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List of non-international armed conflicts

February 16, 2024

The following is a list of non-international armed conflicts, fought between territorial and/or intervening state forces and non-state armed groups or between non-state armed groups within the same state or country.[1] The terms "intrastate conflict", "internecine conflict", "internal conflict" and "civil war" are often used interchangeably with "non-international armed conflict", but "internecine war" can be used in a wider meaning, referring to any conflict within a single state, regardless of the participation of civil state or non-state forces. Thus, any war of succession is by definition an internecine war, but not necessarily a non-international armed conflict.

Terminology edit

The Latin term bellum civile, meaning in English, civil war, was used to describe wars within a single community beginning around 60 A.D. The term is an alternative title for the work sometimes called Pharsalia by Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) about the Roman civil wars that began in the last third of the second century BC.[2] The term civilis here had the very specific meaning of 'Roman citizen'. Since the 17th century, the term has also been applied retroactively to other historical conflicts where at least one side claims to represent the country's civil society (rather than a feudal dynasty or an imperial power).[3]

Since 1949, the term "non-international armed conflict" has been widely used to refer to armed conflict between territorial and/or intervening state forces and non-state armed groups or between non-state armed groups within the same state or country, instead of civil war.[1] The head of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)'s Arms Unit, Kathleen Lawand, stated "The ICRC generally avoids using the term 'civil war' when communicating with the parties to an armed conflict or publicly, and speaks instead of 'non-international' or 'internal' armed conflicts, as these expressions mirror the terms used in common Article 3 [of the 1949 Geneva Conventions]."[4]

Ongoing non-international armed conflicts edit

See also: List of ongoing armed conflicts
 
Somali civil war map, showing control of the land by warring factions.

The following non-international armed conflicts are ongoing as of April 2023. Only ongoing conflicts which meet the definition of a non-international armed conflict are listed. See List of ongoing armed conflicts and lists of active separatist movements for lists with a wider scope.

Past non-international armed conflicts edit

Further information: War of the English Succession, List of peasant revolts, and List of revolutions and rebellions

Ancient and early medieval (before 1000) edit

Further information: Warring States period, Sengoku period, Warlord, and Feudalism

This is a list of intrastate armed conflicts. Note that some conflicts lack both an article or citation. Without citation, they have not been guaranteed to have happened.

Medieval (1000–1600) edit

Early modern (1600–1800) edit

Modern (1800–1945) edit

Since 1945 edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Some historians name the 1861–1865 war the "Second American Civil War", because in their view, the American Revolutionary War can also be considered a civil war (since the term can be used in reference to any war in which one political body separates itself from another political body). They then refer to the Independence War, which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, as the "First American Civil War".[9][10] A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides.[11][12][13][14]
    • As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."[15] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.[16][17][18][1]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here
    • A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their “most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten” and ask for their majesty’s “Wisdom and Goodness” to save them from “a lasting and ruinous Civil War.”[2]. You can read the 1775 petition in full here
    • The “constrained voice” is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,[3]
    • In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.[4]
  2. ^ The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.[5]
    • France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict.[6]
    • Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.[7]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Categorization of an armed conflict". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
  2. ^ "Lucan | Roman author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  3. ^ OED: "war between the citizens or inhabitants of a single country, state, or community". Early use of the term in reference to neither the Roman Republic nor the English Civil War include the War in the Vendée (1802) and the civil war in Portugal ( 1835, 1836).
  4. ^ "Internal conflicts or other situations of violence – what is the difference for victims?". International Committee of the Red Cross. December 10, 2012.
  5. ^ Bøgh, Anders (26 May 2015). "The Civil War periode 1131–1157". danmarkshistorien.dk/ (in Danish). Aarhus Universitet. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  6. ^ Early Modern Wars 1500–1775. Amber. 2013. ISBN 9781782741213.
  7. ^ F. Warner, 1768
  8. ^ Milner-Gulland, R. R.; Dejevsky, Nikolai J. (1989). Atlas of Russia and the Soviet Union. Phaidon atlases of world civilizations. Phaidon. p. 108. ISBN 9780714825496. Retrieved 2014-02-11. 1774 [...] the civil war against Pugachov reached its climax.
  9. ^ Eric Herschthal. America's First Civil War: Alan Taylor's new history poses the revolution as a battle inside America as well as for its liberty 2017-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, The Slate, September 6, 2016.
  10. ^ James McAuley. Ask an Academic: Talking About a Revolution 2018-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, August 4, 2011.
  11. ^ Thomas Allen. Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. New York, Harper, 2011.
  12. ^ Peter J. Albert (ed.). An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1985.
  13. ^ Alfred Young (ed.). The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
  14. ^ Armitage, David. Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine. In: Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein (eds.). Scripting Revolution: A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. According to Armitage, "The renaming can happen relatively quickly: for example, the transatlantic conflict of the 1770s that many contemporaries[who?] saw as a British "civil war" or even "the American Civil War" was first called "the American Revolution" in 1776 by the chief justice of South Carolina, William Henry Drayton."
  15. ^ David Ramsay. The History of the American Revolution 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. 1789.
  16. ^ Elise Stevens Wilson. Colonists Divided: A Revolution and a Civil War 2016-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
  17. ^ Timothy H. Breen. The American Revolution as Civil War 2017-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, National Humanities Center.
  18. ^ 1776: American Revolution or British Civil War? 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge.
  19. ^ Afghanistan report by Human Rights Watch, March 2004
  20. ^ Knut Dörmann, Laurent Colassis. "International Humanitarian Law in the Iraq Conflict" (PDF). International Committee of the Red Cross. p. 20.

