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Wikipedia

Planned Parenthood

October 28, 2023

The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[4] that provides reproductive and sexual healthcare, and sexual education in the United States and globally. It is a member of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF).

Planned Parenthood
AbbreviationPPFA
PredecessorAmerican Birth Control League, Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau, Birth Control Federation of America
FormationOctober 16, 1916; 107 years ago (1916-10-16)[note 1]
FounderMargaret Sanger
PurposeReproductive health and education
Headquarters
Region served
United States, and worldwide through Planned Parenthood Global and IPPF[1]
Membership
600+ clinic locations[2]
  • ≈58 medical or related affiliates
  • ≈101 non-medical affiliates[3]
Key people
WebsiteOfficial website

PPFA has its roots in Brooklyn, New York, where Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, in 1916. Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921,[5] and 14 years after her exit as its president, ABCL's successor organization became Planned Parenthood in 1942.

Planned Parenthood consists of 159 medical and non-medical affiliates, which operate over 600 health clinics in the United States.[2][3] It partners with organizations in 12 countries globally.[2][3] The organization directly provides a variety of reproductive health services and sexual education, contributes to research in reproductive technology and advocates for the protection and expansion of reproductive rights.[3] Research shows that closures of Planned Parenthood clinics lead to increases in maternal mortality rates.[6][7]

PPFA is the largest single provider of reproductive health services and the largest single provider of abortion in the United States.[11][12] In their 2014 Annual Report, PPFA reported seeing over 2.5 million patients in over 4 million clinical visits and performing a total of nearly 9.5 million discrete services including 324,000 abortions.[15] Its combined annual revenue is US$1.3 billion, including approximately $530 million in government funding such as Medicaid reimbursements.[3][14] Throughout its history, PPFA, and its member clinics have experienced support, controversy, protests,[16] and violent attacks.[17]

History

See also: Birth control movement in the United States

Origins

 
Margaret Sanger (1922), the first president and founder of Planned Parenthood

The origins of Planned Parenthood date to October 16, 1916, when Margaret Sanger, her sister Ethel Byrne, and Fania Mindell opened the first birth control clinic in the U.S. in the Brownsville section of the New York borough of Brooklyn.[18] They distributed birth control, birth control advice, and birth control information. All three women were arrested[19][20][21] and jailed for violating provisions of the Comstock Act, accused of distributing obscene materials at the clinic. The so-called Brownsville trials brought national attention and support to their cause. Sanger and her co-defendants were convicted on misdemeanor charges, which they appealed through two subsequent appeals courts. While the convictions were not overturned,[22] the judge who issued the final ruling also modified the law to permit physician-prescribed birth control. The women's campaign led to major changes in the laws governing birth control and sex education in the United States.[23]

In 1921, the clinic was organized into the American Birth Control League,[5] the core of the only national birth-control organization in the U.S. until the 1960s. By 1941, it was operating 222 centers and had served 49,000 clients.[24] In 1923, Sanger opened the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (BCCRB) for dispensing contraceptives under the supervision of licensed physicians and studying their effectiveness.[25]

Some found the ABCL's title offensive and "against families", so the League began discussions for a new name.[26] In 1938, a group of private citizens organized the Citizens Committee for Planned Parenthood to aid the American Birth Control League in spreading scientific knowledge about birth control to the general public. The BCCRB merged with the ABCL in 1939 to form the Birth Control Federation of America (BCFA). In 1942 the name of the BCFA was changed to the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.[25]

1940s–1960s

Under the leadership of the National Director D. Kenneth Rose, the PPFA expanded its programs and services through the 1940s, adding affiliate organizations throughout the country. By the end of World War II, the Federation was no longer solely a center for birth control services or a clearing house for contraceptive information but had emerged as a major national health organization. PPFA's programs included a full range of family planning services including marriage education and counseling, and infertility services. The leadership of the PPFA, largely consisting of businessmen and male physicians, endeavored to incorporate its contraceptive services unofficially into regional and national public health programs by emphasizing less politicized aspects such as child spacing.[25]

During the 1950s, the Federation further adjusted its programs and message to appeal to a family-centered, more conservative post-war populace, while continuing to function, through its affiliated clinics, as the more reliable source of contraceptives in the country.[25]

From 1942 to 1962, PPFA concentrated its efforts on strengthening its ties to affiliates, expanding public education programs, and improving its medical and research work. By 1960, visitors to PPFA centers across the nation numbered over 300,000 per year.[25]

Largely relying on a volunteer workforce, by 1960 the Federation had provided family planning counseling in hundreds of communities across the country.[24] Planned Parenthood was one of the founding members of the International Planned Parenthood Federation when it was launched at a conference in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, in 1952.[24][27]

In 1961, the population crisis debate, along with funding shortages, convinced PPFA to merge with the World Population Emergency Campaign, a citizens' fund-raising organization to become PPFA-World Population.[25]

Both Planned Parenthood and Margaret Sanger are strongly associated with the abortion issue today.[28][29] For much of the organization's history, however, and throughout Sanger's life, abortion was illegal in the U.S., and discussions of the issue were often censored.[30] During this period, Sanger – like other American advocates of birth control – publicly condemned abortion, arguing that it would not be needed if every woman had access to birth control.[30]

1960s–present

 
A Planned Parenthood supporter participates in a demonstration in support of the organization

Following Margaret Sanger, Alan Frank Guttmacher became president of Planned Parenthood, serving from 1962 until 1974.[31] During his tenure, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of the original birth control pill, giving rise to new attitudes towards women's reproductive freedom.[24] Also during his presidency, Planned Parenthood lobbied the federal government to support reproductive health, culminating with President Richard Nixon's signing of Title X to provide government subsidies for low-income women to access family planning services.[32] The Center for Family Planning Program Development was also founded as a semi-autonomous division during this time.[33] The center became an independent organization and was renamed the Guttmacher Institute in 1977.[33]

Planned Parenthood began to advocate abortion law reform beginning in 1955, when the organization's medical director, Mary Calderone, convened a national conference of medical professionals on the issue. The conference was the first instance of physicians and other professionals advocating reform of the laws which criminalized abortion, and it played a key role in creating a movement for the reform of abortion laws in the U.S.[30] Focusing, at first, on legalizing therapeutic abortion, Planned Parenthood became an increasingly vocal proponent of liberalized abortion laws during the 1960s, culminating in its call for the repeal of all anti-abortion laws in 1969.[34] In the years that followed, the organization played a key role in landmark abortion rights cases such as Roe v Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v Casey (1992).[29] Once abortion was legalized during the early 1970s, Planned Parenthood also began acting as an abortion provider.

Faye Wattleton became the first African American president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1978. Wattleton, who was also the youngest president in Planned Parenthood's history, served in this role until 1992.[35][36] During her term, Planned Parenthood grew to become the seventh largest charity in the country, providing services to four million clients each year through its 170 affiliates, whose activities were spread across 50 states.[37]

From 1996 to 2006, Planned Parenthood was led by Gloria Feldt.[38][39] Feldt activated the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF), the organization's political action committee, launching what was the most far-reaching electoral advocacy effort in its history.[40] The PPAF serves as the nonpartisan political advocacy arm of PPFA.[41] It engages in educational and electoral activity, including legislative advocacy, voter education, and grassroots organizing to promote the PPFA mission. Feldt also launched the Responsible Choices Action Agenda, a nationwide campaign to increase services to prevent unwanted pregnancies, improve the quality of reproductive care, and ensure access to safe and legal abortions.[24] Another initiative was the commencement of a "Global Partnership Program", to build a vibrant activist constituency in support of family planning.[24]

On February 15, 2006, Cecile Richards, the daughter of former Texas governor Ann Richards, and formerly the deputy chief of staff to the U.S. Rep. Nancy Pelosi (the Democratic Leader in the United States House of Representatives), became president of the organization.[42] In 2012, Richards was voted one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World.[43]

Richards' tenure as president of the organization ended on April 30, 2018. Current Planned Parenthood board member Joe Solmonese was appointed as transition chair to temporarily oversee the day-to-day operations of Planned Parenthood after Richards' departure.[44]

