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This is an alphabetical list of plants used in herbalism.
Phytochemicals possibly involved in biological functions are the basis of herbalism, and may be grouped as:
Some modern prescription drugs are based on plant extracts rather than whole plants. The phytochemicals may be synthesized, compounded or otherwise transformed to make pharmaceuticals. Examples of such derivatives include aspirin, which is chemically related to the salicylic acid found in white willow. The opium poppy is a major industrial source of opiates, including morphine. Few traditional remedies, however, have translated into modern drugs, although there is continuing research into the efficacy and possible adaptation of traditional herbal treatments.
A natural gum sourced from hardened sap of various species of acacia tree used in ancient birth control as well as a binder and emulsifier for medicinal compounds.[3][4]
Its seeds, leaves, bark, and flowers have been used medicinally for many centuries for treating joint pain, bladder and gastrointestinal problems, fever, leg cramps, and other conditions. It may be useful for treating chronic venous insufficiency. The raw plant materials are toxic unless processed.[7]
Historically used to treat liver diseases, it is still used in alternative medicine today. Other modern applications by herbalists include treatments for pimples, bronchitis and gout.[17]
Roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, nervous system, and also against fever, infections, and flu.[18]
Used as an anti-inflammatory[23] and for osteoarthritis.[24] The US Food and Drug Administration has classified Arnica montana as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity.[25] It should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur.[25]
Although toxic, was used historically in Italy by women to enlarge their pupils, as well as a sedative, among other uses. The name itself means "beautiful woman" in Italian.[27]
Used in India to treat worms, malaria, rheumatism and skin infections among many other things. Its many uses have led to neem being called "the village dispensary" in India.[28]
Flowers have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea (or the leaves as a salad) for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.[18]
Used worldwide since ancient times as treatment for various conditions and ailments including pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal issues such as IBS, muscle relaxation, anxiety, Alzheimer's and dementia, ADHD, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, recurring headaches, Crohn's disease, depression, epilepsy, glaucoma, insomnia, and neuropathy among others.[34]
Type of chili that has been used as both food and medicine for thousands of years. Uses have included reducing pain and swelling, lowering triglyceride and cholesterol levels and fighting viruses and harmful bacteria, due to high levels of Vitamin C.[35][36][37]
Its active ingredient, capsaicine, is the basic of commercial pain-relief ointments in Western medicine. The low incidence of heart attack in Thais may be related to capsaicine's fibronolytic action (dissolving blood clots).[38]
Used in a wide variety of roles in traditional medicine, including in particular as a broad-spectrum internal and external antimicrobial, for liver disorders, for intestinal worms and other parasites and as an immune-system stimulant.[40][41]
Mild stimulant used for thousands of years in Yemen, and is banned today in many countries. Contains the amphetamine-like substance cathinone.[citation needed]
Along with other citruses, it has a long history of use in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine.[47] In contemporary use, honey and lemon is common for treating coughs and sore throat.
Spice that lends its distinctive yellow color to Indian curries, has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to aid digestion and liver function, relieve arthritis pain, and regulate menstruation.[52]
The Cypripedium species have been used in native remedies for dermatitis, tooth aches, anxiety, headaches, as an antispasmodic, stimulant and sedative. However, the preferred species for use are Cyp. parviflorum and Cyp.acaule, used as topical applications or tea.[53]
It came into use in treating cardiac disease in late 18th century England in spite of its high toxicity.a Its use has been almost entirely replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative Digoxin, which has a shorter half-life in the body, and whose toxicity is therefore more easily managed.[54] Digoxin is used as an antiarrhythmic agent and inotrope.[55]
This plant and other species of Echinacea have been used for at least 400 years by Native Americans to treat infections and wounds, and as a general "cure-all" (panacea). It is currently used for symptoms associated with cold and flu.[56]
Used by the Chumash people to keep airways open for proper breathing.[62] The US Forest Service profile[63] for Eriodictyon crassifolium provides information on species distribution; taxonomic relationships; ecological and evolutionary considerations for restoration; growth form and distinguishing traits; habitat characteristics; projected future suitable habitat; growth, reproduction and dispersal; biological interactions; ecological genetics; seed characteristics, germination requirements and processing; and plant uses including agriculture, restoration, and traditional products, plus an extensive bibliography. It is part of Riverside-Corona Resource Conservation District's resource materials collection on native plant recommendations for southern California ecoregions.