Further reading edit

  • Arnold, Guy. Historical dictionary of civil wars in Africa (1999) online
  • Collier, Paul, and Nicholas Sambanis, eds. Understanding Civil War: Europe, Central Asia, and other regions (World Bank Publications, 2005) online.
  • Davis, Morris, ed. Civil wars and the politics of international relief: Africa, South Asia, and the Caribbean (1975) online
  • Dixon, Jeffrey S., and Meredith Reid Sarkees. A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014 (CQ Press, 2015). online
  • Fearon, James. "Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer than Others?" Journal of Peace Research (2004) 41, 3:275–302.
  • Kalyvas, Stathis N. The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
  • Kohn, George Childs. Dictionary of Wars (3rd ed. Facts on File, 2007) online
  • Krause, Volker, and Susumu Suzuki. "Causes of Civil War in Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Comparison." Social Science Quarterly 86.1 (2005): 160–177. online
  • Mason, T. David, and Patrick J. Fett. "How civil wars end: A rational choice approach." Journal of conflict resolution 40.4 (1996): 546–568.
  • Miller, John. A brief history of the English Civil Wars (2009) online
  • Montalvo, J. G., & Reynal-Querol, M. "Ethnic polarization, potential conflict, and civil wars" American Economic Review (2005) 95(3), 796–816.
  • Phillips, Charles, and Alan Axelrod, eds. Encyclopedia of Wars (3 vol, Facts on File, 2004), includes many civil wars.
  • Sambanis, Nicholas. "Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes? A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry" Journal of Conflict Resolution (2001). 45(3), 259–282.
  • Sambanis, Nicholas. "What is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition" Journal of Conflict Resolution (2004). 48(6), 814–858.
  • Stapleton, Timothy J., ed. Modern African Conflicts: An Encyclopedia of Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Terrorism (ABC-CLIO, 2022).
  • Sundar, Aparna, and Nandini Sundar, eds. Civil wars in South Asia: State, sovereignty, development (SAGE Publications India, 2014) online.

