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Aroma compound

April 26, 2024

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Fragrance (disambiguation), Fragrant, Kentucky, and The Odorants.
Not to be confused with Aromaticity.

An aroma compound, also known as an odorant, aroma, fragrance or flavoring, is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor. For an individual chemical or class of chemical compounds to impart a smell or fragrance, it must be sufficiently volatile for transmission via the air to the olfactory system in the upper part of the nose. As examples, various fragrant fruits have diverse aroma compounds,[1] particularly strawberries which are commercially cultivated to have appealing aromas, and contain several hundred aroma compounds.[1][2]

Fragrance bottles

Generally, molecules meeting this specification have molecular weights of less than 310.[3] Flavors affect both the sense of taste and smell, whereas fragrances affect only smell. Flavors tend to be naturally occurring, and the term fragrances may also apply to synthetic compounds, such as those used in cosmetics.[4]

Aroma compounds can naturally be found in various foods, such as fruits and their peels, wine, spices, floral scent, perfumes, fragrance oils, and essential oils. For example, many form biochemically during the ripening of fruits and other crops.[1][5] Wines have more than 100 aromas that form as byproducts of fermentation.[6] Also, many of the aroma compounds play a significant role in the production of compounds used in the food service industry to flavor, improve, and generally increase the appeal of their products.[1]

An odorizer may add a detectable odor to a dangerous odorless substance, like propane, natural gas, or hydrogen, as a safety measure.

Aroma compounds classified by structure edit

Esters edit

Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure
Geranyl acetate Fruity,
Floral 		Rose
 
Methyl formate Ethereal
 
Methyl acetate Sweet, nail polish
Solvent
 
Methyl propionate
Methyl propanoate 		Sweet, fruity, rum-like
 
Methyl butyrate
Methyl butanoate 		Fruity Apple
Pineapple
 
Ethyl acetate Sweet, solvent Wine
 
Ethyl butyrate
Ethyl butanoate 		Fruity Orange, Pineapple
 
Isoamyl acetate Fruity, Banana,
Pear 		Banana plant
 
Pentyl butyrate
Pentyl butanoate 		Fruity Pear
Apricot
 
Pentyl pentanoate Fruity Apple
 
Octyl acetate Fruity Orange
 
Benzyl acetate Fruity, Strawberry Strawberries
 
Methyl anthranilate Fruity Grape
 
Methyl salicylate Minty, root beer Wintergreen
 
Hexyl acetate Floral, Fruity Apple, Plum
 

Linear terpenes edit

Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure
Myrcene Woody, complex Verbena, Bay leaf
 
Geraniol Rose, flowery Geranium, Lemon
 
Nerol Sweet rose, flowery Neroli, Lemongrass
 
Citral, lemonal
Geranial, neral 		Lemon Lemon myrtle, Lemongrass
 
Citronellal Lemon Lemongrass
 
Citronellol Lemon Lemongrass, rose
Pelargonium
 
Linalool Floral, sweet
Woody 		Coriander, Sweet basil, Lavender, Honeysuckle
 
Nerolidol Woody, fresh bark Neroli, ginger
Jasmine
 
Ocimene Fruity, Floral Mango, Curcuma amada
 

Cyclic terpenes edit

Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure
Limonene Orange Orange, lemon
 
Camphor Camphor Camphor laurel
 
Menthol Menthol Mentha
 
Carvone1 Caraway or Spearmint Caraway, dill,
spearmint
 
Terpineol Lilac Lilac, cajuput
 
alpha-Ionone Violet, woody Violet
 
Thujone Minty Wormwood, lilac,
juniper
 
Eucalyptol Eucalyptus Eucalyptus
 
Jasmone spicy, fruity, floral in dilution Jasmine, Honeysuckle
 

Note: Carvone, depending on its chirality, offers two different smells.