 
Leana Wen in April 2017

On September 12, 2018, the organization announced that Leana Wen would take over as president, effective November 2018.[45] Wen was removed as president of Planned Parenthood by the organization's board of directors on July 16, 2019. Alexis McGill Johnson, a board member and former chairwoman, became the organization's acting president.[46]

Data breaches

In October 2021, a hacker gained access to the data network of the Los Angeles branch of Planned Parenthood and obtained the personal information of approximately 400,000 patients. On December 1, 2021, The Washington Post reported that the breach was a ransomware attack. The organization did not say if they paid the ransom or if the perpetrators made any demands. There was no indication as to who was responsible for the hack. The Metropolitan Washington branch of Planned Parenthood was also hacked in 2020 with donor and patient information compromised, including dates of birth, social security numbers, financial information, and medical data.[47]

Margaret Sanger Awards

Main article: Margaret Sanger Awards

In 1966, PPFA began awarding the Margaret Sanger Award annually to honor, in their words, "individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights." In the first year, it was awarded to four men: Carl G. Hartman, William Henry Draper Jr., Lyndon B. Johnson, and Martin Luther King Jr.[48][49][50][51] Later recipients have included John D. Rockefeller III, Katharine Hepburn, Jane Fonda, Hillary Clinton, and Ted Turner.[52][53][54]

Services

The services provided by PPFA affiliates vary by location, with just over half of all Planned Parenthood affiliates in the U.S. performing abortions.[55] Services provided by PPFA include birth control and long-acting reversible contraception;[56] emergency contraception; clinical breast examinations; cervical cancer screening; pregnancy testing and pregnancy options counseling; prenatal care; testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections; sex education; vasectomies; LGBT services; and abortion.[57][58] Contrary to the assumption of some, Planned Parenthood conducts cancer screenings but does not provide mammograms,[59][60] although Planned Parenthood physicians do refer their patients to other outside clinics where they can get mammograms.[60][61]

In 2013, PPFA reported seeing 2.7 million patients in 4.6 million clinical visits.[13] Roughly 16 percent of its clients are teenagers.[2][62] According to PPFA, in 2014 the organization provided 3.6 million contraceptive services, 4.5 million sexually transmitted infection services, about one million cancer related services, over one million pregnancy tests and prenatal services, over 324,000 abortion services,[63] and over 100,000 other services, for a total of 9.5 million discrete services.[13] PPFA is well known for providing services to minorities and to poor people;[64][65] according to PPFA, approximately four out of five of their clients have incomes at or below 150 percent of the federal poverty level.[57][66] Services for men's health include STD testing and treatment, vasectomy procedures, and erectile dysfunction services.[67] Education is available regarding male birth control and lowering the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.[68]

Planned Parenthood won the 2020 Webby Award for Machine Learning and Bots for their Sex Education chatbot.[69]

Facilities

 
Location in Houston, Texas

PPFA has two national offices in the United States: one in Washington, D.C., and one in New York City. It has three international offices, including a hub office in London, England. It has 68 medical and related affiliates and 101 other affiliates including 34 political action committees.[3] These affiliates together operate more than 700 health centers in all 50 states in the U.S. plus the District of Columbia.[2][70][71] PPFA owns about $54 million in property, including real estate. In addition, PPFA spends a little over $1 million per year for rented space.[3] The largest facility, a $26 million, 78,000-square-foot (7,200-square-meter) structure, was completed in Houston, Texas, in May 2010.[72]

Worldwide availability

PPFA's international outreach and other activities are performed by Planned Parenthood Global, a division of PPFA,[3][73] and by the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) which now consists of more than 149 Member Associations working in more than 189 countries.[74] The IPPF is further associated with International Planned Parenthood Federation affiliates in the Caribbean and the Americas,[75] and IPPF European Network,[76] as well as other organizations like Family Planning Queensland, Pro Familia (Germany) (de) and mouvement français pour le planning familial (French Movement for Family Planning) (fr). Offices are located in New York, NY; Washington, D.C.; Miami, FL; Guatemala City, Guatemala; Abuja, Nigeria; and Nairobi, Kenya. The organization's focus countries are Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Kenya.[77] The Bloomberg Philanthropies donated $50 million for Planned Parenthood Global's reproductive health and family planning efforts in Tanzania, Nicaragua, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Uganda.[78] Among specific countries and territories serviced by Planned Parenthood Global's reproductive planning outreach are Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Dominican Republic, Barbados, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Guyana, Cape Verde and Samoa.[73][74]

Funding

Planned Parenthood has received federal funding since 1970, when President Richard Nixon signed into law the Family Planning Services and Population Research Act, amending the Public Health Service Act. Title X of that law provides funding for family planning services, including contraception and family planning information. The law had support from both Republicans and Democrats.[79] Nixon described Title X funding as based on the premise that "no American woman should be denied access to family planning assistance because of her economic condition."[80]

Donors to Planned Parenthood have included the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Buffett Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Turner Foundation, the Cullmans, and others.[81][82][83][84] The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's contributions to the organization have been specifically marked to avoid funding abortions.[81] Some donors, such as the Buffett Foundation, have supported reproductive health that can include abortion services.[81] Anti-abortion groups have advocated the boycott of donors to Planned Parenthood.[85] Corporate donors include CREDO Mobile.[86]

In the fiscal year ending June 30, 2014, total revenue was $1.3 billion: non-government health services revenue was $305 million, government revenue (such as Medicaid reimbursements) was $528 million, private contributions totaled $392 million, and $78 million came from other operating revenue.[87] According to Planned Parenthood, 59 percent of the group's revenue is put towards the provision of health services, while non-medical services such as sex education and public policy work make up another 15 percent; management expenses, fundraising, and international family planning programs account for about 16 percent, and 10 percent of the revenue in 2013–2014 was not spent.[87]

Planned Parenthood receives over a third of its money in government grants and contracts (about $528 million in 2014).[88][87] By law (Hyde Amendment), federal funding cannot be allocated for abortions (except in rare cases),[89] but some opponents of abortion have argued that allocating money to Planned Parenthood for the provision of other medical services allows other funds to be reallocated for abortions.[65]

A coalition of national and local anti-abortion groups have lobbied federal and state governments to stop funding Planned Parenthood. As a result, federal and state legislators have proposed legislation to reduce funding levels.[89][90] Eight states‍—‌Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Utah‍—‌have enacted such proposals.[99] In some cases, the courts have overturned such actions, citing conflict with federal or state laws; in others the federal executive branch has provided funding in lieu of the states.[93][94][100] In some states, Planned Parenthood was completely or partially defunded.[101][102]

In August 2015, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal attempted to end Louisiana's contract with Planned Parenthood to treat Medicaid patients at a time when there was an epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases in Louisiana.[66] Planned Parenthood and three patients sued the state of Louisiana, with the United States Department of Justice siding with Planned Parenthood.[103]

On February 2, 2016, the U.S. House failed to override President Obama's veto of H.R. 3762 (Restoring Americans' Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015) which would have prohibited Planned Parenthood from receiving any federal Medicaid funds for one year.[104]

Late in 2016, the Obama administration issued a rule effective in January 2017 banning U.S. states from withholding federal family-planning funds from health clinics that give abortions, including Planned Parenthood affiliates; this rule mandates that local and state governments give federal funds for services related to sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy care, fertility, contraception, and breast and cervical cancer screening to qualified health providers whether or not they give abortions.[105] However, this rule was blocked by a federal judge the day before it would have taken effect.[106] In 2017, it was overturned by new legislation.[107]

The proposed American Health Care Act (H.R. 1628), announced by Congressional Republicans in March 2017, would have made Planned Parenthood "ineligible for Medicaid reimbursements or federal family planning grants."[108]

On August 19, 2019, Planned Parenthood voluntarily withdrew from Title X funding due to a regulatory gag order stating that medical institutions that receive Title X funding cannot refer patients for abortions.[109]

Political advocacy

 
Planned Parenthood activists meeting with then-Senator Kamala Harris in 2017

Planned Parenthood is an advocate for the legal and political protection of reproductive rights.[110] This advocacy includes helping to sponsor abortion rights and women's rights events.[111] The Federation opposes restrictions on women's reproductive health services, including parental consent laws for minors.[112][113] To justify this position, Planned Parenthood has cited the case of Becky Bell, who died following an illegal abortion rather than seek parental consent for a legal one.[114][115] Planned Parenthood also takes the position that laws requiring parental notification before an abortion can be performed on a minor are unconstitutional on privacy grounds.[116]