Used as coca tea or chewed, traditionally as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, thirst, and altitude sickness.[64] Also used as an anesthetic and analgesic.[65]
Leaves were widely used in traditional medicine as a febrifuge.[67] Eucalyptus oil is commonly used in over-the-counter cough and cold medications, as well as for an analgesic.[68]
Although açai berries are a longstanding food source for indigenous people of the Amazon, there is no evidence that they have effectiveness for any health-related purpose.[74]
Bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit) has been used as a laxative, due to its 3 – 7% anthraquinone content. Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use, as fresh bark is violently purgative; even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess.[76]
Traditionally thought to be good for the eyes and to remove skin blemishes. In modern times herbalists use it to treat skin diseases and conjunctivitis, as well as to cleanse the kidneys. However, Howard (1987) warns that fumitory is poisonous and should only be used under the direction of a medical herbalist.[77]
It produces a specific kind of tannins called hamamelitannins. One of those substances displays a specific cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells.[85]
The leaves are used as herbal medicine to alleviate cough and fever, pain, and general gastrointestinal disorders as well as to cure dermatologic disorders. Similarly, the fruit juice and oils can be used in the treatment of liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic wounds or other dermatological disorders.[86]
Although used traditionally by Native Americans to treat skin diseases and ulcers, there is no scientific evidence to support the use of goldenseal for treating any disease.[88]
It is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu).[93]
It was traditionally used as an antiseptic and for mental health purposes. It was also used in ancient Egypt in mummifying bodies. There is little scientific evidence that use of lavender affects health.[100]
The leaves are purported to lower cholesterol, and treat kidney and urinary tract ailments, although there is insufficient scientific evidence for its efficacy.[104]
It has been used over history by Australian aboriginal people. Modern usage is primarily as an antibacterial or antifungal agent, but there is insufficient scientific evidence for such effects.[105]
It is used for a variety of purposes in traditional medicine; tulsi is taken in many forms: as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf or mixed with ghee. Essential oil extracted from Karpoora tulasi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics.[112]
Its oil has been used since the 1930s for eczema, and more recently as an anti-inflammatory, but there is insufficient evidence for it having any effect.[113]
The plant is the plant source of morphine, used for pain relief. Morphine made from the refined and modified sap is used for pain control in people with severe cancer.[115]
The plant has been used for centuries in the South Pacific to make a ceremonial drink with sedative and anesthetic properties, with potential for causing liver injury.[117]
The plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety, despite serious safety concerns.[118] A 2006 study suggested medicinal potential.[119]
It is used frequently in herbal teas and other herbal remedies.[120] A tea from the leaves is used as a highly effective cough medicine. In the traditional Austrian medicine Plantago lanceolata leaves have been used internally (as syrup or tea) or externally (fresh leaves) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, insect bites, and infections.[18]
The extracts and purified platycoside compounds (saponins) from the roots may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties.[121]
It has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. It is traditionally used to treat diarrhea; however, evidence of its effectiveness is very limited.[123][124]
Uses in folk medicine have been recorded in the Middle East, its leaves being used to treat ailments such as constipation, colic and inflamed eyes.[127]
In Western herbalism the root is often used for treating anemia, due to its high level of iron.[130] The plant will help with skin conditions if taken internally or applied externally to things like itching, scrofula, and sores. It is also used for respiratory conditions, specifically those with a tickling cough that is worse when exposed to cold air. It mentions also passing pains, excessive itching, and that it helps enlarged lymphs.[131]
Plant source of salicylic acid, white willow is like the chemical known as aspirin, although more likely to cause stomach upset as a side effect than aspirin itself which can cause the lining of the stomach to be destroyed. Used from ancient times for the same uses as aspirin.[132]
Sandalwood oil has been widely used in folk medicine for treatment of common colds, bronchitis, skin disorders, heart ailments, general weakness, fever, infection of the urinary tract, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, liver and gallbladder complaints and other maladies.[136]
Extracts of the plant are used to ease the symptoms of malaria. The boiled juice or a tea made from the leaves or the whole plant is taken to relieve fever and other symptoms. It is also used for dysentery, pain, and liver disorders.[143] A tea of the leaves is taken to help control diabetes in Peru and other areas.[144] Laboratory tests indicate that the plant has anti-inflammatory properties.[145]
It has been used as a vulnerary and to reduce inflammation.[150] It was also used internally in the past, for stomach and other ailments, but its toxicity has led a number of other countries, including Canada, Brazil, Australia, and the United Kingdom, to severely restrict or ban the use of comfrey.[151]
The plant is used to treat bronchitis and cough. It serves as an antispasmodic and expectorant in this role. It has also been used in many other medicinal roles in Asian and Ayurvedic medicine, although it has not been shown to be effective in non-respiratory medicinal roles.[156]
It is used in southeast Mexico in the region of Tabasco as a cold herbal tea, which is named Matali.[158]Skin irritation may result from repeated contact with or prolonged handling of the plant, particularly from the clear, watery sap (a characteristic unique to T. zebrina as compared with other types).
It has long been used to treat symptoms of menopause, and digestive ailments. More recently, it has been used to treat diabetes, loss of appetite and other conditions.[161]
It has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout.[18]
V. tinus has medicinal properties. The active ingredients are viburnin (a substance or more probably a mixture of compounds) and tannins. Tannins can cause stomach upset. The leaves when infused have antipyretic properties. The fruits have been used as purgatives against constipation. The tincture has been used lately in herbal medicine as a remedy for depression. The plant also contains iridoidglucosides.[175]
It is one of many viola plant species containing cyclotides. These small peptides have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise to high stability. Many cyclotides, found in Viola tricolor are cytotoxic.[176] This feature means that it could be used to treat cancers.[177][176]
The plant's long, brown, tuberous roots are used in traditional medicine. In Ayurveda, the berries and leaves are applied externally to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles, and ulcers.[181]
Manhã EM, Silva MC, Alves MG, Almeida MB, Brandão MG (October 3, 2008). "PLANT - A bibliographic database about medicinal plants". Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 18 (4): 614–617. doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2008000400020.
Duke J. "Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases". Retrieved 2011-09-29.
. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. Archived from the original on 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2011-09-29. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
^Digitalis use in the United States is controlled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can only be prescribed by a physician. Misuse can cause death.
This encyclopedia is not a substitute for medical advice nor a complete description of these herbs, their dangers (up to and including death), and their (in)compatibility with alcohol or other drugs.
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Further readingedit
Bown D (1995). Encyclopedia of herbs and their uses. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN978-0-7894-0184-7.
Mitchell W, Bastyr JB (2003). Plant medicine in practice: using the teachings of John Bastyr. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN978-0-443-07238-3.
