise on the purported ill effects of masturbation Though Tissot s ideas are now considered conjectural at best his treatise was presented as a scholarly scientific work in a time when experimental physiology was practically nonexistent citation needed Immanuel Kant regarded masturbation as a violation of the moral law In The Metaphysics of Morals 1797 he made the a posteriori argument that such an unnatural use of one s sexual attribute strikes everyone upon his thinking of it as a violation of one s duty to himself and suggested that it was regarded as immoral even to give it its proper name unlike the case of the similarly undutiful act of suicide He went on however to acknowledge that it is not so easy to produce a rational demonstration of the inadmissibility of that unnatural use but ultimately concluded that its immorality lay in the fact that a man gives up his personality when he uses himself merely as a means for the gratification of an animal drive 136 19th century By 1838 Jean Esquirol had declared in his Des Maladies Mentales that masturbation was recognized in all countries as a cause of insanity 137 138 John Harvey Kellogg and Sylvester Graham were among those who proposed that circumcision and eating a bland meatless diet would curb masturbation 139 The medical literature of the time also described more invasive procedures including electric shock treatment infibulation restraining devices like chastity belts and straitjackets cauterization or as a last resort wholesale surgical excision of the genitals citation needed Medical attitudes toward masturbation began to change towards the end of the 19th century when H Havelock Ellis in his seminal 1897 work Studies in the Psychology of Sex questioned Tissot s premises 140 20th century In 1905 Sigmund Freud addressed masturbation in his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and associated it with addictive substances He described the masturbation of infants at the period when the infant is nursing at four years of age and at puberty At the same time the supposed medical condition of hysteria from the Greek hystera or uterus was being treated by what would now be described as medically administered or medically prescribed masturbation for women In 1910 the meetings of the Vienna psychoanalytic circle discussed the moral or health effects of masturbation 141 but its publication on the matter was suppressed Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation is a 1922 essay by another Austrian the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich In the seven and a half page essay Reich accepts the prevalent notions on the roles of unconscious fantasy and the subsequent emerging guilt feelings which he saw as originating from the act itself citation needed By 1930 F W W Griffin editor of The Scouter had written in a book for Rover Scouts stating that the temptation to masturbate was a quite natural stage of development and citing Ellis work held that the effort to achieve complete abstinence was a very serious error The work of sexologist Alfred Kinsey during the 1940s and 1950s most notably the Kinsey Reports insisted that masturbation was an instinctive behavior for both males and females In the US masturbation has not been a diagnosable condition since DSM II 1968 142 Thomas Szasz stated in 1973 the shift in scientific consensus 81 82 143 Masturbation the primary sexual activity of mankind In the nineteenth century it was a disease in the twentieth it s a cure 83 In 2019 Encyclopedia Britannica endorses his conclusion namely masturbation as a cure inside sex therapy 93 Dorner and others wrote in their now classic book 1978 Self satisfaction is therefore a priceless good for the success of sexual pleasure but also for other partnership and sexual relationships for only if I can offer something to myself can I also offer it to someone else Not self satisfaction but feelings closely correlated with it need among others help through counseling respectively therapy 144 In the 1980s Michel Foucault was arguing masturbation taboo was rape by the parents of the sexual activity of their children However in 1994 when the surgeon general of the United States Joycelyn Elders mentioned as an aside that it should be mentioned in school curricula that masturbation was safe and healthy she was forced to resign 91 with opponents asserting that she was promoting the teaching of how to masturbate citation needed 21st century Both practices and cultural views of masturbation have continued to evolve in the 21st century partly because the contemporary lifeworld is increasingly technical according to whom For example digital photographs or live video may be used to share masturbatory experiences either in a broadcast format possibly in exchange of money as with performances by webcam models or between members of a long distance relationship Teledildonics is a growing field Masturbation has been depicted as a complicated part of Love in the 21st Century in the BBC drama by the same name 145 In modern cultureStigma Even though many medical professionals and scientists have found large amounts of evidence that masturbating is healthy 55 80 83 84 85 86 87 79 142 and commonly practiced by males and females stigma on the topic still persists today In November 2013 Matthew Burdette after being filmed masturbating committed suicide 146 147 148 In an article published by the nonprofit organization Planned Parenthood Federation of America it was reported that 30 Proving that these ancient stigmas against masturbation are still alive and felt by women and men researchers in 1994 found that half of the adult women and men who masturbate feel guilty about it Laumann et al 1994 p 85 Another study in 2000 found that adolescent young men are still frequently afraid to admit that they masturbate Halpern et al 2000 327 Sperm donation Male masturbation may be used as a method to obtain semen for third party reproductive procedures such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation which may involve the use of either partner or donor sperm 149 150 At a sperm bank or fertility clinic a special room or cabin may be set aside so that semen may be produced by male masturbation for use in fertility treatments such as artificial insemination Most semen used for sperm donation and all semen donated through a sperm bank by sperm donors is produced in this way The facility at a sperm bank used for this purpose is known as a masturbatorium US or men s production room UK A bed or couch is usually provided for the man and pornographic films or other material may be made available 151 Encouragement In the UK in 2009 a leaflet was issued by the National Health Service in Sheffield carrying the slogan an orgasm a day keeps the doctor away It also says Health promotion experts advocate five portions of fruit and veg a day and 30 minutes physical activity three times a week What about sex or masturbation twice a week This leaflet has been circulated to parents teachers and youth workers and is meant to update sex education by telling older school students about the benefits of enjoyable sex Its authors have said that for too long experts have concentrated on the need for safe sex and committed relationships while ignoring the principal reason that many people have sex The leaflet is entitled Pleasure Instead of promoting teenage sex it could encourage young people to delay losing their virginity until they are certain they will