Aromatic edit

Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure
Benzaldehyde Almond Bitter almond
 
Eugenol Clove Clove
 
Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamon Cassia
Cinnamon
 
Ethyl maltol Cooked fruit
Caramelized sugar
 
Vanillin Vanilla Vanilla
 
Anisole Anise Anise
 
Anethole Anise Anise
Sweet basil
 
Estragole Tarragon Tarragon
 
Thymol Thyme Thyme
 

Amines edit

Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure
Trimethylamine Fishy
Ammonia
 
Putrescine
Diaminobutane 		Rotting flesh Rotting flesh
 
Cadaverine Rotting flesh Rotting flesh
 
Pyridine Fishy Belladonna
 
Indole Fecal
Flowery 		Feces
Jasmine
 
Skatole Fecal
Flowery 		Feces
(diluted) Orange Blossoms
 

Other aroma compounds edit

Alcohols edit

Aldehydes edit

High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming, but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas.

Esters edit

Ketones edit

Lactones edit

Thiols edit

Main article: Thiol

Miscellaneous compounds edit

Aroma-compound receptors edit

Animals that are capable of smell detect aroma compounds with their olfactory receptors. Olfactory receptors are cell-membrane receptors on the surface of sensory neurons in the olfactory system that detect airborne aroma compounds. Aroma compounds can then be identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry, which involves a human operator sniffing the GC effluent.[11]

In mammals, olfactory receptors are expressed on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity.[5]

Safety and regulation edit

 
Patch test

In 2005–06, fragrance mix was the third-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (11.5%).[12] 'Fragrance' was voted Allergen of the Year in 2007 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. An academic study in the United States published in 2016 has shown that "34.7 % of the population reported health problems, such as migraine headaches and respiratory difficulties, when exposed to fragranced products".[13]

The composition of fragrances is usually not disclosed in the label of the products, hiding the actual chemicals of the formula, which raises concerns among some consumers.[14] In the United States, this is because the law regulating cosmetics protects trade secrets.[15]

In the United States, fragrances are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration if present in cosmetics or drugs, by the Consumer Products Safety Commission if present in consumer products.[15] No pre-market approval is required, except for drugs. Fragrances are also generally regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 that "grandfathered" existing chemicals without further review or testing and put the burden of proof that a new substance is not safe on the EPA. The EPA, however, does not conduct independent safety testing but relies on data provided by the manufacturer.[16]

A 2019 study of the top-selling skin moisturizers found 45% of those marketed as "fragrance-free" contained fragrance.[17]