The organization opposes laws requiring ultrasounds before abortions, stating that their only purpose is to make abortions more difficult to obtain.[117] Planned Parenthood has also opposed initiatives that require waiting periods before abortions,[118] and bans on late-term abortions including intact dilation and extraction, which has been illegal in the U.S. since 2003.[119] Planned Parenthood supports the wide availability of emergency contraception such as the Plan B pill.[120] It opposes conscience clauses, which allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense drugs against their beliefs.[121] Planned Parenthood has been critical of hospitals that do not provide access to emergency contraception for rape victims.[122] Citing the need for medically accurate information in sex education, Planned Parenthood opposes abstinence-only education in public schools. Instead, Planned Parenthood is a provider of, and endorses, comprehensive sex education, which includes a discussion of both abstinence and birth control.[123]

Planned Parenthood's advocacy activities are executed by the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, which is registered as a 501(c)(4) charity, and files financial information jointly with PPFA.[3] The committee was founded in 1996, by then-president Gloria Feldt, to maintain supportive health rights and supporting political candidates of the same mindset. In the 2012 election cycle, the committee gained prominence based on its effectiveness in spending on candidates.[124] Although the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (PPAF) shares some leadership with the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, the president of PPAF, Cecile Richards,[125][126] testified before Congress in September 2015 that she did not manage the organization.[127] The Planned Parenthood Action Fund has 58 active, separately incorporated chapters in 41 states[128] and maintains national headquarters in New York and Washington, D.C.[129] Planned Parenthood has received grants from the Obama administration to help promote the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or ObamaCare.[130]

Political spending

Planned Parenthood spends money on politics and elections through the Planned Parenthood Action Fund (its federal political action committee), through its Super PAC, and through a variety of related 501(c)(4) entities.[131] Planned Parenthood endorsed Obama in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections.[132][133] In the 2014 election cycle, Planned Parenthood spent $6,587,100 on contributions to candidates and political parties (overwhelmingly to Democrats) and on independent expenditures.[131][134]

Before the U.S. Supreme Court

 
Former Planned Parenthood President Gloria Feldt with Congressman Albert Wynn in front of the U.S. Supreme Court

Planned Parenthood regional chapters have been active in the American courts. Several cases in which Planned Parenthood has been a party have reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Notable among these cases is the 1992 case Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the case that sets forth the current constitutional abortion standard. In this case, "Planned Parenthood" was the Southeast Pennsylvania Chapter, and "Casey" was Robert Casey, the governor of Pennsylvania. The ultimate ruling was split, and Roe v. Wade was narrowed but upheld in an opinion written by Sandra Day O'Connor, Anthony Kennedy, and David Souter. Harry Blackmun and John Paul Stevens concurred with the main decision in separately written opinions. The Supreme Court struck down spousal consent requirements for married women to obtain abortions, but found no "undue burden"—an alternative to strict scrutiny, which tests the allowable limitations on rights protected under the Constitution—from the other statutory requirements. Dissenting were William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and Byron White. Blackmun, Rehnquist, and White were the only justices who voted on the original Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 who were still on the Supreme Court to rule on this case, and their votes on this case were consistent with their votes on the original decision that legalized abortion.[135] Only Blackmun voted to maintain Roe v. Wade in its entirety.[136]

Planned Parenthood v. Casey, along with Roe v. Wade, was eventually overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022.[137]

Other related cases include:

Other court cases

Some state attorneys general have subpoenaed medical records of patients treated by Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood has gone to court to keep from turning over these records, citing medical privacy and concerns about the motivation for seeking the records.[147]

In 2006, Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline, a Republican, released some sealed patient records obtained from Planned Parenthood to the public. His actions were described as "troubling" by the state Supreme Court, but Planned Parenthood was compelled to turn over the medical records, albeit with more stringent court-mandated privacy safeguards for the patients involved.[147] In 2007 Kline's successor, Paul J. Morrison, a Democrat, notified the clinic that no criminal charges would be filed after a three-year investigation, as "an objective, unbiased and thorough examination" showed no wrongdoing. Morrison stated that he believed Kline had politicized the Attorney General's office.[148] In 2012, a Kansas district attorney found that the practices of the Kansas City-area Planned Parenthood clinic was "within accepted practices in the medical community" and dropped all of the remaining criminal charges. In all, the Planned Parenthood clinic had faced 107 criminal charges from Kline and other Kansas prosecutors, all of which were ultimately dismissed.[149]

In 2006, the Indiana Court of Appeals ruled that Planned Parenthood was not required to turn over its medical records in an investigation of possible child abuse.[150] In 2005, Planned Parenthood Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota was fined $50,000 for violating a Minnesota state parental consent law.[151]

In 2012, a Texas state court judge, Gary Harger, denied Planned Parenthood's request for a temporary restraining order against the State of Texas, concluding that the State may exclude otherwise qualified doctors and clinics from receiving state funding if the doctors or clinics advocate for abortion rights.[152]

In 2022, Nicole Moore, a Black woman who was the director of Planned Parenthood's multicultural brand engagement from January 2020 to November 2021, filed a lawsuit alleging that she faced months of racial discrimination while working at Planned Parenthood.[153]

Impact

A 2020 study found that closure of Planned Parenthood clinics resulted in increases in the maternal mortality rate: "Planned Parenthood clinic closures negatively impacted all women, increasing mortality by 6–15% across racial/ethnic groups."[6][7]

A 2016 study found that the exclusion of Planned Parenthood-affiliated clinics from Texas's Medicaid fee-for-service family-planning program was linked to reductions in the provision of contraception and an increase in child-bearing for women who used injectable contraceptives and who were covered by Medicaid.[154]

Debate and opposition

Margaret Sanger and eugenics

Further information: Margaret Sanger § Eugenics, and Eugenic feminism

In the 1920s, various theories of eugenics were popular among intellectuals in the U.S.[155] In her campaign to promote birth control, Sanger teamed with eugenics organizations such as the American Eugenics Society, although she argued against many of their positions.[156][157] Scholars describe Sanger as believing that birth control and sterilization should be voluntary, and not based on race.[158] Sanger advocated for "voluntary motherhood"—the right to choose when to be pregnant—for all women, as an important element of women's rights.[159][160] As part of her efforts to promote birth control, however, Sanger found common cause with proponents of eugenics, believing that she and they both sought to "assist the race toward the elimination of the unfit".[161]

Critics of Planned Parenthood often refer to Sanger's connection with supporters of eugenics to discredit the organization by associating it, and birth control, with the more negative modern view of eugenics.[162][163] Planned Parenthood has responded to this criticism directly in a leaflet acknowledging that Sanger agreed with some of her contemporaries who advocated the voluntary hospitalization or sterilization of people with untreatable, disabling, or hereditary conditions, and limits on the immigration of the diseased. The leaflet also states that Planned Parenthood "finds these views objectionable and outmoded" but says that it was compelled to discuss the topic because "anti-family planning activists continue to attack Sanger [...] because she is an easier target" than Planned Parenthood.[164]

Abortion

Planned Parenthood has occupied a central position in the abortion debate in the U.S. and has been among the most prominent targets of the U.S. anti-abortion movement for decades. Some members of Congress, overwhelmingly Republican, have attempted since the 1980s to end federal funding of the organization,[88] nearly leading to a government shutdown over the issue in 2011.[165] Planned Parenthood has consistently maintained that federal money received by Planned Parenthood is not used to fund abortion services, but anti-abortion activists have argued that the federal funding frees up other resources that are, in turn, used to provide abortions.[88]

Planned Parenthood is the largest single provider of abortions in the U.S.,[12] but pro-choice advocates have argued that the organization's family planning services reduce the need for abortions; in the words of Megan Crepeau of the Chicago Tribune, Planned Parenthood could be "characterized as America's largest abortion preventer".[166][167] Anti-abortion activists dispute the evidence that greater access to contraceptives reduces abortion frequency.[168]