February 16, 2024
list, international, armed, conflicts, following, list, international, armed, conflicts, fought, between, territorial, intervening, state, forces, state, armed, groups, between, state, armed, groups, within, same, state, country, terms, intrastate, conflict, i. The following is a list of non international armed conflicts fought between territorial and or intervening state forces and non state armed groups or between non state armed groups within the same state or country 1 The terms intrastate conflict internecine conflict internal conflict and civil war are often used interchangeably with non international armed conflict but internecine war can be used in a wider meaning referring to any conflict within a single state regardless of the participation of civil state or non state forces Thus any war of succession is by definition an internecine war but not necessarily a non international armed conflict Contents 1 Terminology 2 Ongoing non international armed conflicts 3 Past non international armed conflicts 3 1 Ancient and early medieval before 1000 3 2 Medieval 1000 1600 3 3 Early modern 1600 1800 3 4 Modern 1800 1945 3 5 Since 1945 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further readingTerminology editThe Latin term bellum civile meaning in English civil war was used to describe wars within a single community beginning around 60 A D The term is an alternative title for the work sometimes called Pharsalia by Lucan Marcus Annaeus Lucanus about the Roman civil wars that began in the last third of the second century BC 2 The term civilis here had the very specific meaning of Roman citizen Since the 17th century the term has also been applied retroactively to other historical conflicts where at least one side claims to represent the country s civil society rather than a feudal dynasty or an imperial power 3 Since 1949 the term non international armed conflict has been widely used to refer to armed conflict between territorial and or intervening state forces and non state armed groups or between non state armed groups within the same state or country instead of civil war 1 The head of the International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC s Arms Unit Kathleen Lawand stated The ICRC generally avoids using the term civil war when communicating with the parties to an armed conflict or publicly and speaks instead of non international or internal armed conflicts as these expressions mirror the terms used in common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions 4 Ongoing non international armed conflicts editSee also List of ongoing armed conflicts nbsp Somali civil war map showing control of the land by warring factions The following non international armed conflicts are ongoing as of April 2023 Only ongoing conflicts which meet the definition of a non international armed conflict are listed See List of ongoing armed conflicts and lists of active separatist movements for lists with a wider scope nbsp Myanmar Internal conflict in Myanmar since 1948 including the Myanmar Civil War since 2021 nbsp Colombia Colombian conflict since 1964 nbsp Angola Cabinda War since 1975 nbsp Somalia Somali Civil War since 1978 nbsp Afghanistan Afghan conflict since 1978 Islamic State Taliban conflict since 2015 Republican insurgency in Afghanistan since 2021 nbsp Senegal Casamance conflict 1982 2014 main conflict since 2015 low level conflict nbsp DR Congo Allied Democratic Forces insurgency since 1996 Ituri conflict since 1999 Kivu conflict since 2004 nbsp Nigeria herder farmer conflicts in Nigeria since 1998 Boko Haram insurgency since 2009 Nigerian bandit conflict since 2011 Maghreb Insurgency in the Maghreb since 2002 nbsp Iraq Iraqi conflict since 2003 Islamic State insurgency in Iraq since 2017 nbsp Pakistan War in North West Pakistan since 2004 nbsp Mexico Mexican Drug War since 2006 nbsp Sudan Sudanese nomadic conflicts since 2008 War in Sudan since 2023 nbsp Syria Syrian civil war since 2011 Sahel Islamist insurgency in the Sahel since 2011 nbsp Mali Mali War since 2012 nbsp Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso since 2015 nbsp Niger Jihadist insurgency in Niger since 2016 nbsp Central African Republic Central African Republic Civil War since 2012 nbsp Yemen Yemeni civil war since 2014 nbsp Cameroon Anglophone Crisis Cameroonian Civil War since 2017 nbsp Mozambique Insurgency in Cabo Delgado since 2017 nbsp Ethiopia Ethiopian civil conflict since 2018 OLA insurgency since 2018 War in Amhara since 2023 nbsp Haiti Gang war in Haiti since 2020Past non international armed conflicts editFurther information War of the English Succession List of peasant revolts and List of