List of chemicals used as fragrances edit

In 2010, the International Fragrance Association published a list of 3,059 chemicals used in 2011 based on a voluntary survey of its members, identifying about 90% of the world's production volume of fragrances.[18]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d El Hadi, Muna; Zhang, Feng-Jie; Wu, Fei-Fei; Zhou, Chun-Hua; Tao, Jun (July 11, 2013). "Advances in fruit aroma volatile research". Molecules. 18 (7): 8200–8229. doi:10.3390/molecules18078200. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 6270112. PMID 23852166.
  2. ^ Ulrich, Detlef; Kecke, Steffen; Olbricht, Klaus (March 13, 2018). "What do we know about the chemistry of strawberry aroma?". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 66 (13): 3291–3301. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01115. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 29533612.
  3. ^ Rothe, M; Specht, M (1976). "[Notes about molecular weights of aroma compounds]". Nahrung. 20 (3): 281–6. doi:10.1002/food.19760200308. PMID 958345. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  4. ^ Fahlbusch, Karl-Georg; Hammerschmidt, Franz-Josef; Panten, Johannes; Pickenhagen, Wilhelm; Schatkowski, Dietmar; Bauer, Kurt; Garbe, Dorothea; Surburg, Horst. "Flavors and fragrances". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_141. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  5. ^ a b Haugeneder, Annika; Trinkl, Johanna; Härtl, Katja; Hoffmann, Thomas; Allwood, James William; Schwab, Wilfried (October 26, 2018). "Answering biological questions by analysis of the strawberry metabolome". Metabolomics. 14 (11): 145. doi:10.1007/s11306-018-1441-x. ISSN 1573-3882. PMC 6394451. PMID 30830391.
  6. ^ Ilc, Tina; Werck-Reichhart, Danièle; Navrot, Nicolas (September 30, 2016). "Meta-analysis of the core aroma components of grape and wine aroma". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 1472. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01472. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5042961. PMID 27746799.
  7. ^ Gane, S; Georganakis, D; Maniati, K; Vamvakias, M; Ragoussis, N; Skoulakis, EMC; Turin, L (2013). "Molecular-vibration-sensing component in human olfaction". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e55780. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...855780G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055780. PMC 3555824. PMID 23372854.
  8. ^ a b Glindemann, D.; Dietrich, A.; Staerk, H.; Kuschk, P. (2005). "The Two Odors of Iron when Touched or Pickled: (Skin) Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (42): 7006–7009. doi:10.1002/anie.200602100. PMID 17009284.
  9. ^ Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-190-9.
  10. ^ Lin, D.Y.; Zhang, S.Z.; Block, E.; Katz, L.C. (2005). "Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb". Nature. 434 (7032): 470–477. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..470L. doi:10.1038/nature03414. PMID 15724148. S2CID 162036.
  11. ^ Brattoli, M; Cisternino, E; Dambruoso, PR; de Gennaro, G; Giungato, P; Mazzone, A; Palmisani, J; Tutino, M (December 5, 2013). "Gas chromatography analysis with olfactometric detection (GC-O) as a useful methodology for chemical characterization of odorous compounds". Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). 13 (12): 16759–800. Bibcode:2013Senso..1316759B. doi:10.3390/s131216759. PMC 3892869. PMID 24316571.
  12. ^ Zug, Kathryn A.; Warshaw, Erin M.; Fowler, Joseph F.; Maibach, Howard I.; Belsito, Donald L.; Pratt, Melanie D.; Sasseville, Denis; Storrs, Frances J.; Taylor, James S.; Mathias, C. G. Toby; Deleo, Vincent A.; Rietschel, Robert L.; Marks, James (2009). "Patch-test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005-2006". Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug. 20 (3): 149–160. ISSN 2162-5220. PMID 19470301.
  13. ^ Anne Steinemann, "Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions", Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, December 2016, Volume 9, Issue 8, pp 861–866.
  14. ^ Anne C. Steinemann et al., "Fragranced Consumer Products: Chemicals Emitted, Ingredients Unlisted", Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol. 31, Issue 3, April 2011, pp. 328-333.
  15. ^ a b Fragrances in Cosmetics
  16. ^ Randall Fitzgerald (2006). The Hundred Year Lie. Dutton, 2006. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-525-94951-0.
  17. ^ Patti Neighmond (October 2, 2017). "'Hypoallergenic' And 'Fragrance-Free' Moisturizer Claims Are Often False". NPR.
  18. ^ "IFRA Survey:Transparency List". IFRA. Retrieved December 3, 2014.