Harrod Buhner, Stephen (1996). Sacred plant medicine: explorations in the practice of indigenous herbalism. Roberts Rinehart Publishers. ISBN978-1570980916.
Cech RA, Cech SK, Gunter A (2000). Making Plant Medicine. Horizon Herbs. ISBN978-0-9700312-0-4.
Hoffmann D (2003). Medical herbalism: the science and practice of herbal medicine(Google eBook). Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN978-0-89281-749-8.
Garrett JT (2003). The Cherokee herbal: native plant medicine from the four directions. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN978-1-879181-96-0.
Cowan E (1996). Plant Spirit Medicine: The Healing Power of Plants. Granite Publishing. ISBN978-1-893183-11-7.
Neuwinger HD (2000). African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm Scientific. ISBN978-3-88763-086-7.
The dictionary definition of herbalism at Wiktionary
Media related to Herbalism at Wikimedia Commons
February 15, 2024
list, plants, used, herbalism, this, article, present, fringe, theories, without, giving, appropriate, weight, mainstream, view, explaining, responses, fringe, theories, please, help, improve, discuss, issue, talk, page, september, 2017, learn, when, remove, t. This article may present fringe theories without giving appropriate weight to the mainstream view and explaining the responses to the fringe theories Please help improve it or discuss the issue on the talk page September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources List of plants used in herbalism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2017 This is an alphabetical list of plants used in herbalism Phytochemicals possibly involved in biological functions are the basis of herbalism and may be grouped as primary metabolites such as carbohydrates and fats found in all plants secondary metabolites serving a more specific function 1 For example some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination Secondary metabolites and pigments may have therapeutic actions in humans and can be refined to produce drugs examples are quinine from the cinchona morphine and codeine from the poppy and digoxin from the foxglove 1 In Europe apothecaries stocked herbal ingredients as traditional medicines In the Latin names for plants created by Linnaeus the word officinalis indicates that a plant was used in this way For example the marsh mallow has the classification Althaea officinalis as it was traditionally used as an emollient to soothe ulcers 2 Pharmacognosy is the study of plant sources of phytochemicals Some modern prescription drugs are based on plant extracts rather than whole plants The phytochemicals may be synthesized compounded or otherwise transformed to make pharmaceuticals Examples of such derivatives include aspirin which is chemically related to the salicylic acid found in white willow The opium poppy is a major industrial source of opiates including morphine Few traditional remedies however have translated into modern drugs although there is continuing research into the efficacy and possible adaptation of traditional herbal treatments Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZA editScientific name Common name Description PictureAcacia senegal Gum arabic A natural gum sourced from hardened sap of various species of acacia tree used in ancient birth control as well as a binder and emulsifier for medicinal compounds 3 4 nbsp Achillea millefolium Common yarrow Purported to be a diaphoretic astringent 5 tonic stimulant and mild aromatic nbsp Actaea racemosa Black cohosh Historically used for arthritis and muscle pain used more recently for conditions related to menopause and menstruation 6 nbsp Aesculus hippocastanum Horse chestnut Its seeds leaves bark and flowers have been used medicinally for many centuries for treating joint pain bladder and gastrointestinal problems fever leg cramps and other conditions It may be useful for treating chronic venous insufficiency The raw plant materials are toxic unless processed 7 nbsp Ageratina altissima White snakeroot Root tea has been used to treat diarrhea kidney stones and fever A root poultice can be used on snakebites The smoke from burning leaves is used to revive unconscious people 8 unreliable medical source The plant contains the toxin tremetol which causes milk sickness a sometimes fatal condition 9 nbsp Alcea rosea Common hollyhock Believed to be an emollient and laxative It is used to control inflammation to stop bedwetting and as a mouthwash in cases of bleeding gums 10 nbsp Alisma plantago aquatica Water plantain Used for the urinary tract 11 nbsp Allium sativum Garlic Purported use to lower blood cholesterol and high blood pressure 12 nbsp Aloe vera Aloe vera Leaves are widely used to heal burns wounds and other skin ailments 13 nbsp Althaea officinalis Marsh mallow Used historically as both a food and a medicine 2 nbsp Amorphophallus konjac Konjac Significant dietary source of glucomannan 14 which is purported for use in treating obesity constipation 15 and reducing cholesterol 16 nbsp Anemone hepatica Common hepatica Historically used to treat liver diseases it is still used in alternative medicine today Other modern applications by herbalists include treatments for pimples bronchitis and gout 17 nbsp Angelica archangelica Garden angelica Roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract respiratory tract nervous system and also against fever infections and flu 18 nbsp Angelica sinensis Dong quai Used for thousands of years in Asia primarily in women s health 19 Apium graveolens Celery Seed is used only occasionally in tradition medicine Modern usage is primarily as a diuretic 20 nbsp Arctium lappa Burdock Used traditionally as a diuretic and to lower blood sugar 21 and in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for sore throat and symptoms of the common cold 22 unreliable source nbsp Arnica montana Arnica Used as an anti inflammatory 23 and for osteoarthritis 24 The US Food and Drug Administration has classified Arnica montana as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity 25 It should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur 25 nbsp Astragalus propinquus Astragalus Long used in traditional Chinese medicine 26 nbsp Atropa belladonna Belladonna Although toxic was used historically in Italy by women to enlarge their pupils as well as a sedative among other uses The name itself means beautiful woman in Italian 27 nbsp Azadirachta