Undercover videos by anti-abortion activists

Periodically, anti-abortion advocates have tried to demonstrate that Planned Parenthood does not follow applicable state or federal laws. The groups called or visited Planned Parenthood health centers posing as victims of statutory rape,[169] minors who by law need parental notification before an abortion,[170] racist donors seeking to earmark donations to reduce the African-American population,[64][171] or pimps seeking abortions for underage prostitutes.[172] As a result of some of these videos, several Planned Parenthood workers have been disciplined or fired.[171][172] However, a 2005 review by the Bush administration's Department of Health and Human Services "yielded no evidence of clinics around the nation failing to comply with laws on reporting child abuse, child molestation, sexual abuse, rape or incest".[170]

Live Action videos

Beginning in 2010, Live Action released several series of undercover videos filmed in Planned Parenthood centers. Live Action said one series showed Planned Parenthood employees at many affiliates actively assisting or being complicit in aiding a prostitution ring,[173] advising patients on how to procure sex-selective abortions,[174] while one who said they would immerse a child born alive after a botched abortion in a chemical solution to make it stop moving and breathing.[175] No criminal convictions resulted,[176] but some Planned Parenthood employees and volunteers were fired for not following procedure, and the organization committed to retraining its staff.[177] Additionally, one center was placed on probation.[178]

Center for Medical Progress videos

This entire section is transcluded from the lead of the Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy article.[179]

In 2015, an anti-abortion organization named the Center for Medical Progress (CMP) released several videos that had been secretly recorded. Members of the CMP posed as representatives of a biotechnology company in order to gain access to both meetings with abortion providers and abortion facilities. The videos showed how abortion providers made fetal tissue available to researchers, although no problems were found with the legality of the process. All of the videos were found to be altered, according to analysis by Fusion GPS and its co-founder Glenn R. Simpson, a former investigative reporter for The Wall Street Journal. The CMP disputed this finding, attributing the alterations to the editing out of "bathroom breaks and waiting periods". CMP had represented a longer version of the tapes as being "complete", as well as a shorter, edited version. The analysis by Fusion GPS concluded that the longer version was also edited, with skips and missing footage.[180][181] Nonetheless, the videos attracted widespread media coverage; after the release of the first video, conservative lawmakers in Congress singled out Planned Parenthood and began to push bills that would strip the organization of federal family planning funding. No such attempts by Congress to cut federal family planning money from Planned Parenthood have become law. Conservative politicians in several states have also used this as an opportunity to cut or attempt to cut family planning funding at the state level.

Officials in twelve states initiated investigations into claims made by the videos, but none found Planned Parenthood clinics to have sold tissue for profit as alleged by CMP and other anti-abortion groups. An investigation by the U.S. House of Representatives Oversight and Government Reform Committee found no evidence of wrongdoing by Planned Parenthood. A select committee, the U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce Select Investigative Panel on Planned Parenthood, was formed to further investigate Planned Parenthood. The Republican-controlled Select Investigative Panel released its final report on December 30, 2016, recommending that Planned Parenthood be defunded. The report was heavily criticized as partisan and inaccurate by Democratic members of the committee, Planned Parenthood, and some news media.

In January 2016, a Texas grand jury chartered to investigate Planned Parenthood found no wrongdoing by Planned Parenthood but instead indicted CMP founder David Daleiden and member Sandra Merritt for creating and using false government IDs and attempting to purchase fetal tissue. The charges against Daleiden and Merritt in Texas were dismissed six months later on the grounds that the grand jury's indictment authority had extended only to Planned Parenthood. In March 2017, Daleiden and Merritt were charged with 15 felonies in the State of California – one for each of the people whom they had filmed without consent, and one for criminal conspiracy to invade privacy. In June 2017, all the invasion of privacy charges (but not that of conspiracy) were dismissed with leave to amend, but in July 2017, the State of California re-filed amended charges.

Violence by anti-abortion activists

Main article: Anti-abortion violence

In the U.S., abortion providers have been threatened with death, and facilities that provide abortions have been attacked or vandalized.[182][183] Planned Parenthood clinics have been the target of many instances of violence by anti-abortion activists, including but not limited to bombing, arson and attacks with chemical weaponry.[195] In 1994, John Salvi entered a Brookline, Massachusetts Planned Parenthood clinic and opened fire, murdering receptionist Shannon Elizabeth Lowney and wounding three others. He fled to another Planned Parenthood clinic where he murdered Leane Nichols and wounded two others.[196] In 2012, a Grand Chute, Wisconsin, Planned Parenthood clinic was subject to a bombing perpetrated by an unknown individual.[183] In 2015, a Planned Parenthood clinic in Pullman, Washington was heavily damaged by arson.[197][198]

2015 shooting

Main article: Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting

On November 27, 2015, a gunman shot and killed two civilians and a police officer during a five-hour gun battle at the Colorado Springs, Colorado clinic.[199][200][201] The 57-year-old gunman,[202] Robert Dear, surrendered to police and was taken into custody. During his arrest, he gave a "rambling" interview[203] in which, at one point, he said "no more baby parts", echoing language used in the news media about the clinic following the Center for Medical Progress videos.[204][205][206] Dear was declared incompetent to stand trial for the shooting, citing experts' finding that he has "delusional disorder, persecutory type" and is now confined indefinitely to a state mental hospital.[207]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Planned Parenthood dates its beginnings to 1916 when Margaret Sanger opened her first birth control center in Brooklyn. The American Birth Control League was founded by Sanger in 1921. Its successor organization was formed in 1939 and adopted the name Planned Parenthood in 1942.

References

  1. ^ Pradhan, Rachana (August 10, 2015). "Bush role in Bloomberg charity gets attention: The billionaire's philanthropy partnered with Planned Parenthood on women's health". Politico. from the original on November 1, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Planned Parenthood At a Glance". www.plannedparenthood.org. from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Planned Parenthood Federation of America (Inc.) and Related Entities, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Information, Audited, June 30, 2013 and 2014" (PDF). www.plannedparenthood.org. (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
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Further reading

  • Manon Perry, Broadcasting Birth Control: Mass Media and Family Planning. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013.

External links

  • Official website
  • Planned Parenthood Action Fund
  • Planned Parenthood Federation of America collected news and commentary at The New York Times
  • Planned Parenthood Federation of America Records, 1918–1974 at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
  • Planned Parenthood Federation of America Records, 1928–2009 at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections
  • Planned Parenthood at OpenSecrets.org
  • United Nations: Every Woman Every Child

