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Wikipedia

Pornography

January 09, 2023

"Porn" redirects here. For other uses, see Porn (disambiguation) and Pornography (disambiguation).

Pornography (often shortened to porn or porno) is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the exclusive purpose of sexual arousal. Primarily intended for adults,[1] pornography is presented in a variety of media, including magazines, art, literature, photography, audio, film, animation, and video games.[2] A distinction is often made as to whether to classify adult content as pornography or erotica.[3]

"XXX" is often used to designate pornographic material.

Throughout the history of erotic depictions, various groups within society have considered them to be noxious, and made attempts to have them suppressed under obscenity laws, censored, or made illegal. Such grounds—and even the definition of pornography—have differed in various historical, cultural, and national contexts.[4] In the late 19th century, a film by Thomas Edison which depicted a kiss was denounced as obscene in the United States, while Eugène Pirou's 1896 film Bedtime for the Bride was received very favorably in France.[5][6] Starting from the mid-twentieth century, societal attitudes towards sexuality have become more lenient in the Western world, and legal definitions of obscenity made limited. In 1969, Blue Movie by Andy Warhol became the first film to depict unsimulated sex and receive a wide theatrical release in the United States. This was followed by the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984), a time period when many high quality pornographic films played in theaters and became part of popular culture.[7][8][9] The introduction of home video and the Internet in the late 20th century led to worldwide growth in the pornography business, generating billions of dollars annually.[10]

Top keywords searched online for pornography

In 2001, commercialized pornography in the United States accounted for over US$2.5 billion, this included the costs for production of various media, and associated products and services.[11] In 2006, the worldwide revenue from pornography was estimated at 97 billion dollars, with the U.S. estimates at around $10–$12 billion.[12][13] In 2018, pornography in Japan was estimated to be worth over $20 billion.[14]

The industry in the U.S. employs thousands of performers along with production and support staff. It has its own industry publication, AVN; a trade association, the Free Speech Coalition; and an award show, the AVN Awards. Apart from coverage from mainstream press, the industry also receives considerable attention from private organizations, government agencies, and political organizations.[15] In the 2020s, issues of popular pornographic sites hosting content by unscrupulous uploaders, and cybersex trafficking have been reported.[16][17][18][19]

Etymology

The word pornography is a conglomerate of two Ancient Greek words: πόρνη (pórnē "prostitute" originally "purchased", related to pernanai "to sell", from the Proto-Indo-European root per- "to hand over", alluding to the notion of a person sold), and γράφειν (gráphein "a writing, recording, or description"). Thus meaning depiction of prostitutes or prostitution (πορνεία porneía).[20][21]

No date is known for the first use of the word in Greek; the earliest attested, most related word one could find in Greek, is πορνογράφος, pornográphos, i.e. "someone writing about harlots", in the Deipnosophists of Athenaeus.[22][23]

The Modern Greek word pornographia (πορνογραφία) is a reborrowing of the French pornographie.[24] "Pornographie" was in use in the French language during the 1800s. The word did not enter the English language as the familiar word until 1857[25] or as a French import in New Orleans in 1842.[26] The word was originally introduced by classical scholars as "a bookish, and therefore nonoffensive, term for writing about prostitutes",[27] but its meaning was quickly expanded to include all forms of "objectionable or obscene material in art and literature".[27] As early as 1864, Webster's Dictionary defined the word as "a licentious painting",[27] and the Oxford English Dictionary definitions being: from obscene painting (1842), description of obscene matters, obscene publication (1977 or earlier).[28]

The more inclusive word erotica, sometimes used as a synonym for "pornography", is derived from the feminine form of the Ancient Greek adjective ἐρωτικός erōtikós), derived from ἔρως (érōs), which refers to lust and sexual love.[27] In informal language, pornography is often abbreviated to porn or porno.

History

Further information: History of erotic depictions
 
Erotic scene on the rim of an Attic red-figure kylix, c. 510 BC

Depictions of a sexual nature have existed since prehistoric times, as seen in the Venus figurines and rock art.[29] A vast number of artifacts have been discovered from ancient Mesopotamia depicting explicit heterosexual sex.[30][31]

Glyptic art from the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period frequently shows scenes of frontal sex in the missionary position.[30] In Mesopotamian votive plaques from the early second millennium BC, the man is usually shown entering the woman from behind while she bends over, drinking beer through a straw.[30] Middle Assyrian lead votive figurines often represent the man standing and penetrating the woman as she rests on top of an altar.[30] Scholars have traditionally interpreted all these depictions as scenes of hieros gamos (an ancient sacred marriage between a god and a goddess),[30] but they are more likely to be associated with the cult of Inanna, the goddess of sex and prostitution.[30] Many sexually explicit images were found in the temple of Inanna at Assur,[30] which also contained models of male and female sexual organs.[30]

Depictions of sexual intercourse were not part of the general repertory of ancient Egyptian formal art,[32] but rudimentary sketches of heterosexual intercourse have been found on pottery fragments and in graffiti.[32] The final two thirds of the Turin Erotic Papyrus (Papyrus 55001), an Egyptian papyrus scroll discovered at Deir el-Medina,[33][32] consist of a series of twelve vignettes showing men and women in various sexual positions.[33] The scroll was probably painted in the Ramesside period (1292–1075 BC)[33] and its high artistic quality indicates that it was produced for a wealthy audience.[33] No other similar scrolls have yet been discovered.[32]

 
Oil lamp artifact depicting the doggy style sexual position

Fanny Hill (1748) is considered "the first original English prose pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel."[34] It is an erotic novel by John Cleland first published in England as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure.[35][36] It is one of the most prosecuted and banned books in history.[37] The authors were charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."

When large-scale excavations of Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the erotic art of the Ancient Romans came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the Roman Empire. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of sexuality and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper-class scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in the Secret Museum in Naples and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children, and the working classes.[38]

After the modern invention of photography, photographic pornography was also born. The Parisian demimonde included Napoleon III's minister, Charles de Morny, who was an early patron that displayed photos at large gatherings.[39]

The world's first law criminalizing pornography was the English Obscene Publications Act 1857 enacted at the urging of the Society for the Suppression of Vice.[40] The Act, which applied to the United Kingdom and Ireland, made the sale of obscene material a statutory offence, giving the courts power to seize and destroy offending material. The American equivalent was the Comstock Act of 1873[41][42] which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail. The English Act did not apply to Scotland, where the common law continued to apply. However, neither the English nor the United States Act defined what constituted "obscene", leaving this for the courts to determine.

Before the English Act, the publication of obscene material was treated as a common law misdemeanour[43] and effectively prosecuting authors and publishers was difficult even in cases where the material was clearly intended as pornography. Although nineteenth-century legislation eventually outlawed the publication, retail, and trafficking of certain writings and images regarded as pornographic and would order the destruction of shop and warehouse stock meant for sale, the private possession of and viewing of (some forms of) pornography was not made an offence until the twentieth century.[44]

Historians have explored the role of pornography in social history and the history of morality.[45] The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the Hicklin test stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Although they were suppressed, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history.[46]

Pornographic film production commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture in 1895. A pioneer of the motion picture camera, Thomas Edison, released various films which were denounced as obscene in late 19th century America.[5][6] Two of the earliest pioneers were Eugène Pirou and Albert Kirchner. Kirchner directed the earliest surviving pornographic film for Pirou under the trade name "Léar". The 1896 film Le Coucher de la Mariée showed Louise Willy performing a striptease. Pirou's film inspired a genre of risqué French films showing women disrobing and other filmmakers realised profits could be made from such films.[47][48]

 
Marquee at Pilgrim Theatre on Washington Street showing Dr. Sex (1964)

Sexually explicit films opened producers and distributors to prosecution. Such films were produced illicitly by amateurs, starting in the 1920s, primarily in France and the United States. Processing the film was risky, as was their distribution. Distribution was strictly private.[49][50] In 1969, Denmark became the first country to abolish censorship, thereby decriminalizing pornography, which led to an explosion in investment and of commercially produced pornography. However, it continued to be banned in other countries, and had to be smuggled in, where it was sold "under the counter" or (sometimes) shown in "members only" cinema clubs.[49] Nonetheless, and also in 1969, Blue Movie by Andy Warhol, was the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sexual intercourse to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.[7][8][9] The film was a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn and, according to Warhol, a major influence in the making of Last Tango in Paris, an internationally controversial erotic drama film, starring Marlon Brando, and released a few years after Blue Movie was made.[8]

 
A selection of pornographic magazines confiscated by customs authorities in 1969
 
Two porn actors preparing to shoot a scene for an adult film

Data from 2015 suggests an increase in pornography viewing over the past few decades, and this has been attributed to the growth of Internet pornography since widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s.[51] Through the 2010s, many pornographic production companies and top pornographic websites[52]—such as Pornhub, RedTube and YouPorn—were acquired by MindGeek, which has been described as "a monopoly".[53]

The scholarly study of pornography, notably in cultural studies, is limited, perhaps due to the controversy about the topic in feminism. The first peer-reviewed academic journal about the study of pornography, Porn Studies, was published in 2014.[54]

Classification

Based on the content, pornography is generally classified as either softcore or hardcore. Both forms often contain nudity. Softcore pornography contains nudity or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations, but without explicit sexual activity, sexual penetration or "extreme" fetishism,[55] while hardcore pornography may contain graphic sexual activity and visible penetration,[56] including unsimulated sex scenes.

Subgenres

Pornography encompasses a wide variety of genres. Pornography featuring heterosexual acts composes the bulk of pornography and is "centred and invisible", marking the industry as heteronormative. However, a substantial portion of pornography is not normative, featuring more nonconventional forms of scenarios and sexual activity such as "'fat' porn, amateur porn, disabled porn, porn produced by women, queer porn, BDSM, and body modification."[57]

Pornography can be classified according to the physical characteristics of the participants, fetish, sexual orientation, etc., as well as the types of sexual activity featured. Reality and voyeur pornography, animated videos, and legally prohibited acts also influence the classification of pornography. Pornography may fall into more than one genre. Some examples of pornography genres:

Commercialism

Commercial sources of Pornography
Pornography
(commercialized via)

Economics

Main article: Sex industry

Revenues of the adult industry in the United States are difficult to determine. In 1970, a federal study estimated that the total retail value of hardcore pornography in the United States was no more than $10 million.[58] In 1998, Forrester Research published a report on the online "adult content" industry estimating $750 million to $1 billion in annual revenue. Studies in 2001 put the total (including video, pay-per-view, Internet and magazines) between $2.6 billion and $3.9 billion.[11]

As of 2011, pornography is becoming one of the biggest businesses in the United States; billions of dollars are spent annually on the industry's cable and satellite networks, theaters, in-room hotel movies, phone sex, sex magazines, and Internet sites.[59]

As of 2014, the porn industry was believed to bring in more than $13 billion on a yearly basis in the United States.[60] CNBC has estimated that pornography was a $13 billion industry in the US, with $3,075 being spent on porn every second and a new porn video being produced every 39 minutes.[61]

A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the San Fernando Valley, which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s, and has since become home for various models, actors/actresses, production companies, and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography.