April 26, 2024
aroma, compound, several, terms, redirect, here, other, uses, fragrance, disambiguation, fragrant, kentucky, odorants, confused, with, aromaticity, aroma, compound, also, known, odorant, aroma, fragrance, flavoring, chemical, compound, that, smell, odor, indiv. Several terms redirect here For other uses see Fragrance disambiguation Fragrant Kentucky and The Odorants Not to be confused with Aromaticity An aroma compound also known as an odorant aroma fragrance or flavoring is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor For an individual chemical or class of chemical compounds to impart a smell or fragrance it must be sufficiently volatile for transmission via the air to the olfactory system in the upper part of the nose As examples various fragrant fruits have diverse aroma compounds 1 particularly strawberries which are commercially cultivated to have appealing aromas and contain several hundred aroma compounds 1 2 Fragrance bottles Generally molecules meeting this specification have molecular weights of less than 310 3 Flavors affect both the sense of taste and smell whereas fragrances affect only smell Flavors tend to be naturally occurring and the term fragrances may also apply to synthetic compounds such as those used in cosmetics 4 Aroma compounds can naturally be found in various foods such as fruits and their peels wine spices floral scent perfumes fragrance oils and essential oils For example many form biochemically during the ripening of fruits and other crops 1 5 Wines have more than 100 aromas that form as byproducts of fermentation 6 Also many of the aroma compounds play a significant role in the production of compounds used in the food service industry to flavor improve and generally increase the appeal of their products 1 An odorizer may add a detectable odor to a dangerous odorless substance like propane natural gas or hydrogen as a safety measure Contents 1 Aroma compounds classified by structure 1 1 Esters 1 2 Linear terpenes 1 3 Cyclic terpenes 1 4 Aromatic 1 5 Amines 2 Other aroma compounds 2 1 Alcohols 2 2 Aldehydes 2 3 Esters 2 4 Ketones 2 5 Lactones 2 6 Thiols 2 7 Miscellaneous compounds 3 Aroma compound receptors 4 Safety and regulation 5 List of chemicals used as fragrances 6 See also 7 ReferencesAroma compounds classified by structure editEsters edit Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure Geranyl acetate Fruity Floral Rose nbsp Methyl formate Ethereal nbsp Methyl acetate Sweet nail polish Solvent nbsp Methyl propionateMethyl propanoate Sweet fruity rum like nbsp Methyl butyrate Methyl butanoate Fruity Apple Pineapple nbsp Ethyl acetate Sweet solvent Wine nbsp Ethyl butyrate Ethyl butanoate Fruity Orange Pineapple nbsp Isoamyl acetate Fruity Banana Pear Banana plant nbsp Pentyl butyrate Pentyl butanoate Fruity Pear Apricot nbsp Pentyl pentanoate Fruity Apple nbsp Octyl acetate Fruity Orange nbsp Benzyl acetate Fruity Strawberry Strawberries nbsp Methyl anthranilate Fruity Grape nbsp Methyl salicylate Minty root beer Wintergreen nbsp Hexyl acetate Floral Fruity Apple Plum nbsp Linear terpenes edit Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure Myrcene Woody complex Verbena Bay leaf nbsp Geraniol Rose flowery Geranium Lemon nbsp Nerol Sweet rose flowery Neroli Lemongrass nbsp Citral lemonal Geranial neral Lemon Lemon myrtle Lemongrass nbsp Citronellal Lemon Lemongrass nbsp Citronellol Lemon Lemongrass rose Pelargonium nbsp Linalool Floral sweet Woody Coriander Sweet basil Lavender Honeysuckle nbsp Nerolidol Woody fresh bark Neroli ginger Jasmine nbsp Ocimene Fruity Floral Mango Curcuma amada nbsp Cyclic terpenes edit Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure Limonene Orange Orange lemon nbsp Camphor Camphor Camphor laurel nbsp Menthol Menthol Mentha nbsp Carvone1 Caraway or Spearmint Caraway dill spearmint nbsp Terpineol Lilac Lilac cajuput nbsp alpha Ionone Violet woody Violet nbsp Thujone Minty Wormwood lilac juniper nbsp Eucalyptol Eucalyptus Eucalyptus nbsp Jasmone spicy fruity floral in dilution Jasmine Honeysuckle nbsp Note Carvone depending on its chirality offers two different smells Aromatic edit Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure Benzaldehyde Almond Bitter almond nbsp Eugenol Clove Clove nbsp Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamon Cassia Cinnamon nbsp Ethyl maltol Cooked fruit Caramelized sugar nbsp Vanillin Vanilla Vanilla nbsp Anisole Anise Anise nbsp Anethole Anise Anise Sweet basil nbsp Estragole Tarragon Tarragon nbsp Thymol Thyme Thyme nbsp Amines