indica Neem Used in India to treat worms malaria rheumatism and skin infections among many other things Its many uses have led to neem being called the village dispensary in India 28 nbsp B editScientific name Name Description PictureBellis perennis Daisy Flowers have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or the leaves as a salad for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract 18 nbsp Berberis vulgaris Barberry Long history of medicinal use dating back to the Middle Ages particularly among Native Americans Uses have included skin ailments scurvy and gastro intestinal ailments 29 nbsp Borago officinalis Borage Used in hyperactive gastrointestinal respiratory and cardiovascular disorders 30 such as gastrointestinal colic cramps diarrhea airways asthma bronchitis cardiovascular cardiotonic antihypertensive and blood purifier urinary diuretic and kidney bladder disorders 31 nbsp Broussonetia kurzii Salae Known as Salae in Thailand where this species is valued as a medicinal plant 32 C editScientific name Name Description PictureCalendula officinalis Marigold Also named calendula has a long history of use in treating wounds and soothing skin 33 self published source nbsp Cannabis Hemp Cannabis Marijuana Indian hemp Ganja Used worldwide since ancient times as treatment for various conditions and ailments including pain inflammation gastrointestinal issues such as IBS muscle relaxation anxiety Alzheimer s and dementia ADHD autism cancer cerebral palsy recurring headaches Crohn s disease depression epilepsy glaucoma insomnia and neuropathy among others 34 nbsp Capsicum annuum Cayenne Type of chili that has been used as both food and medicine for thousands of years Uses have included reducing pain and swelling lowering triglyceride and cholesterol levels and fighting viruses and harmful bacteria due to high levels of Vitamin C 35 36 37 nbsp Capsicum frutescens Chili Its active ingredient capsaicine is the basic of commercial pain relief ointments in Western medicine The low incidence of heart attack in Thais may be related to capsaicine s fibronolytic action dissolving blood clots 38 nbsp Carica papaya Papaya Used for treating wounds and stomach troubles 39 nbsp Cassia occidentalis Coffee senna Used in a wide variety of roles in traditional medicine including in particular as a broad spectrum internal and external antimicrobial for liver disorders for intestinal worms and other parasites and as an immune system stimulant 40 41 nbsp Catha edulis Khat Mild stimulant used for thousands of years in Yemen and is banned today in many countries Contains the amphetamine like substance cathinone citation needed nbsp Cayaponia espelina Sao Caetano melon It is a diuretic and aid in the treatment of diarrhea and syphilis 42 nbsp Centaurea cyanus Cornflower In herbalism a decoction of cornflower is effective in treating conjunctivitis and as a wash for tired eyes 43 nbsp Chrysopogon zizanioides Vetiver Used for skin care 44 nbsp Cinchona spec Cinchona Genus of about 38 species of trees whose bark is a source of alkaloids including quinine Its use as a febrifuge was first popularized in the 17th century by Peruvian Jesuits 45 nbsp Citrus aurantium Bitter orange Used in traditional Chinese medicine and by indigenous peoples of the Amazon for nausea indigestion and constipation 46 nbsp Citrus limon Lemon Along with other citruses it has a long history of use in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine 47 In contemporary use honey and lemon is common for treating coughs and sore throat nbsp Citrus trifoliata Trifoliate orange bitter orange Fruits of Citrus trifoliata are widely used in Oriental medicine as a treatment for allergic inflammation 48 nbsp Cissampelos pareira Velvetleaf Used for a wide variety of conditions 49 nbsp Cnicus benedictus Blessed thistle Used during the Middle Ages to treat bubonic plague In modern times herbal teas made from blessed thistle are used for loss of appetite indigestion and other purposes 50 nbsp Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus laevigata Hawthorn Fruit has been used for centuries purportedly for heart disease digestive and kidney related problems 51 nbsp Curcuma longa Turmeric Spice that lends its distinctive yellow color to Indian curries has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to aid digestion and liver function relieve arthritis pain and regulate menstruation 52 nbsp Cypripedium parviflorum Yellow lady s slipper The Cypripedium species have been used in native remedies for dermatitis tooth aches anxiety headaches as an antispasmodic stimulant and sedative However the preferred species for use are Cyp parviflorum and Cyp acaule used as topical applications or tea 53 nbsp D editScientific name Name Description PictureDigitalis lanata Digitalis or foxglove It came into use in treating cardiac disease in late 18th century England in spite of its high toxicity a Its use has been almost entirely replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative Digoxin which has a shorter half life in the body and whose toxicity is therefore more easily managed 54 Digoxin is used as an antiarrhythmic agent and inotrope 55 nbsp E editScientific name Name Description PictureEchinacea purpurea Purple coneflower This plant and other species of Echinacea have been used for at least 400 years by Native Americans to treat infections and wounds and as a general cure all panacea It is currently used for symptoms associated with cold and flu 56 nbsp Echinopsis pachanoi San Pedro cactus The San Pedro cactus contains the entheogen mescaline and has a long history of being used in Andean traditional medicine 57 nbsp Ephedra sinica Ephedra It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2 000 years 58 59 Native Americans and Mormon pioneers drank a tea brewed from other Ephedra species called Mormon tea and Indian tea It contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine which are used as breathing aids bronchodilators and decongestants 60 nbsp Equisetum arvense Horsetail Dates back to ancient Roman and Greek medicine when it was used to stop bleeding heal ulcers and wounds and treat tuberculosis and kidney problems 61 nbsp Eriodictyon crassifolium Yerba Santa Used by the Chumash people to keep airways open for proper breathing 62 The US Forest Service profile 63 for Eriodictyon crassifolium provides information on species distribution taxonomic