enjoy the experience said one of its authors 61 152 The Spanish region of Extremadura launched a program in 2009 to encourage sexual self exploration and the discovery of self pleasure in people aged from 14 to 17 The 14 000 campaign includes leaflets flyers a fanzine and workshops for the young in which they receive instruction on masturbation techniques along with advice on contraception and self respect The initiative whose slogan is Pleasure is in your own hands has angered local right wing politicians and challenged traditional Roman Catholic views Officials from the neighboring region of Andalucia have expressed an interest in copying the program 153 The text book Palliative care nursing quality care to the end of life states Terminally ill people are likely no different from the general population regarding their masturbation habits Palliative care practitioners should routinely ask their patients if anything interferes in their ability to masturbate and then work with the patient to correct the problem if it is identified 154 The sex positive movement argues for a supportive environment for masturbation citation needed Law The prosecution of masturbation has varied at different times from complete illegality to virtually unlimited acceptance In a 17th century law code for the Puritan colony of New Haven Connecticut blasphemers homosexuals and masturbators were eligible for the death penalty 155 Often masturbation in the sight of others is prosecuted under a general law such as public indecency though some laws make specific mention of masturbation In the UK masturbating in public is illegal under Section 28 of the Town Police Clauses Act 1847 The penalty may be up to 14 days in prison depending on a range of circumstantial factors 156 In the US laws vary from state to state In 2010 the Supreme Court of Alabama upheld a state law criminalizing the distribution of sex toys 157 In the city of Charlotte North Carolina masturbating in public is a class 3 misdemeanor 156 In 2013 a man found masturbating openly on a beach in Sweden was cleared of charges of sexual assault the court finding that his activities had not been directed towards any specific person 158 In many jurisdictions masturbation by one person of another is considered digital penetration which may be illegal in some cases such as when the other person is a minor citation needed There is debate whether masturbation should be promoted in correctional institutions Restrictions on pornography used to accompany masturbation are common in American correctional facilities Connecticut Department of Corrections officials say that these restrictions are intended to avoid a hostile work environment for correctional officers 159 Other researchers argue allowing masturbation could help prisoners restrict their sexual urges to their imaginations rather than engaging in prison rape or other non masturbatory sexual activity that could pose sexually transmitted disease or other health risks 160 Religious views Main article Religious views on masturbation See also Religion and sexuality and Sperm in vain Judaism A temple relief at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh India features a couple in a sexual embrace with a man and a woman masturbating to either side Religions vary broadly in their views of masturbation from considering it completely impermissible for example in Catholicism most forms of Islam and some sects of Judaism 161 to encouraging and refining it as for example in some Neotantra and Taoist sexual practices Rites of passage The Sambia tribe of New Guinea has rituals and rites of passage surrounding manhood which lasts several years and involves ejaculation through fellatio often several times a day Semen is valued and masturbation is seen as a waste of semen and is therefore frowned upon even though frequent ejaculation is encouraged The capacity and need to ejaculate is developed or nurtured for years from an early age but through fellatio so that it can be consumed rather than wasted Semen is ingested for strength and is considered in the same line as mothers milk 162 better source needed Other cultures have rites of passage into manhood that culminate in the first ejaculation of a male usually by the hands of a tribal elder In some tribes such as the Agta indigenous Filipino people stimulation of the genitals is encouraged from an early age 163 Upon puberty the young male is then paired off with a wise elder or witch doctor who uses masturbation to build his ability to ejaculate in preparation for a ceremony citation needed The ceremony culminates in a public ejaculation before a celebration citation needed The ejaculate is saved in a wad of animal skin and worn later to help conceive children In this and other tribes the measure of manhood is actually associated more with the amount of ejaculate and his need than penis size citation needed Popular culture Masturbation 1911 copper engraving by Mihaly Zichy Music In popular music there are various songs that deal with masturbation Some of the earliest examples are My Ding a Ling by Chuck Berry and Mary Ann with the Shaky Hand and Pictures of Lily by The Who 164 More recent popular songs include Love Myself by Hailee Steinfeld Rosie by Jackson Browne Una luna de miel en la mano by Virus I Touch Myself by the Divinyls Very Busy People by The Limousines Dancing With Myself by Billy Idol Everyday I Die by Gary Numan You re Makin Me High by Toni Braxton Holding My Own by The Darkness Nickelodeon Girls by Pink Guy Vibe On by Dannii Minogue Orgasm Addict by the Buzzcocks Captain Jack and The Stranger by Billy Joel Blister in the Sun by Violent Femmes Longview by Green Day M Ms by Blink 182 Wow I Can Get Sexual Too by Say Anything Touch of My Hand by Britney Spears Fingers and U Ur Hand by P nk 165 So Happy I Could Die by Lady Gaga Masturbating Jimmy by The Tiger Lillies When Life Gets Boring by Gob Daybed by FKA Twigs Get a Grip by Semisonic and Darling Nikki by Prince The 1983 recording She Bop by Cyndi Lauper was one of the first fifteen songs ever required to carry a Parental Advisory sticker for sexual content 166 In a 1993 interview on The Howard Stern Show Lauper claimed she recorded the vocal track in the nude 167 The song Masturbates by rock group Mindless Self Indulgence also deals with the concept of auto erotic activity in a punk framework Literature The 1858 schoolboys novel Eric or Little by Little was a tract against masturbation but it did not mention the subject except extremely obliquely as Kibroth Hattaavah a place mentioned in the Old Testament where those that lusted after meat were buried In October 1972 an important censorship case was held in Australia leading to the banning of Philip Roth s novel Portnoy s Complaint in that country due to its masturbation references The censorship led to public outcry at the time 168 Further portrayals and references to masturbation have occurred throughout literature and the practice itself has even contributed to the production of literature among certain writers such as Wolfe Balzac Flaubert and John Cheever 169 Perhaps the most famous fictional depiction of masturbation occurs in the Nausicaa episode of Ulysses by James Joyce Here the novel s protagonist Bloom brings himself to covert climax during a public fireworks display after being aroused by a young woman s coy exhibitionism Television In the Seinfeld episode The Contest 170 the show s main characters enter into a contest to