revolutions and rebellions Ancient and early medieval before 1000 edit Further information Warring States period Sengoku period Warlord and Feudalism This is a list of intrastate armed conflicts Note that some conflicts lack both an article or citation Without citation they have not been guaranteed to have happened The First Intermediate Period of Egypt Second Intermediate Period of Egypt and Third Intermediate Period of Egypt were periods of political disunity in Ancient Egypt s history characterized by frequent warfare between dynasties competing for dominance The Persian Revolt was a campaign led by Cyrus the Great against Median rule of Persia 552 550 BC Civil war between Artaxerxes II and Cyrus III c 401 BC Sasanian civil war of 589 591 Sasanian civil war of 628 632 Roman civil wars a list of numerous civil wars in the late Roman Republic and in the Roman Empire between 100 BC and AD 400 First Fitna 656 661 the first Islamic civil war between Ali and the Umayyads Second Fitna c 680 683 c 685 692 the second Islamic civil war between the Umayyads and Ibn al Zubayr Twenty Years Anarchy 695 717 prolonged period of internal instability in the Byzantine Empire Civil War between Artabasdos and Constantine V 741 743 Third Fitna 744 752 including the Umayyad civil wars of 744 748 and the Abbasid Revolution An Lushan Rebellion December 16 755 February 17 763 dubious discuss Fourth Fitna 809 827 including the Abbasid civil wars and other regional conflicts Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 944 968 Honourable mention Mahabharata believed by many to be history s oldest civil war in India Medieval 1000 1600 edit Fitna of al Andalus 1009 1031 Civil war era in Norway 1130 1240 Danish Civil Wars 1131 1157 5 The Anarchy 1135 1153 Civil war in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem between King Baldwin III and dowager Queen Melisende 1152 1153 Pandyan Civil War 1169 1177 Revolt of 1173 1174 First Barons War 1215 1217 Age of the Sturlungs 1220 1262 64 Second Barons War 1264 1267 Hungarian Civil War 1264 1265 Civil War of Livonia between Livonian Order and the city of Riga and the Archbishopric of Riga 1297 1330 Despenser War 1321 1322 Invasion of England 1326 Continuation of the Despenser War Byzantine civil war of 1321 1328 Byzantine civil war of 1341 1347 Byzantine civil war of 1352 1357 Castilian Civil War 1366 1369 Byzantine civil war of 1373 1379 Jingnan campaign 1399 1402 Welsh Revolt 1400 1415 Ottoman Interregnum 1402 1413 Armagnac Burgundian Civil War 1407 1435 Hussite Wars 1420 1434 Great Feudal War in Russia 1425 1453 Wars of the Roses 1455 1485 Catalan Civil War 1462 1472 Ōnin War 1467 1477 Sengoku period 1467 1615 dubious discuss War of the Castilian Succession 1475 1479 Popular revolts in late medieval Europe German Peasants War 1524 1525 Civil War in Kazakh Khanate 1522 1538 Inca Civil War 1529 1532 Civil War Era in Vietnam 1533 1789 6 Le Mạc Dynasties War 1533 1677 Count s Feud 1534 1536 French Wars of Religion 1562 1598 Marian civil war 1568 1573 War against Sigismund 1598 1599Early modern 1600 1800 edit Trịnh Nguyễn Lords War 1627 1772 1774 1775 Tay Sơn wars 1771 1802 Zebrzydowski rebellion 1606 1609 Shimabara Rebellion 1637 1638 Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1639 1651 involved a number of civil wars Irish Confederate Wars some parts of which were a civil war 7 Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms to some extent a civil war 1644 1652 English Civil War 1642 1651 First English Civil War 1642 1646 Second English Civil War 1648 1649 Third English Civil War 1650 1651 Acadian Civil War 1640 1645 The Fronde 1648 1653 The Ruin 1659 1686 Brunei Civil War 1660s 1673 Lubomirski s rebellion 1665 1666 Monmouth Rebellion May July 1685 Glorious Revolution 1688 1689 War of the Spanish Succession 1701 1714 Choctaw Civil War 1747 1750 Pugachev s Rebellion 1773 1775 8 American Revolutionary War 1775 83 The American Revolution started as a civil war within the British Empire nb 1 It became a larger international war in 1778 once France joined nb 2 War in the Vendee 1793 1804 between Royalist and Republican forces part of the French Revolutionary Wars Afghan Civil War 1793 1809Modern 1800 1945 edit Gutierrez Magee Expedition 1812 1813 Argentine Civil Wars 1814 1880 Ndwandwe Zulu War 1817 1819 Long Expedition 1819 1821 Greek Civil Wars 1823 1825 Ochomogo War 1823 Fredonian Rebellion 1826 1827 Liberal Wars 1828 1834 Chilean Civil War 1829 1830 Revolutions of 1830 numerous European countries 1830 Egyptian Ottoman War 1831 1833 Carlist Wars 1833 1839 1846 1849 and 1872 1876 Texas Revolution 1835 1836 Ragamuffin War 1835 1845 League War 1835 Chimayo Rebellion 1837 Cordova