The pornography industry has been considered influential in deciding format wars in media, including being a factor in the VHS vs. Betamax format war (the videotape format war)[62][63] and in the Blu-ray vs. HD DVD format war (the high-def format war).[62][63][64]

Technology

Pornographers have taken advantage of each technological advance in the production and distribution of visual images. Pornography is considered a driving force in the development of technologies from the printing press, through photography (still and motion), to satellite TV, home video, other forms of video, and the Internet.[65]

With commercial availability of tiny cameras and wireless equipment, "voyeur" pornography established an audience.[66][67] Mobile cameras are used to capture pornographic photos or videos, and forwarded as MMS, a practice known as sexting.

Computer-generated images and manipulations

See also: Virtual reality sex

Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs, but some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of completely computer-generated pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering. Further advances in technology have allowed increasingly photorealistic 3D figures to be used in interactive pornography.[68][69][70]

Until the late 1990s, digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In the early 2000s, it became a growing segment, as the modelling and animation software matured and the rendering capabilities of computers improved. As of 2004, computer-generated pornography depicting situations involving children and sex with fictional characters, such as Lara Croft, is already produced on a limited scale. The October 2004 issue of Playboy featured topless pictures of the title character from the BloodRayne video game.[71]

3D pornography

The first pornographic film shot in 3D was 3D Sex and Zen: Extreme Ecstasy, released on 14 April 2011 in Hong Kong.[72]

Consumption

The vast majority of US men use porn.[73][74][75] According to The Huffington Post, 70% of men and 30% of women watch porn.[76] Quite probably, the majority of US population between ages 18 and 35 use porn at least once a week.[77]

According to a study from 2002, the majority of Norwegian population uses pornography.[78]

A survey conducted in 2008 on the use of pornography in 18- to 26-year-old American men shows that 87% of the participants view pornography at least once a month and nearly half view it at least once a week.[79]

Production and distribution by region

Main article: Pornography by region
 
A street stall in Hong Kong selling pornography

The production and distribution of pornography are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it has in political circles are matters of controversy.

In the United States, the sex film industry is centered in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. An analysis by MetaCert, a company that specializes on internet safety, revealed that the United States was the country that hosted the most porn, accounting for 60 percent of all websites containing pornographic content.[80][81] In Europe, Budapest is regarded as the industry center.[82][83][84]

Piracy, the illegal copying and distribution of material, is of great concern to the porn industry.[85] The industry is the subject of litigation and formalized anti-piracy efforts.[86][87]

Effects

See also: Pornography addiction and Effects of pornography

Research concerning the effects of pornography is concerned with multiple outcomes.[88] Such research includes potential influences on rape, domestic violence, sexual dysfunction, difficulties with sexual relationships, and child sexual abuse.[89] While some literature reviews suggest that pornographic images and films can be addictive, insufficient evidence exists to draw conclusions.[90][91][92][93] While it has not been proven that either porn or masturbation addiction exist, porn or masturbation compulsion probably exist.[94][95] Several studies conclude the liberalization of porn in society may be associated with decreased rape and sexual violence rates, while others suggest no effect, or are inconclusive.[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][excessive citations]

Laws and regulations

Further information: Pornography laws by region and Laws regarding child pornography
 
World map of pornography (18+) laws
  Pornography legal
  Pornography legal, but under some restrictions
  Pornography illegal
  Data unavailable

The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country.[104][105] Regulating hardcore pornography is more common than regulating softcore pornography.[106] Child pornography is illegal in almost all countries,[107][108] and some countries have restrictions on rape pornography or animal pornography.[108]

Disseminating pornography to a minor is generally illegal.[108] There are various attempts to restrict minors' access to pornography,[108][109] including protocols for pornographic magazines or stores.[108] One way this may be bypassed by minors is that many online sites only require the user to tell the website they are a certain age, and no other age verification is required.[109] The Child Online Protection Act would have restricted access by minors to any material on the Internet defined as harmful to them, but it did not take effect.[109]

 
Pornographic entertainment on display in a sex shop window, where there is usually a minimum age to go into pornographic stores

The adult film industry regulations in California require that all actors and actresses practice safe sex using condoms. It is rare to see condom use in pornography.[110] Since porn does better financially when actors are unprotected, many companies film in other states. Miami is a major area for amateur porn. Twitter plays a big part in an actor's success: because Twitter does not censor content, actors can post freely without having to self-censor, unlike on Instagram and on Facebook.[111]

In the United States, a person receiving unwanted commercial mail he or she deems pornographic (or otherwise offensive) may obtain a Prohibitory Order,[112] either against all mail from a particular sender, or against all sexually explicit mail, by applying to the United States Postal Service.

Some people, including pornography producer Larry Flynt and the writer Salman Rushdie,[113] have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography.

The UK government has criminalized possession of what it terms "extreme pornography", following the highly publicized murder of Jane Longhurst.

Pornography can infringe into basic human rights of those involved, especially when sexual consent was not obtained. For example, revenge porn is a phenomenon where disgruntled sexual partners release images or video footage of intimate sexual activity, usually on the internet, without authorization from the other person.[114] Lawmakers have also raised concerns about "upskirt" photos taken of women without their consent. In many countries there has been a demand to make such activities specifically illegal carrying higher punishments than mere breach of privacy or image rights, or circulation of prurient material.[115][116] As a result, some jurisdictions have enacted specific laws against "revenge porn".[117]

What is not pornography

In the U.S., a July 2014 criminal case decision in Massachusetts, Commonwealth v. Rex, 469 Mass. 36 (2014),[118] made a legal determination of what was not to be considered "pornography" and in this particular case "child pornography".[119] It was determined that photographs of naked children that were from sources such as National Geographic magazine, a sociology textbook, and a nudist catalog were not considered pornography in Massachusetts even while in the possession of a convicted and (at the time) incarcerated sex offender.[119]

Drawing the line depends on time and place; Occidental mainstream culture got increasingly "pornified" (i.e. tainted by pornographic themes and mainstream films got to include unsimulated sexual acts).[120]

Copyright status

In the United States, some courts have applied US copyright protection to pornographic materials.[121][122]

Some courts have held that copyright protection effectively applies to works, whether they are obscene or not,[123] but not all courts have ruled the same way.[124] The copyright protection rights of pornography in the United States has again been challenged as late as February 2012.[121][125]

STIs prevention and safer sex practices

See also: Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry

Performers working in pornographic film studios undergo regular testing for STIs every two weeks. They have to test negative for HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and hepatitis B and C before showing up on a set, who are then inspected for sores on their mouths, hands and genitals before commencing work. The industry believes this method of testing to be a viable practice for safer sex, as its medical consultants claim: that since 2004, about 350,000 pornographic scenes have been filmed without condoms, and HIV has not been transmitted even once because of performance on a set. Dr. Allan Ronald, a Canadian doctor and HIV/AIDS specialist who did groundbreaking studies on transmission of STIs among prostitutes in Africa, said there's no doubt about the efficiency of the testing method, but he felt little uncomfortable: "because it’s giving the wrong message — that you can have multiple sex partners without condoms — but I can’t say it doesn’t work.”[126][127]

Pornographic actress Nina Hartley, who has a degree in nursing, stated that the amount of time involved in shooting a scene can be very long, and with condoms in place it becomes a painful proposition; as their usage is uncomfortable despite the use of lube, causes friction burn, and opens up lesions in the genital mucosa. Advocating the testing method for performers in the industry, Hartley said, "Testing works for us, and condoms work for outsiders."[126][128]

Emphasizing that performers in the industry take necessary precautions like PrEP and are at lower risk to contract HIV than most sexually active persons outside the industry, many prominent female performers have vehemently opposed regulatory measures like Measure B, which sought to make the use of condoms mandatory in pornographic films. The usage of condoms at work has been called an occupational hazard as they cause micro-tears, friction burn, swelling, and yeast infections; which altogether makes one more susceptible to contract STIs.[127][129][130]

Views

Further information: Opposition to pornography
 
A caricature on "the great epidemic of pornography", 19th-century French illustration

Views and opinions of people on pornography are various; and differ according to the demography of the people concerned.[131]

Feminist views

Main article: Feminist views of pornography

Many feminists, including Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, argue that all pornography is demeaning to women or that it contributes to violence against women, both in its production and in its consumption. The production of pornography, they argue, entails the physical, psychological, or economic coercion of the women who perform in it, and where they argue that the abuse and exploitation of women is rampant; in its consumption, they charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and sexual harassment.[132][133][134]

Sexual exclusionary feminists charge that pornography presents a severely distorted image of sexual relations, and reinforces sex myths; that it always shows women as readily available and desiring to engage in sex at any time, with any man, on men's terms, always responding positively to any advances men make.[135] They argue that because pornography often shows women enjoying and desiring to be violently attacked by men, saying "no" when they actually want sex, fighting back but then ending up enjoying the act—this can affect the public understanding of legal issues such as consent to sexual relations.[136]

In contrast to these objections, other feminist scholars argue that the lesbian feminist movement in the 1980s was good for women in the porn industry.[137] As more women entered the developmental side of the industry, this allowed women to gear porn more towards women because they knew what women wanted, both for actresses and the audience.[137] This is believed to be a good thing because for such a long time, the porn industry has been directed by men for men.[137] This also sparked the arrival of making lesbian porn for lesbians instead of men.[137] Furthermore, many feminists argue that the advent of VCR, home video, and affordable consumer video cameras allowed for the possibility of feminist pornography.[138] Consumer video made it possible for the distribution and consumption of video pornography to locate women as legitimate consumers of pornography. Tristan Taormino says that feminist porn is "all about creating a fair working environment and empowering everyone involved."[139]