relationships ecological and evolutionary considerations for restoration growth form and distinguishing traits habitat characteristics projected future suitable habitat growth reproduction and dispersal biological interactions ecological genetics seed characteristics germination requirements and processing and plant uses including agriculture restoration and traditional products plus an extensive bibliography It is part of Riverside Corona Resource Conservation District s resource materials collection on native plant recommendations for southern California ecoregions nbsp Erythroxylum coca Coca Used as coca tea or chewed traditionally as a stimulant to overcome fatigue hunger thirst and altitude sickness 64 Also used as an anesthetic and analgesic 65 nbsp Eschscholzia californica Californian poppy Used as a herbal remedy an aqueous extract of the plant has sedative and anxiolytic actions 66 nbsp Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus Leaves were widely used in traditional medicine as a febrifuge 67 Eucalyptus oil is commonly used in over the counter cough and cold medications as well as for an analgesic 68 nbsp Euonymus atropurpureus Wahoo Plant is a purgative and might affect the heart 69 Euphorbia hirta Asthma plant Used traditionally in Asia to treat bronchitic asthma and laryngeal spasm 70 71 It is used in the Philippines for dengue fever 72 nbsp Euphrasia Eyebright Used for eye problems mental depression oxygenation and radiation poisoning 73 nbsp Euterpe oleracea Acai Although acai berries are a longstanding food source for indigenous people of the Amazon there is no evidence that they have effectiveness for any health related purpose 74 F editScientific name Name Description PictureFerula assa foetida Asafoetida Might be useful for IBS high cholesterol and breathing problems 75 Frangula alnus Alder buckthorn Bark and to a lesser extent the fruit has been used as a laxative due to its 3 7 anthraquinone content Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use as fresh bark is violently purgative even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess 76 nbsp Fumaria officinalis Fumitory Traditionally thought to be good for the eyes and to remove skin blemishes In modern times herbalists use it to treat skin diseases and conjunctivitis as well as to cleanse the kidneys However Howard 1987 warns that fumitory is poisonous and should only be used under the direction of a medical herbalist 77 nbsp G editScientific name Name Description PictureGalanthus Snowdrop It contains an active substance called galantamine which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Galantamine or galanthamine can be helpful in the treatment of Alzheimer s disease though it is not a cure 78 nbsp Geranium robertianum Robert geranium In traditional herbalism it was used as a remedy for toothache and nosebleeds 79 and as a vulnerary used for or useful in healing wounds 80 nbsp Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo The leaf extract has been used to treat asthma bronchitis fatigue Alzheimer s and tinnitus 81 nbsp Glechoma hederacea Ground ivy It has been used as a lung herb 82 Other traditional uses include as an expectorant astringent and to treat bronchitis 83 The essential oil of the plant has been used for centuries as a general tonic for colds and coughs and to relieve congestion of the mucous membranes nbsp Glycyrrhiza glabra Licorice root Purported uses include stomach ulcers bronchitis and sore throat 84 H editScientific name Name Description PictureHamamelis virginiana Common witch hazel It produces a specific kind of tannins called hamamelitannins One of those substances displays a specific cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells 85 nbsp Hippophae rhamnoides Sea buckthorn The leaves are used as herbal medicine to alleviate cough and fever pain and general gastrointestinal disorders as well as to cure dermatologic disorders Similarly the fruit juice and oils can be used in the treatment of liver disease gastrointestinal disorders chronic wounds or other dermatological disorders 86 nbsp Hoodia gordonii Hoodia The plant is traditionally used by Kalahari San Bushmen to reduce hunger and thirst It is marketed as an appetite suppressant 87 nbsp Hydrastis canadensis Goldenseal Although used traditionally by Native Americans to treat skin diseases and ulcers there is no scientific evidence to support the use of goldenseal for treating any disease 88 nbsp Hypericum perforatum St John s wort Widely used within herbalism for depression Evaluated for use as an antidepressant but with ambiguous results 89 90 nbsp Hyssopus officinalis Hyssop It is purported for digestive and intestinal problems and for respiratory problems 91 nbsp I editScientific name Name Description PictureIlex paraguariensis Yerba mate Mate contains compounds that may improve mood 92 nbsp Illicium verum Star anise It is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti influenza drug oseltamivir Tamiflu 93 nbsp Inula helenium Elecampane It is used in herbal medicine as an expectorant and for water retention 94 nbsp J editScientific name Name Description PictureJasminum officinale Jasmine It is purported as either an antiseptic or anti inflammatory agent 95 nbsp K editScientific name Name Description PictureKnautia arvensis Field scabious The whole plant is astringent and mildly diuretic 96 nbsp L editScientific name Name Description PictureLarrea tridentata Chaparral The leaves and twigs are used by Native Americans to make a herbal tea used for a variety of conditions Chaparral has also been shown to have high liver toxicity and has led to kidney failure and is not recommended for any use by the U S Food and Drug Administration or American Cancer Society 97 98 nbsp Laurus nobilis Bay laurel Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can be used as astringents and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds 99 nbsp Lavandula angustifolia Lavender It was traditionally used as an antiseptic and for mental health purposes It was also used in ancient Egypt in mummifying bodies There is little scientific evidence that use of lavender affects health 100 nbsp Lawsonia inermis Henna nbsp Leucojum aestivum Summer snowflake nbsp Linum usitatissimum Flaxseed The plant is most commonly used as a laxative Flaxseed oil is used for different conditions including arthritis 101 nbsp M editScientific name Name