Rebellion 1838 Uruguayan Civil War 1839 1851 War of the Supremes 1839 1842 Rio Grande Rebellion 1840 Yucatan Rebellion 1841 1848 The New Zealand Wars 1845 1872 Bear Flag Revolt 1846 Sonderbund War November 1847 Revolutions of 1848 numerous European countries 1848 1849 Revolution of 1851 Taiping Rebellion 1851 1863 Bleeding Kansas 1854 1858 Indian Rebellion of 1857 Utah War 1857 1858 War of Reform 1857 1861 Federal War 1859 1863 American Civil War 1861 1865 Afghan Civil War 1863 1869 Austro Prussian War 1866 Klang War also known as Selangor Civil War 1867 1874 Boshin War 1868 1869 Satsuma Rebellion 1877 Jementah Civil War 1878 Afghan Civil War 1880 1881 The North West Rebellion 1885 Revolution of the Park 1890 Chilean Civil War 1891 Argentine Revolution of 1893 1893 War of Canudos 1896 1897 Banana Wars 1898 1934 Federal Revolution 1898 Philippine American War 1899 1902 Moro Rebellion 1899 1913 Thousand Days War 1899 1902 Liberating Revolution Venezuela 1901 1903 Argentine Revolution of 1905 1905 Persian Constitutional Revolution 1905 1911 Civil War considered to begin after 1908 Mexican Revolution 1910 1920 Paraguayan Civil War 1911 1912 Warlord Era period of civil wars between regional provincial and private armies in China 1912 1928 First Caco War 1915 Second Caco War 1918 1920 Russian Civil War 1917 1923 Iraqi Kurdish conflict 1918 2003 Finnish Civil War 1918 Ukrainian Soviet War 1917 1921 German Revolution 1918 1919 Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence includes conflict between the Imperial Ottoman Government and the Turkish National Movement 1919 1922 Irish Civil War 1922 1923 Paraguayan Civil War 1922 1923 Nicaraguan Civil War 1926 1927 Cristero War 1926 1929 Chinese Civil War 1927 1937 1945 1949 de facto Afghan Civil War 1928 1929 Brazilian Civil War 1932 Austrian Civil War February 1934 Arab revolt in Palestine 1936 1939 Spanish Civil War 1936 1939 Ukrainian Insurgent Army insurgency 1943 1956 Italian Civil War during WWII 1943 1945 Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 1944 1956 Indonesian National Revolution 1945 1949Since 1945 edit Greek Civil War 1946 1949 First Indochina War 1946 1954 Paraguayan Civil War 1947 Malagasy Uprising 1947 1949 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1947 1948 Costa Rican civil war 1948 Yeosu Suncheon rebellion 1948 Jeju uprising 1948 La Violencia 1948 1958 Malayan Emergency 1948 1960 Korean War 1950 1953 Internal conflict in Myanmar ongoing since 1948 Cuban Revolution 1953 1959 Laotian Civil War 1953 1975 Algerian War 1954 1962 First Sudanese Civil War 1955 1972 Revolucion Libertadora 1955 Laotian Civil War 1959 1975 Vietnam War 1960 1975 Congo Crisis 1960 1966 Guatemalan Civil War 1960 1996 Portuguese Colonial War 1961 1974 Nicaraguan Revolution 1961 1990 North Yemen Civil War 1962 1970 Communist insurgency in Sarawak 1962 1990 Dominican Civil War 1965 Rhodesian Bush War 1965 1980 First Chadian Civil War 1965 1979 Communist insurgency in Thailand 1965 1983 Cambodian Civil War 1967 1975 Nigerian Civil War 1967 1970 Communist insurgency in Malaysia 1968 1989 The Troubles 1969 1998 Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 Ethiopian Civil War 1974 1991 Lebanese Civil War 1975 1990 Mozambican Civil War 1975 1992 Angolan Civil War 1975 2002 Insurgency in Aceh 1976 2005 Saur Revolution April 27 28 1978 which marked the beginning of the Afghanistan conflict 1978 present Salvadoran Civil War 1979 1992 Discontent fomented amongst the people of Afghanistan after the 1978 Saur Revolution and the first anti government revolts began in October 1978 until December 24 1979 part of also called Afghanistan conflict 1978 present Second Sudanese Civil War 1983 2005 Sri Lankan Civil War 1983 2009 South Yemen Civil War 1986 Afghan Civil War 1989 1992 February 15 1989 April 30 1992 The continuing part of the civil war that started in the 1978 Saur Revolution after the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan leaving the Afghan communist government to fend for itself against the Mujahideen months later part of also called Afghanistan conflict 1978 present First Liberian Civil War 1989 1996 Rwandan Civil War 1990 1994 Georgian Civil War 1991 1993 Iraqi uprisings 1991 Sierra Leone Civil War 1991 2002 Djiboutian Civil War 1991 1994 Algerian Civil War 1991 2002 Tajikistani Civil War 1992 1997 Afghan Civil War 1992 1996 April 30 1992 September 27 1996 When the Afghan communist government falls to the Mujahideen there was a rise in different kinds of ideology power sharing Belligerents and violent fighting continue to escalate part of also called Afghanistan conflict 1978 present Burundian Civil War 1993 2005 First Republic of the Congo Civil