Feminists "ranging from Betty Friedan and Kate Millett to Karen DeCrow, Wendy Kaminer and Jamaica Kincaid" supported the right to consume pornography.[140] Feminist porn directors are interested in challenging representations of men and women, as well as providing sexually-empowering imagery that features many kinds of bodies.[141]

In a 1995 essay for The New Yorker, writer Susan Faludi argued that porn was one of the few industries where women enjoy a power advantage in the workplace. "'Actresses have the power,' Alec Metro, one of the men in line, ruefully noted of the X-rated industry. A former firefighter who claimed to have lost a bid for a job to affirmative action, Metro was already divining that porn might not be the ideal career choice for escaping the forces of what he called 'reverse discrimination.' Female performers can often dictate which male actors they will and will not work with. 'They make more money than us.' Porn—at least, porn produced for a heterosexual audience—is one of the few contemporary occupations where the pay gap operates in women's favor; the average actress makes fifty to a hundred per cent more money than her male counterpart. But then she is the object of desire; he is merely her appendage, the object of the object."[142]

Religious views

Main article: Religious views on pornography

Religious organizations have been important in bringing about political action against pornography.[143] In the United States, religious beliefs affect the formation of political beliefs that concern pornography.[144]

According to Christianity Today, "[...] Protestant men today who attend church regularly are basically the only men in America still resisting the cultural norm of regularized pornography use."[73] However, a study by The Austin Institute for the Study of Family and Culture in the US found that of Christians that attend church, Protestants had a higher rate of viewing pornography in the last week than Catholics.[145]

See also

References

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Further reading

Advocacy

  • Bright, Susie (1990). Susie Sexpert's lesbian sex world. Pittsburgh: Cleis Press. ISBN 978-0939416356.
  • Bright, Susie (1992). Susie Bright's sexual reality: a virtual sex world reader. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Cleis Press. ISBN 978-0939416592. Both of Bright's books challenge any equations between feminism and anti-pornography positions.
  • Hunter, Jack (14 September 2012), "Art or obscene? (blog)", in Dodson, Betty (ed.), Feminism and free speech: pornography, Feminists for Free Expression 1993, retrieved 8 May 2002
  • Ellis, Kate (1988). Caught looking: feminism, pornography & censorship (2nd ed.). Seattle: Real Comet Press. ISBN 978-0941104234.
  • Griffin, Susan (1981). Pornography and silence: culture's revenge against nature. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0060116477.
  • Gever, Matthew (3 December 1998). "Pornography helps women, society". Daily Bruin. UCLA. Retrieved 3 July 2011. Student run newspaper.
  • Gregory, Michele. . Witsendzine.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  • Juno, Andrea; Vale, V. (Fall 1991). Angry women. RE/Search. Vol. 13. Re/Search Publications. ISBN 978-0940642249. Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon.
  • McElroy, Wendy (29 June 2000). "You are what you read?". lewrockwell.com. Retrieved 3 July 2011. Defends the availability of pornography, and condemns feminist anti-pornography campaigns.
  • McElroy, Wendy. "A feminist overview of pornography, ending in a defense thereof". wendymcelroy.com. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  • McElroy, Wendy. . Council for Secular Humanism. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  • McElroy, Wendy (2008). "Pornography". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 381–383. ISBN 978-1412965804.
  • Newitz, Annalee (8 May 2002). "Obscene feminists: why women are leading the battle against censorship". San Francisco Bay Guardian. San Francisco Newspaper Company. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  • Strossen, Nadine (2000). Defending pornography: free speech, sex, and the fight for women's rights. New York & London: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814781494.
Review of Strossen's book: Blumen, Jonathan (November 1995). "Nadine Strossen: pornography must be tolerated". The Ethical Spectacle. 1 (11).
Also as: Williams, Linda (1999). Hard core: power, pleasure, and the "frenzy of the visible" (Expanded paperback ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520219434.

Opposition

  • Assiter, Alison (1989). Pornography, feminism, and the individual. London Winchester, Massachusetts: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0745303192. Assiter advocates seeing pornography as epitomizing a wider problem of oppression, exploitation and inequality which needs to be better understood.
  • Carse, Alisa L. (February 1995). "Pornography: an uncivil liberty?". Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy. 10 (1): 155–182. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1995.tb01358.x. JSTOR 3810463. S2CID 143469688. An argument for approaches to end harm to women caused by pornography.
  • Davies, Alex (March 2014). "How to silence content with porn, context and loaded questions". European Journal of Philosophy. 24 (2): 498–522. doi:10.1111/ejop.12075. (Online version before inclusion in an issue.) An illustration of Catharine Mackinnon's theory that pornography silence's women's speech, this illustration differs from one given by Rae Langton (below).
  • Hill, Judith M. (June 1987). "Pornography and degradation". Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy. 2 (2): 39–54. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1987.tb01064.x. JSTOR 3810015. S2CID 145504474. A critique of the pornographic industry within a Kantian ethical framework.
  • Kimmel, Michael (1990). Men confront pornography. New York: Crown. ISBN 978-0517569313. A variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take advantage of men.
  • Langton, Rae (Autumn 1993). "Speech acts and unspeakable acts". Philosophy & Public Affairs. 22 (4): 293–330. JSTOR 2265469. Pdf. A description of Catharine Mackinnon's theory that pornography silence's women's speech, this description differs from the one given by Alex Davies (above).
  • Lubben, Shelley. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012.
  • MacKinnon, Catharine (1983). "Not a moral issue". Yale Law & Policy Review. 2 (2): 321–345. JSTOR 40239168. Pdf. An argument that pornography is one element of an unjust institution of the subordination of women to men.
  • MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1987), "Francis Biddle's sister: pornography, civil rights, and speech", in MacKinnon, Catharine A. (ed.), Feminism unmodified: discourses on life and law, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 177, 181 and 193, ISBN 978-0674298743. Preview. An argument that pornography silences women therefore acting as an infringement of free speech (see Davies above, and Langton, also above).
  • MacKinnon, Catharine A. (January 1989). "Sexuality, pornography, and method: "Pleasure under Patriarchy"". Ethics. 99 (2): 314–346. doi:10.1086/293068. JSTOR 2381437. S2CID 170231533.
  • Vadas, Melinda (September 1987). "A first look at the Pornography/Civil Rights Ordinance: could pornography be the subordination of women?". The Journal of Philosophy. 84 (9): 487–511. doi:10.5840/jphil198784938. JSTOR 2027061. A defence of the Dworkin-MacKinnon definition and condemnation of pornography employing putatively relatively rigorous analysis.
See also: Parent, W. A. (April 1990). "A second look at pornography and the subordination of women". The Journal of Philosophy. 87 (4): 205–211. doi:10.2307/2026681. JSTOR 2026681. A criticism of Vadas' paper.
  • Vadas, Melinda (August 1992). "The Pornography/Civil Rights Ordinance v. The BOG: and the winner is…?". Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy. 7 (3): 94–109. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1992.tb00906.x. JSTOR 3809874. S2CID 144631352. An argument that pornography increases women's vulnerability to rape.
  • Various (1988). Pornography and sexual violence: evidence of the links. The complete transcript of Public Hearings on Ordinances to Add Pornography as Discrimination Against Women: Minneapolis City Council, Government Operations Committee, 12 and 13 December 1983. London: Everywoman. ISBN 978-1870868006. A representation of the causal connections between pornography and violence towards women.
  • Whisnant, Rebecca (2015), "Not your father's Playboy, not your mother's feminist movement: feminism in porn", in Kiraly, Miranda; Tyler, Meagan (eds.), Freedom fallacy: the limits of liberal feminism, Ballarat, Victoria: Connor Court Publishing, ISBN 978-1925138542.

Neutral or mixed

  • Vance, Carole, ed. (1984). Pleasure and danger: exploring female sexuality. Boston: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 978-0710202482. Collection of papers from 1982 conference; visible and divisive split between anti-pornography activists and lesbian S&M theorists.
  • Real Your Brain on Porn. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  • Rosen, Robert (2010). Beaver street : a history of modern pornography : from the birth of phone sex to the skin mag in cyberspace : an investigative memoir. London. ISBN 978-1-900486-84-2. OCLC 858632344.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pornography.
 
Early silent pornographic film from 1925 available at Wikimedia Commons.
 
Look up pornography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Pornography.

Commentary

  • "American Porn". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved 1 February 2014. Interactive web site companion to a Frontline documentary exploring the pornography industry within the United States.

Economics

  • Susannah Breslin (20 December 2013). "LEADERSHIP: What Porn Stars Do When The Porn Industry Shuts Down". Forbes.

Government

History

  • Patricia Davis; Simon Noble; Rebecca J. White (2010). The History of Modern Pornography. History.com.

Law

  • American judge orders parents to pay $30,441 for disposing adult son's porn collection (27 August 2021). Associated Press.

