Mehmet Shehu
Mehmet Ismail Shehu (January 10, 1913 – December 18, 1981) was an Albanian communist politician who served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Albania from 1954 to 1981. As an acknowledged military tactician, without whose leadership the communist partisans may well have failed in their battle to win Albania for the Marxist-Leninist cause, Shehu exhibited an ideological understanding and work ethic that singled him out for rapid promotion in the communist party.[1] Mehmet Shehu shared power with Enver Hoxha from the end of the Second World War. According to official Albanian government sources, he committed suicide on December 18, 1981, after which his family was arrested. Persistent rumors remain, however, that Shehu was actually murdered on orders from Hoxha.
Mehmet Shehu | |
|---|---|
Official portrait, c. 1950s | |
| 23rd Prime Minister of Albania | |
| In office 20 July 1954 – 18 December 1981 | |
| Leader | Enver Hoxha (First Secretary) |
| Preceded by | Enver Hoxha |
| Succeeded by | Adil Çarçani |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | |
| In office 23 November 1948 – 23 July 1954 | |
| Prime Minister | Enver Hoxha |
| Preceded by | Nesti Kerenxhi |
| Succeeded by | Kadri Hazbiu |
| Minister of People's Defence | |
| In office 28 October 1974 – 18 December 1981 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself Adil Çarçani |
| Preceded by | Beqir Balluku |
| Succeeded by | Kadri Hazbiu |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 10, 1913 Çorrush, Fier County, Albania |
| Died | December 18, 1981 (aged 68) Tirana, Albania |
| Cause of death | Suicide |
| Political party | Party of Labour of Albania |
| Spouse | Fiqrete Sanxhaktari |
| Signature | |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars | World War II: |
Early years
Shehu was born in Çorrush, Mallakastër District, southern Albania, in the family of a Tosk Muslim Imam.
Shehu graduated in 1932 at the Tirana Albanian Vocational High School funded by the American Red Cross. His focus was on agriculture. Unsuccessful in finding employment within the Ministry of Agriculture he managed to get a scholarship to attend the Nunziatella military academy of Naples, Italy. After being expelled from this school for his pro-Communist sympathies in 1936 he gained entry to the Tirana Officers School, but he left the following year after volunteering to fight for the republican side in the Spanish Civil War. He joined the Communist Party of Spain and was a machine-gunner[2] who rose to the command of the Fourth Battalion of the XIIth Garibaldi Brigade. After the defeat of the Republican forces he was arrested in France in early 1939 as he was retreating from Spain along with his friends. He was imprisoned in an internment camp in France and later was transferred to an Italian internment camp, where he joined the Italian Communist Party.[1]
Activity in World War II
In 1942, he returned to Albania under Italian occupation, where he immediately joined the Albanian Communist Party and the Albanian resistance in Mallakastra.[3] In 1943, he was elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. In August 1943, due to his military experience, he rose swiftly to commander of the 1st Partisan Assault Brigade. Thereafter, he was the commander of 1st Partisan Assault Division of the National Liberation Army. From 1944 to 1945 he was a member of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation (the provisional government).
After WWII
After Albania was liberated from the German occupation in November 1944, Shehu became the deputy chief of the general staff and, after he studied in Moscow, became the chief of the general staff. Later, he was also a lieutenant general and a full general.
In 1948, Shehu "expurgated" from the party the element who "tried to separate Albania from the Soviet Union and lead her under Belgrade's influence". This made him the nearest person to Enver Hoxha and brought him high offices. After the purge of Koçi Xoxe, he took over the Ministry of Internal Affairs.[4] However, he remained in Hoxha's shadow.
From 1948, he was a member of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania, and, from 1948 to 1953, he was a secretary of the Central Committee. He lost the latter position on June 24 when Enver Hoxha gave up the posts of Minister of Defence and Minister of Foreign Affairs while retaining the premiership. Hoxha was probably not willing to yield too much power to him. From 1948 to 1954 he was deputy prime minister (deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers) and Minister of Internal Affairs. The latter post made him commander of the secret police, the Sigurimi. In 1954, he succeeded Hoxha as Prime Minister. From 1974 he was also the Minister of People's Defence while from 1947 to his death he was a deputy of the People's Assembly.
Hard line man
During the war, Shehu won a reputation for brutality. Mike Burke, the American spymaster who set up a 1950 paramilitary project to destabilize and oust the Albanian government, said in 1986 that Shehu was "one tough son of a bitch", whose security forces gave U.S. agents "a tough time".