War 1993 1994 First Yemeni Civil War 1994 Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 1994 1997 First Chechen War 1994 1996 Nepalese Civil War 1996 2006 Afghan Civil War 1996 2001 September 27 1996 October 7 2001 In 1996 the Taliban captured the Afghan capital Kabul and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan part of also called Afghanistan conflict 1978 present First Congo War 1996 1997 Clashes in Cambodia 1997 Albanian Civil War 1997 Second Republic of the Congo Civil War 1997 1999 Guinea Bissau Civil War 1998 1999 Second Congo War 1998 2003 Kosovo War 1998 1999 Second Liberian Civil War 1999 2003 Insurgency in Macedonia 2001 War in Afghanistan June 19 2002 August 20 2021 War between the U S led NATO and Afghanistan ended when Hamid Karzai was elected by an Afghan loya jirga to the presidency of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan on June 19 2002 Since June 19 2002 the conflict became non international after U S led NATO and Afghan forces fought the Taliban insurgency part of also called Afghanistan conflict 1978 present 19 1 First Ivorian Civil War 2002 2007 War in Darfur 2003 2020 Iraq War June 28 2004 December 15 2011 War between the U S led Coalition and Iraq ended on June 28 2004 when the Coalition Provisional Authority handed over Iraqi sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government Since June 28 2004 the conflict turned non international with U S led Multi National Force in Iraq and Iraqi forces fighting against the Iraqi insurgency 20 First Central African Republic Civil War 2004 2007 Second Chadian Civil War 2005 2010 Fatah Hamas conflict 2006 present First Iraqi Civil War 2006 2008 First Libyan Civil War 2011 Second Ivorian Civil War 2011 South Sudanese Civil War 2013 2020 Second Iraqi Civil War 2013 2017 also known as War in Iraq Second Libyan Civil War 2014 2020 Tigray War 2020 2022See also editList of ongoing armed conflicts List of coups and coup attempts List of revolutions and rebellions List of wars of independence List of Roman civil wars and revolts List of English civil wars Exclusive mandate Frozen conflictNotes edit Some historians name the 1861 1865 war the Second American Civil War because in their view the American Revolutionary War can also be considered a civil war since the term can be used in reference to any war in which one political body separates itself from another political body They then refer to the Independence War which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire as the First American Civil War 9 10 A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side In some localities there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging drawing and quartering on both sides 11 12 13 14 As early as 1789 David Ramsay an American patriot historian wrote in his History of the American Revolution that Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties 15 Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination 16 17 18 1 You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here A group of Bristol England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten and ask for their majesty s Wisdom and Goodness to save them from a lasting and ruinous Civil War 2 You can read the 1775 petition in full here The constrained voice is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war 3 In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such Taxation without representation is tyranny James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war though was the reality that about one third of the colonists known as loyalists or Tories continued to support and fought on the side of the crown 4 The Revolution was both an international conflict with Britain and France vying on land and sea and a civil war among the colonists causing over 60 000 loyalists to flee their homes 5 France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778 turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict 6 Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire but afterward it became an international war as France in 1778 and Spain in 1779 joined the colonies against Britain Meanwhile the Netherlands which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it was engaged in its own war against Britain 7 References edit a b c Categorization of an armed conflict United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Lucan Roman author Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2020 07 02 OED war between the citizens or inhabitants of a single country state or community Early use of the term in reference to neither the Roman Republic nor the English Civil War include the War in the Vendee 1802 and the