Sociology

  • Diamond, M.; Uchiyama, A. (1999). . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 22 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1016/s0160-2527(98)00035-1. PMID 10086287. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007.
  • West, Caroline (5 May 2004). "Pornography and Censorship". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Technology

  • From teledildonics to interactive porn: the future of sex in a digital age (2014-06-06), The Guardian

January 09, 2023
pornography, porn, redirects, here, other, uses, porn, disambiguation, disambiguation, often, shortened, porn, porno, portrayal, sexual, subject, matter, exclusive, purpose, sexual, arousal, primarily, intended, adults, pornography, presented, variety, media, . Porn redirects here For other uses see Porn disambiguation and Pornography disambiguation Pornography often shortened to porn or porno is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the exclusive purpose of sexual arousal Primarily intended for adults 1 pornography is presented in a variety of media including magazines art literature photography audio film animation and video games 2 A distinction is often made as to whether to classify adult content as pornography or erotica 3 XXX is often used to designate pornographic material Throughout the history of erotic depictions various groups within society have considered them to be noxious and made attempts to have them suppressed under obscenity laws censored or made illegal Such grounds and even the definition of pornography have differed in various historical cultural and national contexts 4 In the late 19th century a film by Thomas Edison which depicted a kiss was denounced as obscene in the United States while Eugene Pirou s 1896 film Bedtime for the Bride was received very favorably in France 5 6 Starting from the mid twentieth century societal attitudes towards sexuality have become more lenient in the Western world and legal definitions of obscenity made limited In 1969 Blue Movie by Andy Warhol became the first film to depict unsimulated sex and receive a wide theatrical release in the United States This was followed by the Golden Age of Porn 1969 1984 a time period when many high quality pornographic films played in theaters and became part of popular culture 7 8 9 The introduction of home video and the Internet in the late 20th century led to worldwide growth in the pornography business generating billions of dollars annually 10 Top keywords searched online for pornography In 2001 commercialized pornography in the United States accounted for over US 2 5 billion this included the costs for production of various media and associated products and services 11 In 2006 the worldwide revenue from pornography was estimated at 97 billion dollars with the U S estimates at around 10 12 billion 12 13 In 2018 pornography in Japan was estimated to be worth over 20 billion 14 The industry in the U S employs thousands of performers along with production and support staff It has its own industry publication AVN a trade association the Free Speech Coalition and an award show the AVN Awards Apart from coverage from mainstream press the industry also receives considerable attention from private organizations government agencies and political organizations 15 In the 2020s issues of popular pornographic sites hosting content by unscrupulous uploaders and cybersex trafficking have been reported 16 17 18 19 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Classification 3 1 Subgenres 4 Commercialism 4 1 Economics 4 2 Technology 4 2 1 Computer generated images and manipulations 4 2 2 3D pornography 4 3 Consumption 4 4 Production and distribution by region 5 Effects 6 Laws and regulations 6 1 What is not pornography 6 2 Copyright status 7 STIs prevention and safer sex practices 8 Views 8 1 Feminist views 8 2 Religious views 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11 1 Advocacy 11 2 Opposition 11 3 Neutral or mixed 12 External linksEtymologyThe word pornography is a conglomerate of two Ancient Greek words pornh porne prostitute originally purchased related to pernanai to sell from the Proto Indo European root per to hand over alluding to the notion of a person sold and grafein graphein a writing recording or description Thus meaning depiction of prostitutes or prostitution porneia porneia 20 21 No date is known for the first use of the word in Greek the earliest attested most related word one could find in Greek is pornografos pornographos i e someone writing about harlots in the Deipnosophists of Athenaeus 22 23 The Modern Greek word pornographia code ell promoted to code el pornografia code ell promoted to code el is a reborrowing of the French pornographie code fra promoted to code fr 24 Pornographie code fra promoted to code fr was in use in the French language during the 1800s The word did not enter the English language as the familiar word until 1857 25 or as a French import in New Orleans in 1842 26 The word was originally introduced by classical scholars as a bookish and therefore nonoffensive term for writing about prostitutes 27 but its meaning was quickly expanded to include all forms of objectionable or obscene material in art and literature 27 As early as 1864 Webster s Dictionary defined the word as a licentious painting 27 and the Oxford English Dictionary definitions being from obscene painting 1842 description of obscene matters obscene publication 1977 or earlier 28 The more inclusive word erotica sometimes used as a synonym for pornography is derived from the feminine form of the Ancient Greek adjective ἐrwtikos erōtikos derived from ἔrws erōs which refers to lust and sexual love 27 In informal language pornography is often abbreviated to porn or porno HistoryFurther information History of erotic depictions Erotic scene on the rim of an Attic red figure kylix c 510 BC Depictions of a sexual nature have existed since prehistoric times as seen in the Venus figurines and rock art 29 A vast number of artifacts have been discovered from ancient Mesopotamia depicting explicit heterosexual sex 30 31 Glyptic art from the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period frequently shows scenes of frontal sex in the missionary position 30 In Mesopotamian votive plaques from the early second millennium BC the man is usually shown entering the woman from behind while she bends over drinking beer through a straw 30 Middle Assyrian lead votive figurines often represent the man standing and penetrating the woman as she rests on top of an altar 30 Scholars have traditionally interpreted all these depictions as scenes of hieros gamos an ancient sacred marriage between a god and a goddess 30 but they are more likely to be associated with the cult of Inanna the goddess of sex and prostitution 30 Many sexually explicit images were found in the temple of Inanna at Assur 30 which also contained models of male and female sexual organs 30 Depictions of sexual intercourse were not part of the general repertory of ancient Egyptian formal art 32 but rudimentary sketches of heterosexual intercourse have been found on pottery fragments and in graffiti 32 The final two thirds of the Turin Erotic Papyrus Papyrus 55001 an Egyptian papyrus scroll discovered at Deir el Medina 33 32 consist of a series of twelve vignettes showing men and women in various sexual positions 33 The scroll was probably painted in the Ramesside period 1292 1075 BC 33 and its high artistic quality indicates that it was produced for a wealthy audience 33 No other similar scrolls have yet been discovered 32 Oil lamp artifact depicting the doggy style sexual position Fanny Hill 1748 is considered the first original English prose pornography and the first pornography to use the form of the novel 34 It is an erotic novel by John Cleland first published in England as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure 35 36 It is one of the most prosecuted and banned books in history 37 The authors were charged with corrupting the King s subjects When large scale excavations of Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860s much of the erotic art of the Ancient Romans came to light shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the Roman Empire They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of sexuality and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper class scholars The moveable objects were locked away in the Secret Museum in Naples and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women children and the working classes 38 After the modern invention of photography photographic pornography was also born The Parisian demimonde included Napoleon III s minister Charles de Morny who was an early patron that displayed photos at large gatherings 39 The world s first law criminalizing pornography was the English Obscene Publications Act 1857 enacted at the urging of the Society for the Suppression of Vice 40 The Act which applied to the United Kingdom and Ireland made the sale of obscene material a statutory offence giving the courts power to seize and destroy offending material The American equivalent was the Comstock Act of 1873 41 42 which made it illegal to send any obscene lewd and or lascivious materials through the mail The English Act did not apply to Scotland where the common law continued to apply However neither the English nor the United States Act defined what constituted obscene leaving this for the courts to determine Before the English Act the publication of obscene material was treated as a common law misdemeanour 43 and effectively prosecuting authors and publishers was difficult even in cases where the material was clearly intended as pornography Although nineteenth century legislation eventually outlawed the publication retail and trafficking of certain writings and images regarded as pornographic and would order the destruction of shop and warehouse stock meant for sale the private possession of and viewing of some forms of pornography was not made an offence until the twentieth century 44 Historians have explored the role of pornography in social history and the history of morality 45 The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the Hicklin test stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences Although they were suppressed depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history 46 Pornographic film production commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture in 1895 A pioneer of the motion picture camera Thomas Edison released various films which were denounced as obscene in late 19th century America 5 6 Two of the earliest pioneers were Eugene Pirou and Albert Kirchner Kirchner directed the earliest surviving pornographic film for Pirou under the trade name Lear The 1896 film Le Coucher de la Mariee code fra promoted to code fr showed Louise Willy performing a striptease Pirou s film inspired a genre of risque French films showing women disrobing and other filmmakers realised profits could be made from such films 47 48 Marquee at Pilgrim Theatre on Washington Street showing Dr Sex 1964 Sexually explicit films opened producers and distributors to prosecution Such films were produced illicitly by amateurs starting in the 1920s primarily in France and the United States Processing the film was risky as was their distribution Distribution was strictly private 49 50 In 1969 Denmark became the first country to abolish censorship thereby decriminalizing pornography which led to an explosion in investment and of commercially produced pornography However it continued to be banned in other countries and had to be smuggled in where it was sold under the counter or sometimes shown in members only cinema clubs 49 Nonetheless and also in 1969 Blue Movie by Andy Warhol was the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sexual intercourse to receive wide theatrical release in the United States 7 8 9 The film was a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn and according to Warhol a major influence in the making of Last Tango in Paris an internationally controversial erotic drama film starring Marlon Brando and released a few years after Blue Movie was made 8 A selection of pornographic magazines confiscated by customs authorities in 1969 Two porn actors preparing to shoot a scene for an adult film Data from 2015 suggests an increase in pornography viewing over the past few decades and this has been attributed to the growth of Internet pornography since widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s 51 Through the 2010s many pornographic production companies and top pornographic websites 52 such as Pornhub RedTube