Description PictureMagnolia officinalis Magnolia bark The bark contains magnolol and honokiol two polyphenolic compounds nbsp Malva sylvestris Mallow The seeds are used internally in a decoction or herbal tea 102 as a demulcent and diuretic and the leaves made into poultices as an emollient for external applications nbsp Matricaria recutita and Anthemis nobilis Chamomile It has been used over history for a variety of conditions including sleeplessness and anxiety 103 nbsp Medicago sativa Alfalfa The leaves are purported to lower cholesterol and treat kidney and urinary tract ailments although there is insufficient scientific evidence for its efficacy 104 nbsp Melaleuca alternifolia Tea tree oil It has been used over history by Australian aboriginal people Modern usage is primarily as an antibacterial or antifungal agent but there is insufficient scientific evidence for such effects 105 nbsp Melissa officinalis Lemon balm It is purported as a sleep aid and digestive aid 106 nbsp Mentha x piperita Peppermint Its oil from a cross between water mint and spearmint has a history of purported use for various conditions including nausea indigestion and symptoms of the common cold 107 nbsp Mitragyna speciosa Kratom Kratom leaves are chewed to relieve musculoskeletal pain and increase energy appetite and sexual desire in ways similar to khat and coca 108 nbsp Momordica charantia Bitter melon nbsp Morinda citrifolia Noni It is purported for joint pain and skin conditions 109 nbsp Moringa oleifera Drumstick tree It is used for food and traditional medicine citation needed nbsp N editScientific name Name Description PictureNasturtium officinale Watercress nbsp Nelumbo nucifera Lotus Insufficient evidence for any biological effect 110 nbsp Nigella sativa Nigella black caraway black cumin and kalonji One meta analysis of clinical trials concluded that N sativa has a short term benefit on lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure 111 nbsp O editScientific name Name Description PictureOcimum tenuiflorum Tulsi or holy basil It is used for a variety of purposes in traditional medicine tulsi is taken in many forms as herbal tea dried powder fresh leaf or mixed with ghee Essential oil extracted from Karpoora tulasi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics 112 nbsp Oenothera Evening primrose Its oil has been used since the 1930s for eczema and more recently as an anti inflammatory but there is insufficient evidence for it having any effect 113 Origanum vulgare Oregano nbsp P editScientific name Name Description PicturePanax spec Ginseng Asian ginseng may affect glucose metabolism and lower blood sugar levels but the poor quality of research prevents conclusions about such effects 114 nbsp Papaver somniferum Opium poppy The plant is the plant source of morphine used for pain relief Morphine made from the refined and modified sap is used for pain control in people with severe cancer 115 nbsp Passiflora Passion flower nbsp Peganum harmala Syrian Rue common name Harmal nbsp Pelargonium sidoides Umckaloabo or South African Geranium Possibly useful for treating respiratory infections 116 nbsp Piper methysticum Kava The plant has been used for centuries in the South Pacific to make a ceremonial drink with sedative and anesthetic properties with potential for causing liver injury 117 nbsp Piscidia erythrina Piscidia piscipula Jamaica dogwood The plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety despite serious safety concerns 118 A 2006 study suggested medicinal potential 119 Plantago lanceolata Plantain It is used frequently in herbal teas and other herbal remedies 120 A tea from the leaves is used as a highly effective cough medicine In the traditional Austrian medicine Plantago lanceolata leaves have been used internally as syrup or tea or externally fresh leaves for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract skin insect bites and infections 18 nbsp Platycodon grandiflorus Platycodon balloon flower The extracts and purified platycoside compounds saponins from the roots may exhibit neuroprotective antimicrobial anti inflammatory anti cancer anti allergy improved insulin resistance and cholesterol lowering properties 121 nbsp Polemonium reptans Abscess root It is used to reduce fever inflammation and cough 122 nbsp Psidium guajava Guava It has a rich history of use in traditional medicine It is traditionally used to treat diarrhea however evidence of its effectiveness is very limited 123 124 nbsp Ptelea trifoliata Wafer Ash The root bark is used for the digestive system 125 Also known as hoptree nbsp Pulmonaria officinalis Lungwort Used since the Middle Ages to treat and or heal various ailments of the lungs and chest citation needed nbsp Q editScientific name Name Description PictureQuassia amara Amargo bitter wood A 2012 study found a topical gel with 4 Quassia extract to be a safe and effective cure of rosacea 126 nbsp R editScientific name Name Description PictureReichardia tingitana False sowthistle Uses in folk medicine have been recorded in the Middle East its leaves being used to treat ailments such as constipation colic and inflamed eyes 127 nbsp Rosa majalis Cinnamon rose It yields edible hip fruits rich in vitamin C which are used in medicine 128 and to produce rose hip syrup nbsp Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary It has been used medicinally from ancient times citation needed nbsp Ruellia tuberosa Minnieroot fever root snapdragon root In folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine it has been used as a diuretic anti diabetic antipyretic analgesic antihypertensive gastroprotective and to treat gonorrhea 129 nbsp Rumex crispus Curly dock or yellow dock In Western herbalism the root is often used for treating anemia due to its high level of iron 130 The plant will help with skin conditions if taken internally or applied externally to things like itching scrofula and sores It is also used for respiratory conditions specifically those with a tickling cough that is worse when exposed to cold air It mentions also passing pains excessive itching and that it helps enlarged lymphs 131 nbsp S editScientific name Name Description PictureSalix alba White willow Plant source of salicylic acid white willow is like the chemical known as aspirin although more likely to cause stomach upset as a side effect than aspirin itself which can cause the lining of the stomach to be