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Ginseng

May 19, 2023

This article is about the root of plants in the genus Panax. For the town, see Ginseng, Kentucky.

Ginseng (/ˈdʒɪnsɛŋ/[1]) is the root of plants in the genus Panax, such as Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), South China ginseng (P. notoginseng), and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), typically characterized by the presence of ginsenosides and gintonin. Ginseng is most commonly used in the cuisines and medicines of China and Korea.

A root of cultivated Korean ginseng (P. ginseng)

Although ginseng has been used in traditional medicine over centuries, modern clinical research is inconclusive about its medical effectiveness.[2][3] There is no substantial evidence that ginseng is effective for treating any medical condition and, in the United States, for example, its use has not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a prescription drug.[2][3] Although ginseng is commonly sold as a dietary supplement, inconsistent manufacturing practices for supplements have led to analyses showing that ginseng products may be contaminated with toxic metals or unrelated filler compounds, and its excessive use may have adverse effects or untoward interactions with prescription drugs.[2][4]

History

One of the first written texts covering the use of ginseng as a medicinal herb was the Shen Nong Pharmacopoeia, written in China in 196 AD. In his Compendium of Materia Medica herbal of 1596, Li Shizhen described ginseng as a "superior tonic". However, the herb was not used as a "cure-all" medicine, but more specifically as a tonic for patients with chronic illnesses and those who were convalescing.[5]

Control over ginseng fields in China and Korea became an issue in the 16th century.[6]

Ginseng species

Ginseng plants belong only to the genus Panax.[7] Cultivated species include Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng), Panax notoginseng (South China ginseng), and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng).[8] Ginseng is found in cooler climates – Korean Peninsula, Northeast China, Russian Far East, Canada and the United States, although some species grow in warm regions – South China ginseng being native to Southwest China and Vietnam. Panax vietnamensis (Vietnamese ginseng) is the southernmost Panax species known.

Wild and cultivated ginseng

Wild ginseng

Wild ginseng (Korean: 산삼; Hanja: 山蔘; RR: sansam; lit. mountain ginseng) grows naturally in mountains and is hand-picked by gatherers known as simmani (심마니).[9] The wild ginseng plant is now almost extinct in China and endangered globally.[10] This is due to high demand for the product in recent years, leading to the harvesting of wild plants faster than they can grow and reproduce (a wild ginseng plant can take years to reach maturity[11]). Wild ginseng can be processed to be red or white ginseng.[12] Wild American ginseng has long been used by Native Americans for medicine.[13][14][15] Since the mid-1700s, it has been harvested for international trade.[13] Today wild American ginseng can be harvested in 19 states but has restrictions for exporting.[13][16][17]

Cultivated ginseng

Cultivated ginseng (Korean: 인삼; Hanja: 人蔘; RR: insam; lit. human ginseng) is less expensive than rarely available wild ginseng.[9]

Cultivated ginseng (Korean: 장뇌삼; Hanja: 長腦蔘; RR: jangnoesam) is planted on mountains by humans and is allowed to grow like wild ginseng.[9]

Ginseng processing

 
Cultivated ginseng

Ginseng seed normally does not germinate until the second spring following the harvest of berries in the Autumn. They must first be subjected to a long period of storage in a moist medium with a warm/cold treatment, a process known as stratification.[18]

Fresh ginseng

Fresh ginseng (Korean: 수삼; Hanja: 水蔘; RR: susam; lit. water ginseng), also called "green ginseng", is non-dried raw product.[19] Its use is limited by availability.

White ginseng

White ginseng (Korean: 백삼; Hanja: 白蔘; RR: baeksam; lit. white ginseng) is peeled and dried ginseng.[19] White ginseng is fresh ginseng which has been dried without being heated. It is peeled and dried to reduce the water content to 12% or less.[19] White ginseng air-dried in the sun may contain less of the therapeutic constituents. Enzymes contained in the root may break down these constituents in the process of drying. Drying in the sun bleaches the root to a yellowish-white color.

Red ginseng

Red ginseng (traditional Chinese: 紅蔘; simplified Chinese: 红参; pinyin: hóngshēn; Korean: 홍삼; romaja: hongsam; "red ginseng") is steamed and dried ginseng, which has reddish color.[19] Red ginseng is less vulnerable to decay than white ginseng.[20] It is ginseng that has been peeled, heated through steaming at standard boiling temperatures of 100 °C (212 °F), and then dried or sun-dried. It is frequently marinated in an herbal brew which results in the root becoming extremely brittle.