and YouPorn were acquired by MindGeek which has been described as a monopoly 53 The scholarly study of pornography notably in cultural studies is limited perhaps due to the controversy about the topic in feminism The first peer reviewed academic journal about the study of pornography Porn Studies was published in 2014 54 ClassificationBased on the content pornography is generally classified as either softcore or hardcore Both forms often contain nudity Softcore pornography contains nudity or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations but without explicit sexual activity sexual penetration or extreme fetishism 55 while hardcore pornography may contain graphic sexual activity and visible penetration 56 including unsimulated sex scenes Subgenres This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Pornography encompasses a wide variety of genres Pornography featuring heterosexual acts composes the bulk of pornography and is centred and invisible marking the industry as heteronormative However a substantial portion of pornography is not normative featuring more nonconventional forms of scenarios and sexual activity such as fat porn amateur porn disabled porn porn produced by women queer porn BDSM and body modification 57 Pornography can be classified according to the physical characteristics of the participants fetish sexual orientation etc as well as the types of sexual activity featured Reality and voyeur pornography animated videos and legally prohibited acts also influence the classification of pornography Pornography may fall into more than one genre Some examples of pornography genres Alt Amateur Bondage Ethnic Fetish Group sex Reality Porn parody Sexual orientation based Gay Lesbian Bisexual TransgenderCommercialismCommercial sources of PornographyPornography magazinesartphotographyliteratureaudiofilmanimationvideo games commercialized via Economics Main article Sex industry Revenues of the adult industry in the United States are difficult to determine In 1970 a federal study estimated that the total retail value of hardcore pornography in the United States was no more than 10 million 58 In 1998 Forrester Research published a report on the online adult content industry estimating 750 million to 1 billion in annual revenue Studies in 2001 put the total including video pay per view Internet and magazines between 2 6 billion and 3 9 billion 11 As of 2011 update pornography is becoming one of the biggest businesses in the United States billions of dollars are spent annually on the industry s cable and satellite networks theaters in room hotel movies phone sex sex magazines and Internet sites 59 As of 2014 update the porn industry was believed to bring in more than 13 billion on a yearly basis in the United States 60 CNBC has estimated that pornography was a 13 billion industry in the US with 3 075 being spent on porn every second and a new porn video being produced every 39 minutes 61 A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the San Fernando Valley which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s and has since become home for various models actors actresses production companies and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography The pornography industry has been considered influential in deciding format wars in media including being a factor in the VHS vs Betamax format war the videotape format war 62 63 and in the Blu ray vs HD DVD format war the high def format war 62 63 64 Technology Pornographers have taken advantage of each technological advance in the production and distribution of visual images Pornography is considered a driving force in the development of technologies from the printing press through photography still and motion to satellite TV home video other forms of video and the Internet 65 With commercial availability of tiny cameras and wireless equipment voyeur pornography established an audience 66 67 Mobile cameras are used to capture pornographic photos or videos and forwarded as MMS a practice known as sexting Computer generated images and manipulations See also Virtual reality sex Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs but some pornography is produced without human actors at all The idea of completely computer generated pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering Further advances in technology have allowed increasingly photorealistic 3D figures to be used in interactive pornography 68 69 70 Until the late 1990s digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost effectively In the early 2000s it became a growing segment as the modelling and animation software matured and the rendering capabilities of computers improved As of 2004 computer generated pornography depicting situations involving children and sex with fictional characters such as Lara Croft is already produced on a limited scale The October 2004 issue of Playboy featured topless pictures of the title character from the BloodRayne video game 71 3D pornography This section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The first pornographic film shot in 3D was 3D Sex and Zen Extreme Ecstasy released on 14 April 2011 in Hong Kong 72 Consumption The vast majority of US men use porn 73 74 75 According to The Huffington Post 70 of men and 30 of women watch porn 76 Quite probably the majority of US population between ages 18 and 35 use porn at least once a week 77 According to a study from 2002 the majority of Norwegian population uses pornography 78 A survey conducted in 2008 on the use of pornography in 18 to 26 year old American men shows that 87 of the participants view pornography at least once a month and nearly half view it at least once a week 79 Production and distribution by region Main article Pornography by region A street stall in Hong Kong selling pornography The production and distribution of pornography are economic activities of some importance The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it has in political circles are matters of controversy In the United States the sex film industry is centered in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles An analysis by MetaCert a company that specializes on internet safety revealed that the United States was the country that hosted the most porn accounting for 60 percent of all websites containing pornographic content 80 81 In Europe Budapest is regarded as the industry center 82 83 84 Piracy the illegal copying and distribution of material is of great concern to the porn industry 85 The industry is the subject of litigation and formalized anti piracy efforts 86 87 EffectsSee also Pornography addiction and Effects of pornography Research concerning the effects of pornography is concerned with multiple outcomes 88 Such research includes potential influences on rape domestic violence sexual dysfunction difficulties with sexual relationships and child sexual abuse 89 While some literature reviews suggest that pornographic images and films can be addictive insufficient evidence exists to draw conclusions 90 91 92 93 While it has not been proven that either porn or masturbation addiction exist porn or masturbation compulsion probably exist 94 95 Several studies conclude the liberalization of porn in society may be associated with decreased rape and sexual violence rates while others suggest no effect or are inconclusive 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 excessive citations Laws and regulationsFurther information Pornography laws by region and Laws regarding child pornography World map of pornography 18 laws Pornography legal Pornography legal but under some restrictions Pornography illegal Data unavailable The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country 104 105 Regulating hardcore pornography is more common than regulating softcore pornography 106 Child pornography is illegal in almost all countries 107 108 and some countries have restrictions on rape pornography or animal pornography 108 Disseminating pornography to a minor is generally illegal 108 There are various attempts to restrict minors access to pornography 108 109 including protocols for pornographic magazines or stores 108 One way this may be bypassed by minors is that many online sites only require the user to tell the website they are a certain age and no other age verification is required 109 The Child Online Protection Act would have restricted access by minors to any material on the Internet defined as harmful to them but it did not take effect 109 Pornographic entertainment on display in a sex shop window where there is usually a minimum age to go into pornographic stores The adult film industry regulations in California require that all actors and actresses practice safe sex using condoms It is rare to see condom use in pornography 110 Since porn does better financially when actors are unprotected many companies film in other states Miami is a major area for amateur porn Twitter plays a big part in an actor s success because Twitter does not censor content actors can post freely without having to self censor unlike on Instagram and on Facebook 111 In the United States a person receiving unwanted commercial mail he or she deems pornographic or otherwise offensive may obtain a Prohibitory Order 112 either against all mail from a particular sender or against all sexually explicit mail by applying to the United States Postal Service Some people including pornography producer Larry Flynt and the writer Salman Rushdie 113 have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography The UK government has criminalized possession of what it terms extreme pornography following the highly publicized murder of Jane Longhurst Pornography can infringe into basic human rights of those involved especially when sexual consent was not obtained For example revenge porn is a phenomenon where disgruntled sexual partners release images or video footage of intimate sexual activity usually on the internet without authorization from the other person 114 Lawmakers have also raised concerns about upskirt photos taken of women without their consent In many countries there has been a demand to make such activities specifically illegal carrying higher punishments than mere breach of privacy or image rights or circulation of prurient material 115 116 As a result some jurisdictions have enacted specific laws against revenge porn 117 What is not pornography In the U S a July 2014 criminal case decision in Massachusetts Commonwealth v Rex 469 Mass 36 2014 118 made a legal determination of what was not to be considered pornography and in this particular case child pornography 119 It was determined that photographs of naked children that were from sources such as National Geographic magazine a sociology textbook and a nudist catalog were not considered pornography in Massachusetts even while in the possession of a convicted and at the time incarcerated sex offender 119 Drawing the line depends on time and place Occidental mainstream culture got increasingly pornified i e tainted by pornographic themes and mainstream films got to include unsimulated sexual acts 120 Copyright status In the United States some courts have applied US copyright protection to pornographic materials 121 122 Some courts have held that copyright protection effectively applies to works whether they are obscene or not 123 but not all courts have ruled the same way 124 The copyright protection rights of pornography in the United States has again been challenged as late as February 2012 121 125 STIs prevention and safer sex practicesSee also Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry Performers working in pornographic film studios undergo regular testing for STIs every two weeks They have to test negative for HIV syphilis chlamydia gonorrhea trichomoniasis and hepatitis B and C before showing up on a set who are then inspected for sores on their mouths hands and genitals before commencing work The industry believes this method of testing to be a viable practice for safer sex as its medical consultants claim that since 2004 about 350 000 pornographic scenes have been filmed without condoms and HIV has not been transmitted even once because of performance on a set Dr Allan Ronald a Canadian doctor and HIV AIDS specialist who did groundbreaking studies on transmission of STIs among prostitutes in Africa said there s no doubt about the efficiency of the testing method but he felt little uncomfortable because it s giving the wrong message that you can have multiple sex partners without condoms but I can t say it doesn t work 126 127 Pornographic actress Nina Hartley who has a degree in nursing stated that the amount of time