October 28, 2023
planned, parenthood, federation, america, ppfa, simply, nonprofit, organization, that, provides, reproductive, sexual, healthcare, sexual, education, united, states, globally, member, international, federation, ippf, abbreviationppfapredecessoramerican, birth,. The Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc PPFA or simply Planned Parenthood is a 501 c 3 nonprofit organization 4 that provides reproductive and sexual healthcare and sexual education in the United States and globally It is a member of the International Planned Parenthood Federation IPPF Planned ParenthoodAbbreviationPPFAPredecessorAmerican Birth Control League Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau Birth Control Federation of AmericaFormationOctober 16 1916 107 years ago 1916 10 16 note 1 FounderMargaret SangerPurposeReproductive health and educationHeadquartersManhattan New York City New York U S Washington D C U S Region servedUnited States and worldwide through Planned Parenthood Global and IPPF 1 Membership600 clinic locations 2 58 medical or related affiliates 101 non medical affiliates 3 Key peopleAlexis McGill Johnson President and CEO WebsiteOfficial websitePPFA has its roots in Brooklyn New York where Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States in 1916 Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 5 and 14 years after her exit as its president ABCL s successor organization became Planned Parenthood in 1942 Planned Parenthood consists of 159 medical and non medical affiliates which operate over 600 health clinics in the United States 2 3 It partners with organizations in 12 countries globally 2 3 The organization directly provides a variety of reproductive health services and sexual education contributes to research in reproductive technology and advocates for the protection and expansion of reproductive rights 3 Research shows that closures of Planned Parenthood clinics lead to increases in maternal mortality rates 6 7 PPFA is the largest single provider of reproductive health services and the largest single provider of abortion in the United States 11 12 In their 2014 Annual Report PPFA reported seeing over 2 5 million patients in over 4 million clinical visits and performing a total of nearly 9 5 million discrete services including 324 000 abortions 15 Its combined annual revenue is US 1 3 billion including approximately 530 million in government funding such as Medicaid reimbursements 3 14 Throughout its history PPFA and its member clinics have experienced support controversy protests 16 and violent attacks 17 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 1940s 1960s 1 3 1960s present 1 3 1 Data breaches 1 4 Margaret Sanger Awards 2 Services 3 Facilities 4 Worldwide availability 5 Funding 6 Political advocacy 6 1 Political spending 7 Before the U S Supreme Court 8 Other court cases 9 Impact 10 Debate and opposition 10 1 Margaret Sanger and eugenics 10 2 Abortion 10 2 1 Undercover videos by anti abortion activists 10 2 1 1 Live Action videos 10 2 1 2 Center for Medical Progress videos 11 Violence by anti abortion activists 11 1 2015 shooting 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External linksHistorySee also Birth control movement in the United States Origins nbsp Margaret Sanger 1922 the first president and founder of Planned ParenthoodThe origins of Planned Parenthood date to October 16 1916 when Margaret Sanger her sister Ethel Byrne and Fania Mindell opened the first birth control clinic in the U S in the Brownsville section of the New York borough of Brooklyn 18 They distributed birth control birth control advice and birth control information All three women were arrested 19 20 21 and jailed for violating provisions of the Comstock Act accused of distributing obscene materials at the clinic The so called Brownsville trials brought national attention and support to their cause Sanger and her co defendants were convicted on misdemeanor charges which they appealed through two subsequent appeals courts While the convictions were not overturned 22 the judge who issued the final ruling also modified the law to permit physician prescribed birth control The women s campaign led to major changes in the laws governing birth control and sex education in the United States 23 In 1921 the clinic was organized into the American Birth Control League 5 the core of the only national birth control organization in the U S until the 1960s By 1941 it was operating 222 centers and had served 49 000 clients 24 In 1923 Sanger opened the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau BCCRB for dispensing contraceptives under the supervision of licensed physicians and studying their effectiveness 25 Some found the ABCL s title offensive and against families so the League began discussions for a new name 26 In 1938 a group of private citizens organized the Citizens Committee for Planned Parenthood to aid the American Birth Control League in spreading scientific knowledge about birth control to the general public The BCCRB merged with the ABCL in 1939 to form the Birth Control Federation of America BCFA In 1942 the name of the BCFA was changed to the Planned Parenthood Federation of America 25 1940s 1960s Under the leadership of the National Director D Kenneth Rose the PPFA expanded its programs and services through the 1940s adding affiliate organizations throughout the country By the end of World War II the Federation was no longer solely a center for birth control services or a clearing house for contraceptive information but had emerged as a major national health organization PPFA s programs included a full range of family planning services including marriage education and counseling and infertility services The leadership of the PPFA largely consisting of businessmen and male physicians endeavored to incorporate its contraceptive services unofficially into regional and national public health programs by emphasizing less politicized aspects such as child spacing 25 During the 1950s the Federation further adjusted its programs and message to appeal to a family centered more conservative post war populace while continuing to function through its affiliated clinics as the more reliable source of contraceptives in the country 25 From 1942 to 1962 PPFA concentrated its efforts on strengthening its ties to affiliates expanding public education programs and improving its medical and research work By 1960 visitors to PPFA centers across the nation numbered over 300 000 per year 25 Largely relying on a volunteer workforce by 1960 the Federation had provided family planning counseling in hundreds of communities across the country 24 Planned Parenthood was one of the founding members of the International Planned Parenthood Federation when it was launched at a conference in Bombay now Mumbai India in 1952 24 27 In 1961 the population crisis debate along with funding shortages convinced PPFA to merge with the World Population Emergency Campaign a citizens fund raising organization to become PPFA World Population 25 Both Planned Parenthood and Margaret Sanger are strongly associated with the abortion issue today 28 29 For much of the organization s history however and throughout Sanger s life abortion was illegal in the U S and discussions of the issue were often censored 30 During this period Sanger like other American advocates of birth control publicly condemned abortion arguing that it would not be needed if every woman had access to birth control 30 1960s present nbsp A Planned Parenthood supporter participates in a demonstration in support of the organizationFollowing Margaret Sanger Alan Frank Guttmacher became president of Planned Parenthood serving from 1962 until 1974 31 During his tenure the Food and Drug Administration FDA approved the sale of the original birth control pill giving rise to new attitudes towards women s reproductive freedom 24 Also during his presidency Planned Parenthood lobbied the federal government to support reproductive health culminating with President Richard Nixon s signing of Title X to provide government subsidies for low income women to access family planning services 32 The Center for Family Planning Program Development was also founded as a semi autonomous division during this time 33 The center became an independent organization and was renamed the Guttmacher Institute in 1977 33 Planned Parenthood began to advocate abortion law reform beginning in 1955 when the organization s medical director Mary Calderone convened a national conference of medical professionals on the issue The conference was the first instance of physicians and other professionals advocating reform of the laws which criminalized abortion and it played a key role in creating a movement for the reform of abortion laws in the U S 30 Focusing at first on legalizing therapeutic abortion Planned Parenthood became an increasingly vocal proponent of liberalized abortion laws during the 1960s culminating in its call for the repeal of all anti abortion laws in 1969 34 In the years that followed the organization played a key role in landmark abortion rights cases such as Roe v Wade 1973 and Planned Parenthood v Casey 1992 29 Once abortion was legalized during the early 1970s Planned Parenthood also began acting as an abortion provider Faye Wattleton became the first African American president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1978 Wattleton who was also the youngest president in Planned Parenthood s history served in this role until 1992 35 36 During her term Planned Parenthood grew to become the seventh largest charity in the country providing services to four million clients each year through its 170 affiliates whose activities were spread across 50 states 37 From 1996 to 2006 Planned Parenthood was led by Gloria Feldt 38 39 Feldt activated the Planned Parenthood Action Fund PPAF the organization s political action committee launching what was the most far reaching electoral advocacy effort in its history 40 The PPAF serves as the nonpartisan political advocacy arm of PPFA 41 It engages in educational and electoral activity including legislative advocacy voter education and grassroots organizing to promote the PPFA mission Feldt also launched the Responsible Choices Action Agenda a nationwide campaign to increase services to prevent unwanted pregnancies improve the quality of reproductive care and ensure access to safe and legal abortions 24 Another initiative was the commencement of a Global Partnership Program to build a vibrant activist constituency in support of family planning 24 On February 15 2006 Cecile Richards the daughter of former Texas governor Ann Richards and formerly the deputy chief of staff to the U S Rep Nancy Pelosi the Democratic Leader in the United States House of Representatives became president of the organization 42 In 2012 Richards was voted one of Time magazine s 100 Most Influential People in the World 43 Richards tenure as president of the organization