Production

Commercial ginseng is sold in over 35 countries, with China as the largest consumer. In 2013, global sales of ginseng exceeded $2 billion, of which half was produced by South Korea.[8] In the early 21st century, 99% of the world's 80,000 tons of ginseng was produced in just four countries: China (44,749 tons), South Korea (27,480 tons), Canada (6,486 tons), and the United States (1,054 tons).[8] All ginseng produced in South Korea is Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), while ginseng produced in China includes P. ginseng and South China ginseng (P. notoginseng).[8] Ginseng produced in Canada and the United States is mostly American ginseng (P. quinquefolius).[8][21]

Uses

Ginseng may be included in energy drinks or herbal teas in small amounts or sold as a dietary supplement.[2][3][4][22]

Food or beverage

The root is most often available in dried form, either whole or sliced. Ginseng leaf, although not as highly prized, is sometimes also used.[23]

In Korean cuisine, ginseng is used in various banchan (side dishes) and guk (soups), as well as tea and alcoholic beverages.[24] Ginseng-infused tea and liquor, known as insam cha (literally "ginseng tea") and insam-ju ("ginseng liquor") is consumed.

Dietary supplement

Although ginseng is commonly sold as a dietary supplement, concerns have been raised about manufactured ginseng products containing toxic metals or filler materials, such as rice or wheat.[4][22]

Traditional medicine and phytochemicals

Although ginseng has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, modern research is inconclusive about its biological effects.[2][3][25] Preliminary clinical research indicates possible effects on memory, fatigue, menopause symptoms, and insulin response in people with mild diabetes.[2][3] Out of 44 studies examined between 2005–2015, 29 showed positive, limited evidence, and 15 showed no effects.[26] As of 2021, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that ginseng has any health effects.[3][26] A 2021 review indicated that ginseng had "only trivial effects on erectile function or satisfaction with intercourse compared to placebo".[27]

Although the roots are used in traditional Chinese medicine, the leaves and stems contain larger quantities of the phytochemicals than the roots, and are easier to harvest.[28] The constituents include steroid saponins known as ginsenosides,[29] but the effects of these ginseng compounds have not been studied with high-quality clinical research as of 2021, and therefore remain unknown.[2][3][25][26]

FDA warning letters

As of 2019, the United States FDA and Federal Trade Commission have issued numerous warning letters to manufacturers of ginseng dietary supplements for making false claims of health or anti-disease benefits, stating that the "products are not generally recognized as safe and effective for the referenced uses" and are illegal as unauthorized "new drugs" under federal law.[30][31][32]

Safety and side effects

Ginseng generally has a good safety profile and the incidence of adverse effects is minor when used over the short term.[3][26] Concerns exist when ginseng is used chronically, potentially causing side effects such as headaches, insomnia, and digestive problems.[2][3][26]

The risk of interactions between ginseng and prescription medications is believed to be low, but ginseng may have adverse effects when used with the blood thinner warfarin.[2][3] Ginseng also has adverse drug reactions with phenelzine,[33] and a potential interaction has been reported with imatinib,[34] resulting in hepatotoxicity, and with lamotrigine.[35] Other side effects may include anxiety, insomnia, fluctuations in blood pressure, breast pain, vaginal bleeding, nausea, or diarrhea. If taken with other herbal supplements, ginseng may interact with them or with prescribed medicines or foods.[2][22]

Overdose

The common ginsengs (P. ginseng and P. quinquefolia) are generally considered to be relatively safe even in large amounts.[36] One of the most common and characteristic symptoms of an acute overdose of P. ginseng is bleeding. Symptoms of mild overdose may include dry mouth and lips, excitation, fidgeting, irritability, tremor, palpitations, blurred vision, headache, insomnia, increased body temperature, increased blood pressure, edema, decreased appetite, dizziness, itching, eczema, early morning diarrhea, bleeding, and fatigue.[7][36]

Symptoms of severe overdose with P. ginseng may include nausea, vomiting, irritability, restlessness, urinary and bowel incontinence, fever, increased blood pressure, increased respiration, decreased sensitivity and reaction to light, decreased heart rate, cyanotic (blue) facial complexion, red facial complexion, seizures, convulsions, and delirium.[7][36]

Terminology and etymology

The English word "ginseng" comes from the Hokkien Chinese jîn-sim (人蔘; where this transliteration is in Pe̍h-ōe-jī). The first character 人 (pinyin rén; Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [ʐə̌n] or [ɻə̌n]) means "person"[37] and the second character 蔘 (pinyin: shēn; MSM: [sán]) means "plant root" in a forked shape.[38]

The Korean loanword insam comes from the cultivated ginseng (Korean: 인삼; Hanja: 人蔘; RR: insam; lit. human ginseng), which is less expensive than wild ginseng.

The botanical genus name Panax, meaning "all-healing" in Greek, shares the same origin as "panacea" and was applied to this genus because Carl Linnaeus was aware of its wide use in Chinese medicine as a muscle relaxant.