involved in shooting a scene can be very long and with condoms in place it becomes a painful proposition as their usage is uncomfortable despite the use of lube causes friction burn and opens up lesions in the genital mucosa Advocating the testing method for performers in the industry Hartley said Testing works for us and condoms work for outsiders 126 128 Emphasizing that performers in the industry take necessary precautions like PrEP and are at lower risk to contract HIV than most sexually active persons outside the industry many prominent female performers have vehemently opposed regulatory measures like Measure B which sought to make the use of condoms mandatory in pornographic films The usage of condoms at work has been called an occupational hazard as they cause micro tears friction burn swelling and yeast infections which altogether makes one more susceptible to contract STIs 127 129 130 ViewsFurther information Opposition to pornography A caricature on the great epidemic of pornography 19th century French illustration Views and opinions of people on pornography are various and differ according to the demography of the people concerned 131 Feminist views Main article Feminist views of pornography Many feminists including Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon argue that all pornography is demeaning to women or that it contributes to violence against women both in its production and in its consumption The production of pornography they argue entails the physical psychological or economic coercion of the women who perform in it and where they argue that the abuse and exploitation of women is rampant in its consumption they charge that pornography eroticizes the domination humiliation and coercion of women and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and sexual harassment 132 133 134 Sexual exclusionary feminists charge that pornography presents a severely distorted image of sexual relations and reinforces sex myths that it always shows women as readily available and desiring to engage in sex at any time with any man on men s terms always responding positively to any advances men make 135 They argue that because pornography often shows women enjoying and desiring to be violently attacked by men saying no when they actually want sex fighting back but then ending up enjoying the act this can affect the public understanding of legal issues such as consent to sexual relations 136 In contrast to these objections other feminist scholars argue that the lesbian feminist movement in the 1980s was good for women in the porn industry 137 As more women entered the developmental side of the industry this allowed women to gear porn more towards women because they knew what women wanted both for actresses and the audience 137 This is believed to be a good thing because for such a long time the porn industry has been directed by men for men 137 This also sparked the arrival of making lesbian porn for lesbians instead of men 137 Furthermore many feminists argue that the advent of VCR home video and affordable consumer video cameras allowed for the possibility of feminist pornography 138 Consumer video made it possible for the distribution and consumption of video pornography to locate women as legitimate consumers of pornography Tristan Taormino says that feminist porn is all about creating a fair working environment and empowering everyone involved 139 Feminists ranging from Betty Friedan and Kate Millett to Karen DeCrow Wendy Kaminer and Jamaica Kincaid supported the right to consume pornography 140 Feminist porn directors are interested in challenging representations of men and women as well as providing sexually empowering imagery that features many kinds of bodies 141 In a 1995 essay for The New Yorker writer Susan Faludi argued that porn was one of the few industries where women enjoy a power advantage in the workplace Actresses have the power Alec Metro one of the men in line ruefully noted of the X rated industry A former firefighter who claimed to have lost a bid for a job to affirmative action Metro was already divining that porn might not be the ideal career choice for escaping the forces of what he called reverse discrimination Female performers can often dictate which male actors they will and will not work with They make more money than us Porn at least porn produced for a heterosexual audience is one of the few contemporary occupations where the pay gap operates in women s favor the average actress makes fifty to a hundred per cent more money than her male counterpart But then she is the object of desire he is merely her appendage the object of the object 142 Religious views Main article Religious views on pornography Religious organizations have been important in bringing about political action against pornography 143 In the United States religious beliefs affect the formation of political beliefs that concern pornography 144 According to Christianity Today Protestant men today who attend church regularly are basically the only men in America still resisting the cultural norm of regularized pornography use 73 However a study by The Austin Institute for the Study of Family and Culture in the US found that of Christians that attend church Protestants had a higher rate of viewing pornography in the last week than Catholics 145 See alsoAdult animation ASMR erotica Cartoon pornography Effects of pornography Erotic comics Erotic hypnosis Erotic literature Erotic photography Eroticism History of erotic depictions History of human sexuality Literotica Mobile porn Right to sexuality Sex in advertising Sex worker Sex positive feminism Sex positive movement Sexual and reproductive health and rights Sexual Freedom Awards Sexual revolution Webcam model Women s pornographyReferences Kids Need Porn Literacy Marty Klein Psychology Today 30 October 2016 The Evolution of Pornography Robert Weiss Psychology Today 2 July 2020 What Distinguishes Erotica from Pornography Leon F Seltzer Psychology Today 6 April 2011 H Montgomery Hyde 1964 A History of Pornography 1 26 a b Dukore Bernard F 6 October 2020 Bernard Shaw and the Censors Fights and Failures Stage and Screen Bernard F Dukore Google Books ISBN 9783030521868 Retrieved 29 April 2022 a b Geltzer Jeremy 4 January 2016 Dirty Words and Filthy Pictures Film and the First Amendment Jeremy Geltzer Google Books ISBN 9781477307434 Retrieved 29 April 2022 a b Canby Vincent 22 July 1969 Movie Review Blue Movie 1968 Screen Andy Warhol s Blue Movie The New York Times Archived from the original on 31 December 2015 Retrieved 29 December 2015 a b c Comenas Gary 2005 Blue Movie 1968 WarholStars org Retrieved 29 December 2015 a b Canby Vincent 10 August 1969 Warhol s Red Hot and Blue Movie D1 Print behind paywall The New York Times Retrieved 29 December 2015 Coopersmith Jonathan March 2006 Does Your Mother Know What YouReallyDo The Changing Nature and Image of Computer Based Pornography History and Technology 22 1 1 25 doi 10 1080 07341510500508610 ISSN 0734 1512 S2CID 143713545 a b Ackman Dan 25 May 2001 How Big Is Porn Forbes Archived from the original on 9 June 2001 Retrieved 8 November 2007 2 6 billion to 3 9 billion Sources Adams Media Research Forrester Research Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report IVD Best Internet Filter Software of 2019 Archived from the original on 13 October 2011 Retrieved 27 May 2010 Last Retrieved 12 November 2010 Things Are Looking Up in America s Porn Industry NBC News Retrieved 26 January 2018 Strusiewicz Cezary Jan 16 February 2018 The Japanese Porn Industry 5 Things We Learned at Japan Adult Expo Tokyo Weekender Archived from the original on 22 January 2022 Staff The Truth About California s Adult Entertainment Industry White Paper 1999 Adult Video News Retrieved 28 April 2014 Mohan Megha 10 February 2020 I was raped at 14 and the video ended up on a porn site British Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 8 March 2020 Cole Samantha Maiberg Emanuel 16 July 2019 How Pornhub Enables Doxing and Harassment Vice Retrieved 8 March 2020 Cole Samantha 6 February 2020 How to Remove Non Consensual Videos From Pornhub Vice Retrieved 29 April 2020 Broster Alice 27 August 2019 NotYourPorn Is The Campaign Fighting To Get Non Consensual Content Removed From UK Porn Sites Bustle Retrieved 8 March 2020 List of Greek words starting with porn porn on Perseus pornography n Online Etymology Dictionary pornografos Liddell Henry George Scott Robert A Greek English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Athenaeus Book 13 567b The Deipnosophists in Greek At the Perseus Project pornografia Dictionary of Modern Greek Institute of Manolis Triantafyllidis 1998 Online Etymology Dictionary Etymonline com Retrieved 21 April 2011 history of the word pornography podictionary for word lovers dictionary etymology trivia amp history podictionary 13 March 2009 Retrieved 21 April 2011 Archived from the original on 2011 05 11 a b c d Talvacchia Bette 2010 Pornography In Grafton Anthony Most Glenn W Settis Salvatore eds The Classical Tradition Cambridge Mass and London The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press pp 767 771 ISBN 978 0 674 03572 0 1 OED 2021 Richard Rudgley 2000 Venus Figurines Sex Objects or Symbols The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age Simon and Schuster pp 184 200 ISBN 978 0 684 86270 5 Retrieved 28 September 2017 a b c d e f g h Black Jeremy Green Anthony 1992 Gods Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia An Illustrated Dictionary The British Museum Press pp 150 152 ISBN 0 7141 1705 6 Nemet Nejat Karen Rhea 1998 Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Daily Life Santa Barbara California Greenwood p 137 ISBN 978 0313294976 a b c d Robins Gay 1993 Women in Ancient Egypt Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press pp 189 190 ISBN 0 674 95469 6 Turin erotic papyrus a b c d O Connor David September October 2001 Eros in Egypt Archaeology Odyssey Archived from the original on 30 January 2019 Retrieved 5 January 2018 Foxon D F Libertine Literature in England 1660 1745 1965 p 45 Wagner Introduction in Cleland Fanny Hill 1985 p 7 Lane Obscene Profits The Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age 2000 p 11 Browne The Guide to United States Popular Culture 2001 p 273 ISBN 0 87972 821 3 Sutherland Offensive Literature Decensorship in Britain 1960 1982 1983 p 32 ISBN 0 389 20354 8 Pornography A Secret History of Civilisation World of Wonder Channel 4 Television Corporation UK 1999 Part 1 Karabell Zachary 2003 Parting the desert the creation of the Suez Canal Alfred A Knopf p 195 ISBN 0 375 40883 5 Miriam A Drake 2003 Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science Abs Dec CRC Press p 470 ISBN 978 0 8247 2077 3 The Comstock Act 17 Stat 598 Eskridge William N 2002 Gaylaw challenging the apartheid of the closet Harvard University Press p 392 From the precedent set by R v Curl 1729 following the publication of Venus in the Cloister H Montgomery Hyde A History of Pornography 1969 London Heinemann p 14 Judith Ann Giesberg Sex and the Civil War Soldiers Pornography and the Making of American Morality U of North Carolina Press 2017 Beck Marianna May 2003 The Roots of Western Pornography Victorian Obsessions and Fin de Siecle Predilections Libido The Journal of Sex and Sensibility Archived from the original on 6 September 2006 Retrieved 22 August 2006 Bottomore Stephen 1996 Stephen Herbert Luke McKernan eds Lear Albert Kirchner Who s Who of Victorian Cinema British Film Institute Retrieved 15 October 2006 Bottomore Stephen 1996 Stephen Herbert Luke McKernan eds Eugene Pirou Who s Who of Victorian Cinema British Film Institute Retrieved 15 October 2006 a b Chris Rodley Dev Varma Kate Williams III Directors Marilyn Milgrom Grant Romer Rolf Borowczak Bob Guccione Dean Kuipers Cast 7 March 2006 Pornography The Secret History of Civilization DVD Port Washington NY Koch Vision ISBN 1 4172 2885 7 Archived from the original on 22 August 2010 Retrieved 21 October 2006 Corliss Richard 29 March 2005 That Old Feeling When Porno Was Chic Time Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 Retrieved 16 October 2006 Jacobs Tom 28 August 2015 Pornography Consumption on the Rise Pacific Standard The Miller McCune Center for Research Media and Public Policy Retrieved 30 November 2015 Bulk Alexa rank checker BulkSeoTools com Bulk Alexa Rank Checker 27 April 2016 Retrieved 27 April 2016 Auerbach David 23 October 2014 Vampire Porn Slate Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 Retrieved 19 December 2014 Dugdale John 2 May 2013 Porn studies is the new discipline for academics The Guardian Retrieved 2 May 2013 Martin Amis 17 