see who can go the longest without masturbating Because Seinfeld s network NBC did not think masturbation was a suitable topic for prime time television the word is never used Instead the subject is described using a series of euphemisms Master of my domain became a part of the American lexicon from this episode Another NBC show Late Night with Conan O Brien had a character known as the Masturbating Bear a costume of a bear with a diaper covering its genitals The Masturbating Bear would touch his diaper to simulate masturbation Prior to leaving Late Night to become host of The Tonight Show Conan O Brien originally retired the character due to concerns about its appropriateness in an earlier time slot 171 The Masturbating Bear however made his Tonight Show debut during the final days of Conan O Brien s tenure as host of the Tonight Show It was clear by then that Conan O Brien was being removed from the show and he spent his last shows pushing the envelope with skits that typically would not be appropriate for the Tonight Show one of which was the Masturbating Bear 172 After much debate on whether or not he would be able to be used on Conan O Brien s new TBS show Conan the Masturbating Bear made an appearance on the first episode 173 In March 2007 the UK broadcaster Channel 4 was to air a season of television programs about masturbation called Wank Week Wank is a Briticism for masturbate The series came under public attack from senior television figures and was pulled amid claims of declining editorial standards and controversy over the channel s public service broadcasting credentials Film Every Sperm Is Sacred performed at the Monty Python reunion Monty Python Live Mostly in July 2014 In Monty Python s The Meaning of Life 1983 the song Every Sperm Is Sacred is a satire of Catholic teachings on reproduction that forbid masturbation and contraception by artificial means In Talking Cock by comedian Richard Herring the sketch is used to ridicule those who condemn masturbation and sex for any purpose other than procreation 174 In American Pie 1999 Nadia Shannon Elizabeth discovers Jim s Jason Biggs pornography collection and while half naked sitting on his bed masturbates to it In American Reunion 2012 Noah Eugene Levy attempts to explain the potential joys and difficulties of Jim explaining masturbation to his future son 175 Pornography Depictions of male and female masturbation are common in pornography including gay pornography Am Abend 1910 one of the earliest pornographic films that have been collected at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex Gender and Reproduction 176 177 starts with a female masturbation scene Solo performances in gay pornography have been described in 1985 as either or both active tense upright and or passive supine exposed languid available whereas female solo performances are said to be exclusively passive supine spread seated squatted orifices offered etc 178 Solo pornography recognized with AVN Awards include the All Alone series 179 and All Natural Glamour Solos 180 Other animalsMain article Masturbation in animals Masturbatory behavior has been documented in a very wide range of species Individuals of some species have been known to create tools for masturbation purposes 11 See alsoAdult video arcade Autoeroticism Autofellatio Cum shot Die grosse Nacht im Eimer Handjob Jugum penis archaic anti masturbation device National Masturbation Day Nocturnal emission Phone sex Self love Sex doll Sex magic Venus ButterflyReferences a b Robinson Jennifer 4 March 2010 Masturbation Is Masturbation Normal or Harmful Who Masturbates Why Do People Masturbate WebMD Retrieved 17 August 2011 a b Lehmiller JJ 2017 The Psychology of Human Sexuality John Wiley amp Sons p 402 ISBN 978 1 119 16470 8 Masturbation refers to all solo forms of self stimulation focusing on the genitals Masturbation practices vary widely depending upon the individual s body and personal preferences For instance masturbation among women may involve manipulation of the clitoris and labia stimulation of the breasts or vaginal penetration with a sex toy Among men masturbation most frequently involves using one or both hands to stimulate the penis Of course men sometimes utilize sex toys too e g masturbation sleeves butt plugs etc a b Nadal KL 2017 The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender SAGE p 1123 ISBN 978 1 4833 8427 6 Masturbation is the act of touching or otherwise stimulating one s own body particularly one s genitals for the purpose of sexual pleasure and or orgasm The term is most commonly used to describe solitary masturbation in which people provide themselves with sexual stimulation while they are physically alone Mutual masturbation is when two or more people manually stimulate their own body or each other s bodies a b Bruess CE Schroeder E 2013 Sexuality Education Theory And Practice Jones amp Bartlett Publishers p 151 ISBN 978 1 4496 4928 9 Upton D 2014 Nursing amp Health Survival Guide Health Promotion Routledge p 52 ISBN 978 1 317 90617 9 Coleman Eli 2012 2002 Bockting Walter O Coleman Eli eds Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health PDF New York Routledge Taylor amp Francis Group p 7 ISBN 978 0 7890 2047 5 OCLC 50913590 Archived from the original PDF on 22 July 2015 Despite the scientific evidence indicating that masturbation is generally a normal variant of sexual expression and that it does not seem to have a causal relationship with sexual pathology negative attitudes about masturbation persist and it remains stigmatized a b Messer Drew C Walker C Eugene 6 December 2012 2003 Masturbation In Ollendick Thomas H Schroeder Carolyn S eds Encyclopedia of Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology Boston MA Springer Science amp Business Media p 359 ISBN 978 1 4615 0107 7 OCLC 913623298 Note Messer s and Walker s article cannot be protected by copyright Hallikeri Vinay R Gouda Hareesh S Aramani Sunil C Vijaykumar A G Ajaykumar T S July December 2010 MASTURBATION AN OVERVIEW Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 27 2 46 49 ISSN 0971 1929 Archived from the original on 21 August 2016 Today masturbatory act is considered as a healthy practice when done in private and an offence if done in the public in most of the countries Poiani Aldo 19 August 2010 Animal Homosexuality A Biosocial Perspective Cambridge University Press pp 232 235 394 ISBN 978 1 139 49038 2 Breeding Soundness Examination of the Stallion Petplace com 10 December 2014 Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 Retrieved 29 May 2011 a b Bagemihl Bruce 1999 Biological Exuberance Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 19239 6 Retrieved 21 October 2015 masturbate OR masturbation Dally Peter 1975 The Fantasy Factor George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited p 135 ISBN 978 0 297 76945 3 OED s v masturbation subscription required Darby Robert 1 September 2004 A Post Modernist Theory of Wanking Solitary Sex A Cultural History of Masturbation By Thomas Laqueur New York Zone Books 2003 501pp Journal of Social History Oxford University Press OUP 38 1 205 210 doi 10 1353 jsh 2004 0083 ISSN 0022 4529 S2CID 142231558 Shamans Sex Beasts and Abuse Mother Son Relationships in Popular and Cult Cinema Charles Jason Lee Film International May 2005 Fap Definition amp Meaning Dictionary com Retrieved 9 May 2022 5 great reasons to use lube the next time you re getting intimate International Planned Parenthood