Ginseng
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese1. 人蔘
2. 野山參
3. 水參
4. 白參
5. 紅參
Simplified Chinese1. 人参
2. 野山参
3. 水參
4. 白蔘
5. 红蔘
Literal meaning
  1. human root (ginseng)
  2. wild mountain root (wild ginseng)
  3. water root (fresh ginseng)
  4. white root (dried ginseng)
  5. red root (dried steamed ginseng)
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin1. rénshēn
2. yěshānshēn
3. shuǐshēn
4. báishēn
5. hóngshēn
Wade–Giles1. jên2-shên1
2. yeh3-shan1-shên1
3. shui3-shên1
4. pai2-shên1
5. hung2-shên1
Cantonese name
Chinese1. 人參
2. 野生人參
Literal meaning
  1. human root (ginseng)
  2. wild human root (wild ginseng)
Transcriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization1. yàhn sām
2. yéh sāang yàhn sām
Jyutping1. jan4-sam1
2. je5-saang1-jan4-sam1
Hokkien name
Chinese人參
Transcriptions
Southern Min
Hokkien POJjîn-sim
Korean name
Hangul1. 인삼
2. 산삼
3. 장뇌삼
4. 수삼
5. 백삼
6. 홍삼
7. 태극삼
Hanja1. 人蔘
2. 山蔘
3. 長腦蔘
4. 水蔘
5. 白蔘
6. 紅蔘
7. 太極蔘
Literal meaning
  1. human root (ginseng)
  2. mountain root (wild ginseng)
  3. long brain root (wild cultivated ginseng)
  4. water root (fresh ginseng)
  5. white root (dried ginseng)
  6. red root (dried steamed ginseng)
  7. taegeuk root (dried blanched ginseng)
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization1. insam
2. sansam
3. jangnoesam
4. susam
5. baeksam
6. hongsam
7. taegeuksam
McCune–Reischauer1. insam
2. sansam
3. changnoesam
4. susam
5. paeksam
6. hongsam
7. t'aegŭksam

Other plants sometimes called ginseng

True ginseng plants belong only to the genus Panax.[7] Several other plants are sometimes referred to as ginseng, but they are from a different genus or even family. Siberian ginseng is in the same family, but not genus, as true ginseng. The active compounds in Siberian ginseng are eleutherosides, not ginsenosides. Instead of a fleshy root, Siberian ginseng has a woody root.

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ginseng.