March 2001 A rough trade The Guardian Retrieved 29 February 2012 P20th Century Nudes in Art The Art History Archive Retrieved 29 February 2012 Mulholland Monique March 2011 When Porno Meets Hetero Australian Feminist Studies Taylor amp Francis 26 67 119 135 doi 10 1080 08164649 2011 546332 S2CID 142218966 The pornographic genre is immense and includes an enormous variety of styles catering to an equally vast range of tastes and fetishes Certainly mainstream heteroporn makes up the main bulk of the genre and is most easily accessible As stated above this style of porn includes highly formulaic displays of paired or group sex enacted by bodies exhibiting a conventional gendered aesthetic moving through various sexual positions and penetrations Nonetheless some forms of porn are more normative than others and indeed not all forms of heteroporn are normative such as rimming girl on boy strap on anal sex and hard core BDSM Pornography also includes an endless array of different kinds of fetish fat porn amateur porn disabled porn porn produced by women queer porn BDSM and body modification The list of non mainstream porn is endless and displays bodies gender scenarios and sexual activity differently to heteronormative formulations of mainstream heteroporn President s Commission on Obscenity and Pornography Report of The Commission on Obscenity and Pornography 1970 Washington D C U S Government Printing Office D Orlando Fabio 1 March 2011 The Demand for Pornography Journal of Happiness Studies 12 1 51 75 doi 10 1007 s10902 009 9175 0 ISSN 1573 7780 S2CID 145125342 Szymanski Dawn M Stewart Richardson Destin N January 2014 Psychological relational and sexual correlates of pornography use on young adult heterosexual men in romantic relationships The Journal of Men s Studies Sage 22 1 64 82 doi 10 3149 jms 2201 64 S2CID 146523196 Lipton Josh 28 January 2010 Coming Soon XXX In 3D Minyanville Archived from the original on 16 January 2016 Retrieved 9 October 2015 a b Mearian Lucas 2 May 2006 Porn industry may be decider in Blu ray HD DVD battle MacWorld Archived from the original on 12 July 2006 Retrieved 8 November 2007 Ron Wagner Director of IT at a California porn studio If you look at the VHS vs Beta standards you see the much higher quality standard dying because of the porn industry s support of VHS The mass volume of tapes in the porn market at the time went out on VHS a b Lynch Martin 17 January 2007 Blu ray loves porn after all The Inquirer Incisive Media Investments Archived from the original on 21 June 2007 Retrieved 8 November 2007 By many accounts VHS would not have won its titanic struggle against Sony s Betamax video tape format if it had not been for porn This might be over stating its importance but it was an important factor There is no way that Sony can ignore the boost that porn can give the Blu ray format a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Gardiner Bryan 22 January 2007 Porn Industry May Decide DVD Format War FOXNews com Technology News Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 Retrieved 8 November 2007 As was expected the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show saw even more posturing and politics between the Blu ray Disc and HD DVD camps with each side announcing a new set of alliances and predicting that the end of the war was imminent Monaco James 1999 The dictionary of new media the new digital world video audio print film television DVD home theatre satellite digital photography wireless super CD internet Harbor Electronic ISBN 0 9669744 0 9 OCLC 301650106 Staff Magnet Media Holds Porn Tech Event in NYC This Tuesday Adult Video News Retrieved 11 March 2014 Staff How Porn Drives Mainstream Internet Technology Adoption Tuesday Mar 11 12 30 pm Rose Auditorium Garys Guide Retrieved 11 March 2014 Samantha Cole and Emanuel Maiberg 20 November 2019 They Can t Stop Us People Are Having Sex With 3D Avatars of Their Exes and Celebrities Vice Alyson Krueger 28 October 2017 Virtual Reality Gets Naughty New York Times Andrew Griffin 9 November 2017 VIRTUAL REALITY PORNOGRAPHY IS ALLOWING FOR MORE INTIMATE AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES BUT COULD BRING HORRORS WARN EXPERTS The Independent Playboy undressed video game women Aug 25 2004 CNN 25 August 2004 Retrieved 26 August 2006 Hong Kong filmmakers shoot first 3D porn film Asian Sex Gazette 17 January 2012 Retrieved 17 August 2010 a b Stone Lyman 26 June 2019 Conservative Protestant Men Are Still Resisting Porn Christianity Today Carol Stream Illinois ISSN 0009 5753 Archived from the original on 27 June 2019 Retrieved 31 July 2021 Grubbs Joshua B Perry Samuel L Grant Weinandy Jennifer T Kraus Shane W 19 July 2021 Porndemic A Longitudinal Study of Pornography Use Before and During the COVID 19 Pandemic in a Nationally Representative Sample of Americans Archives of Sexual Behavior Springer Science and Business Media LLC 51 1 123 137 doi 10 1007 s10508 021 02077 7 ISSN 0004 0002 PMC 8288831 PMID 34282505 At baseline 43 4 of participants reported not having viewed pornography in the past year and 38 of participants reported using pornography on average at least once per month 59 of men and 21 of women Regnerus Mark Gordon David Price Joseph 18 December 2015 Documenting Pornography Use in America A Comparative Analysis of Methodological Approaches The Journal of Sex Research Informa UK Limited 53 7 873 881 doi 10 1080 00224499 2015 1096886 ISSN 0022 4499 PMID 26683998 S2CID 24115571 If estimates generated from the RIA or NFSS are more valid then pornography use is or perhaps has become a common and frequent experience among men with just under half of all men using pornography in an average week It is also not an uncommon or infrequent occurrence for women with nearly one in five reporting pornography use in the past week Kleinman Alexis 4 May 2013 Porn Sites Get More Visitors Than Netflix Amazon And Twitter Combined HuffPost Retrieved 18 September 2021 Sources Carroll Jason S Padilla Walker Laura M Nelson Larry J Olson Chad D McNamara Barry Carolyn Madsen Stephanie D 2008 Generation XXX Journal of Adolescent Research SAGE Publications 23 1 6 30 doi 10 1177 0743558407306348 ISSN 0743 5584 S2CID 145395436 Blue Violet 24 July 2009 Are more women OK with watching porn CNN com Retrieved 13 July 2022 One in three women watch porn study The Courier Mail news com au 10 February 2010 Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 Retrieved 13 July 2022 Edelman Benjamin 1 January 2009 Markets Red Light States Who Buys Online Adult Entertainment PDF Journal of Economic Perspectives American Economic Association 23 1 209 220 doi 10 1257 jep 23 1 209 ISSN 0895 3309 Archived from the original PDF on 6 November 2013 Are the effects of pornography negligible UdeMNouvelles nouvelles umontreal ca in French 1 December 2009 Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 Retrieved 13 July 2022 https web archive org web 20130116164054 https www google com adplanner static top1000 Hotsheet Political 25 June 2010 29 Accessed Porn on Work Computers Last Month CBS News Wayback Machine Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 Retrieved 13 July 2022 Leahy Michael 2009 Porn Work Exposing the Office s 1 Addiction Moody Publishers ISBN 978 1 57567 332 5 Anthony Sebastian 4 April 2012 Just how big are porn sites ExtremeTech Retrieved 13 July 2022 Buchholz Katharina 11 February 2019 Infographic How Much of the Internet Consists of Porn Statista Infographics Retrieved 11 August 2022 Traeen Bente Spitznogle Kristin Beverfjord Alexandra May 2004 Attitudes and Use of Pornography in the Norwegian Population 2002 The Journal of Sex Research Taylor 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Young Kimberly Laier Christian Wolfling Klaus Potenza Marc N 2016 Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet use disorders An Interaction of Person Affect Cognition Execution I PACE model Neuroscience amp Biobehavioral Reviews 71 252 266 doi 10 1016 j neubiorev 2016 08 033 PMID 27590829 Pietrangelo Ann 30 January 2019 Legg Timothy J ed How to Identify and Treat a Pornography Addiction Healthline Retrieved 11 June 2021 Ferguson Sian 27 January 2020 Litner Jennifer ed Is Masturbation Addiction Possible Healthline Retrieved 11 June 2021 Pdf PDF Archived from the original PDF on 26 November 2013 Kutchinsky Berl Summer 1973 The effect of easy availability of pornography on the incidence of sex crimes the Danish experience Journal of Social Issues 29 3 163 181 doi 10 1111 j 1540 4560 1973 tb00094 x Diamond Milton September October 2009 Pornography public acceptance and sex related crime A review International 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1461467410 Safety in the Adult Film Industry www dir ca gov Retrieved 17 April 2020 Hot Girls Wanted Netflix Official Site www netflix com Retrieved 17 April 2020 Annual Institute on Telecommunications Policy and Regulation Volume 22 Practising Law Institute 2004 p 152 Baxter Sarah Brooks Richard 8 August 2004 Porn is vital to freedom says Rushdie The Times London Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 Retrieved 8 November 2007 Pornography exists everywhere of course but when it comes into societies in which it s difficult for young men and women to get together and do what young men and women often like doing it satisfies a more general need While doing so it sometimes becomes a kind of standard bearer for freedom even civilisation Salter Michael 2013 Responding to revenge porn Gender justice and online legal impunity Presented at whose Justice Contested Approaches to Crime and Conflict University of Western Sydney Sydney Australia Retrieved 3 January 2016 Levendowski Amanda M 2014 Using Copyright to Combat Revenge Porn NYU Journal of Intellectual Property amp Entertainment Law Social Science Research Network 3 SSRN 2374119 Bhasin Puneet 29 November 2014 Online Revenge Porn Recourse for Victims under Cyber Laws India iPleaders Retrieved 29 January 2016 Revenge porn Facebook post leads to jail sentence BBC News 3 December 2014 Retrieved 9 October 2015 Staff Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts Norfolk COMMONWEALTH v John REX No SJC 11480 Decided July 9 2014 findlaw com Retrieved 18 July 2014 a b Kernes Mark MA Supremes Rule National Geographic Photos Not Kid Porn AVN com Retrieved 18 July 2014 Aucoin Don 24 January 2006 The pornification of America The Boston Globe Archived from the original on 10 November 2018 Retrieved 10 November 2018 a b Gousse Caroline 16 February 2012 No Copyright Protection for Pornography A Daring Response to File Sharing Litigation Intellectual Property Brief Retrieved 1 March 2012 Masnick Mike 4 November 2011 Court Wonders If Porn Can Even Be Covered By Copyright Tech Dirt Retrieved 1 March 2012 Mitchell Bros Film Group v Cinema Adult Theater 604 F 2d 852 5th Cir 1979 and Jartech v Clancy 666 F 2d 403 9th Cir 1982 held that obscenity could not be a defense to copyright claims Devils Films Inc v Nectar Video Under 29 F Supp 2d 174 175 S D N Y 1998 refused to follow the Mitchell ruling and relied on the doctrine of clean hands to deny copyright protection to works seen as obscene You Can t Copyright Porn Harassed BitTorrent Defendant Insists TorrentFreak 6 February 2012 Retrieved 9 August 2012 a b McNeil Jr Donald G 5 November 2012 Unlikely Model in H I V Efforts Sex Film Industry The New York Times Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 a b Hay Mark 27 September 2019 The Rift in the Porn World About How to Approach HIV rewire news group Archived from the original on 11 October 2022 Williams Mitchell 21 November 2012 How a Straight Adult Performer Convinced Me That Condoms Are Useless in Porn Huffington Press Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 Kernes Mark Adult Actresses Deliver Petitions to Isadore Hall Office UPDATED AVN com Adult Video News Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 Retrieved 24 June 2014 She didn t know that the dangers of it like if the condom breaks and that we could get more STI s with the micro tears and just the condoms in general Swelling yeast infections things of that nature she just had no idea Reign Tasha 8 April 2013 Tasha Tells All On LA County s Measure B Condom Law OC Weekly Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 Retrieved 18 February 2014 After hours of sex with no breaks attempting to endure the friction of the condom in your vagina or anus is impossible And to do this daily amounts to an occupational work hazard Of course due to the lack of respect towards the adult business and blatant disregard from society regarding the sexual comfort or even opinions of female performers none of this mattered No one