Federation 10 May 2019 Retrieved 1 November 2021 Cleves Alexander 23 February 2017 Masturbation Matters 15 Better Ways to Get Off The Advocate Retrieved 1 November 2021 Go Ask Alice Cock stuffing goaskalice columbia edu 18 February 2005 Archived from the original on 19 February 2005 Retrieved 12 October 2019 Various authors 21 April 2006 Urethral Sound Body Modification Ezine Retrieved 29 July 2006 McPartlin Daniel Klausner Adam P Berry Tristan T Mulcahy Maurice 9 September 2005 Case report A foreign body in the urethra International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 4 11 1052 4 doi 10 1016 j ijscr 2013 07 017 PMC 3825963 PMID 24055017 Leung Isaac 2009 The Cultural Production of Sex Machines and the Contemporary Technosexual Practices In Grenzfurthner J et al eds Do androids sleep with electric sheep Critical perspectives on sexuality and pornography in science and social fiction RE SEARCH ISBN 978 1 889307 23 7 Sex Editorials 16 March 2004 Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 Retrieved 15 January 2012 The Stop And Go Masturbation Technique for Men and Women Woods Margo Masturbation Tantra and Self love PDF Retrieved 27 August 2014 Keesling Barbara November 1999 Beyond Orgasmatron Psychology Today Retrieved 29 July 2006 Ellis Havelock 1927 Studies in the Psychology of Sex 3rd edition Volume I Auto Eroticism A Study of the Spontaneous Manifestations of the Sexual Impulse section I The Sewing machine and the Bicycle quotes one Pouillet as saying it is a well recognized fact that to work a sewing machine with the body in a certain position produces sexual excitement leading to the orgasm The occurrence of the orgasm is indicated to the observer by the machine being worked for a few seconds with uncontrollable rapidity This sound is said to be frequently heard in large French workrooms and it is part of the duty of the superintendents of the rooms to make the girls sit properly Studies in the Psychology of Sex v I by Havelock Ellis at Project Gutenberg Koedt Anne 1970 The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm Chicago Women s Liberation Union Retrieved 18 November 2010 a b The Kinsey Institute Kinsey Study Data Research Program kinseyinstitute org 6 March 2011 Archived from the original on 6 March 2011 Retrieved 11 October 2019 a b Shuman Tracy February 2006 Your Guide to Masturbation WebMD Inc The Cleveland Clinic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Retrieved 29 July 2006 a b c Knowles Jon November 2002 Masturbation From Stigma to Sexual Health PDF Katharine Dexter McCormick Library Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc Retrieved 29 July 2006 a b c Crooks Robert L Baur Karla 1 January 2010 Our Sexuality Cengage Learning ISBN 978 0 495 81294 4 Male masturbation Body Talk Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b Masturbation a hands on guide PDF PDF Room Retrieved 15 December 2022 Schober Justine M Meyer Bahlburg Heino F L Dolezal Curtis 2009 Self ratings of genital anatomy sexual sensitivity and function in men using the Self Assessment of Genital Anatomy and Sexual Function Male questionnaire BJU International 103 8 1096 1103 doi 10 1111 j 1464 410X 2008 08166 x ISSN 1464 410X PMID 19245445 S2CID 38304794 Kinsey Confidential Prone masturbation a threat Indiana Daily Student Retrieved 30 March 2017 Saleh Naveed 16 October 2014 Hitting the P Spot Psychology Today Retrieved 26 April 2020 a b Rosenthal Martha 2012 Human Sexuality From Cells to Society Cengage Learning pp 133 135 ISBN 978 0 618 75571 4 Retrieved 18 May 2014 Ladas AK Whipple B Perry JD 1982 The G spot and other discoveries about human sexuality New York Holt Rinehart and Winston ISBN 978 0 440 13040 6 Shafik Ahmed Shafik Ali A Shafik Ismail A Sibai Olfat El 2008 Percutaneous Perineal Electrostimulation Induces Erection Clinical Significance in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury and Erectile Dysfunction The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 31 1 40 43 doi 10 1080 10790268 2008 11753979 ISSN 1079 0268 PMC 2435023 PMID 18533410 Approximately one third to one half of the penis is embedded in the pelvis and can be felt through the scrotum and in the perineum The main arteries and nerves enter the penis through this perineal part of the penis which seems to represent a highly sensitive area Sinclair Intimacy Institute Discovery Health Archived from the original on 13 June 2002 Levin Roy Meston Cindy 2006 Nipple Breast stimulation and sexual arousal in young men and women The Journal of Sexual Medicine 3 3 450 454 doi 10 1111 j 1743 6109 2006 00230 x ISSN 1743 6095 PMID 16681470 Rullo Jordan E Lorenz Tierney Ziegelmann Matthew J Meihofer Laura Herbenick Debra Faubion Stephanie S 2018 Genital vibration for sexual function and enhancement a review of evidence Sexual and Relationship Therapy Journal of the British Association for Sexual and Relationship Therapy 33 3 263 274 doi 10 1080 14681994 2017 1419557 ISSN 1468 1994 PMC 7678782 PMID 33223960 Vibrator use for male genitalia primarily focuses on the penis as the target for vibratory stimulation However vibratory stimulation of other sexual organs including the testicles or scrotum perineum and anus has been described as well Doring N Poschl S 1 July 2018 Sex toys sex dolls sex robots Our under researched bed fellows Sexologies Sexualite et nouvelles technologies Sexuality and new technologies 27 3 e51 e55 doi 10 1016 j sexol 2018 05 009 ISSN 1158 1360 S2CID 150027875 What happens when you block sperm from coming out www medicalnewstoday com 19 October 2020 Retrieved 16 December 2022 See here 1 and pages 47 49 for views on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore sexual intercourse or other sexual activity source discusses how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss and how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss technical virginity by whether or not a person has engaged in penile vaginal sex Laura M Carpenter 2005 Virginity Lost An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences NYU Press pp 295 pages ISBN 978 0 8147 1652 6 Retrieved 9 October 2011 Bryan Strong Christine DeVault Theodore F Cohen 2010 The Marriage and Family Experience Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society Cengage Learning p 186 ISBN 978 0 534 62425 5 Retrieved 8 October 2011 Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual vaginal intercourse But occasionally we hear people speak of technical virginity Other research especially research looking into virginity loss reports that 35 of virgins defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual activity e g oral sex anal sex or mutual masturbation Data indicate that a very significant proportion of teens ha ve had experience with oral sex even if they haven t had sexual intercourse and may think of themselves as virgins Mutual Masturbation 12 June 2006 Archived from the original on 22 May 2016 Retrieved 7 August 2010 A biographical collection of data for a sociological repository on the topic of mutual masturbating to study changes on the activity over time Heiby Elaine Becker James D April 1980 Effect of filmed modeling on the self reported frequency of masturbation Arch Sex Behav 9 2 115 21 doi 10 1007 BF01542263 PMID 7396686 S2CID 25846450 a b De Alwis AC Senaratne AM De Silva SM Rodrigo VS September 2006 Bladder calculus presenting as excessive masturbation Ceylon Med J 51 3 121 2 doi 10 4038 cmj v51i3 1258 PMID 17315592 Ozmen