References

  1. ^ "Ginseng". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Ginseng". Drugs.com. 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
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  4. ^ a b c "Herbal supplements filled with fake ingredients, investigators find". CBS News. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  5. ^ Mahady, Gail B.; Fong, Harry H.S.; Farnsworth, N.R. (2001). Botanical Dietary Supplements. CRC Press. pp. 207–215. ISBN 978-90-265-1855-3.
  6. ^ Kim, Seonmin (2007). "Ginseng and Border Trespassing Between Qing China and Choson Korea". Late Imperial China. 28 (1): 33–61. doi:10.1353/late.2007.0009. S2CID 143779357.
  7. ^ a b c d Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology, by John K. Chen, Tina T. Chen
  8. ^ a b c d e Baeg, In-Ho; So, Seung-Ho (2013). "The world ginseng market and the ginseng". Journal of Ginseng Research. 37 (1): 1–7. doi:10.5142/jgr.2013.37.1. PMC 3659626. PMID 23717152.
  9. ^ a b c Yun, Suh-young (26 July 2012). "All about wild ginseng". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  10. ^ "Ginseng Varieties and Glossary - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". www.dec.ny.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  11. ^ "Getting Started Right for Successful Ginseng Production". Cornell Small Farms. 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  12. ^ "Red ginseng - White ginseng: What is the difference?". www.florafarm.de. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  13. ^ a b c "American Ginseng". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  14. ^ Farmer, Sarah; Communications, SRS Science. "American Ginseng, in the Forest and in the Marketplace". CompassLive. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  15. ^ Taylor, David A. "Getting to the Root of Ginseng". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  16. ^ "Wild American Ginseng Information for Dealers and Exporters" (PDF). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  17. ^ "Ginseng". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation & Natural Resources. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  18. ^ "Care and Planting of Ginseng Seed and Roots". North Carolina State University. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  19. ^ a b c d "Teas Made from Ginseng, Jujubes and Omija". Pictorial Korea. Seoul, Korea. Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service. June 2000. p. 31. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  20. ^ Fulder, Stephen (1993). The book of ginseng (2nd ed.). Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-89281-491-8. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  21. ^ "2016-nyeon insam tonggye-jaryo-jip" [Source book of ginseng statistics 2016 (in Korean)] (PDF). Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (in Korean). May 2017. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
    • 정책분야별 자료. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (in Korean). 7 June 2017.
  22. ^ a b c Lindsy Liu (2019). "Side effects of ginseng supplements". US National Capital Poison Center. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  23. ^ Wang, Hongwei; Peng, Dacheng; Xie, Jingtian (2009-10-22). "Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions". Chinese Medicine. 4: 20. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-4-20. ISSN 1749-8546. PMC 2770043. PMID 19849852.
  24. ^ Oktay, Serdar; Ekinci, Erhun Kemal (2019-07-17). "Medicinal food understanding in Korean gastronomic culture". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 6 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s42779-019-0003-9. ISSN 2352-6181.
  25. ^ a b Shishtar, E; Sievenpiper, JL; Djedovic, V; Cozma, AI; Ha, V; Jayalath, VH; Jenkins, DJ; Meija, SB; de Souza, RJ; Jovanovski, E; Vuksan, V (2014). "The effect of ginseng (the genus panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e107391. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j7391S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107391. PMC 4180277. PMID 25265315.
  26. ^ a b c d e Kim YS, Woo YY, Han CK, Chang IM (2015). "Safety Analysis of Panax Ginseng in Randomized Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review". Medicines. 2 (2): 106–126. doi:10.3390/medicines2020106. PMC 5533164. PMID 28930204.
  27. ^ Lee, Hye Won; Lee, Myeong Soo; Kim, Tae-Hun; Alraek, Terje; Zaslawski, Chris; Kim, Jong Wook; Moon, Du Geon (2021-04-19). "Ginseng for erectile dysfunction". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (4): CD012654. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012654.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8094213. PMID 33871063.
  28. ^ Hongwei Wang; Dacheng Peng; Jingtian Xie (2009). "Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions". Chinese Medicine. 4 (20): 20. doi:10.1186/1749-8546-4-20. PMC 2770043. PMID 19849852.
  29. ^ Attele, AS; Wu, J.A.; Yuan, C.S. (1999). "Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions". Biochemical Pharmacology. 58 (11): 1685–1693. doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00212-9. PMID 10571242.
  30. ^ William A. Correll Jr; Mary K. Engle (5 February 2019). "Warning letter: TEK Naturals". Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, Office of Compliance, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration; US Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  31. ^ William R. Weissinger (25 April 2018). "Warning letter: Baker's Best Health Products, Inc". Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, Office of Compliance, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  32. ^ Cheryl A. Bigham (4 April 2018). "Warning letter: Amerigo Labs LLC". Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, Office of Compliance, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  33. ^ Izzo AA, Ernst E (2001). "Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review". Drugs. 61 (15): 2163–75. doi:10.2165/00003495-200161150-00002. PMID 11772128. S2CID 46983699.
  34. ^ Bilgi N, Bell K, Ananthakrishnan AN, Atallah E (2010). "Imatinib and Panax ginseng: a potential interaction resulting in liver toxicity". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 44 (5): 926–8. doi:10.1345/aph.1M715. PMID 20332334. S2CID 25229077.
  35. ^ Myers AP, Watson TA, Strock SB (2015). "Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome Probably Induced by a Lamotrigine-Ginseng Drug Interaction". Pharmacotherapy. 35 (3): e9–e12. doi:10.1002/phar.1550. PMID 25756365. S2CID 31240689.
  36. ^ a b c Shergis, J. L.; Zhang, A. L.; Zhou, W; Xue, C. C. (2013). "Panax ginseng in randomised controlled trials: A systematic review". Phytotherapy Research. 27 (7): 949–65. doi:10.1002/ptr.4832. PMID 22969004. S2CID 29710658.
  37. ^ "Ginseng". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  38. ^ The word 參 shēn "plant root" itself, from Old Chinese *srəm, has been compared to words meaning 'root' in other languages of the Sino-Tibetan family such as Japhug tɤ-zrɤm "root", see Jacques, Guillaume (2015). "On the cluster *sr in Sino-Tibetan". Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 43 (1): 215–223. doi:10.1353/jcl.2015.0001. S2CID 96458481.