ended on April 30 2018 Current Planned Parenthood board member Joe Solmonese was appointed as transition chair to temporarily oversee the day to day operations of Planned Parenthood after Richards departure 44 nbsp Leana Wen in April 2017On September 12 2018 the organization announced that Leana Wen would take over as president effective November 2018 45 Wen was removed as president of Planned Parenthood by the organization s board of directors on July 16 2019 Alexis McGill Johnson a board member and former chairwoman became the organization s acting president 46 Data breaches In October 2021 a hacker gained access to the data network of the Los Angeles branch of Planned Parenthood and obtained the personal information of approximately 400 000 patients On December 1 2021 The Washington Post reported that the breach was a ransomware attack The organization did not say if they paid the ransom or if the perpetrators made any demands There was no indication as to who was responsible for the hack The Metropolitan Washington branch of Planned Parenthood was also hacked in 2020 with donor and patient information compromised including dates of birth social security numbers financial information and medical data 47 Margaret Sanger Awards Main article Margaret Sanger Awards In 1966 PPFA began awarding the Margaret Sanger Award annually to honor in their words individuals of distinction in recognition of excellence and leadership in furthering reproductive health and reproductive rights In the first year it was awarded to four men Carl G Hartman William Henry Draper Jr Lyndon B Johnson and Martin Luther King Jr 48 49 50 51 Later recipients have included John D Rockefeller III Katharine Hepburn Jane Fonda Hillary Clinton and Ted Turner 52 53 54 ServicesThe services provided by PPFA affiliates vary by location with just over half of all Planned Parenthood affiliates in the U S performing abortions 55 Services provided by PPFA include birth control and long acting reversible contraception 56 emergency contraception clinical breast examinations cervical cancer screening pregnancy testing and pregnancy options counseling prenatal care testing and treatment for sexually transmitted infections sex education vasectomies LGBT services and abortion 57 58 Contrary to the assumption of some Planned Parenthood conducts cancer screenings but does not provide mammograms 59 60 although Planned Parenthood physicians do refer their patients to other outside clinics where they can get mammograms 60 61 In 2013 PPFA reported seeing 2 7 million patients in 4 6 million clinical visits 13 Roughly 16 percent of its clients are teenagers 2 62 According to PPFA in 2014 the organization provided 3 6 million contraceptive services 4 5 million sexually transmitted infection services about one million cancer related services over one million pregnancy tests and prenatal services over 324 000 abortion services 63 and over 100 000 other services for a total of 9 5 million discrete services 13 PPFA is well known for providing services to minorities and to poor people 64 65 according to PPFA approximately four out of five of their clients have incomes at or below 150 percent of the federal poverty level 57 66 Services for men s health include STD testing and treatment vasectomy procedures and erectile dysfunction services 67 Education is available regarding male birth control and lowering the risk of sexually transmitted diseases 68 Planned Parenthood won the 2020 Webby Award for Machine Learning and Bots for their Sex Education chatbot 69 Facilities nbsp Location in Houston TexasPPFA has two national offices in the United States one in Washington D C and one in New York City It has three international offices including a hub office in London England It has 68 medical and related affiliates and 101 other affiliates including 34 political action committees 3 These affiliates together operate more than 700 health centers in all 50 states in the U S plus the District of Columbia 2 70 71 PPFA owns about 54 million in property including real estate In addition PPFA spends a little over 1 million per year for rented space 3 The largest facility a 26 million 78 000 square foot 7 200 square meter structure was completed in Houston Texas in May 2010 72 Worldwide availabilityPPFA s international outreach and other activities are performed by Planned Parenthood Global a division of PPFA 3 73 and by the International Planned Parenthood Federation IPPF which now consists of more than 149 Member Associations working in more than 189 countries 74 The IPPF is further associated with International Planned Parenthood Federation affiliates in the Caribbean and the Americas 75 and IPPF European Network 76 as well as other organizations like Family Planning Queensland Pro Familia Germany de and mouvement francais pour le planning familial French Movement for Family Planning fr Offices are located in New York NY Washington D C Miami FL Guatemala City Guatemala Abuja Nigeria and Nairobi Kenya The organization s focus countries are Guatemala Nicaragua Costa Rica Ecuador Peru Senegal Burkina Faso Nigeria Sudan South Sudan Uganda Ethiopia and Kenya 77 The Bloomberg Philanthropies donated 50 million for Planned Parenthood Global s reproductive health and family planning efforts in Tanzania Nicaragua Burkina Faso Senegal and Uganda 78 Among specific countries and territories serviced by Planned Parenthood Global s reproductive planning outreach are Brazil Colombia El Salvador French Guiana Guatemala Haiti Honduras Martinique Mexico Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Venezuela Puerto Rico U S Virgin Islands Dominican Republic Barbados Bolivia Ecuador Guadeloupe Saint Martin Guyana Cape Verde and Samoa 73 74 FundingPlanned Parenthood has received federal funding since 1970 when President Richard Nixon signed into law the Family Planning Services and Population Research Act amending the Public Health Service Act Title X of that law provides funding for family planning services including contraception and family planning information The law had support from both Republicans and Democrats 79 Nixon described Title X funding as based on the premise that no American woman should be denied access to family planning assistance because of her economic condition 80 Donors to Planned Parenthood have included the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation the Buffett Foundation the Ford Foundation the Turner Foundation the Cullmans and others 81 82 83 84 The Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation s contributions to the organization have been specifically marked to avoid funding abortions 81 Some donors such as the Buffett Foundation have supported reproductive health that can include abortion services 81 Anti abortion groups have advocated the boycott of donors to Planned Parenthood 85 Corporate donors include CREDO Mobile 86 In the fiscal year ending June 30 2014 total revenue was 1 3 billion non government health services revenue was 305 million government revenue such as Medicaid reimbursements was 528 million private contributions totaled 392 million and 78 million came from other operating revenue 87 According to Planned Parenthood 59 percent of the group s revenue is put towards the provision of health services while non medical services such as sex education and public policy work make up another 15 percent management expenses fundraising and international family planning programs account for about 16 percent and 10 percent of the revenue in 2013 2014 was not spent 87 Planned Parenthood receives over a third of its money in government grants and contracts about 528 million in 2014 88 87 By law Hyde Amendment federal funding cannot be allocated for abortions except in rare cases 89 but some opponents of abortion have argued that allocating money to Planned Parenthood for the provision of other medical services allows other funds to be reallocated for abortions 65 A coalition of national and local anti abortion groups have lobbied federal and state governments to stop funding Planned Parenthood As a result federal and state legislators have proposed legislation to reduce funding levels 89 90 Eight states Alabama Arkansas Indiana Kansas Louisiana New Hampshire Ohio and Utah have enacted such proposals 99 In some cases the courts have overturned such actions citing conflict with federal or state laws in others the federal executive branch has provided funding in lieu of the states 93 94 100 In some states Planned Parenthood was completely or partially defunded 101 102 In August 2015 Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal attempted to end Louisiana s contract with Planned Parenthood to treat Medicaid patients at a time when there was an epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases in Louisiana 66 Planned Parenthood and three patients sued the state of Louisiana with the United States Department of Justice siding with Planned Parenthood 103 On February 2 2016 the U S House failed to override President Obama s veto of H R 3762 Restoring Americans Healthcare Freedom Reconciliation Act of 2015 which would have prohibited Planned Parenthood from receiving any federal Medicaid funds for one year 104 Late in 2016 the Obama administration issued a rule effective in January 2017 banning U S states from withholding federal family planning funds from health clinics that give abortions including Planned Parenthood affiliates this rule mandates that local and state governments give federal funds for services related to sexually transmitted infections pregnancy care fertility contraception and breast and cervical cancer screening to qualified health providers whether or not they give abortions 105 However this rule was blocked by a federal judge the day before it would have taken effect 106 In 2017 it was overturned by new legislation 107 The proposed American Health Care Act H R 1628 announced by Congressional Republicans in March 2017 would have made Planned Parenthood ineligible for Medicaid reimbursements or federal family planning grants 108 On August 19 2019 Planned Parenthood voluntarily withdrew from Title X funding due to a regulatory gag order stating that medical institutions that receive Title X funding cannot refer patients for abortions 109 Political advocacy nbsp Planned Parenthood activists meeting with then Senator Kamala Harris in 2017Planned Parenthood is an advocate for the legal and political protection of reproductive rights 110 This advocacy includes helping to sponsor abortion rights and women s rights events 111 The Federation opposes restrictions on women s reproductive health services including parental consent laws for minors 112 113 To justify this position Planned Parenthood has cited the case of Becky Bell who died following an illegal abortion rather than seek parental consent for a legal one 114 115 Planned Parenthood also takes the position that laws requiring parental notification before an abortion can be performed