Mine Erdogan Ayten Duvenci Sirin Ozyurt Emin Ozkara Cigdem 2004 Excessive masturbation after epilepsy surgery Epilepsy amp Behavior 5 1 133 136 doi 10 1016 j yebeh 2003 10 009 ISSN 1525 5050 PMID 14751219 S2CID 39640813 Lopez Meza Elmer Corona Vasquez Teresa Ruano Calderon Luis A Ramirez Bermudez Jesus 2005 Severe impulsiveness as the primary manifestation of multiple sclerosis in a young female Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 59 6 739 742 doi 10 1111 j 1440 1819 2005 01446 x ISSN 1323 1316 PMID 16401253 S2CID 20468990 a b Wegner HE Franke M Schick V May 1997 Endoscopic removal of intravesical pencils using percutaneous nephrolithotomy sheath and forceps Journal of Urology 157 5 1842 doi 10 1016 s0022 5347 01 64878 x PMID 9112540 a b Gerressu Makeda Mercer Catherine H Graham Cynthia A Wellings Kaye Johnson Anne M 27 February 2007 Prevalence of Masturbation and Associated Factors in a British National Probability Survey Archives of Sexual Behavior 37 2 266 278 doi 10 1007 s10508 006 9123 6 ISSN 0004 0002 PMID 17333329 S2CID 7372754 Brown MD George R Overview of Sexuality Merck Manuals Consumer Version Archived from the original on 20 February 2015 Retrieved 26 July 2015 a b c d Brown George R April 2021 Overview of Sexuality Special Subjects Merck Manuals Professional Edition Retrieved 17 September 2021 Where Women Masturbate The Most Around The World Bustle com Retrieved 23 March 2022 Slap MD Gail B Cataldo RN Ed D Laura Jean 7 June 2011 Masturbation In Longe Jacqueline L ed The Gale Encyclopedia of Children s Health Infancy Through Adolescence Vol 4 Second ed Detroit Mich Cengage Gale p 1404 ISBN 978 1 4144 8641 3 OCLC 712621295 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Hansen J K Balslev T November 2009 2008 Hand activities in infantile masturbation a video analysis of 13 cases European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 13 6 508 10 doi 10 1016 j ejpn 2008 10 007 ISSN 1090 3798 PMID 19010071 Infantile masturbation is considered a variant of normal behaviour Laule MD Sara ed November 2020 Masturbation and Young Children Michigan Medicine CS Mott Children s Hospital University of Michigan Health Retrieved 4 May 2022 Jacoby David B Youngson Robert M Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2004 Encyclopedia of Family Health Vol 9 3 ed Marshall Cavendish p 1162 ISBN 978 0 7614 7486 9 Retrieved 5 May 2022 a b Nikkhah Roya 12 July 2009 NHS tells school children of their right to an orgasm a day Telegraph co uk Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Retrieved 12 October 2019 Yule William 2000 2 5 1 1 Developmental psychology through infancy childhood and adolescence In Gelder Michael G Lopez Ibor Juan J Andreasen Nancy eds New Oxford textbook of psychiatry Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 852818 0 OCLC 45697867 Strong Bryan Yarber William DeVault Christine Sayad Barbara 2008 Human Sexuality Diversity in Contemporary America McGraw Hill Companies Incorporated p 280 ISBN 978 0 07 312911 2 Retrieved 6 March 2022 Giorgi Giorgio Siccardi Marco September 1996 Ultrasonographic observation of a female fetus sexual behavior in utero Am J Obstet Gynecol 175 3 Pt 1 753 doi 10 1053 ob 1996 v175 aob17503a10 PMID 8828451 Heilborn Maria Luiza Cabral Cristiane S 2006 Sexual practices in youth analysis of lifetime sexual trajectory and last sexual intercourse Cadernos de Saude Publica 22 7 1471 1481 doi 10 1590 s0102 311x2006000700011 ISSN 0102 311X PMID 16791346 Menon Anuradha McAllister Williams R Hamish Watson Stuart 4 October 2005 Increased libido associated with quetiapine Journal of Psychopharmacology 20 1 125 127 doi 10 1177 0269881106059732 ISSN 0269 8811 PMID 16354735 S2CID 33333941 Burleson Mary H Trevathan Wenda R Gregory W Larry 2002 Sexual behavior in lesbian and heterosexual women relations with menstrual cycle phase and partner availability Psychoneuroendocrinology 27 4 489 503 doi 10 1016 s0306 4530 01 00066 x ISSN 0306 4530 PMID 11912001 S2CID 24519130 Coon Dennis Mitterer John O 1 January 2014 Psychology Modules for Active Learning Cengage Learning p 406 ISBN 978 1 305 16173 3 Coon Dennis Mitterer John O Martini Tanya S 5 December 2016 Psychology Modules for Active Learning Cengage Learning p 407 ISBN 978 1 337 51708 9 Coon Dennis Mitterer John O Martini Tanya S 2021 Introduction to Psychology Gateways to Mind and Behavior 16 ed Cengage Learning p 360 ISBN 978 0 357 37149 7 Retrieved 5 March 2022 Mitterer John O Coon Dennis Martini Tanya 2015 Psychology A Modular Approach Nelson Education Limited p 424 ISBN 978 0 17 650345 1 Retrieved 5 March 2022 Do more men masturbate than women Yes While 89 percent of women reported that they had masturbated at some time the figure was 95 percent for men Some cynics add And the other 5 percent lied Baker Robin June 1996 Sperm Wars The Science of Sex Diane Books Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 7881 6004 2 a b Baker Robin R Bellis Mark A November 1993 Human sperm competition Ejaculate manipulation by females and a function for the female orgasm Animal Behaviour 46 5 87 23p doi 10 1006 anbe 1993 1272 S2CID 53165064 Thomsen Ruth October 2000 Sperm Competition and the Function of Masturbation in Japanese Macaques Text PhDThesis Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen Baker Robin R Bellis Mark A November 1993 Human sperm competition Ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation Animal Behaviour 46 5 861 25p doi 10 1006 anbe 1993 1271 S2CID 53201940 Shackelford Todd K Goetz Aaron T February 2007 Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans PDF Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 1 47 50 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8721 2007 00473 x S2CID 6179167 Planned Parenthood Federation of America March 2003 Masturbation From myth to sexual health Contemporary Sexuality 37 3 v ISSN 1094 5725 OCLC 37229308 Finally the American medical community pronounced masturbation as normal in 1972 American Medical Association publication Human Sexuality Rowan 2000 McKinley Health Center 2 April 2008 Masturbation Questions and Answers PDF University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Archived from the original PDF on 28 December 2015 Retrieved 9 June 2017 a b Strassberg Donald S Mackaronis Julia E Perelman Michael A 2015 Sexual dysfunctions In Blaney Paul H Krueger Robert F Millon Theodore eds Oxford textbook of psychopathology Third ed NY Oxford University Press pp 441 442 ISBN 978 0 19 981177 9 OCLC 879552995 a b Porter Robert S Kaplan Justin L eds 2011 Chapter 165 Sexuality and Sexual Disorders The Merck Manual of Diagnosis amp Therapy 19th ed Whitehouse Station NJ Merck Sharp amp Dohme Corp A Subsidiary of Merck amp Co Inc ISBN 978 0 911910 19 3 Archived from the original on 20 February 2015 Retrieved 19 June 2014 a b Patton Michael S June 1985 Masturbation from Judaism to Victorianism Journal of Religion and Health 24 2 133 146 doi 10 1007 BF01532257 ISSN 0022 4197 PMID 24306073 S2CID 39066052 Social change in attitudes toward masturbation has occurred at the professional level only since 1960 and at the popular level since 1970 133 onanism and masturbation erroneously became synonymous 134 there is no legislation in the Bible pertaining to masturbation 135 a b Boulware Jack 9 May 2000 Sex educator says most people masturbate Salon com Retrieved 27 August 2014 apud Masturbation Current medical opinions Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance Retrieved 27 August 2014 a b c Szasz Thomas S 1974 1973 Sex The Second Sin London Routledge amp Kegan Paul Ltd p 10 ISBN 978 0 7100 7757 8 Retrieved 30 June 2011 Masturbation the primary sexual activity of mankind In the nineteenth century it was a disease in the twentieth it s a cure a b Shpancer Noah 29 September 2010 The Masturbation Gap The pained history of self pleasure Psychology Today Retrieved 27 June 2013 The publication of Kinsey s and Masters and Johnson s research revealed that masturbation was both common and harmless Many studies have since confirmed this basic truth revealing in addition that masturbation is neither a substitute for real sex nor a facilitator of risky sex a b Coon Dennis Mitterer John O 2014 11 Gender and Sexuality Introduction to Psychology Gateways to Mind and Behavior 14 ed Cengage Learning p 363 ISBN 978 1 305 54500 7 Is there any way that masturbation can cause harm Seventy years ago a child might have been told that masturbation would cause insanity acne sterility or other such nonsense Self abuse as it was then called has enjoyed a long and unfortunate history of religious and medical disapproval Caroll 2013 The modern view is that masturbation is a normal sexual behavior Hogarth amp Ingham 2009 Enlightened parents are well aware of this fact Still many children are punished or made to feel guilty for touching their genitals This is unfortunate because masturbation itself is harmless Typically its only negative effects are feelings of fear guilt or anxiety that arise from learning to think of masturbation as bad or wrong In an age when people are urged to practice safer sex masturbation remains the safest sex of all a b Sigel Lisa Z Summer 2004 Masturbation The History of the Great Terror by Jean Stengers Ann Van Neck Kathryn Hoffmann Journal of Social History 37 4 1065 1066 doi 10 1353 jsh 2004 0065 ISSN 0022 4529 JSTOR 3790078 S2CID 141801392 Stengers and Van Neck follow the illness to its fairly abrupt demise they liken the shift to finally seeing the emperor without clothes as doctors began to doubt masturbation as a cause of illness at the turn of the twentieth century Once doubt set in scientists began to accumulate statistics about the practice finding that a large minority and then a large majority of people masturbated The implications were clear if most people masturbated and did not experience insanity debility and early death then masturbation could not be held accountable to the etiology that had been assigned it Masturbation quickly lost its hold over the medical community and parents followed in making masturbation an ordinary part of first childhood and then human sexuality a b Wood Kate March 2005 Masturbation as a Means of Achieving Sexual Health by Walter Bockting Eli Coleman Culture Health amp Sexuality 7 2 182 184 ISSN 1369 1058 JSTOR 4005453 In the collection s introductory chapter Eli Coleman describes how Kinsey s research half a century ago was the first in a series of studies to challenge widely prevalent cultural myths relating to the harmful effects of masturbation revealing the practice to be both common and non pathological Subsequent research outlined by Coleman in this chapter has shown masturbation to be linked to healthy sexual development sexual well being in relationships self esteem and bodily integrity an important sexual right As such the promotion and de stigmatization of the practice continue to be important strategies within sexology for the achievement of healthy sexual development and well being The collection concludes with two surveys among US college students The first of these was based on limited quantitative questions relating to masturbation The findings suggest that masturbation is not a substitute for sexual intercourse as has often been posited but is associated with increased sexual interest and greater number of partners The second of these surveys asks whether masturbation could be useful in treating low sexual desire by examining the relationship between masturbation libido and sexual fantasy George R Brown MD July 2019 Overview of Sexuality Merck Manuals Professional Version Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 Retrieved 4 March 2020 Ferguson Sian 27 January 2020 Litner Jennifer ed Is Masturbation Addiction Possible Healthline Retrieved 11 June 2021 Is Masturbation Good For You www plannedparenthood org Retrieved 28 April 2019 a b Jelq Jeff JackinLibrary Joycelyn Elders Jackinworld com Retrieved 25 August 2014 Datta Parul 2007 Pediatric Nursing Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers p 189 ISBN 978 81 8061 970 0 Retrieved 27 August 2011 a b The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 9 January 2014 Masturbation Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved 11 September 2019 Gebhard Paul Henry 17 April 2019 human sexual activity Definition Types Examples amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 11 July 2020 a b Daniels Chris Levatter Jes 19 April 2007 Masturbation key to healthy functional sexual relationships The Badger Herald Daily campus newspaper Madison Wisconsin USA Badger Herald Inc Retrieved 1 July 2007 Wells Ken R Masturbation Information on Healthline Healthline com Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 Retrieved 17 August 2011 Giles G G Severi G English D R McCredie M R E Borland R Boyle P Hopper J L 23 July 2003 Sexual factors and prostate cancer BJU International Wiley 92 3 211 216 doi 10 1046 j 1464 410x 2003 04319 x ISSN 1464 4096 PMID 12887469 S2CID 29430415 Dimitropoulou Polyxeni Easton Douglas Pocock Richard Dearnaley David P Guy Michelle Edwards Steven O Brien Lynne Hall Amanda Wilkinson Rosemary Eeles Rosalind Muir Kenneth R Lophatananon Artitaya 11 November 2008 Sexual activity and prostate cancer risk in men diagnosed at a younger age BJU International 103 2 178 185 doi 10 1111 j 1464 410X 2008 08030 x PMID 19016689 S2CID 6339070 Rider JR Wilson KM Sinnott JA Kelly RS Mucci LA Giovannucci EL 2016 Ejaculation Frequency and Risk of Prostate Cancer Updated Results with an Additional Decade of Follow up European Urology 70 6 974 982 doi 10 1016 j eururo 2016 03 027 PMC 5040619 PMID 27033442 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Smith George Davey Frankel Stephen Yarnell John 20 December 1997 Sex and death are they related Findings from the Caerphilly cohort study BMJ 315 7123 1641 1644 doi 10 1136 bmj 315 7123 1641 ISSN 0959 8138 PMC 2128033 PMID 9448525 Robson David April 2008 Masturbation could bring hay fever relief for men New Scientist Retrieved 30 August 2009 Sutherland Tammy 8 June 2015 Six healthy reasons to masturbate Best Health Magazine Reader s Digest Magazines Canada Retrieved 4 July 2013 Just as people fall into a deep sleep after sex with a partner because blood pressure is lowered and relaxation is increased through the release of endorphins masturbation is a good sleeping pill says Golden It is relied on by many as a nightly occurrence Doheny Kathleen Katz Marina Five Things You Didn t Know About Masturbation WebMD Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 Retrieved 4 July 2013 Masturbation can help you relax Wenner Melinda 2006 Why do guys get sleepy after sex NYU Journalism New York University Retrieved 4 July 2013 The bottom line is this there are many potential biochemical and evolutionary reasons for post sex sleepiness some direct and some indirect Graber Benjamin Balogh Scott Fitzpatrick Denis Hendricks Shelton June 