Further reading

May 19, 2023
ginseng, this, article, about, root, plants, genus, panax, town, kentucky, root, plants, genus, panax, such, korean, ginseng, ginseng, south, china, ginseng, notoginseng, american, ginseng, quinquefolius, typically, characterized, presence, ginsenosides, ginto. This article is about the root of plants in the genus Panax For the town see Ginseng Kentucky Ginseng ˈ dʒ ɪ n s ɛ ŋ 1 is the root of plants in the genus Panax such as Korean ginseng P ginseng South China ginseng P notoginseng and American ginseng P quinquefolius typically characterized by the presence of ginsenosides and gintonin Ginseng is most commonly used in the cuisines and medicines of China and Korea A root of cultivated Korean ginseng P ginseng Although ginseng has been used in traditional medicine over centuries modern clinical research is inconclusive about its medical effectiveness 2 3 There is no substantial evidence that ginseng is effective for treating any medical condition and in the United States for example its use has not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration FDA as a prescription drug 2 3 Although ginseng is commonly sold as a dietary supplement inconsistent manufacturing practices for supplements have led to analyses showing that ginseng products may be contaminated with toxic metals or unrelated filler compounds and its excessive use may have adverse effects or untoward interactions with prescription drugs 2 4 Contents 1 History 2 Ginseng species 3 Wild and cultivated ginseng 3 1 Wild ginseng 3 2 Cultivated ginseng 4 Ginseng processing 4 1 Fresh ginseng 4 2 White ginseng 4 3 Red ginseng 5 Production 6 Uses 6 1 Food or beverage 6 2 Dietary supplement 6 3 Traditional medicine and phytochemicals 6 4 FDA warning letters 7 Safety and side effects 7 1 Overdose 8 Terminology and etymology 8 1 Other plants sometimes called ginseng 9 See also 10 References 11 Further readingHistory EditOne of the first written texts covering the use of ginseng as a medicinal herb was the Shen Nong Pharmacopoeia written in China in 196 AD In his Compendium of Materia Medica herbal of 1596 Li Shizhen described ginseng as a superior tonic However the herb was not used as a cure all medicine but more specifically as a tonic for patients with chronic illnesses and those who were convalescing 5 Control over ginseng fields in China and Korea became an issue in the 16th century 6 Ginseng species EditGinseng plants belong only to the genus Panax 7 Cultivated species include Panax ginseng Korean ginseng Panax notoginseng South China ginseng and Panax quinquefolius American ginseng 8 Ginseng is found in cooler climates Korean Peninsula Northeast China Russian Far East Canada and the United States although some species grow in warm regions South China ginseng being native to Southwest China and Vietnam Panax vietnamensis Vietnamese ginseng is the southernmost Panax species known Wild and cultivated ginseng EditWild ginseng Edit Wild ginseng Korean 산삼 Hanja 山蔘 RR sansam lit mountain ginseng grows naturally in mountains and is hand picked by gatherers known as simmani 심마니 9 The wild ginseng plant is now almost extinct in China and endangered globally 10 This is due to high demand for the product in recent years leading to the harvesting of wild plants faster than they can grow and reproduce a wild ginseng plant can take years to reach maturity 11 Wild ginseng can be processed to be red or white ginseng 12 Wild American ginseng has long been used by Native Americans for medicine 13 14 15 Since the mid 1700s it has been harvested for international trade 13 Today wild American ginseng can be harvested in 19 states but has restrictions for exporting 13 16 17 Wild Korean ginseng P ginseng Wild American ginseng P quinquefolius Cultivated ginseng Edit Cultivated ginseng Korean 인삼 Hanja 人蔘 RR insam lit human ginseng is less expensive than rarely available wild ginseng 9 Cultivated ginseng Korean 장뇌삼 Hanja 長腦蔘 RR jangnoesam is planted on mountains by humans and is allowed to grow like wild ginseng 9 Cultivated Korean ginseng P ginseng Cultivated American ginseng P quinquefolius Ginseng processing Edit Cultivated ginseng Ginseng seed normally does not germinate until the second spring following the harvest of berries in the Autumn They must first be subjected to a long period of storage in a moist medium with a warm cold treatment a process known as stratification 18 Fresh ginseng Edit Fresh ginseng Korean 수삼 Hanja 水蔘 RR susam lit water ginseng also called green ginseng is non dried raw product 19 Its use is limited by availability Fresh ginseng P ginseng White ginseng Edit White ginseng Korean 백삼 Hanja 白蔘 RR baeksam lit white ginseng is peeled and dried ginseng 19 White ginseng is fresh ginseng which has been dried without being heated It is peeled and dried to reduce the water content to 12 or less 19 White ginseng air dried in the sun may contain less of the therapeutic constituents Enzymes contained in the root may break down these constituents in the process of drying Drying in the sun bleaches