on a minor are unconstitutional on privacy grounds 116 The organization opposes laws requiring ultrasounds before abortions stating that their only purpose is to make abortions more difficult to obtain 117 Planned Parenthood has also opposed initiatives that require waiting periods before abortions 118 and bans on late term abortions including intact dilation and extraction which has been illegal in the U S since 2003 119 Planned Parenthood supports the wide availability of emergency contraception such as the Plan B pill 120 It opposes conscience clauses which allow pharmacists to refuse to dispense drugs against their beliefs 121 Planned Parenthood has been critical of hospitals that do not provide access to emergency contraception for rape victims 122 Citing the need for medically accurate information in sex education Planned Parenthood opposes abstinence only education in public schools Instead Planned Parenthood is a provider of and endorses comprehensive sex education which includes a discussion of both abstinence and birth control 123 Planned Parenthood s advocacy activities are executed by the Planned Parenthood Action Fund which is registered as a 501 c 4 charity and files financial information jointly with PPFA 3 The committee was founded in 1996 by then president Gloria Feldt to maintain supportive health rights and supporting political candidates of the same mindset In the 2012 election cycle the committee gained prominence based on its effectiveness in spending on candidates 124 Although the Planned Parenthood Action Fund PPAF shares some leadership with the Planned Parenthood Federation of America the president of PPAF Cecile Richards 125 126 testified before Congress in September 2015 that she did not manage the organization 127 The Planned Parenthood Action Fund has 58 active separately incorporated chapters in 41 states 128 and maintains national headquarters in New York and Washington D C 129 Planned Parenthood has received grants from the Obama administration to help promote the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or ObamaCare 130 Political spending Planned Parenthood spends money on politics and elections through the Planned Parenthood Action Fund its federal political action committee through its Super PAC and through a variety of related 501 c 4 entities 131 Planned Parenthood endorsed Obama in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections 132 133 In the 2014 election cycle Planned Parenthood spent 6 587 100 on contributions to candidates and political parties overwhelmingly to Democrats and on independent expenditures 131 134 Before the U S Supreme Court nbsp Former Planned Parenthood President Gloria Feldt with Congressman Albert Wynn in front of the U S Supreme CourtPlanned Parenthood regional chapters have been active in the American courts Several cases in which Planned Parenthood has been a party have reached the U S Supreme Court Notable among these cases is the 1992 case Planned Parenthood v Casey the case that sets forth the current constitutional abortion standard In this case Planned Parenthood was the Southeast Pennsylvania Chapter and Casey was Robert Casey the governor of Pennsylvania The ultimate ruling was split and Roe v Wade was narrowed but upheld in an opinion written by Sandra Day O Connor Anthony Kennedy and David Souter Harry Blackmun and John Paul Stevens concurred with the main decision in separately written opinions The Supreme Court struck down spousal consent requirements for married women to obtain abortions but found no undue burden an alternative to strict scrutiny which tests the allowable limitations on rights protected under the Constitution from the other statutory requirements Dissenting were William Rehnquist Antonin Scalia Clarence Thomas and Byron White Blackmun Rehnquist and White were the only justices who voted on the original Roe v Wade decision in 1973 who were still on the Supreme Court to rule on this case and their votes on this case were consistent with their votes on the original decision that legalized abortion 135 Only Blackmun voted to maintain Roe v Wade in its entirety 136 Planned Parenthood v Casey along with Roe v Wade was eventually overturned by Dobbs v Jackson Women s Health Organization in 2022 137 Other related cases include Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v Danforth 1976 Planned Parenthood challenged the constitutionality of a Missouri law encompassing parental consent spousal consent clinic bookkeeping and allowed abortion methods Portions of the challenged law were held to be constitutional others not 138 The decision was superseded by Dobbs v Jackson Women s Health Organization 2022 137 Planned Parenthood Association of Kansas City v Ashcroft 1983 Planned Parenthood challenged the constitutionality of a Missouri law encompassing parental consent clinic record keeping and hospitalization requirements Most of the challenged law was held to be constitutional 139 The decision was superseded by Dobbs v Jackson Women s Health Organization 2022 137 Planned Parenthood of Columbia Willamette v American Coalition of Life Activists 2002 The American Coalition of Life Activists ACLA released a flier and Wanted posters with complete personal information about doctors who performed abortions A civil jury and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals both found that the materials were true threats and not protected speech 140 ACLA appealed the decision to the Supreme Court but the appeal was rejected 141 Gonzales v Planned Parenthood 2003 Planned Parenthood sued U S Attorney General Alberto Gonzales for an injunction against the enforcement of the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 Planned Parenthood argued the act was unconstitutional because it violated the Fifth Amendment namely in that it was overly vague violated women s constitutional right to have access to abortion and did not include language for exceptions for the health of the mother Both the district court and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals agreed 142 143 but that decision was overturned in a 5 4 ruling by the Supreme Court 144 Ayotte v Planned Parenthood of Northern New England 2006 Planned Parenthood et al challenged the constitutionality of a New Hampshire parental notification law related to access to abortion 145 In Sandra Day O Connor s final decision before retirement the Supreme Court sent the case back to lower courts with instructions to seek a remedy short of wholesale invalidation of the statute New Hampshire ended up repealing the statute via the legislative process 146 The decision was superseded by Dobbs v Jackson Women s Health Organization 2022 137 Other court casesSome state attorneys general have subpoenaed medical records of patients treated by Planned Parenthood Planned Parenthood has gone to court to keep from turning over these records citing medical privacy and concerns about the motivation for seeking the records 147 In 2006 Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline a Republican released some sealed patient records obtained from Planned Parenthood to the public His actions were described as troubling by the state Supreme Court but Planned Parenthood was compelled to turn over the medical records albeit with more stringent court mandated privacy safeguards for the patients involved 147 In 2007 Kline s successor Paul J Morrison a Democrat notified the clinic that no criminal charges would be filed after a three year investigation as an objective unbiased and thorough examination showed no wrongdoing Morrison stated that he believed Kline had politicized the Attorney General s office 148 In 2012 a Kansas district attorney found that the practices of the Kansas City area Planned Parenthood clinic was within accepted practices in the medical community and dropped all of the remaining criminal charges In all the Planned Parenthood clinic had faced 107 criminal charges from Kline and other Kansas prosecutors all of which were ultimately dismissed 149 In 2006 the Indiana Court of Appeals ruled that Planned Parenthood was not required to turn over its medical records in an investigation of possible child abuse 150 In 2005 Planned Parenthood Minnesota North Dakota and South Dakota was fined 50 000 for violating a Minnesota state parental consent law 151 In 2012 a Texas state court judge Gary Harger denied Planned Parenthood s request for a temporary restraining order against the State of Texas concluding that the State may exclude otherwise qualified doctors and clinics from receiving state funding if the doctors or clinics advocate for abortion rights 152 In 2022 Nicole Moore a Black woman who was the director of Planned Parenthood s multicultural brand engagement from January 2020 to November 2021 filed a lawsuit alleging that she faced months of racial discrimination while working at Planned Parenthood 153 ImpactA 2020 study found that closure of Planned Parenthood clinics resulted in increases in the maternal mortality rate Planned Parenthood clinic closures negatively impacted all women increasing mortality by 6 15 across racial ethnic groups 6 7 A 2016 study found that the exclusion of Planned Parenthood affiliated clinics from Texas s Medicaid fee for service family planning program was linked to reductions in the provision of contraception and an increase in child bearing for women who used injectable contraceptives and who were covered by Medicaid 154 Debate and oppositionMargaret Sanger and eugenics Further information Margaret Sanger Eugenics and Eugenic feminism In the 1920s various theories of eugenics were popular among intellectuals in the U S 155 In her campaign to promote birth control Sanger teamed with eugenics organizations such as the American Eugenics Society although she argued against many of their positions 156 157 Scholars describe Sanger as believing that birth control and sterilization should be voluntary and not based on race 158 Sanger advocated for voluntary motherhood the right to choose when to be pregnant for all women as an important element of women s rights 159 160 As part of her efforts to promote birth control however Sanger found common cause with proponents of eugenics believing that she and they both sought to assist the race toward the elimination of the unfit 161 Critics of Planned Parenthood often refer to Sanger s connection with supporters of eugenics to discredit the organization by associating it and birth control with the more negative modern view of eugenics 162 163 Planned Parenthood has responded to this criticism directly in a leaflet acknowledging that Sanger agreed with some of her contemporaries who advocated the voluntary hospitalization or sterilization of people with untreatable disabling or hereditary conditions and limits on the immigration of the diseased The leaflet also states that Planned Parenthood finds these views objectionable and outmoded but says that it was compelled to discuss the topic because