During the discussion at the Meeting of 81 Communist and Workers' Parties in November 1960, Nikita Khrushchev asked Shehu if he had any criticisms of Joseph Stalin, to which Shehu replied: "Yes, not getting rid of you!"[5]
At the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (October 1961) Anastas Mikoyan, one of the Soviet leaders, quoted Mehmet Shehu, who had said at an Albanian Party Congress: "Whoever disagrees with our leadership in any respect, will get spat in the face, punched on the chin, and, if necessary, a bullet in his head."
Last years
Shehu was considered Enver Hoxha's right-hand man and the second most powerful man in Albania. For 40 years Hoxha was Shehu's friend and closest comrade. On his 50th birthday in 1963, Hoxha honored Shehu with his name being attached to the local military-political academy, becoming the "Mehmet Shehu Military Academy".[6] Shehu was one of those who prepared the Chinese-Albanian alliance and the break with the Soviet Union (December 1961). His relationship with Hoxha was damaged, however, when his son married a woman who had anti-Communist relations in the United States. This led to a meeting of the Politburo regarding his future.[7]
On December 17, 1981, he was found dead in his bedroom in Tirana with a bullet wound to his head. According to the official announcement on Radio Tirana, he committed suicide in a nervous breakdown.[8]
After his death, Shehu was claimed to have been a spy not only for Yugoslavia, but also the CIA and the KGB. This was substantiated by a CIA document obtained by Pirro Andoni, then the country's ambassador to Argentina, in which they outline a plan for Mehmet Shehu to assassinate Enver Hoxha, take control of the Party of Labour of Albania, and open up to the West.[9] In Hoxha's book The Titoites (1982) several chapters are dedicated to Shehu's denunciation.[10] In 1982, the Party of Labour issued a second edition of its official history, removing all references to Shehu.[11][12]
Reportedly, Shehu had begun speaking out against Hoxha's isolationism. He had reached out to some western nations like Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany to see about making diplomatic ties.[8] Albanians speculated that Hoxha, who was in the last years of his life, wanted to secure his legacy and did not want a successor who might outshine him.[7] He was branded as a “people’s enemy” and was buried in a wasteland near the village of Ndroq near Tirana.
Shehu’s family was also punished. His widow, Fiqerete, (born Sanxhaktari) and two of his sons were arrested without any explanation and later imprisoned on different pretexts. One son committed suicide and his wife died in prison in 1988.[7] One of Shehu's surviving sons later launched a campaign to prove that his father had, in fact, been murdered. After the fall of Communism and his release from prison in 1991, Mehmet Shehu's younger son Bashkim started seeking his father's remains. On November 19, 2001, it was announced that Mehmet Shehu's remains had been found.
A fictionalised account of Mehmet Shehu's fall and death is the subject of Ismail Kadare's novel The Successor (2003).
See also
References
- ^ a b Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia, Volume 1 Author Bernard A. Cook Publisher Taylor & Francis, 2001 ISBN 0-8153-4058-3, ISBN 978-0-8153-4058-4
- ^ Tremlett, Giles (2020). The International Brigades. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 531. ISBN 978-1-4088-5398-6.
- ^ Hoxha, Enver (1982). The Titoites. Tirana: The «8 Nëntori» Publishing House. p. 597. OCLC 654529262.
- ^ Albert Lulushi (2014-06-13). "Operation Valuable Fiend: The CIA's First Paramilitary Strike Against the Iron Curtain". Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781628723946.
- ^ Ash, William (1974). Pickaxe and Rifle. London: Howard Baker Press Ltd. p. 201. ISBN 070300039X.
- ^ Agency, United States Central Intelligence (1963). Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts.
- ^ a b c Fred C. Abrahams (2015-05-15). "Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe". NYU Press. ISBN 9781479896684.
- ^ a b "Gen. Mehmet Shehu Dead at 68; Served Albania as Prime Minister". New York Times. 1981-12-19.
- ^ "Ish-ambasadori shqiptar në Argjentinë, Pirro Andoni: "Unë, ambasadori që rrëmbeva paktin e CIA-s me Mehmet Shehun"". Zani i Malësisë. 29 August 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Albanian Communist Leader Dies". Chicago Tribune. 1985-04-12.
- ^ Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies (1971). History of the Party of Labor of Albania. Tirana, Albania: Naim Frashëri Publishing House. p. 309.
Having secured a footing in the Political Directorate, it concentrated its attacks on the General Staff of the Army and its Chief Comrade Mehmet Shehu who defended the correct line of the Party and the independence of the People’s Army.
- ^ Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies (1982). History of the Party of Labor of Albania (PDF) (2nd ed.). Tirana, Albania: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. p. 229.
Having secured a footing in the Political Directorate, it concentrated its attacks on the correct line of the Party in the military domain and the independence of the People’s Army.
Bibliography
- Shehu, Duro. Mehmet Shehu: Im vëlla, Tirana, Bota Shqiptare: 2008.