the root to a yellowish white color Red ginseng Edit Red ginseng traditional Chinese 紅蔘 simplified Chinese 红参 pinyin hongshen Korean 홍삼 romaja hongsam red ginseng is steamed and dried ginseng which has reddish color 19 Red ginseng is less vulnerable to decay than white ginseng 20 It is ginseng that has been peeled heated through steaming at standard boiling temperatures of 100 C 212 F and then dried or sun dried It is frequently marinated in an herbal brew which results in the root becoming extremely brittle Red ginseng P ginseng Production EditCommercial ginseng is sold in over 35 countries with China as the largest consumer In 2013 global sales of ginseng exceeded 2 billion of which half was produced by South Korea 8 In the early 21st century 99 of the world s 80 000 tons of ginseng was produced in just four countries China 44 749 tons South Korea 27 480 tons Canada 6 486 tons and the United States 1 054 tons 8 All ginseng produced in South Korea is Korean ginseng P ginseng while ginseng produced in China includes P ginseng and South China ginseng P notoginseng 8 Ginseng produced in Canada and the United States is mostly American ginseng P quinquefolius 8 21 Uses EditGinseng may be included in energy drinks or herbal teas in small amounts or sold as a dietary supplement 2 3 4 22 Food or beverage Edit The root is most often available in dried form either whole or sliced Ginseng leaf although not as highly prized is sometimes also used 23 In Korean cuisine ginseng is used in various banchan side dishes and guk soups as well as tea and alcoholic beverages 24 Ginseng infused tea and liquor known as insam cha literally ginseng tea and insam ju ginseng liquor is consumed Insam twigim ginseng fritters Samgye tang ginseng chicken soup Insam cha ginseng tea and yugwa rice puffs Insam ju ginseng liquor Sansam ju wild ginseng liquor Dietary supplement Edit Although ginseng is commonly sold as a dietary supplement concerns have been raised about manufactured ginseng products containing toxic metals or filler materials such as rice or wheat 4 22 Traditional medicine and phytochemicals Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page May 2019 Although ginseng has been used in traditional medicine for centuries modern research is inconclusive about its biological effects 2 3 25 Preliminary clinical research indicates possible effects on memory fatigue menopause symptoms and insulin response in people with mild diabetes 2 3 Out of 44 studies examined between 2005 2015 29 showed positive limited evidence and 15 showed no effects 26 As of 2021 update there is insufficient evidence to indicate that ginseng has any health effects 3 26 A 2021 review indicated that ginseng had only trivial effects on erectile function or satisfaction with intercourse compared to placebo 27 Although the roots are used in traditional Chinese medicine the leaves and stems contain larger quantities of the phytochemicals than the roots and are easier to harvest 28 The constituents include steroid saponins known as ginsenosides 29 but the effects of these ginseng compounds have not been studied with high quality clinical research as of 2021 and therefore remain unknown 2 3 25 26 FDA warning letters Edit As of 2019 the United States FDA and Federal Trade Commission have issued numerous warning letters to manufacturers of ginseng dietary supplements for making false claims of health or anti disease benefits stating that the products are not generally recognized as safe and effective for the referenced uses and are illegal as unauthorized new drugs under federal law 30 31 32 Safety and side effects EditGinseng generally has a good safety profile and the incidence of adverse effects is minor when used over the short term 3 26 Concerns exist when ginseng is used chronically potentially causing side effects such as headaches insomnia and digestive problems 2 3 26 The risk of interactions between ginseng and prescription medications is believed to be low but ginseng may have adverse effects when used with the blood thinner warfarin 2 3 Ginseng also has adverse drug reactions with phenelzine 33 and a potential interaction has been reported with imatinib 34 resulting in hepatotoxicity and with lamotrigine 35 Other side effects may include anxiety insomnia fluctuations in blood pressure breast pain vaginal bleeding nausea or diarrhea If taken with other herbal supplements ginseng may interact with them or with prescribed medicines or foods 2 22 Overdose Edit The common ginsengs P ginseng and P quinquefolia are generally considered to be relatively safe even in large amounts 36 One of the most common and characteristic symptoms of an acute overdose of P ginseng is bleeding Symptoms of mild overdose may include dry mouth and lips excitation fidgeting irritability tremor palpitations blurred vision headache insomnia increased body temperature increased blood pressure edema decreased appetite dizziness itching eczema early morning diarrhea bleeding and fatigue 7 36 Symptoms of severe overdose with P ginseng may include