asked us More Americans Say Pornography Is Morally Acceptable Gallup com 5 June 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2020 Shrage Laurie Fall 2015 Feminist perspectives on sex markets pornography Zalta Edward N ed Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy MacKinnon Catharine A 1983 Not a moral issue Yale Law amp Policy Review 2 2 321 345 JSTOR 40239168 Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women women s bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed and this presented as the nature of women the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography Pdf Reprinted as MacKinnon Catharine A 1989 Pornography on morality and politics in MacKinnon Catharine A ed Toward a Feminist Theory of the State Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press pp 195 214 ISBN 978 0674896468 Also reprinted as MacKinnon Catharine A 1987 Not a moral issue in MacKinnon Catharine A ed Feminism unmodified discourses on life and law Cambridge Mass Harvard University Press pp 146 162 ISBN 978 0674298743 Preview A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon transcript Think Tank 1995 PBS Retrieved 1 September 2009 Jeffries Stuart 12 April 2006 Are women human Interview with Catharine MacKinnon The Guardian London Jeffries Stuart 12 April 2006 Are women human Interview with Catharine MacKinnon The Guardian London Catharine MacKinnon argues that Pornography affects people s belief in rape myths So for example if a woman says I didn t consent and people have been viewing pornography they believe rape myths and believe the woman did consent no matter what she said That when she said no she meant yes When she said she didn t want to that meant more beer When she said she would prefer to go home that means she s a lesbian who needs to be given a good corrective experience Pornography promotes these rape myths and desensitises people to violence against women so that you need more violence to become sexually aroused if you re a pornography consumer This is very well documented a b c d Ziv Amalia October 2014 Girl meets boy cross gender queer and the promise of pornography Sexualities 17 7 885 905 doi 10 1177 1363460714532937 S2CID 145460606 Commella Lynn 2013 From text to context in Taormino Tristan Parrenas Shimizu Celine Penley Constance Miller Young Mireille eds The feminist porn book the politics of producing pleasure New York City Feminist Press at the City University of New York pp 79 96 ISBN 978 1558618190 Vogels Josey 21 April 2009 Female friendly porn Metro News Canada Metro International Archived from the original on 16 January 2016 Retrieved 9 December 2015 Carol Avedon The Harm of Porn Just Another Excuse to Censor The Law London June July August 1995 ISSN 1360 807X Archived from the original on 9 July 2015 Erickson Loree 2013 Out of line the sexy femmegimp politics of flaunting it in Taormino Tristan Parrenas Shimizu Celine Penley Constance Miller Young Mireille eds The feminist porn book the politics of producing pleasure New York City Feminist Press at the City University of New York pp 320 328 ISBN 978 1558618190 Fauldi Susan 30 October 1995 The Money Shot The New Yorker pp 65 66 Emphasis in original Sherkat Darren E Ellison Christopher G March 1997 The cognitive structure of a moral crusade conservative protestantism and opposition to pornography Social Forces 75 3 958 doi 10 1093 sf 75 3 957 JSTOR 2580526 Sherkat Darren E Ellison Christopher G August 1999 Recent developments and current controversies in the sociology of religion Annual Review of Sociology 25 370 doi 10 1146 annurev soc 25 1 363 JSTOR 223509 Pdf How much pornography are Americans consuming Relationships in America Further readingAdvocacy Bright Susie 1990 Susie Sexpert s lesbian sex world Pittsburgh Cleis Press ISBN 978 0939416356 Bright Susie 1992 Susie Bright s sexual reality a virtual sex world reader Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Cleis Press ISBN 978 0939416592 Both of Bright s books challenge any equations between feminism and anti pornography positions Hunter Jack 14 September 2012 Art or obscene blog in Dodson Betty ed Feminism and free speech pornography Feminists for Free Expression 1993 retrieved 8 May 2002 Ellis Kate 1988 Caught looking feminism pornography amp censorship 2nd ed Seattle Real Comet Press ISBN 978 0941104234 Griffin Susan 1981 Pornography and silence culture s revenge against nature New York Harper amp Row ISBN 978 0060116477 Gever Matthew 3 December 1998 Pornography helps women society Daily Bruin UCLA Retrieved 3 July 2011 Student run newspaper Gregory Michele Pro Sex Feminism Redefining Pornography or a study in alliteration the pro pornography position paper Witsendzine com Archived from the original on 9 August 2002 Retrieved 3 July 2011 Juno Andrea Vale V Fall 1991 Angry women RE Search Vol 13 Re Search Publications ISBN 978 0940642249 Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon McElroy Wendy 29 June 2000 You are what you read lewrockwell com Retrieved 3 July 2011 Defends the availability of pornography and condemns feminist anti pornography campaigns McElroy Wendy A feminist overview of pornography ending in a defense thereof wendymcelroy com Retrieved 3 July 2011 McElroy Wendy A feminist defense of pornography Council for Secular Humanism Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 Retrieved 3 July 2011 McElroy Wendy 2008 Pornography In Hamowy Ronald ed The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks CA Sage Cato Institute pp 381 383 ISBN 978 1412965804 Newitz Annalee 8 May 2002 Obscene feminists why women are leading the battle against censorship San Francisco Bay Guardian San Francisco Newspaper Company Retrieved 3 July 2011 Strossen Nadine 2000 Defending pornography free speech sex and the fight for women s rights New York amp London New York University Press ISBN 978 0814781494 Review of Strossen s book Blumen Jonathan November 1995 Nadine Strossen pornography must be tolerated The Ethical Spectacle 1 11 dd Tucker Scott 1990 Gender fucking and utopia an essay in response to John Stoltenberg s Refusing to Be a Man Social Text 27 27 3 34 doi 10 2307 466305 JSTOR 466305 Critique of Stoltenberg and Dworkin s positions on pornography and power Williams Linda 1989 Hard core power pleasure and the frenzy of the visible Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0520066533 Also as Williams Linda 1999 Hard core power pleasure and the frenzy of the visible Expanded paperback ed Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0520219434 dd Williams Linda ed 2004 Porn studies Durham North Carolina Duke University Press ISBN 978 0822333128 Opposition Assiter Alison 1989 Pornography feminism and the individual London Winchester Massachusetts Pluto Press ISBN 978 0745303192 Assiter advocates seeing pornography as epitomizing a wider problem of oppression exploitation and inequality which needs to be better understood Carse Alisa L February 1995 Pornography an uncivil liberty Hypatia A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 10 1 155 182 doi 10 1111 j 1527 2001 1995 tb01358 x JSTOR 3810463 S2CID 143469688 An argument for approaches to end harm to women caused by pornography Davies Alex March 2014 How to silence content with porn context and loaded questions European Journal of Philosophy 24 2 498 522 doi 10 1111 ejop 12075 Online version before inclusion in an issue An illustration of Catharine Mackinnon s theory that pornography silence s women s speech this illustration differs from one given by Rae Langton below Hill Judith M June 1987 Pornography and degradation Hypatia A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 2 2 39 54 doi 10 1111 j 1527 2001 1987 tb01064 x JSTOR 3810015 S2CID 145504474 A critique of the pornographic industry within a Kantian ethical framework Kimmel Michael 1990 Men confront pornography New York Crown ISBN 978 0517569313 A variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take advantage of men Langton Rae Autumn 1993 Speech acts and unspeakable acts Philosophy amp Public Affairs 22 4 293 330 JSTOR 2265469 Pdf A description of Catharine Mackinnon s theory that pornography silence s women s speech this description differs from the one given by Alex Davies above Lubben Shelley Secondary negative effects on employees of the pornographic industry PDF Archived from the original PDF on 23 March 2012 MacKinnon Catharine 1983 Not a moral issue Yale Law amp Policy Review 2 2 321 345 JSTOR 40239168 Pdf An argument that pornography is one element of an unjust institution of the subordination of women to men MacKinnon Catharine A 1987 Francis Biddle s sister pornography civil rights and speech in MacKinnon Catharine A ed Feminism unmodified discourses on life and law Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press pp 177 181 and 193 ISBN 978 0674298743 Preview An argument that pornography silences women therefore acting as an infringement of free speech see Davies above and Langton also above MacKinnon Catharine A January 1989 Sexuality pornography and method Pleasure under Patriarchy Ethics 99 2 314 346 doi 10 1086 293068 JSTOR 2381437 S2CID 170231533 Vadas Melinda September 1987 A first look at the Pornography Civil Rights Ordinance could pornography be the subordination of women The Journal of Philosophy 84 9 487 511 doi 10 5840 jphil198784938 JSTOR 2027061 A defence of the Dworkin MacKinnon definition and condemnation of pornography employing putatively relatively rigorous analysis See also Parent W A April 1990 A second look at pornography and the subordination of women The Journal of Philosophy 87 4 205 211 doi 10 2307 2026681 JSTOR 2026681 A criticism of Vadas paper dd Vadas Melinda August 1992 The Pornography Civil Rights Ordinance v The BOG and the winner is Hypatia A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 7 3 94 109 doi 10 1111 j 1527 2001 1992 tb00906 x JSTOR 3809874 S2CID 144631352 An argument that pornography increases women s vulnerability to rape Various 1988 Pornography and sexual violence evidence of the links The complete transcript of Public Hearings on Ordinances to Add Pornography as Discrimination Against Women Minneapolis City Council Government Operations Committee 12 and 13 December 1983 London Everywoman ISBN 978 1870868006 A representation of the causal connections between pornography and violence towards women Whisnant Rebecca 2015 Not your father s Playboy not your mother s feminist movement feminism in porn in Kiraly Miranda Tyler Meagan eds Freedom fallacy the limits of liberal feminism Ballarat Victoria Connor Court Publishing ISBN 978 1925138542 Neutral or mixed Vance Carole ed 1984 Pleasure and danger exploring female sexuality Boston Routledge amp K Paul ISBN 978 0710202482 Collection of papers from 1982 conference visible and divisive split between anti pornography activists and lesbian S amp M theorists Real Your Brain on Porn Retrieved 2019 04 14 Rosen Robert 2010 Beaver street a history of modern pornography from the birth of phone sex to the skin mag in cyberspace an investigative memoir London ISBN 978 1 900486 84 2 OCLC 858632344 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pornography Early silent pornographic film from 1925 available at Wikimedia Commons Look up pornography in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikiquote has quotations related to Pornography Commentary American Porn Frontline PBS Retrieved 1 February 2014 Interactive web site companion to a Frontline documentary exploring the pornography industry within the United States Economics Susannah Breslin 20 December 2013 LEADERSHIP What Porn Stars Do When The Porn Industry Shuts Down Forbes Government Kutchinsky Berl Professor of Criminology The first law that legalized pornography Denmark History Patricia Davis Simon Noble Rebecca J White 2010 The History of Modern Pornography History com Law American judge orders parents to pay 30 441 for disposing adult son s porn collection 27 August 2021 Associated Press Sociology Diamond M Uchiyama A 1999 Pornography Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 22 1 1 22 doi 10 1016 s0160 2527 98 00035 1 PMID 10086287 Archived from the original on 16 February 2007 West Caroline 5 May 2004 Pornography and Censorship Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Technology From teledildonics to interactive porn the future of sex in a digital age 2014 06 06 The Guardian Portals Art Books Erotica and pornography Film Human sexuality Internet Literature Sex work Television Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pornography amp oldid 1132352658, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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