destroyed Used from ancient times for the same uses as aspirin 132 nbsp Salvia officinalis Sage Shown to improve cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer s disease 133 134 nbsp Sambucus nigra Elderberry The berries and leaves have traditionally been used to treat pain swelling infections coughs and skin conditions and more recently flu common cold fevers constipation and sinus infections 135 nbsp Santalum album Indian sandalwood Sandalwood oil has been widely used in folk medicine for treatment of common colds bronchitis skin disorders heart ailments general weakness fever infection of the urinary tract inflammation of the mouth and pharynx liver and gallbladder complaints and other maladies 136 nbsp Santolina chamaecyparissus Cotton lavender Most commonly the flowers and leaves are made into a decoction used to expel intestinal parasites citation needed nbsp Saraca indica Ashoka tree The plant is used in Ayurvedic traditions to treat gynecological disorders The bark is also used to combat oedema or swelling 137 nbsp Satureja hortensis Summer savory Its extracts show antibacterial and antifungal effects on several species including some of the antibiotic resistant strains 138 139 140 nbsp Sceletium tortuosum Kanna African treatment for depression Suggested to be an SSRI or have similar effects but unknown mechanism of activity citation needed nbsp Senna auriculata Avaram senna The root is used in decoctions against fevers diabetes diseases of urinary system and constipation The leaves have laxative properties The dried flowers and flower buds are used as a substitute for tea in case of diabetes patients The powdered seed is also applied to the eye in case of chronic purulent conjunctivitis citation needed nbsp Sesuvium portulacastrum Shoreline purslane The plant extract showed antibacterial and anticandidal activities and moderate antifungal activity 141 nbsp Silybum marianum Milk thistle It has been used for thousands of years for a variety of medicinal purposes in particular liver problems 142 nbsp Stachytarpheta cayennensis Blue snakeweed Extracts of the plant are used to ease the symptoms of malaria The boiled juice or a tea made from the leaves or the whole plant is taken to relieve fever and other symptoms It is also used for dysentery pain and liver disorders 143 A tea of the leaves is taken to help control diabetes in Peru and other areas 144 Laboratory tests indicate that the plant has anti inflammatory properties 145 nbsp Stellaria media Common chickweed It has been used as a remedy to treat itchy skin conditions and pulmonary diseases 146 17th century herbalist John Gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange Modern herbalists prescribe it for iron deficiency anemia for its high iron content as well as for skin diseases bronchitis rheumatic pains arthritis and period pain 147 nbsp Strobilanthes callosus Karvy The plant is anti inflammatory antimicrobial 148 and anti rheumatic 149 nbsp Symphytum officinale Comfrey It has been used as a vulnerary and to reduce inflammation 150 It was also used internally in the past for stomach and other ailments but its toxicity has led a number of other countries including Canada Brazil Australia and the United Kingdom to severely restrict or ban the use of comfrey 151 nbsp Syzygium aromaticum Clove The plant is used for upset stomach and as an expectorant among other purposes The oil is used topically to treat toothache 152 nbsp T editScientific name Name Description PictureTanacetum parthenium Feverfew The plant has been used for centuries for fevers headaches stomach aches toothaches insect bites and other conditions 153 nbsp Taraxacum officinale Dandelion It was most commonly used historically to treat liver diseases kidney diseases and spleen problems 154 nbsp Teucrium scordium Water germander It has been used for asthma diarrhea fever intestinal parasites hemorrhoids and wounds 155 nbsp Thymus vulgaris Thyme The plant is used to treat bronchitis and cough It serves as an antispasmodic and expectorant in this role It has also been used in many other medicinal roles in Asian and Ayurvedic medicine although it has not been shown to be effective in non respiratory medicinal roles 156 nbsp Tilia cordata Small leaved linden In the countries of Central Southern and Western Europe linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into a herbal tea called tisane 157 nbsp Tradescantia zebrina Inchplant It is used in southeast Mexico in the region of Tabasco as a cold herbal tea which is named Matali 158 Skin irritation may result from repeated contact with or prolonged handling of the plant particularly from the clear watery sap a characteristic unique to T zebrina as compared with other types nbsp Trema orientalis Charcoal tree The leaves and the bark are used to treat coughs sore throats asthma bronchitis gonorrhea yellow fever toothache and as an antidote to general poisoning 159 nbsp Trifolium pratense Red clover The plant is an ingredient in some recipes for essiac tea Research has found no benefit for any human health conditions 160 nbsp Trigonella foenum graecum Fenugreek It has long been used to treat symptoms of menopause and digestive ailments More recently it has been used to treat diabetes loss of appetite and other conditions 161 nbsp Triticum aestivum Wheatgrass It may contain antioxidant and anti inflammatory compounds 162 nbsp Turnera subulata White buttercup It is used for skin gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments citation needed nbsp U editScientific name Name Description PictureUncaria tomentosa Cat s claw It has a long history of use in South America to prevent and treat disease 163 Urtica dioica Common nettle stinging nettle It has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or fresh leaves to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract gastrointestinal tract locomotor system skin cardiovascular system hemorrhage influenza rheumatism and gout 18 nbsp V editScientific name Name Description PictureVaccinium spec Blueberries They are of current medical interest as an antioxidant 164 165 and for urinary tract ailments 166 nbsp Vaccinium macrocarpon Cranberry It was used historically as a vulnerary and for urinary disorders diarrhea diabetes stomach ailments and liver problems Modern usage has concentrated on urinary tract related problems 167 nbsp Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry It is used to treat diarrhea scurvy and other conditions 168 nbsp Valeriana officinalis Valerian It has been used since at least ancient Greece and Rome for sleep disorders and anxiety 169 nbsp Verbascum thapsus Common mullein It contains glycyrrhizin compounds with bactericide and potential anti tumoral action These compounds are concentrated in the flowers 170 nbsp Verbena officinalis Verbena It is used for sore throats and respiratory tract diseases 171 nbsp Vernonia amygdalina Bitter leaf The plant is used by both primates and indigenous peoples in Africa to treat intestinal ailments such as dysentery 172 173 nbsp Veronica officinalis Veronica The plant is used for sinus and ear infections 174 nbsp Viburnum tinus Laurustinus V tinus has medicinal properties The active ingredients are viburnin a substance or more probably a mixture of compounds and tannins Tannins can cause stomach upset The leaves when infused have antipyretic properties The fruits have been used as purgatives against constipation The tincture has been used lately in herbal medicine as a remedy for depression The plant also contains iridoid glucosides 175 nbsp Viola tricolor Wild pansy It is one of many viola plant species containing cyclotides These small peptides have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise to high stability Many cyclotides found in Viola tricolor are cytotoxic 176 This feature means that it could be used to treat cancers 177 176 nbsp Viscum album European mistletoe It has been used to treat seizures headaches and other conditions 178 nbsp Vitex agnus castus Chasteberry It has been used for over thousands of years for menstrual problems and to stimulate lactation 179 nbsp Vitis vinifera Grape The leaves and fruit have been used medicinally since the ancient Greeks 180 nbsp W editScientific name Name Description PictureWithania somnifera Ashwagandha The plant s long brown tuberous roots are used in traditional medicine In Ayurveda the berries and leaves are applied externally to tumors tubercular glands carbuncles and ulcers 181 nbsp X editScientific name Name Description PictureXanthoparmelia scabrosa Sexy footpath lichen It is a lichen used for sexual dysfunction 182 nbsp Y editScientific name Name Description PictureYoungia japonica Japanese hawkweed The plant is antitussive and febrifuge It is also used in the treatment of boils and snakebites 183 nbsp Z editScientific name Name Description PictureZingiber officinale Ginger Ginger is effective for the relief of nausea 184 185 nbsp Databases editManha EM Silva MC Alves MG Almeida MB Brandao MG October 3 2008 PLANT A bibliographic database about medicinal plants Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 18 4 614 617 doi 10 1590 S0102 695X2008000400020 Duke J Dr Duke s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Retrieved 2011 09 29 Protabase Useful Plants of Tropical Africa Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Archived from the original on 2011 12 16 Retrieved 2011 09 29 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a External link in code class cs1 code publisher code help Tropical Plant Database Raintree Retrieved 2011 10 18 Plant Database Plants for a Future Retrieved 2011 10 18 Vitamins amp Supplements Center WebMD Retrieved 2021 10 01 See also editChinese classic herbal formula History of birth control List of branches of alternative medicine List of culinary herbs and spices List of herbs with known adverse effects Materia Medica Medicinal mushrooms Medicinal plants of the American West Medicinal plants traditionally used by the indigenous peoples of North America Naturopathic medicine WikispeciesNotes edit Digitalis use in the United States is controlled by the U S Food and Drug Administration and can only be prescribed by a physician Misuse can cause death This encyclopedia is not a substitute for medical advice nor a complete description of these herbs their dangers up to and including death and their in compatibility with alcohol or other drugs References edit a b Meskin MS 2002 Phytochemicals in Nutrition and Health CRC Press p 123 ISBN 9781587160837 a b Haubrich WS 2003 officina Medical meanings a glossary of word origins ACP Press p 162 ISBN 978 1 930513 49 5 Phillips Aled O Phillips Glyn O 2011 03 01 Biofunctional behaviour and health benefits of a specific gum arabic Food Hydrocolloids 25 2 165 169 doi 10 1016 j foodhyd 2010 03 012 ISSN 0268 005X Lipsey Richard G Carlaw Kenneth Bekar Clifford 2005 Historical Record on the Control of Family Size Economic Transformations General Purpose Technologies and Long Term Economic Growth Oxford University Press pp 335 40 ISBN 978 0 19 928564 8 Hutchens AR 1973 Indian Herbology of North America Shambhala Publications ISBN 978 0 87773 639 4 Black cohosh National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health 1 May 2020 Horse chestnut National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health 1 October 2020 Medicinal Plants White Snakeroot Bio brandeis edu Archived from the original on 2013 10 23 Retrieved 2013 11 05 Milk Sickness National Park Service Retrieved 22 May 2020 Howard Michael Traditional Folk Remedies Century 1987 p 155 Water Plantain WebMD Archived from the original on 2015 04 25 Garlic National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health 1 December 2020 Aloe Vera National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health 1 August 2020 Baer DJ Rumpler WV Miles CW Fahey GC April 1997 Dietary fiber decreases the metabolizable energy content and nutrient digestibility of mixed diets fed to humans The Journal of Nutrition 127 4 579 86 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native plant medicine from the four directions Inner Traditions Bear amp Co ISBN 978 1 879181 96 0 Cowan E 1996 Plant Spirit Medicine The Healing Power of Plants Granite Publishing ISBN 978 1 893183 11 7 Neuwinger HD 2000 African traditional medicine a dictionary of plant use and applications Stuttgart Germany Medpharm Scientific ISBN 978 3 88763 086 7 Barnes J Anderson LA Phillipson J 2007 Herbal Medicines 3rd ed London Pharmaceutical Press ISBN 978 0 85369 623 0 External links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of herbalism at Wiktionary nbsp Media related to Herbalism at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of plants used in herbalism amp oldid 1204897663, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,