nausea vomiting irritability restlessness urinary and bowel incontinence fever increased blood pressure increased respiration decreased sensitivity and reaction to light decreased heart rate cyanotic blue facial complexion red facial complexion seizures convulsions and delirium 7 36 Terminology and etymology EditThe English word ginseng comes from the Hokkien Chinese jin sim 人蔘 where this transliteration is in Pe h ōe ji The first character 人 pinyin ren Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation ʐe n or ɻe n means person 37 and the second character 蔘 pinyin shen MSM san means plant root in a forked shape 38 The Korean loanword insam comes from the cultivated ginseng Korean 인삼 Hanja 人蔘 RR insam lit human ginseng which is less expensive than wild ginseng The botanical genus name Panax meaning all healing in Greek shares the same origin as panacea and was applied to this genus because Carl Linnaeus was aware of its wide use in Chinese medicine as a muscle relaxant GinsengChinese nameTraditional Chinese1 人蔘2 野山參3 水參4 白參5 紅參Simplified Chinese1 人参2 野山参3 水參4 白蔘5 红蔘Literal meaninghuman root ginseng wild mountain root wild ginseng water root fresh ginseng white root dried ginseng red root dried steamed ginseng TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyin1 renshen2 yeshanshen3 shuǐshen4 baishen5 hongshenWade Giles1 jen2 shen12 yeh3 shan1 shen13 shui3 shen14 pai2 shen15 hung2 shen1Cantonese nameChinese1 人參2 野生人參Literal meaninghuman root ginseng wild human root wild ginseng TranscriptionsYue CantoneseYale Romanization1 yahn sam2 yeh saang yahn samJyutping1 jan4 sam12 je5 saang1 jan4 sam1Hokkien nameChinese人參TranscriptionsSouthern MinHokkien POJjin simKorean nameHangul1 인삼2 산삼3 장뇌삼4 수삼5 백삼6 홍삼7 태극삼Hanja1 人蔘2 山蔘3 長腦蔘4 水蔘5 白蔘6 紅蔘7 太極蔘Literal meaninghuman root ginseng mountain root wild ginseng long brain root wild cultivated ginseng water root fresh ginseng white root dried ginseng red root dried steamed ginseng taegeuk root dried blanched ginseng TranscriptionsRevised Romanization1 insam2 sansam3 jangnoesam4 susam5 baeksam6 hongsam7 taegeuksamMcCune Reischauer1 insam2 sansam3 changnoesam4 susam5 paeksam6 hongsam7 t aegŭksamOther plants sometimes called ginseng Edit True ginseng plants belong only to the genus Panax 7 Several other plants are sometimes referred to as ginseng but they are from a different genus or even family Siberian ginseng is in the same family but not genus as true ginseng The active compounds in Siberian ginseng are eleutherosides not ginsenosides Instead of a fleshy root Siberian ginseng has a woody root Angelica sinensis female ginseng dong quai Codonopsis pilosula poor man s ginseng Eleutherococcus senticosus Siberian ginseng Gynostemma pentaphyllum five leaf ginseng jiaogulan Lepidium meyenii Peruvian ginseng maca Oplopanax horridus Alaskan ginseng Pfaffia paniculata Brazilian ginseng suma Pseudostellaria heterophylla Prince ginseng Schisandra chinensis five flavoured berry Withania somnifera Indian ginseng ashwagandha Eurycoma longifolia Malaysian ginseng tongkat ali See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ginseng Herbalism List of herbs with known adverse effectsReferences Edit Ginseng Cambridge Dictionaries Online Retrieved 2011 06 04 a b c d e f g h i j Ginseng Drugs com 2019 Retrieved 1 April 2019 a b c d e f g h i j Asian ginseng National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health US National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD September 2016 Retrieved 10 February 2017 a b c Herbal supplements filled with fake ingredients investigators find CBS News 3 February 2015 Retrieved 1 April 2019 Mahady Gail B Fong Harry H S Farnsworth N R 2001 Botanical Dietary Supplements CRC Press pp 207 215 ISBN 978 90 265 1855 3 Kim Seonmin 2007 Ginseng and Border Trespassing Between Qing China and Choson Korea Late Imperial China 28 1 33 61 doi 10 1353 late 2007 0009 S2CID 143779357 a b c d Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology by John K Chen Tina T Chen a b c d e Baeg In Ho So Seung Ho 2013 The world ginseng market and the ginseng Journal of Ginseng Research 37 1 1 7 doi 10 5142 jgr 2013 37 1 PMC 3659626 PMID 23717152 a b c Yun Suh young 26 July 2012 All about wild ginseng The Korea Times Retrieved 2 January 2018 Ginseng Varieties and Glossary NYS Dept of Environmental Conservation www dec ny gov Retrieved 2020 07 29 Getting Started Right for Successful Ginseng Production Cornell Small Farms 2015 10 05 Retrieved 2020 07 29 Red ginseng White ginseng What is the difference www florafarm de Retrieved 2020 07 29 a b c American Ginseng www fws gov Retrieved 2020 07 29 Farmer Sarah Communications SRS Science American Ginseng in the Forest and in the Marketplace CompassLive Retrieved 2020 07 29 Taylor David A Getting to the Root of Ginseng Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 2020 07 29 Wild American Ginseng Information for Dealers and Exporters PDF U S Fish amp Wildlife Service Retrieved July 29 2020 Ginseng Pennsylvania Department of Conservation amp Natural Resources Retrieved 