anti family planning activists continue to attack Sanger because she is an easier target than Planned Parenthood 164 Abortion Planned Parenthood has occupied a central position in the abortion debate in the U S and has been among the most prominent targets of the U S anti abortion movement for decades Some members of Congress overwhelmingly Republican have attempted since the 1980s to end federal funding of the organization 88 nearly leading to a government shutdown over the issue in 2011 165 Planned Parenthood has consistently maintained that federal money received by Planned Parenthood is not used to fund abortion services but anti abortion activists have argued that the federal funding frees up other resources that are in turn used to provide abortions 88 Planned Parenthood is the largest single provider of abortions in the U S 12 but pro choice advocates have argued that the organization s family planning services reduce the need for abortions in the words of Megan Crepeau of the Chicago Tribune Planned Parenthood could be characterized as America s largest abortion preventer 166 167 Anti abortion activists dispute the evidence that greater access to contraceptives reduces abortion frequency 168 Undercover videos by anti abortion activists Periodically anti abortion advocates have tried to demonstrate that Planned Parenthood does not follow applicable state or federal laws The groups called or visited Planned Parenthood health centers posing as victims of statutory rape 169 minors who by law need parental notification before an abortion 170 racist donors seeking to earmark donations to reduce the African American population 64 171 or pimps seeking abortions for underage prostitutes 172 As a result of some of these videos several Planned Parenthood workers have been disciplined or fired 171 172 However a 2005 review by the Bush administration s Department of Health and Human Services yielded no evidence of clinics around the nation failing to comply with laws on reporting child abuse child molestation sexual abuse rape or incest 170 Live Action videos Beginning in 2010 Live Action released several series of undercover videos filmed in Planned Parenthood centers Live Action said one series showed Planned Parenthood employees at many affiliates actively assisting or being complicit in aiding a prostitution ring 173 advising patients on how to procure sex selective abortions 174 while one who said they would immerse a child born alive after a botched abortion in a chemical solution to make it stop moving and breathing 175 No criminal convictions resulted 176 but some Planned Parenthood employees and volunteers were fired for not following procedure and the organization committed to retraining its staff 177 Additionally one center was placed on probation 178 Center for Medical Progress videos This entire section is transcluded from the lead of the Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy article 179 In 2015 an anti abortion organization named the Center for Medical Progress CMP released several videos that had been secretly recorded Members of the CMP posed as representatives of a biotechnology company in order to gain access to both meetings with abortion providers and abortion facilities The videos showed how abortion providers made fetal tissue available to researchers although no problems were found with the legality of the process All of the videos were found to be altered according to analysis by Fusion GPS and its co founder Glenn R Simpson a former investigative reporter for The Wall Street Journal The CMP disputed this finding attributing the alterations to the editing out of bathroom breaks and waiting periods CMP had represented a longer version of the tapes as being complete as well as a shorter edited version The analysis by Fusion GPS concluded that the longer version was also edited with skips and missing footage 180 181 Nonetheless the videos attracted widespread media coverage after the release of the first video conservative lawmakers in Congress singled out Planned Parenthood and began to push bills that would strip the organization of federal family planning funding No such attempts by Congress to cut federal family planning money from Planned Parenthood have become law Conservative politicians in several states have also used this as an opportunity to cut or attempt to cut family planning funding at the state level Officials in twelve states initiated investigations into claims made by the videos but none found Planned Parenthood clinics to have sold tissue for profit as alleged by CMP and other anti abortion groups An investigation by the U S House of Representatives Oversight and Government Reform Committee found no evidence of wrongdoing by Planned Parenthood A select committee the U S House Committee on Energy and Commerce Select Investigative Panel on Planned Parenthood was formed to further investigate Planned Parenthood The Republican controlled Select Investigative Panel released its final report on December 30 2016 recommending that Planned Parenthood be defunded The report was heavily criticized as partisan and inaccurate by Democratic members of the committee Planned Parenthood and some news media In January 2016 a Texas grand jury chartered to investigate Planned Parenthood found no wrongdoing by Planned Parenthood but instead indicted CMP founder David Daleiden and member Sandra Merritt for creating and using false government IDs and attempting to purchase fetal tissue The charges against Daleiden and Merritt in Texas were dismissed six months later on the grounds that the grand jury s indictment authority had extended only to Planned Parenthood In March 2017 Daleiden and Merritt were charged with 15 felonies in the State of California one for each of the people whom they had filmed without consent and one for criminal conspiracy to invade privacy In June 2017 all the invasion of privacy charges but not that of conspiracy were dismissed with leave to amend but in July 2017 the State of California re filed amended charges Violence by anti abortion activistsMain article Anti abortion violence In the U S abortion providers have been threatened with death and facilities that provide abortions have been attacked or vandalized 182 183 Planned Parenthood clinics have been the target of many instances of violence by anti abortion activists including but not limited to bombing arson and attacks with chemical weaponry 195 In 1994 John Salvi entered a Brookline Massachusetts Planned Parenthood clinic and opened fire murdering receptionist Shannon Elizabeth Lowney and wounding three others He fled to another Planned Parenthood clinic where he murdered Leane Nichols and wounded two others 196 In 2012 a Grand Chute Wisconsin Planned Parenthood clinic was subject to a bombing perpetrated by an unknown individual 183 In 2015 a Planned Parenthood clinic in Pullman Washington was heavily damaged by arson 197 198 2015 shooting Main article Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting On November 27 2015 a gunman shot and killed two civilians and a police officer during a five hour gun battle at the Colorado Springs Colorado clinic 199 200 201 The 57 year old gunman 202 Robert Dear surrendered to police and was taken into custody During his arrest he gave a rambling interview 203 in which at one point he said no more baby parts echoing language used in the news media about the clinic following the Center for Medical Progress videos 204 205 206 Dear was declared incompetent to stand trial for the shooting citing experts finding that he has delusional disorder persecutory type and is now confined indefinitely to a state mental hospital 207 See also nbsp Feminism portal nbsp Medicine portal nbsp United States portalSusan G Komen for the Cure Relationship with Planned Parenthood Timeline of reproductive rights legislation United States abortion rights movementNotes Planned Parenthood dates its beginnings to 1916 when Margaret Sanger opened her first birth control center in Brooklyn The American Birth Control League was founded by Sanger in 1921 Its successor organization was formed in 1939 and adopted the name Planned Parenthood in 1942 References Pradhan Rachana August 10 2015 Bush role in Bloomberg charity gets attention The billionaire s philanthropy 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Turkewitz Julie Healy Jack November 27 2015 3 Are Dead in Colorado Springs Shootout at Planned Parenthood Center The New York Times Archived from the original on November 28 2015 Retrieved November 27 2015 Death of UCCS police officer in Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood shooting confirmed Colorado Springs Gazette November 28 2015 Archived from the original on November 29 2015 Retrieved November 28 2015 Shoichet Catherine E Stapleton AnneClaire Botelho Greg November 27 2015 Colorado Planned Parenthood shooting 3 dead suspect captured updated CNN Archived from the original on November 29 2015 Retrieved November 27 2015 Paul Jesse Steffen Jordan Ingold John November 27 2015 Planned Parenthood shooting 3 killed including 1 police officer in Colorado Springs The Denver Post Archived from the original on November 27 2015 Retrieved November 28 2015 Robert Dear Suspect in Colorado Killings Preferred to Be Left Alone The New York Times November 29 2015 Archived from the original on December 10 2015 Retrieved December 10 2015 Colorado shooting suspect said no more baby parts reports Reuters November 29 2015 Archived from the original on December 2 2015 Retrieved July 1 2017 Planned Parenthood shooting Suspect said no more baby parts BBC News November 29 2015 Archived from the original on July 20 2018 Retrieved December 10 2015 Wesley Lowery November 28 2015 No more baby parts suspect in attack at Colo Planned Parenthood clinic told official The Washington Post Archived from the original on November 29 2015 Retrieved November 29 2015 Hughes Trevor May 11 2016 Planned Parenthood shooting suspect found incompetent to stand trial USA Today Archived from the original on May 11 2016 Retrieved May 11 2016 Further readingManon Perry Broadcasting Birth Control Mass Media and Family Planning New Brunswick NJ Rutgers University Press 2013 External linksPlanned Parenthood at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Data from Wikidata Official website Planned Parenthood Action Fund Planned Parenthood Federation of America collected news and commentary at The New York Times Planned Parenthood Federation of America Records 1918 1974 at the Sophia Smith Collection Smith College Special Collections Planned Parenthood Federation of America Records 1928 2009 at the Sophia Smith Collection Smith College Special Collections Planned Parenthood at OpenSecrets org United Nations Every Woman Every Child Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Planned Parenthood amp oldid 1180198827, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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