1991 Cardiovascular changes associated with sexual arousal and orgasm in men Sexual Abuse 4 2 151 165 doi 10 1007 BF00851611 ISSN 1079 0632 S2CID 198916412 Redmon Kevin Charles 1 February 2013 Bad news Sex doesn t burn that many calories Salon com Retrieved 27 August 2014 Casazza Krista et al 31 January 2013 Myths Presumptions and Facts about Obesity N Engl J Med 368 5 446 454 doi 10 1056 NEJMsa1208051 PMC 3606061 PMID 23363498 Santucci Richard A 6 June 2018 Penile Fracture and Trauma Background History of the Procedure Epidemiology Medscape Reference Retrieved 28 October 2018 El Atat R Sfaxi M Benslama R Amine D Ayed M Mouelli B Chebil M Zmerli S January 2008 Fracture of the penis management and long term results of surgical treatment Experience in 300 cases Journal of Trauma 64 1 121 125 doi 10 1097 TA 0b013e31803428b3 ISSN 0022 5282 PMID 18188109 Asgari S Roshani A Falahatkar S Mokhtari G Pourreza F 2007 MP 21 01 Report on the early and late complications of 169 penile fractures Urology 70 3 160 161 doi 10 1016 j urology 2007 06 119 Fitkin J Ho GT August 1999 Peyronie s disease current management Am Fam Physician 60 2 549 52 554 PMID 10465229 Norby Bettina Frimodt Moller Poul Christian 29 April 2015 article on Foreskin contraction phimosis Netdoctor co uk Retrieved 29 May 2011 Balon R Segraves RT eds 2005 Handbook of Sexual Dysfunction Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 8247 5826 4 Wylie KR ed 2015 ABC of Sexual Health John Wiley amp Sons p 75 ISBN 978 1 118 66556 5 Retrieved 21 October 2015 Postorgasmic illness syndrome Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center GARD National Institutes of Health 2015 Retrieved 30 July 2015 Ashby J Goldmeier D May 2010 Postorgasm illness syndrome a spectrum of illnesses J Sex Med 7 5 1976 81 doi 10 1111 j 1743 6109 2010 01707 x PMID 20214722 McMahon CG October 2014 Post Orgasmic Illness Syndrome PDF 16th World Meeting on Sexual Medicine Office of Health Education Masturbation University of Pennsylvania Archived from the original on 20 August 2010 Retrieved 29 May 2011 Children s Medical Office of North Andover P C Masturbation in Early Childhood Chmed com Retrieved 29 May 2011 Myers John E B 2005 Myers on Evidence in Child Domestic and Elder Abuse Cases Volume 1 Aspen Publishers p 385 ISBN 978 0 7355 5668 3 Retrieved 27 August 2011 Jon Conte and his colleagues were interested to learn what factors are important to mental health professionals who regularly evaluate children for sexual abuse The evaluators were asked to rank the importance of forty one indicators of sexual abuse The following indicators were thought important by more than ninety percent of evaluators medical evidence of abuse age inappropriate sexual knowledge sexualized play during the interview precocious or seductive behavior excessive masturbation child s description is consistent over time child s description reveals pressure or coercion Coulborn Faller Kathleen 2003 Understanding and Assessing Child Sexual Maltreatment SAGE Publications p 39 ISBN 978 0 7619 1996 4 Retrieved 27 August 2011 Six different types of sexual behavior that signal possible sexual abuse will be described in this section a excessive masturbation b sexual interaction with peers c sexual aggression toward younger or more naive children d sexual accosting of older people or adults e seductive behavior and f promiscuity American Psychiatric Association 2022 Sexual Dysfunctions Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition Text Revision DSM 5 TR tm G Reference Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series American Psychiatric Association Publishing p 479 ISBN 978 0 89042 576 3 a b c d Stafford Emma 2011 Clutching the chickpea private pleasures of the bad boyfriend In Lambert S D ed Sociable Man Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher Swansea Wales Classical Press of Wales pp 337 364 ISBN 978 1 910589 21 2 a b March Jennifer R 2014 1996 Satyrs and Silens Dictionary of Classical Mythology Oxford England and Philadelphia Pennsylvania Oxbow Books pp 435 436 ISBN 978 1 78297 635 6 a b c d Dening Sarah 1996 Chapter 3 Sex in Ancient Civilizations The Mythology of Sex London England Macmillan ISBN 978 0 02 861207 2 Leick Gwendolyn 2013 1994 Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature New York City New York Routledge p 32 ISBN 978 1 134 92074 7 Wilkinson Richard H 2003 The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt Thames and Hudson pp 17 18 99 ISBN 0500051208 Rosenfeld Jennie 2008 Talmudic Re readings Toward a Modern Orthodox Sexual Ethic p 133 ISBN 978 0 549 43458 0 a b Miller James 4 January 2011 Examined Lives From Socrates to Nietzsche Farrar Straus and Giroux p 80 ISBN 978 1 4299 5716 8 a b Allen Robert H 2006 The Classical Origins of Modern Homophobia Jefferson North Carolina MacFarland amp Company p 152 ISBN 978 0 7864 2349 1 a b Calhoun Alison 2015 Montaigne and the Lives of the Philosophers Life Writing and Transversality in theEssais Newark Delaware University of Delaware Press p 60 ISBN 978 1 61149 480 8 Hewlett Barry S Hewlett Bonnie L SEX AND SEARCHING FOR CHILDREN AMONG AKA FORAGERS AND NGANDU FARMERS OF CENTRAL AFRICA African Study Monographs 31 3 107 125 October 2010 PDF Jambo africa kyoto u ac jp Retrieved 9 June 2017 Onanism Search Online Etymology Dictionary Etymonline com Retrieved 23 March 2022 See Traite contre l impurete 1707 and The Nature of Uncleanness 1708 Ian McCormick ed Sexual Outcasts Onanism Vol 4 London and New York Routledge 2000 pp 1 10 Stengers Jean van Neck Anne Masturbation the history of a great terror New York Palgrave 2001 pp 56 57 ISBN 0 312 22443 5 Kant Emmanuel 18 April 1996 Gregor Mary J ed The Metaphysics of Morals Cambridge University Press p 179 ISBN 978 0 521 56673 5 Retrieved 28 December 2013 E H Hare 1962 Masturbatory Insanity The History of an Idea Journal of Mental Science 108 4 issue 452 William Dufty 1975 Sugar Blues pages 65 6 Kellogg John Harvey 1910 Plain Facts for Old And Young Science of human life from infancy to old age Battle Creek Mich p 325 hdl 2027 ucw ark 13960 t53f53t5w Stengers Jean van Neck Anne 2001 Masturbation the history of a great terror Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 312 22443 1 Bennett David 1999 Burghers Burglars and Masturbators The Sovereign Spender in the Age of Consumerism New Literary History 30 2 269 294 doi 10 1353 nlh 1999 0018 ISSN 1080 661X S2CID 144501464 a b Ley David J 10 July 2014 The Myth of Sex Addiction Rowman amp Littlefield p 12 ISBN 978 1 4422 1305 0 Ornella Moscucci Male masturbation and the offending prepuce at Circumcision Information and Resource Pages Archived from the original on 6 August 2001 Retrieved 3 July 2011 It is an excerpt from Sexualities in Victorian Britain apud Masturbation Current medical opinions Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance New URL http sites google com site completebaby repression Dorner Klaus Plog Ursula Teller Christine Wendt Frank 2014 Manual de psihiatrie socială și psihoterapie in Romanian Trei p 116 ISBN 978 606 719 248 3 Cf Dorner Klaus Plog Ursula Teller Christine Wendt Frank 2002 1978 Irren ist menschlich Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie Psychotherapie in German Psychiatrie Verlag ISBN 978 3 88414 333 9 Love in the 21st Century Episode Guide Channel 4 channel4 com 16 June 2009 Archived from the original on 16 June 2009 Retrieved 28 October 2018 Scowen Peter We need to talk about masturbation the last