civil war in Portugal 1835 1836 Internal conflicts or other situations of violence what is the difference for victims International Committee of the Red Cross December 10 2012 Bogh Anders 26 May 2015 The Civil War periode 1131 1157 danmarkshistorien dk in Danish Aarhus Universitet Retrieved 21 November 2016 Early Modern Wars 1500 1775 Amber 2013 ISBN 9781782741213 F Warner 1768 Milner Gulland R R Dejevsky Nikolai J 1989 Atlas of Russia and the Soviet Union Phaidon atlases of world civilizations Phaidon p 108 ISBN 9780714825496 Retrieved 2014 02 11 1774 the civil war against Pugachov reached its climax Eric Herschthal America s First Civil War Alan Taylor s new history poses the revolution as a battle inside America as well as for its liberty Archived 2017 06 26 at the Wayback Machine The Slate September 6 2016 James McAuley Ask an Academic Talking About a Revolution Archived 2018 01 07 at the Wayback Machine The New Yorker August 4 2011 Thomas Allen Tories Fighting for the King in America s First Civil War New York Harper 2011 Peter J Albert ed An Uncivil War The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution Charlottesville University of Virginia Press 1985 Alfred Young ed The American Revolution Explorations in the History of American Radicalism DeKalb Northern Illinois University Press 1976 Armitage David Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War Archived 2013 12 03 at the Wayback Machine In Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein eds Scripting Revolution A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolutions Stanford Stanford University Press 2015 According to Armitage The renaming can happen relatively quickly for example the transatlantic conflict of the 1770s that many contemporaries who saw as a British civil war or even the American Civil War was first called the American Revolution in 1776 by the chief justice of South Carolina William Henry Drayton David Ramsay The History of the American Revolution Archived 2018 07 27 at the Wayback Machine 1789 Elise Stevens Wilson Colonists Divided A Revolution and a Civil War Archived 2016 10 17 at the Wayback Machine The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Timothy H Breen The American Revolution as Civil War Archived 2017 06 24 at the Wayback Machine National Humanities Center 1776 American Revolution or British Civil War Archived 2018 07 27 at the Wayback Machine University of Cambridge Afghanistan report by Human Rights Watch March 2004 Knut Dormann Laurent Colassis International Humanitarian Law in the Iraq Conflict PDF International Committee of the Red Cross p 20 Further reading editArnold Guy Historical dictionary of civil wars in Africa 1999 online Collier Paul and Nicholas Sambanis eds Understanding Civil War Europe Central Asia and other regions World Bank Publications 2005 online Davis Morris ed Civil wars and the politics of international relief Africa South Asia and the Caribbean 1975 online Dixon Jeffrey S and Meredith Reid Sarkees A Guide to Intra state Wars An Examination of Civil Regional and Intercommunal Wars 1816 2014 CQ Press 2015 online Fearon James Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer than Others Journal of Peace Research 2004 41 3 275 302 Kalyvas Stathis N The Logic of Violence in Civil War Cambridge University Press 2006 Kohn George Childs Dictionary of Wars 3rd ed Facts on File 2007 online Krause Volker and Susumu Suzuki Causes of Civil War in Asia and Sub Saharan Africa A Comparison Social Science Quarterly 86 1 2005 160 177 online Mason T David and Patrick J Fett How civil wars end A rational choice approach Journal of conflict resolution 40 4 1996 546 568 Miller John A brief history of the English Civil Wars 2009 online Montalvo J G amp Reynal Querol M Ethnic polarization potential conflict and civil wars American Economic Review 2005 95 3 796 816 Phillips Charles and Alan Axelrod eds Encyclopedia of Wars 3 vol Facts on File 2004 includes many civil wars Sambanis Nicholas Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry Journal of Conflict Resolution 2001 45 3 259 282 Sambanis Nicholas What is Civil War Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition Journal of Conflict Resolution 2004 48 6 814 858 Stapleton Timothy J ed Modern African Conflicts An Encyclopedia of Civil Wars Revolutions and Terrorism ABC CLIO 2022 Sundar Aparna and Nandini Sundar eds Civil wars in South Asia State sovereignty development SAGE Publications India 2014 online Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of non international armed conflicts amp oldid 1205849155, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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