edit Compound name Fragrance Natural occurrence Chemical structure Trimethylamine Fishy Ammonia nbsp Putrescine Diaminobutane Rotting flesh Rotting flesh nbsp Cadaverine Rotting flesh Rotting flesh nbsp Pyridine Fishy Belladonna nbsp Indole Fecal Flowery Feces Jasmine nbsp Skatole Fecal Flowery Feces diluted Orange Blossoms nbsp Other aroma compounds editAlcohols edit Furaneol strawberry 1 Hexanol herbaceous woody cis 3 Hexen 1 ol fresh cut grass Menthol peppermint Aldehydes edit High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas Acetaldehyde ethereal Hexanal green grassy cis 3 Hexenal green tomatoes Furfural burnt oats Hexyl cinnamaldehyde Isovaleraldehyde nutty fruity cocoa like Anisic aldehyde floral sweet hawthorn It is a crucial component of chocolate vanilla strawberry raspberry apricot and others Cuminaldehyde 4 propan 2 ylbenzaldehyde Spicy cumin like green Esters edit Fructone fruity apple like Ethyl methylphenylglycidate Strawberry alpha Methylbenzyl acetate Gardenia Ketones edit Cyclopentadecanone musk ketone 7 Dihydrojasmone fruity woody floral Oct 1 en 3 one blood metallic mushroom like 8 2 Acetyl 1 pyrroline fresh bread jasmine rice 6 Acetyl 2 3 4 5 tetrahydropyridine fresh bread tortillas popcorn Lactones edit gamma Decalactone intense peach flavor gamma Nonalactone coconut odor popular in suntan lotions delta Octalactone creamy note Jasmine lactone powerful fatty fruity peach and apricot Massoia lactone powerful creamy coconut Wine lactone sweet coconut odor Sotolon maple syrup curry fenugreek Thiols edit Main article Thiol Thioacetone 2 propanethione A lightly studied organosulfur Its smell is so potent it can be detected several hundred meters downwind mere seconds after a container is opened Allyl thiol 2 propenethiol allyl mercaptan CH2 CHCH2SH garlic volatiles and garlic breath 9 Methylthio methanethiol CH3SCH2SH the mouse thiol found in mouse urine and functions as a semiochemical for female mice 10 Ethanethiol commonly called ethyl mercaptan added to propane or other liquefied petroleum gases used as fuel gases 2 Methyl 2 propanethiol commonly called tert butyl mercaptan is added as a blend of other components to natural gas used as fuel gas Butane 1 thiol commonly called butyl mercaptan is a chemical intermediate Grapefruit mercaptan grapefruit Methanethiol commonly called methyl mercaptan after eating Asparagus Furan 2 ylmethanethiol also called furfuryl mercaptan roasted coffee Benzyl mercaptan leek or garlic like Miscellaneous compounds edit Methylphosphine and dimethylphosphine garlic metallic two of the most potent odorants known 8 Phosphine zinc phosphide poisoned bait Diacetyl butter flavor Acetoin butter flavor Nerolin orange flowers Tetrahydrothiophene added to natural gas 2 4 6 Trichloroanisole cork taint Substituted pyrazinesAroma compound receptors editAnimals that are capable of smell detect aroma compounds with their olfactory receptors Olfactory receptors are cell membrane receptors on the surface of sensory neurons in the olfactory system that detect airborne aroma compounds Aroma compounds can then be identified by gas chromatography olfactometry which involves a human operator sniffing the GC effluent 11 In mammals olfactory receptors are expressed on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity 5 Safety and regulation edit nbsp Patch test In 2005 06 fragrance mix was the third most prevalent allergen in patch tests 11 5 12 Fragrance was voted Allergen of the Year in 2007 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society An academic study in the United States published in 2016 has shown that 34 7 of the population reported health problems such as migraine headaches and respiratory difficulties when exposed to fragranced products 13 The composition of fragrances is usually not disclosed in the label of the products hiding the actual chemicals of the formula which raises concerns among some consumers 14 In the United States this is because the law regulating cosmetics protects trade secrets 15 In the United States fragrances are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration if present in cosmetics or drugs by the Consumer Products Safety Commission if present in consumer products 15 No pre market approval is required except for drugs Fragrances are also generally regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 that grandfathered existing chemicals without further review or testing and put the burden of proof that a new substance is not safe on the EPA The EPA however does not conduct independent