great sexual taboo The Globe and Mail Retrieved 21 October 2015 Matthew Burdette Boy Scout 14 took his own life after being bullied over viral video Irish Independent Retrieved 17 February 2016 Scowen Peter Bullying shame suicide why is masturbation still stigmatized The Globe and Mail Retrieved 21 October 2015 Donor insemination how does it work Hfea gov uk 14 April 2009 Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 Retrieved 27 August 2014 Sperm donation Definition Tests and Procedures Mayo Clinic 20 July 2012 Retrieved 27 August 2014 OHasan What Does Sperm Donation Involve Web stanford edu Retrieved 27 August 2014 Grimston Jack 12 July 2009 Pupils told Sex every day keeps the GP away Times Online The Sunday Times Archived from the original on 16 July 2009 Retrieved 12 October 2019 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link Tremlett Giles 12 November 2009 Spanish region takes hands on approach to sex education London Guardian News and Media Retrieved 12 November 2009 Matzo Marianne Witt Sherman Deborah 2006 Palliative care nursing quality care to the end of life Springer Publishing p 70 ISBN 978 0 8261 5791 1 Retrieved 26 May 2010 James Lawrence 15 September 1997 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire St Martin s Griffin p 41 ISBN 978 0 312 16985 5 The context is a discussion of the social habits of the early North American colonists a b Masturbation laws around the world the penal code The Guardian 19 September 2013 Retrieved 19 September 2013 1568 MONTGOMERY HIGHWAY INC v CITY OF HOOVER 5 March 2010 Retrieved 20 May 2014 Withnall Adam 19 September 2013 Swedish court rules that it is okay to masturbate in public The Independent London Archived from the original on 12 May 2022 Retrieved 19 September 2013 Eaton Robb Pat 8 October 2011 Connecticut Prisoners Express Anger Over Porn Ban Associated Press Johns David Merritt 10 January 2012 Free Willy Slate Catechism of the Catholic Church Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 Retrieved 8 October 2007 Both the Magisterium of the Church in the course of a constant tradition and the moral sense of the faithful have been in no doubt and have firmly maintained that masturbation is an intrinsically and gravely disordered action The deliberate use of the sexual faculty for whatever reason outside of marriage is essentially contrary to its purpose For here sexual pleasure is sought outside of the sexual relationship which is demanded by the moral order and in which the total meaning of mutual self giving and human procreation in the context of true love is achieved Moffatt Michael 4 October 1999 The Sambia Faculty mdc edu Archived from the original on 7 September 2011 Retrieved 26 June 2013 Hewlett B S 1996 Diverse contexts of human infancy In Ember C Ember M eds Cross Cultural Research for Social Science Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall Townshend Pete 1971 Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy Printed article Rolling Stone or one of the similar magazines Melody Maker NME etc Archived from the original on 23 January 2009 Retrieved 9 January 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Merely a ditty about masturbation and the importance of it to a young man I was really diggin at my folks who when catching me at it would talk in loud voices in the corridor outside my room Why can t he go with girls like other boys McLean Craig 25 March 2006 Pink The outspoken pop star on fame and growing up The Independent London Archived from the original on 12 May 2022 Retrieved 16 March 2010 Macdonald Cameron 23 January 2006 Treating Dandruff by Decapitation Playing God Stylus Magazine Cyndi Lauper Biography Monsters and Critics Archived from the original on 10 October 2013 Retrieved 8 November 2013 Don Chipp larrikin censor and party founder Crikey August 2006 Currey Mason 30 April 2013 Daily Rituals Slate Retrieved 10 May 2013 Chaney Jen 17 May 2005 Seinfeld Four It s Real and It s Spectacular The Washington Post The masturbating bear is coming back Warmingglow uproxx com 27 May 2009 Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 8 November 2013 Stableford Dylan 21 January 2010 Conan Finally Unleashes Masturbating Bear Video Thewrap com Retrieved 29 May 2011 Conan Masturbating Bear Gets a New Job Tbs com Retrieved 29 May 2011 Herring Richard 2004 Talking Cock A Celebration of Man and His Manhood Thunder s Mouth Press p 109 ISBN 978 1 56025 608 3 All of the Embarrassing Sex Moments in the American Pie Movies Ranked Complex Retrieved 3 September 2019 Lewis Jon September 2002 Hollywood V Hard Core How the Struggle Over Censorship Created the Modern Film Industry NYU Press p 196 ISBN 978 0 8147 5143 5 Staiger Janet 1995 Bad Women The Regulation of Female Sexuality in Early American Cinema University of Minnesota Press p 15 ISBN 978 1 4529 0267 8 Waugh Tom March 1985 Men s pornography gay vs straight Jump Cut 30 30 35 Retrieved 12 October 2019 2010 Winners Archived 7 December 2013 at archive today AVN Awards URL accessed 25 November 2012 AVN AVN Announces the 2012 AVN Award Winners Retrieved 9 April 2012 Further readingDeMartino Manfred F 1979 Human Autoerotic Practices New York Human Sciences Press ISBN 978 0 87705 373 6 Dodson Betty 1974 Liberating Masturbation A Meditation on Self Love Bodysex Designs ASIN B001TNSX4C Hurlbert David Farley Whittaker Karen Elizabeth 1991 The Role of Masturbation in Marital and Sexual Satisfaction A Comparative Study of Female Masturbators and Nonmasturbators Journal of Sex Education amp Therapy 17 4 272 282 doi 10 1080 01614576 1991 11074029 Marcus Irwin M 1975 Masturbation From Infancy to Senescence New York International Universities Press ISBN 978 0 8236 3150 6 Theobald Stephanie 2018 Sex Drive London Unbound Press ISBN 978 1 78352 681 9 External linksMasturbation at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Wiktionary has media related to masturbation The dictionary definition of onanism at Wiktionary Messer Drew C Walker C Eugene 6 December 2012 2003 Masturbation PDF In Ollendick Thomas H Schroeder Carolyn S eds Encyclopedia of Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology Boston MA Springer Science amp Business Media pp 359 360 ISBN 978 1 4615 0107 7 OCLC 913623298 Archived from the original PDF on 4 April 2020 Note Messer s and Walker s article cannot be protected by copyright Fox Douglas 16 July 2003 Masturbating may protect against prostate cancer New Scientist Retrieved 19 January 2020 Robson David 1 April 2009 Masturbation could bring hay fever relief for men New Scientist Retrieved 19 January 2020 Masturbation Questions and Answers McKinley Health Center c The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 2008 Do You Masturbate Too Much on YouTube Prof Debby Herbenick for Men s Health Masturbation PSA Masturbation Is A Personal Choice on YouTube University of Guelph students enrolled in FRHD 4200 Issues in Human Sexuality created Public Service Announcement PSA on the health benefits of masturbation Masturbation PSA Masturbation There Is No Shame In Loving Yourself Group 5 mov on YouTube University of Guelph students enrolled in FRHD 4200 Issues in Human Sexuality created Public Service Announcement PSA on the health benefits of masturbation Portals Medicine Human sexuality Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Masturbation amp oldid 1132743685, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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