2020 07 29 Care and Planting of Ginseng Seed and Roots North Carolina State University 31 March 2010 Retrieved 20 June 2017 a b c d Teas Made from Ginseng Jujubes and Omija Pictorial Korea Seoul Korea Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service June 2000 p 31 Retrieved 2 January 2018 Fulder Stephen 1993 The book of ginseng 2nd ed Rochester VT Healing Arts Press p 300 ISBN 0 89281 491 8 Retrieved 2 January 2018 2016 nyeon insam tonggye jaryo jip Source book of ginseng statistics 2016 in Korean PDF Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs in Korean May 2017 pp 2 4 Retrieved 24 February 2018 정책분야별 자료 Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs in Korean 7 June 2017 a b c Lindsy Liu 2019 Side effects of ginseng supplements US National Capital Poison Center Retrieved 1 April 2019 Wang Hongwei Peng Dacheng Xie Jingtian 2009 10 22 Ginseng leaf stem bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions Chinese Medicine 4 20 doi 10 1186 1749 8546 4 20 ISSN 1749 8546 PMC 2770043 PMID 19849852 Oktay Serdar Ekinci Erhun Kemal 2019 07 17 Medicinal food understanding in Korean gastronomic culture Journal of Ethnic Foods 6 1 4 doi 10 1186 s42779 019 0003 9 ISSN 2352 6181 a b Shishtar E Sievenpiper JL Djedovic V Cozma AI Ha V Jayalath VH Jenkins DJ Meija SB de Souza RJ Jovanovski E Vuksan V 2014 The effect of ginseng the genus panax on glycemic control a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials PLOS ONE 9 9 e107391 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 9j7391S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0107391 PMC 4180277 PMID 25265315 a b c d e Kim YS Woo YY Han CK Chang IM 2015 Safety Analysis of Panax Ginseng in Randomized Clinical Trials A Systematic Review Medicines 2 2 106 126 doi 10 3390 medicines2020106 PMC 5533164 PMID 28930204 Lee Hye Won Lee Myeong Soo Kim Tae Hun Alraek Terje Zaslawski Chris Kim Jong Wook Moon Du Geon 2021 04 19 Ginseng for erectile dysfunction The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021 4 CD012654 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD012654 pub2 ISSN 1469 493X PMC 8094213 PMID 33871063 Hongwei Wang Dacheng Peng Jingtian Xie 2009 Ginseng leaf stem bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions Chinese Medicine 4 20 20 doi 10 1186 1749 8546 4 20 PMC 2770043 PMID 19849852 Attele AS Wu J A Yuan C S 1999 Ginseng pharmacology multiple constituents and multiple actions Biochemical Pharmacology 58 11 1685 1693 doi 10 1016 s0006 2952 99 00212 9 PMID 10571242 William A Correll Jr Mary K Engle 5 February 2019 Warning letter TEK Naturals Inspections Compliance Enforcement and Criminal Investigations Office of Compliance Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition US Food and Drug Administration US Federal Trade Commission Retrieved 1 April 2019 William R Weissinger 25 April 2018 Warning letter Baker s Best Health Products Inc Inspections Compliance Enforcement and Criminal Investigations Office of Compliance Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition US Food and Drug Administration Retrieved 1 April 2019 Cheryl A Bigham 4 April 2018 Warning letter Amerigo Labs LLC Inspections Compliance Enforcement and Criminal Investigations Office of Compliance Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition US Food and Drug Administration Retrieved 1 April 2019 Izzo AA Ernst E 2001 Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs a systematic review Drugs 61 15 2163 75 doi 10 2165 00003495 200161150 00002 PMID 11772128 S2CID 46983699 Bilgi N Bell K Ananthakrishnan AN Atallah E 2010 Imatinib and Panax ginseng a potential interaction resulting in liver toxicity The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 44 5 926 8 doi 10 1345 aph 1M715 PMID 20332334 S2CID 25229077 Myers AP Watson TA Strock SB 2015 Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome Probably Induced by a Lamotrigine Ginseng Drug Interaction Pharmacotherapy 35 3 e9 e12 doi 10 1002 phar 1550 PMID 25756365 S2CID 31240689 a b c Shergis J L Zhang A L Zhou W Xue C C 2013 Panax ginseng in randomised controlled trials A systematic review Phytotherapy Research 27 7 949 65 doi 10 1002 ptr 4832 PMID 22969004 S2CID 29710658 Ginseng Online Etymology Dictionary 2021 Retrieved 2 August 2021 The word 參 shen plant root itself from Old Chinese srem has been compared to words meaning root in other languages of the Sino Tibetan family such as Japhug tɤ zrɤm root see Jacques Guillaume 2015 On the cluster sr in Sino Tibetan Journal of Chinese Linguistics 43 1 215 223 doi 10 1353 jcl 2015 0001 S2CID 96458481 Further reading EditPritts K D 2010 Ginseng How to Find Grow and Use America s Forest Gold Stackpole Books ISBN 978 0 8117 3634 3 David Taylor 2006 Ginseng the Divine Root The Curious History of the Plant That Captivated the World Algonquin Books ISBN 978 1 56512 401 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ginseng amp oldid 1153864703, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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