safety testing but relies on data provided by the manufacturer 16 A 2019 study of the top selling skin moisturizers found 45 of those marketed as fragrance free contained fragrance 17 List of chemicals used as fragrances editIn 2010 the International Fragrance Association published a list of 3 059 chemicals used in 2011 based on a voluntary survey of its members identifying about 90 of the world s production volume of fragrances 18 See also editAroma of wine Eau de toilette Flavour and Fragrance Journal Fragrances of the World Foodpairing Odor Odor detection threshold Odorizer a device for adding an odorant to gas flowing through a pipe Olfaction Olfactory receptor Olfactory system Pheromone vabbingReferences edit a b c d El Hadi Muna Zhang Feng Jie Wu Fei Fei Zhou Chun Hua Tao Jun July 11 2013 Advances in fruit aroma volatile research Molecules 18 7 8200 8229 doi 10 3390 molecules18078200 ISSN 1420 3049 PMC 6270112 PMID 23852166 Ulrich Detlef Kecke Steffen Olbricht Klaus March 13 2018 What do we know about the chemistry of strawberry aroma Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66 13 3291 3301 doi 10 1021 acs jafc 8b01115 ISSN 0021 8561 PMID 29533612 Rothe M Specht M 1976 Notes about molecular weights of aroma compounds Nahrung 20 3 281 6 doi 10 1002 food 19760200308 PMID 958345 Retrieved September 29 2020 Fahlbusch Karl Georg Hammerschmidt Franz Josef Panten Johannes Pickenhagen Wilhelm Schatkowski Dietmar Bauer Kurt Garbe Dorothea Surburg Horst Flavors and fragrances Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH doi 10 1002 14356007 a11 141 ISBN 978 3527306732 a b Haugeneder Annika Trinkl Johanna Hartl Katja Hoffmann Thomas Allwood James William Schwab Wilfried October 26 2018 Answering biological questions by analysis of the strawberry metabolome Metabolomics 14 11 145 doi 10 1007 s11306 018 1441 x ISSN 1573 3882 PMC 6394451 PMID 30830391 Ilc Tina Werck Reichhart Daniele Navrot Nicolas September 30 2016 Meta analysis of the core aroma components of grape and wine aroma Frontiers in Plant Science 7 1472 doi 10 3389 fpls 2016 01472 ISSN 1664 462X PMC 5042961 PMID 27746799 Gane S Georganakis D Maniati K Vamvakias M Ragoussis N Skoulakis EMC Turin L 2013 Molecular vibration sensing component in human olfaction PLOS ONE 8 1 e55780 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 855780G doi 10 1371 journal pone 0055780 PMC 3555824 PMID 23372854 a b Glindemann D Dietrich A Staerk H Kuschk P 2005 The Two Odors of Iron when Touched or Pickled Skin Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45 42 7006 7009 doi 10 1002 anie 200602100 PMID 17009284 Block E 2010 Garlic and Other Alliums The Lore and the Science Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN 978 0 85404 190 9 Lin D Y Zhang S Z Block E Katz L C 2005 Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb Nature 434 7032 470 477 Bibcode 2005Natur 434 470L doi 10 1038 nature03414 PMID 15724148 S2CID 162036 Brattoli M Cisternino E Dambruoso PR de Gennaro G Giungato P Mazzone A Palmisani J Tutino M December 5 2013 Gas chromatography analysis with olfactometric detection GC O as a useful methodology for chemical characterization of odorous compounds Sensors Basel Switzerland 13 12 16759 800 Bibcode 2013Senso 1316759B doi 10 3390 s131216759 PMC 3892869 PMID 24316571 Zug Kathryn A Warshaw Erin M Fowler Joseph F Maibach Howard I Belsito Donald L Pratt Melanie D Sasseville Denis Storrs Frances J Taylor James S Mathias C G Toby Deleo Vincent A Rietschel Robert L Marks James 2009 Patch test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2005 2006 Dermatitis Contact Atopic Occupational Drug 20 3 149 160 ISSN 2162 5220 PMID 19470301 Anne Steinemann Fragranced consumer products exposures and effects from emissions Air Quality Atmosphere amp Health December 2016 Volume 9 Issue 8 pp 861 866 Anne C Steinemann et al Fragranced Consumer Products Chemicals Emitted Ingredients Unlisted Environmental Impact Assessment Review Vol 31 Issue 3 April 2011 pp 328 333 a b Fragrances in Cosmetics Randall Fitzgerald 2006 The Hundred Year Lie Dutton 2006 p 23 ISBN 978 0 525 94951 0 Patti Neighmond October 2 2017 Hypoallergenic And Fragrance Free Moisturizer Claims Are Often False NPR IFRA Survey Transparency List IFRA Retrieved December 3 2014 Aroma compound at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Chemistry portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aroma compound amp oldid 1210750381, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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